pve-docs/pveum.adoc

[[chapter_user_management]]
ifdef::manvolnum[]
pveum(1)
========
:pve-toplevel:

NAME
----

pveum - Proxmox VE User Manager


SYNOPSIS
--------

include::pveum.1-synopsis.adoc[]


DESCRIPTION
-----------
endif::manvolnum[]
ifndef::manvolnum[]
User Management
===============
:pve-toplevel:
endif::manvolnum[]

// Copied from pve wiki: Revision as of 16:10, 27 October 2015

Proxmox VE supports multiple authentication sources, e.g. Linux PAM,
an integrated Proxmox VE authentication server, LDAP, Microsoft Active
Directory.

By using the role based user- and permission management for all
objects (VMs, storages, nodes, etc.) granular access can be defined.


[[pveum_users]]
Users
-----

{pve} stores user attributes in `/etc/pve/user.cfg`.
Passwords are not stored here, users are instead associated with
<<pveum_authentication_realms,authentication realms>> described below.
Therefore a user is internally often identified by its name and
realm in the form `<userid>@<realm>`.

Each user entry in this file contains the following information:

* First name
* Last name
* E-mail address
* Group memberships
* An optional Expiration date
* A comment or note about this user
* Whether this user is enabled or disabled
* Optional two-factor authentication keys


System administrator
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The system's root user can always log in via the Linux PAM realm and is an
unconfined administrator. This user cannot be deleted, but attributes can
still be changed and system mails will be sent to the email address
assigned to this user.


[[pveum_groups]]
Groups
------

Each user can be member of several groups. Groups are the preferred
way to organize access permissions. You should always grant permission
to groups instead of using individual users. That way you will get a
much shorter access control list which is easier to handle.

[[pveum_tokens]]
API Tokens
----------

API tokens allow stateless access to most parts of the REST API by another
system, software or API client. Tokens can be generated for individual users
and can be given separate permissions and expiration dates to limit the scope
and duration of the access. Should the API token get compromised it can be
revoked without disabling the user itself.

API tokens come in two basic types:

* separated privileges: the token needs to be given explicit access with ACLs,
  its effective permissions are calculated by intersecting user and token
  permissions.
* full privileges: the token permissions are identical to that of the
  associated user.

CAUTION: The token value is only displayed/returned once when the token is
generated. It cannot be retrieved again over the API at a later time!

To use an API token, set the HTTP header 'Authorization' to the displayed value
of the form `PVEAPIToken=USER@REALM!TOKENID=UUID` when making API requests, or
refer to your API client documentation.

[[pveum_resource_pools]]
Resource Pools
--------------

[thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-pool-window.png"]

A resource pool is a set of virtual machines, containers, and storage
devices. It is useful for permission handling in cases where certain users
should have controlled access to a specific set of resources, as it allows for a
single permission to be applied to a set of elements, rather than having to
manage this on a per resource basis. Resource pools are often used in tandem
with groups so that the members of a group have permissions on a set of machines
and storage.

[[pveum_authentication_realms]]
Authentication Realms
---------------------

As {pve} users are just counterparts for users existing on some external
realm, the realms have to be configured in `/etc/pve/domains.cfg`.
The following realms (authentication methods) are available:

Linux PAM standard authentication::
In this case a system user has to exist (e.g. created via the `adduser`
command) on all nodes the user is allowed to login, and the user
authenticates with their usual system password.
+
[source,bash]
----
useradd heinz
passwd heinz
groupadd watchman
usermod -a -G watchman heinz
----

Proxmox VE authentication server::
This is a unix like password store (`/etc/pve/priv/shadow.cfg`).
Password are encrypted using the SHA-256 hash method.
This is the most convenient method for small (or even medium)
installations where users do not need access to anything outside of
{pve}. In this case users are fully managed by {pve} and are able to
change their own passwords via the GUI.

LDAP::
It is possible to authenticate users via an LDAP server (e.g.
openldap). The server and an optional fallback server can be
configured and the connection can be encrypted via SSL.
+
Users are searched under a 'Base Domain Name' (`base_dn`), with the
user name found in the attribute specified in the 'User Attribute Name'
(`user_attr`) field.
+
For instance, if a user is represented via the
following ldif dataset:
+
----
# user1 of People at ldap-test.com
dn: uid=user1,ou=People,dc=ldap-test,dc=com
objectClass: top
objectClass: person
objectClass: organizationalPerson
objectClass: inetOrgPerson
uid: user1
cn: Test User 1
sn: Testers
description: This is the first test user.
----
+
The 'Base Domain Name' would be `ou=People,dc=ldap-test,dc=com` and the user
attribute would be `uid`.
+
If {pve} needs to authenticate (bind) to the ldap server before being
able to query and authenticate users, a bind domain name can be
configured via the `bind_dn` property in `/etc/pve/domains.cfg`. Its
password then has to be stored in `/etc/pve/priv/ldap/<realmname>.pw`
(e.g. `/etc/pve/priv/ldap/my-ldap.pw`). This file should contain a
single line containing the raw password.
+
To verify certificates, you need to to set `capath`. You can set it either
directly to the CA certificate of your LDAP server, or to the system path
containing all trusted CA certificates (`/etc/ssl/certs`).
Additionally, you need to set the `verify` option, which can also be doen over
the web interface.

Microsoft Active Directory::

A server and authentication domain need to be specified. Like with
ldap an optional fallback server, optional port, and SSL
encryption can be configured.

[[pveum_ldap_sync]]
Syncing LDAP-based realms
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

[thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-realm-add-ldap.png"]

It is possible to sync users and groups for LDAP based realms. You can use the
CLI command

----
  pveum realm sync <realm>
----
or in the `Authentication` panel of the GUI. Users and groups are synced to the
cluster-wide user configuration file `/etc/pve/user.cfg`.

Requirements and limitations
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The `bind_dn` is used to query the users and groups. This account needs access
to all desired entries.

The fields which represent the names of the users and groups can be configured
via the `user_attr` and `group_name_attr` respectively. Only entries which
adhere to the usual character limitations of the user.cfg are synced.

Groups are synced with `-$realm` attached to the name, to avoid naming
conflicts. Please make sure that a sync does not overwrite manually created
groups.

[[pveum_ldap_sync_options]]
Options
^^^^^^^

[thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-realm-add-ldap-sync-options.png"]

The main options for syncing are:

* `dry-run`: No data is written to the config. This is useful if you want to
  see which users and groups would get synced to the user.cfg. This is set
  when you click `Preview` in the GUI.

* `enable-new`: If set, the newly synced users are enabled and can login.
  The default is `true`.

* `full`: If set, the sync uses the LDAP Directory as a source of truth,
  overwriting information set manually in the user.cfg and deletes users
  and groups which are not present in the LDAP directory. If not set,
  only new data is written to the config, and no stale users are deleted.

* `purge`: If set, sync removes all corresponding ACLs when removing users
  and groups. This is only useful with the option `full`.

* `scope`: The scope of what to sync. It can be either `users`, `groups` or
  `both`.

These options are either set as parameters or as defaults, via the
realm option `sync-defaults-options`.

[[pveum_tfa_auth]]
Two-factor authentication
-------------------------

There are two ways to use two-factor authentication:

It can be required by the authentication realm, either via 'TOTP'
(Time-based One-Time Password) or 'YubiKey OTP'. In this case a newly
created user needs their keys added immediately as there is no way to
log in without the second factor. In the case of 'TOTP', users can
also change the 'TOTP' later on, provided they can log in first.

Alternatively, users can choose to opt in to two-factor authentication
via 'TOTP' later on, even if the realm does not enforce it. As another
option, if the server has an 'AppId' configured, a user can opt into
'U2F' authentication, provided the realm does not enforce any other
second factor.

Realm enforced two-factor authentication
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This can be done by selecting one of the available methods via the
'TFA' dropdown box when adding or editing an Authentication Realm.
When a realm has TFA enabled it becomes a requirement and only users
with configured TFA will be able to login.

Currently there are two methods available:

Time-based OATH (TOTP):: This uses the standard HMAC-SHA1 algorithm
where the current time is hashed with the user's configured key. The
time step and password length parameters are configured.
+
A user can have multiple keys configured (separated by spaces), and the keys
can be specified in Base32 (RFC3548) or hexadecimal notation.
+
{pve} provides a key generation tool (`oathkeygen`) which prints out a random
key in Base32 notation which can be used directly with various OTP tools, such
as the `oathtool` command line tool, or on Android Google Authenticator,
FreeOTP, andOTP or similar applications.

YubiKey OTP::
For authenticating via a YubiKey a Yubico API ID, API KEY and validation
server URL must be configured, and users must have a YubiKey available. In
order to get the key ID from a YubiKey, you can trigger the YubiKey once
after connecting it to USB and copy the first 12 characters of the typed
password into the user's 'Key IDs' field.

+
Please refer to the https://developers.yubico.com/OTP/[YubiKey OTP]
documentation for how to use the
https://www.yubico.com/products/services-software/yubicloud/[YubiCloud] or
https://developers.yubico.com/Software_Projects/Yubico_OTP/YubiCloud_Validation_Servers/[host
your own verification server].

[[pveum_user_configured_totp]]
User configured TOTP authentication
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Users can choose to enable 'TOTP' as a second factor on login via the 'TFA'
button in the user list (unless the realm enforces 'YubiKey OTP').

[thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-users-tfa.png"]

After opening the 'TFA' window, the user is presented with a dialog to setup
'TOTP' authentication. The 'Secret' field contains the key, which can simply be
generated randomly via the 'Randomize' button. An optional 'Issuer Name' can be
added to provide information to the 'TOTP' app what the key belongs to.
Most 'TOTP' apps will show the issuer name together with the corresponding
'OTP' values. The user name is also included in the QR code for the 'TOTP' app.

After generating a key, a QR code will be displayed which can be used with most
OTP apps such as FreeOTP. Now the user needs to verify both the current user
password (unless logged in as 'root'), as well as the ability to correctly use
the 'TOTP' key by typing the current 'OTP' value into the 'Verification Code'
field before pressing the 'Apply' button.

[[pveum_configure_u2f]]
Server side U2F configuration
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To allow users to use 'U2F' authentication, the server needs to have a valid
domain with a valid https certificate. Initially an 'AppId'
footnote:[AppId https://developers.yubico.com/U2F/App_ID.html]
needs to be configured.

NOTE: Changing the 'AppId' will render all existing 'U2F' registrations
unusable!

This is done via `/etc/pve/datacenter.cfg`, for instance:

----
u2f: appid=https://mypve.example.com:8006
----

For a single node, the 'AppId' can simply be the web UI address exactly as it
is used in the browser, including the 'https://' and the port as shown above.
Please note that some browsers may be more strict than others when matching
'AppIds'.

When using multiple nodes, it is best to have a separate `https` server
providing an `appid.json`
footnote:[Multi-facet apps: https://developers.yubico.com/U2F/App_ID.html]
file, as it seems to be compatible with most
browsers. If all nodes use subdomains of the same top level domain, it may be
enough to use the TLD as 'AppId', but note that some browsers may not accept
this.

NOTE: A bad 'AppId' will usually produce an error, but we have encountered
situation where this does not happen, particularly when using a top level domain
'AppId' for a node accessed via a subdomain in Chromium. For this reason it is
recommended to test the configuration with multiple browsers, as changing the
'AppId' later will render existing 'U2F' registrations unusable.

[[pveum_user_configured_u2f]]
Activating U2F as a user
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To enable 'U2F' authentication, open the 'TFA' window's 'U2F' tab, type in the
current password (unless logged in as root), and press the 'Register' button.
If the server is setup correctly and the browser accepted the server's provided
'AppId', a message will appear prompting the user to press the button on the
'U2F' device (if it is a 'YubiKey' the button light should be toggling off and
on steadily around twice per second).

Firefox users may need to enable 'security.webauth.u2f' via 'about:config'
before they can use a 'U2F' token.

[[pveum_permission_management]]
Permission Management
---------------------

In order for a user to perform an action (such as listing, modifying or
deleting a parts of a VM configuration), the user needs to have the
appropriate permissions.

{pve} uses a role and path based permission management system. An entry in
the permissions table allows a user, group or token to take on a specific role
when accessing an 'object' or 'path'. This means an such an access rule can
be represented as a triple of '(path, user, role)', '(path, group,
role)' or '(path, token, role)', with the role containing a set of allowed
actions, and the path representing the target of these actions.


[[pveum_roles]]
Roles
~~~~~

A role is simply a list of privileges. Proxmox VE comes with a number
of predefined roles which satisfies most needs.

* `Administrator`: has all privileges
* `NoAccess`: has no privileges (used to forbid access)
* `PVEAdmin`: can do most things, but miss rights to modify system settings (`Sys.PowerMgmt`, `Sys.Modify`, `Realm.Allocate`).
* `PVEAuditor`: read only access
* `PVEDatastoreAdmin`: create and allocate backup space and templates
* `PVEDatastoreUser`: allocate backup space and view storage
* `PVEPoolAdmin`: allocate pools
* `PVESysAdmin`: User ACLs, audit, system console and system logs
* `PVETemplateUser`: view and clone templates
* `PVEUserAdmin`: user administration
* `PVEVMAdmin`: fully administer VMs
* `PVEVMUser`: view, backup, config CDROM, VM console, VM power management

You can see the whole set of predefined roles on the GUI.

Adding new roles can be done via both GUI and the command line.

[thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-role-add.png"]
For the GUI just navigate to 'Permissions -> User' Tab from 'Datacenter' and
click on the 'Create' button, there you can set a name and select all desired
roles from the 'Privileges' dropdown box.

To add a role through the command line you can use the 'pveum' CLI tool, like
this:
[source,bash]
----
pveum roleadd PVE_Power-only -privs "VM.PowerMgmt VM.Console"
pveum roleadd Sys_Power-only -privs "Sys.PowerMgmt Sys.Console"
----


Privileges
~~~~~~~~~~

A privilege is the right to perform a specific action. To simplify
management, lists of privileges are grouped into roles, which can then
be used in the permission table. Note that privileges cannot directly be
assigned to users and paths without being part of a role.

We currently use the following privileges:

Node / System related privileges::

* `Permissions.Modify`: modify access permissions
* `Sys.PowerMgmt`: Node power management (start, stop, reset, shutdown, ...)
* `Sys.Console`: console access to Node
* `Sys.Syslog`: view Syslog
* `Sys.Audit`: view node status/config, Corosync cluster config and HA config
* `Sys.Modify`: create/remove/modify node network parameters
* `Group.Allocate`: create/remove/modify groups
* `Pool.Allocate`: create/remove/modify a pool
* `Realm.Allocate`: create/remove/modify authentication realms
* `Realm.AllocateUser`: assign user to a realm
* `User.Modify`: create/remove/modify user access and details.

Virtual machine related privileges::

* `VM.Allocate`: create/remove new VM to server inventory
* `VM.Migrate`: migrate VM to alternate server on cluster
* `VM.PowerMgmt`: power management (start, stop, reset, shutdown, ...)
* `VM.Console`: console access to VM
* `VM.Monitor`: access to VM monitor (kvm)
* `VM.Backup`: backup/restore VMs
* `VM.Audit`: view VM config
* `VM.Clone`: clone/copy a VM
* `VM.Config.Disk`: add/modify/delete Disks 
* `VM.Config.CDROM`: eject/change CDROM
* `VM.Config.CPU`: modify CPU settings
* `VM.Config.Memory`: modify Memory settings
* `VM.Config.Network`: add/modify/delete Network devices
* `VM.Config.HWType`: modify emulated HW type
* `VM.Config.Options`: modify any other VM configuration
* `VM.Snapshot`: create/remove VM snapshots

Storage related privileges::

* `Datastore.Allocate`: create/remove/modify a data store, delete volumes
* `Datastore.AllocateSpace`: allocate space on a datastore
* `Datastore.AllocateTemplate`: allocate/upload templates and iso images 
* `Datastore.Audit`: view/browse a datastore


Objects and Paths
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Access permissions are assigned to objects, such as a virtual machines,
storages or pools of resources.
We use file system like paths to address these objects. These paths form a
natural tree, and permissions of higher levels (shorter path) can
optionally be propagated down within this hierarchy.

[[pveum_templated_paths]]
Paths can be templated. When an API call requires permissions on a
templated path, the path may contain references to parameters of the API
call. These references are specified in curly braces. Some parameters are
implicitly taken from the API call's URI. For instance the permission path
`/nodes/{node}` when calling '/nodes/mynode/status' requires permissions on
`/nodes/mynode`, while the path `{path}` in a PUT request to `/access/acl`
refers to the method's `path` parameter.

Some examples are:

* `/nodes/{node}`: Access to {pve} server machines
* `/vms`: Covers all VMs
* `/vms/{vmid}`: Access to specific VMs
* `/storage/{storeid}`: Access to a storages
* `/pool/{poolname}`: Access to VMs part of a <<pveum_pools,pool>>
* `/access/groups`: Group administration
* `/access/realms/{realmid}`: Administrative access to realms


Inheritance
^^^^^^^^^^^

As mentioned earlier, object paths form a file system like tree, and
permissions can be inherited down that tree (the propagate flag is set
by default). We use the following inheritance rules:

* Permissions for individual users always replace group permissions.
* Permissions for groups apply when the user is member of that group.
* Permissions replace the ones inherited from an upper level.

Additionally, privilege separated tokens can never have a permission on any
given path that their associated user does not have.

[[pveum_pools]]
Pools
~~~~~

Pools can be used to group a set of virtual machines and data
stores. You can then simply set permissions on pools (`/pool/{poolid}`),
which are inherited to all pool members. This is a great way simplify
access control.


What permission do I need?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The required API permissions are documented for each individual
method, and can be found at http://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/api-viewer/

The permissions are specified as a list which can be interpreted as a
tree of logic and access-check functions:

`["and", <subtests>...]` and `["or", <subtests>...]`::
Each(`and`) or any(`or`) further element in the current list has to be true.

`["perm", <path>, [ <privileges>... ], <options>...]`::
The `path` is a templated parameter (see
<<pveum_templated_paths,Objects and Paths>>). All (or, if the `any`
option is used, any) of the listed
privileges must be allowed on the specified path. If a `require-param`
option is specified, then its specified parameter is required even if the
API call's schema otherwise lists it as being optional.

`["userid-group", [ <privileges>... ], <options>...]`::
The caller must have any of the listed privileges on `/access/groups`. In
addition there are two possible checks depending on whether the
`groups_param` option is set:
+
* `groups_param` is set: The API call has a non-optional `groups` parameter
and the caller must have any of the listed privileges on all of the listed
groups.
* `groups_param` is not set: The user passed via the `userid` parameter
must exist and be part of a group on which the caller has any of the listed
privileges (via the `/access/groups/<group>` path).

`["userid-param", "self"]`::
The value provided for the API call's `userid` parameter must refer to the
user performing the action. (Usually in conjunction with `or`, to allow
users to perform an action on themselves even if they don't have elevated
privileges.)

`["userid-param", "Realm.AllocateUser"]`::
The user needs `Realm.AllocateUser` access to `/access/realm/<realm>`, with
`<realm>` referring to the realm of the user passed via the `userid`
parameter. Note that the user does not need to exist in order to be
associated with a realm, since user IDs are passed in the form of
`<username>@<realm>`.

`["perm-modify", <path>]`::
The `path` is a templated parameter (see
<<pveum_templated_paths,Objects and Paths>>). The user needs either the
`Permissions.Modify` privilege, or,
depending on the path, the following privileges as a possible substitute:
+
* `/storage/...`: additionally requires 'Datastore.Allocate`
* `/vms/...`: additionally requires 'VM.Allocate`
* `/pool/...`: additionally requires 'Pool.Allocate`
+
If the path is empty, `Permission.Modify` on `/access` is required.

Command Line Tool
-----------------

Most users will simply use the GUI to manage users. But there is also
a fully featured command line tool called `pveum` (short for ``**P**roxmox
**VE** **U**ser **M**anager''). Please note that all Proxmox VE command
line tools are wrappers around the API, so you can also access those
functions through the REST API.

Here are some simple usage examples. To show help type:

[source,bash]
 pveum

or (to show detailed help about a specific command)

[source,bash]
 pveum help user add

Create a new user:

[source,bash]
 pveum user add testuser@pve -comment "Just a test"

Set or Change the password (not all realms support that):

[source,bash]
 pveum passwd testuser@pve

Disable a user:

[source,bash]
 pveum user modify testuser@pve -enable 0

Create a new group:

[source,bash]
 pveum group add testgroup

Create a new role:

[source,bash]
 pveum role add PVE_Power-only -privs "VM.PowerMgmt VM.Console"


Real World Examples
-------------------


Administrator Group
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

One of the most wanted features was the ability to define a group of
users with full administrator rights (without using the root account).

Define the group:

[source,bash]
 pveum group add admin -comment "System Administrators"

Then add the permission:

[source,bash]
 pveum acl modify / -group admin -role Administrator

You can finally add users to the new 'admin' group:

[source,bash]
 pveum user modify testuser@pve -group admin


Auditors
~~~~~~~~

You can give read only access to users by assigning the `PVEAuditor`
role to users or groups.

Example1: Allow user `joe@pve` to see everything

[source,bash]
 pveum acl modify / -user joe@pve -role PVEAuditor

Example1: Allow user `joe@pve` to see all virtual machines

[source,bash]
 pveum acl modify /vms -user joe@pve -role PVEAuditor


Delegate User Management
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If you want to delegate user management to user `joe@pve` you can do
that with:

[source,bash]
 pveum acl modify /access -user joe@pve -role PVEUserAdmin

User `joe@pve` can now add and remove users, change passwords and
other user attributes. This is a very powerful role, and you most
likely want to limit that to selected realms and groups. The following
example allows `joe@pve` to modify users within realm `pve` if they
are members of group `customers`:

[source,bash]
 pveum acl modify /access/realm/pve -user joe@pve -role PVEUserAdmin
 pveum acl modify /access/groups/customers -user joe@pve -role PVEUserAdmin

NOTE: The user is able to add other users, but only if they are
members of group `customers` and within realm `pve`.

Limited API token for monitoring
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Given a user `joe@pve` with the PVEVMAdmin role on all VMs:

[source,bash]
 pveum acl modify /vms -user joe@pve -role PVEVMAdmin

Add a new API token with separate privileges, which is only allowed to view VM
information (e.g., for monitoring purposes):

[source,bash]
 pveum user token add joe@pve monitoring -privsep 1
 pveum acl modify /vms -token 'joe@pve!monitoring' -role PVEAuditor

Verify the permissions of the user and token:

[source,bash]
 pveum user permissions joe@pve
 pveum user token permissions joe@pve monitoring

Resource Pools
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

An enterprise is usually structured into several smaller departments, and it is
common that you want to assign resources and delegate management tasks to each
of these. Let's assume that you want to set up a pool for a software development
department. First, create a group

[source,bash]
 pveum group add developers -comment "Our software developers"

Now we create a new user which is a member of that group

[source,bash]
 pveum user add developer1@pve -group developers -password

NOTE: The -password parameter will prompt you for a password

Then we create a resource pool for our development department to use

[source,bash]
 pveum pool add dev-pool --comment "IT development pool"

Finally, we can assign permissions to that pool

[source,bash]
 pveum acl modify /pool/dev-pool/ -group developers -role PVEAdmin

Our software developers can now administrate the resources assigned to
that pool.


ifdef::manvolnum[]
include::pve-copyright.adoc[]
endif::manvolnum[]