linux/rust/kernel/types.rs

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

//! Kernel types.

use alloc::boxed::Box;
use core::{
    cell::UnsafeCell,
    mem::MaybeUninit,
    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
};

/// Used to transfer ownership to and from foreign (non-Rust) languages.
///
/// Ownership is transferred from Rust to a foreign language by calling [`Self::into_foreign`] and
/// later may be transferred back to Rust by calling [`Self::from_foreign`].
///
/// This trait is meant to be used in cases when Rust objects are stored in C objects and
/// eventually "freed" back to Rust.
pub trait ForeignOwnable: Sized {
    /// Type of values borrowed between calls to [`ForeignOwnable::into_foreign`] and
    /// [`ForeignOwnable::from_foreign`].
    type Borrowed<'a>;

    /// Converts a Rust-owned object to a foreign-owned one.
    ///
    /// The foreign representation is a pointer to void.
    fn into_foreign(self) -> *const core::ffi::c_void;

    /// Borrows a foreign-owned object.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// `ptr` must have been returned by a previous call to [`ForeignOwnable::into_foreign`] for
    /// which a previous matching [`ForeignOwnable::from_foreign`] hasn't been called yet.
    /// Additionally, all instances (if any) of values returned by [`ForeignOwnable::borrow_mut`]
    /// for this object must have been dropped.
    unsafe fn borrow<'a>(ptr: *const core::ffi::c_void) -> Self::Borrowed<'a>;

    /// Mutably borrows a foreign-owned object.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// `ptr` must have been returned by a previous call to [`ForeignOwnable::into_foreign`] for
    /// which a previous matching [`ForeignOwnable::from_foreign`] hasn't been called yet.
    /// Additionally, all instances (if any) of values returned by [`ForeignOwnable::borrow`] and
    /// [`ForeignOwnable::borrow_mut`] for this object must have been dropped.
    unsafe fn borrow_mut(ptr: *const core::ffi::c_void) -> ScopeGuard<Self, fn(Self)> {
        // SAFETY: The safety requirements ensure that `ptr` came from a previous call to
        // `into_foreign`.
        ScopeGuard::new_with_data(unsafe { Self::from_foreign(ptr) }, |d| {
            d.into_foreign();
        })
    }

    /// Converts a foreign-owned object back to a Rust-owned one.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// `ptr` must have been returned by a previous call to [`ForeignOwnable::into_foreign`] for
    /// which a previous matching [`ForeignOwnable::from_foreign`] hasn't been called yet.
    /// Additionally, all instances (if any) of values returned by [`ForeignOwnable::borrow`] and
    /// [`ForeignOwnable::borrow_mut`] for this object must have been dropped.
    unsafe fn from_foreign(ptr: *const core::ffi::c_void) -> Self;
}

impl<T: 'static> ForeignOwnable for Box<T> {
    type Borrowed<'a> = &'a T;

    fn into_foreign(self) -> *const core::ffi::c_void {
        Box::into_raw(self) as _
    }

    unsafe fn borrow<'a>(ptr: *const core::ffi::c_void) -> &'a T {
        // SAFETY: The safety requirements for this function ensure that the object is still alive,
        // so it is safe to dereference the raw pointer.
        // The safety requirements of `from_foreign` also ensure that the object remains alive for
        // the lifetime of the returned value.
        unsafe { &*ptr.cast() }
    }

    unsafe fn from_foreign(ptr: *const core::ffi::c_void) -> Self {
        // SAFETY: The safety requirements of this function ensure that `ptr` comes from a previous
        // call to `Self::into_foreign`.
        unsafe { Box::from_raw(ptr as _) }
    }
}

impl ForeignOwnable for () {
    type Borrowed<'a> = ();

    fn into_foreign(self) -> *const core::ffi::c_void {
        core::ptr::NonNull::dangling().as_ptr()
    }

    unsafe fn borrow<'a>(_: *const core::ffi::c_void) -> Self::Borrowed<'a> {}

    unsafe fn from_foreign(_: *const core::ffi::c_void) -> Self {}
}

/// Runs a cleanup function/closure when dropped.
///
/// The [`ScopeGuard::dismiss`] function prevents the cleanup function from running.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// In the example below, we have multiple exit paths and we want to log regardless of which one is
/// taken:
/// ```
/// # use kernel::ScopeGuard;
/// fn example1(arg: bool) {
///     let _log = ScopeGuard::new(|| pr_info!("example1 completed\n"));
///
///     if arg {
///         return;
///     }
///
///     pr_info!("Do something...\n");
/// }
///
/// # example1(false);
/// # example1(true);
/// ```
///
/// In the example below, we want to log the same message on all early exits but a different one on
/// the main exit path:
/// ```
/// # use kernel::ScopeGuard;
/// fn example2(arg: bool) {
///     let log = ScopeGuard::new(|| pr_info!("example2 returned early\n"));
///
///     if arg {
///         return;
///     }
///
///     // (Other early returns...)
///
///     log.dismiss();
///     pr_info!("example2 no early return\n");
/// }
///
/// # example2(false);
/// # example2(true);
/// ```
///
/// In the example below, we need a mutable object (the vector) to be accessible within the log
/// function, so we wrap it in the [`ScopeGuard`]:
/// ```
/// # use kernel::ScopeGuard;
/// fn example3(arg: bool) -> Result {
///     let mut vec =
///         ScopeGuard::new_with_data(Vec::new(), |v| pr_info!("vec had {} elements\n", v.len()));
///
///     vec.try_push(10u8)?;
///     if arg {
///         return Ok(());
///     }
///     vec.try_push(20u8)?;
///     Ok(())
/// }
///
/// # assert_eq!(example3(false), Ok(()));
/// # assert_eq!(example3(true), Ok(()));
/// ```
///
/// # Invariants
///
/// The value stored in the struct is nearly always `Some(_)`, except between
/// [`ScopeGuard::dismiss`] and [`ScopeGuard::drop`]: in this case, it will be `None` as the value
/// will have been returned to the caller. Since  [`ScopeGuard::dismiss`] consumes the guard,
/// callers won't be able to use it anymore.
pub struct ScopeGuard<T, F: FnOnce(T)>(Option<(T, F)>);

impl<T, F: FnOnce(T)> ScopeGuard<T, F> {
    /// Creates a new guarded object wrapping the given data and with the given cleanup function.
    pub fn new_with_data(data: T, cleanup_func: F) -> Self {
        // INVARIANT: The struct is being initialised with `Some(_)`.
        Self(Some((data, cleanup_func)))
    }

    /// Prevents the cleanup function from running and returns the guarded data.
    pub fn dismiss(mut self) -> T {
        // INVARIANT: This is the exception case in the invariant; it is not visible to callers
        // because this function consumes `self`.
        self.0.take().unwrap().0
    }
}

impl ScopeGuard<(), fn(())> {
    /// Creates a new guarded object with the given cleanup function.
    pub fn new(cleanup: impl FnOnce()) -> ScopeGuard<(), impl FnOnce(())> {
        ScopeGuard::new_with_data((), move |_| cleanup())
    }
}

impl<T, F: FnOnce(T)> Deref for ScopeGuard<T, F> {
    type Target = T;

    fn deref(&self) -> &T {
        // The type invariants guarantee that `unwrap` will succeed.
        &self.0.as_ref().unwrap().0
    }
}

impl<T, F: FnOnce(T)> DerefMut for ScopeGuard<T, F> {
    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
        // The type invariants guarantee that `unwrap` will succeed.
        &mut self.0.as_mut().unwrap().0
    }
}

impl<T, F: FnOnce(T)> Drop for ScopeGuard<T, F> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // Run the cleanup function if one is still present.
        if let Some((data, cleanup)) = self.0.take() {
            cleanup(data)
        }
    }
}

/// Stores an opaque value.
///
/// This is meant to be used with FFI objects that are never interpreted by Rust code.
#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct Opaque<T>(MaybeUninit<UnsafeCell<T>>);

impl<T> Opaque<T> {
    /// Creates a new opaque value.
    pub const fn new(value: T) -> Self {
        Self(MaybeUninit::new(UnsafeCell::new(value)))
    }

    /// Creates an uninitialised value.
    pub const fn uninit() -> Self {
        Self(MaybeUninit::uninit())
    }

    /// Returns a raw pointer to the opaque data.
    pub fn get(&self) -> *mut T {
        UnsafeCell::raw_get(self.0.as_ptr())
    }
}

/// A sum type that always holds either a value of type `L` or `R`.
pub enum Either<L, R> {
    /// Constructs an instance of [`Either`] containing a value of type `L`.
    Left(L),

    /// Constructs an instance of [`Either`] containing a value of type `R`.
    Right(R),
}