License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-11-01 17:07:57 +03:00
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
2011-11-17 06:29:17 +04:00
# include <linux/export.h>
2007-10-19 10:40:25 +04:00
# include <linux/bitops.h>
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
# include <asm/types.h>
/**
* hweightN - returns the hamming weight of a N - bit word
* @ x : the word to weigh
*
* The Hamming Weight of a number is the total number of bits set in it .
*/
2010-03-05 19:34:46 +03:00
unsigned int __sw_hweight32 ( unsigned int w )
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
{
2014-09-13 22:14:53 +04:00
# ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_FAST_MULTIPLIER
2009-12-22 03:20:16 +03:00
w - = ( w > > 1 ) & 0x55555555 ;
w = ( w & 0x33333333 ) + ( ( w > > 2 ) & 0x33333333 ) ;
w = ( w + ( w > > 4 ) ) & 0x0f0f0f0f ;
return ( w * 0x01010101 ) > > 24 ;
# else
[PATCH] bitops: hweight() speedup
<linux@horizon.com> wrote:
This is an extremely well-known technique. You can see a similar version that
uses a multiply for the last few steps at
http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#CountBitsSetParallel whch
refers to "Software Optimization Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and Opteron
Processors"
http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/25112.PDF
It's section 8.6, "Efficient Implementation of Population-Count Function in
32-bit Mode", pages 179-180.
It uses the name that I am more familiar with, "popcount" (population count),
although "Hamming weight" also makes sense.
Anyway, the proof of correctness proceeds as follows:
b = a - ((a >> 1) & 0x55555555);
c = (b & 0x33333333) + ((b >> 2) & 0x33333333);
d = (c + (c >> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f;
#if SLOW_MULTIPLY
e = d + (d >> 8)
f = e + (e >> 16);
return f & 63;
#else
/* Useful if multiply takes at most 4 cycles */
return (d * 0x01010101) >> 24;
#endif
The input value a can be thought of as 32 1-bit fields each holding their own
hamming weight. Now look at it as 16 2-bit fields. Each 2-bit field a1..a0
has the value 2*a1 + a0. This can be converted into the hamming weight of the
2-bit field a1+a0 by subtracting a1.
That's what the (a >> 1) & mask subtraction does. Since there can be no
borrows, you can just do it all at once.
Enumerating the 4 possible cases:
0b00 = 0 -> 0 - 0 = 0
0b01 = 1 -> 1 - 0 = 1
0b10 = 2 -> 2 - 1 = 1
0b11 = 3 -> 3 - 1 = 2
The next step consists of breaking up b (made of 16 2-bir fields) into
even and odd halves and adding them into 4-bit fields. Since the largest
possible sum is 2+2 = 4, which will not fit into a 4-bit field, the 2-bit
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
"which will not fit into a 2-bit field"
fields have to be masked before they are added.
After this point, the masking can be delayed. Each 4-bit field holds a
population count from 0..4, taking at most 3 bits. These numbers can be added
without overflowing a 4-bit field, so we can compute c + (c >> 4), and only
then mask off the unwanted bits.
This produces d, a number of 4 8-bit fields, each in the range 0..8. From
this point, we can shift and add d multiple times without overflowing an 8-bit
field, and only do a final mask at the end.
The number to mask with has to be at least 63 (so that 32 on't be truncated),
but can also be 128 or 255. The x86 has a special encoding for signed
immediate byte values -128..127, so the value of 255 is slower. On other
processors, a special "sign extend byte" instruction might be faster.
On a processor with fast integer multiplies (Athlon but not P4), you can
reduce the final few serially dependent instructions to a single integer
multiply. Consider d to be 3 8-bit values d3, d2, d1 and d0, each in the
range 0..8. The multiply forms the partial products:
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
+ d3 d2 d1 d0
----------------------
e3 e2 e1 e0
Where e3 = d3 + d2 + d1 + d0. e2, e1 and e0 obviously cannot generate
any carries.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <mita@miraclelinux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-26 13:40:00 +04:00
unsigned int res = w - ( ( w > > 1 ) & 0x55555555 ) ;
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
res = ( res & 0x33333333 ) + ( ( res > > 2 ) & 0x33333333 ) ;
[PATCH] bitops: hweight() speedup
<linux@horizon.com> wrote:
This is an extremely well-known technique. You can see a similar version that
uses a multiply for the last few steps at
http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#CountBitsSetParallel whch
refers to "Software Optimization Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and Opteron
Processors"
http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/25112.PDF
It's section 8.6, "Efficient Implementation of Population-Count Function in
32-bit Mode", pages 179-180.
It uses the name that I am more familiar with, "popcount" (population count),
although "Hamming weight" also makes sense.
Anyway, the proof of correctness proceeds as follows:
b = a - ((a >> 1) & 0x55555555);
c = (b & 0x33333333) + ((b >> 2) & 0x33333333);
d = (c + (c >> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f;
#if SLOW_MULTIPLY
e = d + (d >> 8)
f = e + (e >> 16);
return f & 63;
#else
/* Useful if multiply takes at most 4 cycles */
return (d * 0x01010101) >> 24;
#endif
The input value a can be thought of as 32 1-bit fields each holding their own
hamming weight. Now look at it as 16 2-bit fields. Each 2-bit field a1..a0
has the value 2*a1 + a0. This can be converted into the hamming weight of the
2-bit field a1+a0 by subtracting a1.
That's what the (a >> 1) & mask subtraction does. Since there can be no
borrows, you can just do it all at once.
Enumerating the 4 possible cases:
0b00 = 0 -> 0 - 0 = 0
0b01 = 1 -> 1 - 0 = 1
0b10 = 2 -> 2 - 1 = 1
0b11 = 3 -> 3 - 1 = 2
The next step consists of breaking up b (made of 16 2-bir fields) into
even and odd halves and adding them into 4-bit fields. Since the largest
possible sum is 2+2 = 4, which will not fit into a 4-bit field, the 2-bit
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
"which will not fit into a 2-bit field"
fields have to be masked before they are added.
After this point, the masking can be delayed. Each 4-bit field holds a
population count from 0..4, taking at most 3 bits. These numbers can be added
without overflowing a 4-bit field, so we can compute c + (c >> 4), and only
then mask off the unwanted bits.
This produces d, a number of 4 8-bit fields, each in the range 0..8. From
this point, we can shift and add d multiple times without overflowing an 8-bit
field, and only do a final mask at the end.
The number to mask with has to be at least 63 (so that 32 on't be truncated),
but can also be 128 or 255. The x86 has a special encoding for signed
immediate byte values -128..127, so the value of 255 is slower. On other
processors, a special "sign extend byte" instruction might be faster.
On a processor with fast integer multiplies (Athlon but not P4), you can
reduce the final few serially dependent instructions to a single integer
multiply. Consider d to be 3 8-bit values d3, d2, d1 and d0, each in the
range 0..8. The multiply forms the partial products:
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
+ d3 d2 d1 d0
----------------------
e3 e2 e1 e0
Where e3 = d3 + d2 + d1 + d0. e2, e1 and e0 obviously cannot generate
any carries.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <mita@miraclelinux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-26 13:40:00 +04:00
res = ( res + ( res > > 4 ) ) & 0x0F0F0F0F ;
res = res + ( res > > 8 ) ;
return ( res + ( res > > 16 ) ) & 0x000000FF ;
2009-12-22 03:20:16 +03:00
# endif
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
}
2010-03-05 19:34:46 +03:00
EXPORT_SYMBOL ( __sw_hweight32 ) ;
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
2010-03-05 19:34:46 +03:00
unsigned int __sw_hweight16 ( unsigned int w )
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
{
[PATCH] bitops: hweight() speedup
<linux@horizon.com> wrote:
This is an extremely well-known technique. You can see a similar version that
uses a multiply for the last few steps at
http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#CountBitsSetParallel whch
refers to "Software Optimization Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and Opteron
Processors"
http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/25112.PDF
It's section 8.6, "Efficient Implementation of Population-Count Function in
32-bit Mode", pages 179-180.
It uses the name that I am more familiar with, "popcount" (population count),
although "Hamming weight" also makes sense.
Anyway, the proof of correctness proceeds as follows:
b = a - ((a >> 1) & 0x55555555);
c = (b & 0x33333333) + ((b >> 2) & 0x33333333);
d = (c + (c >> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f;
#if SLOW_MULTIPLY
e = d + (d >> 8)
f = e + (e >> 16);
return f & 63;
#else
/* Useful if multiply takes at most 4 cycles */
return (d * 0x01010101) >> 24;
#endif
The input value a can be thought of as 32 1-bit fields each holding their own
hamming weight. Now look at it as 16 2-bit fields. Each 2-bit field a1..a0
has the value 2*a1 + a0. This can be converted into the hamming weight of the
2-bit field a1+a0 by subtracting a1.
That's what the (a >> 1) & mask subtraction does. Since there can be no
borrows, you can just do it all at once.
Enumerating the 4 possible cases:
0b00 = 0 -> 0 - 0 = 0
0b01 = 1 -> 1 - 0 = 1
0b10 = 2 -> 2 - 1 = 1
0b11 = 3 -> 3 - 1 = 2
The next step consists of breaking up b (made of 16 2-bir fields) into
even and odd halves and adding them into 4-bit fields. Since the largest
possible sum is 2+2 = 4, which will not fit into a 4-bit field, the 2-bit
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
"which will not fit into a 2-bit field"
fields have to be masked before they are added.
After this point, the masking can be delayed. Each 4-bit field holds a
population count from 0..4, taking at most 3 bits. These numbers can be added
without overflowing a 4-bit field, so we can compute c + (c >> 4), and only
then mask off the unwanted bits.
This produces d, a number of 4 8-bit fields, each in the range 0..8. From
this point, we can shift and add d multiple times without overflowing an 8-bit
field, and only do a final mask at the end.
The number to mask with has to be at least 63 (so that 32 on't be truncated),
but can also be 128 or 255. The x86 has a special encoding for signed
immediate byte values -128..127, so the value of 255 is slower. On other
processors, a special "sign extend byte" instruction might be faster.
On a processor with fast integer multiplies (Athlon but not P4), you can
reduce the final few serially dependent instructions to a single integer
multiply. Consider d to be 3 8-bit values d3, d2, d1 and d0, each in the
range 0..8. The multiply forms the partial products:
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
+ d3 d2 d1 d0
----------------------
e3 e2 e1 e0
Where e3 = d3 + d2 + d1 + d0. e2, e1 and e0 obviously cannot generate
any carries.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <mita@miraclelinux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-26 13:40:00 +04:00
unsigned int res = w - ( ( w > > 1 ) & 0x5555 ) ;
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
res = ( res & 0x3333 ) + ( ( res > > 2 ) & 0x3333 ) ;
[PATCH] bitops: hweight() speedup
<linux@horizon.com> wrote:
This is an extremely well-known technique. You can see a similar version that
uses a multiply for the last few steps at
http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#CountBitsSetParallel whch
refers to "Software Optimization Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and Opteron
Processors"
http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/25112.PDF
It's section 8.6, "Efficient Implementation of Population-Count Function in
32-bit Mode", pages 179-180.
It uses the name that I am more familiar with, "popcount" (population count),
although "Hamming weight" also makes sense.
Anyway, the proof of correctness proceeds as follows:
b = a - ((a >> 1) & 0x55555555);
c = (b & 0x33333333) + ((b >> 2) & 0x33333333);
d = (c + (c >> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f;
#if SLOW_MULTIPLY
e = d + (d >> 8)
f = e + (e >> 16);
return f & 63;
#else
/* Useful if multiply takes at most 4 cycles */
return (d * 0x01010101) >> 24;
#endif
The input value a can be thought of as 32 1-bit fields each holding their own
hamming weight. Now look at it as 16 2-bit fields. Each 2-bit field a1..a0
has the value 2*a1 + a0. This can be converted into the hamming weight of the
2-bit field a1+a0 by subtracting a1.
That's what the (a >> 1) & mask subtraction does. Since there can be no
borrows, you can just do it all at once.
Enumerating the 4 possible cases:
0b00 = 0 -> 0 - 0 = 0
0b01 = 1 -> 1 - 0 = 1
0b10 = 2 -> 2 - 1 = 1
0b11 = 3 -> 3 - 1 = 2
The next step consists of breaking up b (made of 16 2-bir fields) into
even and odd halves and adding them into 4-bit fields. Since the largest
possible sum is 2+2 = 4, which will not fit into a 4-bit field, the 2-bit
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
"which will not fit into a 2-bit field"
fields have to be masked before they are added.
After this point, the masking can be delayed. Each 4-bit field holds a
population count from 0..4, taking at most 3 bits. These numbers can be added
without overflowing a 4-bit field, so we can compute c + (c >> 4), and only
then mask off the unwanted bits.
This produces d, a number of 4 8-bit fields, each in the range 0..8. From
this point, we can shift and add d multiple times without overflowing an 8-bit
field, and only do a final mask at the end.
The number to mask with has to be at least 63 (so that 32 on't be truncated),
but can also be 128 or 255. The x86 has a special encoding for signed
immediate byte values -128..127, so the value of 255 is slower. On other
processors, a special "sign extend byte" instruction might be faster.
On a processor with fast integer multiplies (Athlon but not P4), you can
reduce the final few serially dependent instructions to a single integer
multiply. Consider d to be 3 8-bit values d3, d2, d1 and d0, each in the
range 0..8. The multiply forms the partial products:
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
+ d3 d2 d1 d0
----------------------
e3 e2 e1 e0
Where e3 = d3 + d2 + d1 + d0. e2, e1 and e0 obviously cannot generate
any carries.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <mita@miraclelinux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-26 13:40:00 +04:00
res = ( res + ( res > > 4 ) ) & 0x0F0F ;
return ( res + ( res > > 8 ) ) & 0x00FF ;
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
}
2010-03-05 19:34:46 +03:00
EXPORT_SYMBOL ( __sw_hweight16 ) ;
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
2010-03-05 19:34:46 +03:00
unsigned int __sw_hweight8 ( unsigned int w )
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
{
[PATCH] bitops: hweight() speedup
<linux@horizon.com> wrote:
This is an extremely well-known technique. You can see a similar version that
uses a multiply for the last few steps at
http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#CountBitsSetParallel whch
refers to "Software Optimization Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and Opteron
Processors"
http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/25112.PDF
It's section 8.6, "Efficient Implementation of Population-Count Function in
32-bit Mode", pages 179-180.
It uses the name that I am more familiar with, "popcount" (population count),
although "Hamming weight" also makes sense.
Anyway, the proof of correctness proceeds as follows:
b = a - ((a >> 1) & 0x55555555);
c = (b & 0x33333333) + ((b >> 2) & 0x33333333);
d = (c + (c >> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f;
#if SLOW_MULTIPLY
e = d + (d >> 8)
f = e + (e >> 16);
return f & 63;
#else
/* Useful if multiply takes at most 4 cycles */
return (d * 0x01010101) >> 24;
#endif
The input value a can be thought of as 32 1-bit fields each holding their own
hamming weight. Now look at it as 16 2-bit fields. Each 2-bit field a1..a0
has the value 2*a1 + a0. This can be converted into the hamming weight of the
2-bit field a1+a0 by subtracting a1.
That's what the (a >> 1) & mask subtraction does. Since there can be no
borrows, you can just do it all at once.
Enumerating the 4 possible cases:
0b00 = 0 -> 0 - 0 = 0
0b01 = 1 -> 1 - 0 = 1
0b10 = 2 -> 2 - 1 = 1
0b11 = 3 -> 3 - 1 = 2
The next step consists of breaking up b (made of 16 2-bir fields) into
even and odd halves and adding them into 4-bit fields. Since the largest
possible sum is 2+2 = 4, which will not fit into a 4-bit field, the 2-bit
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
"which will not fit into a 2-bit field"
fields have to be masked before they are added.
After this point, the masking can be delayed. Each 4-bit field holds a
population count from 0..4, taking at most 3 bits. These numbers can be added
without overflowing a 4-bit field, so we can compute c + (c >> 4), and only
then mask off the unwanted bits.
This produces d, a number of 4 8-bit fields, each in the range 0..8. From
this point, we can shift and add d multiple times without overflowing an 8-bit
field, and only do a final mask at the end.
The number to mask with has to be at least 63 (so that 32 on't be truncated),
but can also be 128 or 255. The x86 has a special encoding for signed
immediate byte values -128..127, so the value of 255 is slower. On other
processors, a special "sign extend byte" instruction might be faster.
On a processor with fast integer multiplies (Athlon but not P4), you can
reduce the final few serially dependent instructions to a single integer
multiply. Consider d to be 3 8-bit values d3, d2, d1 and d0, each in the
range 0..8. The multiply forms the partial products:
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
+ d3 d2 d1 d0
----------------------
e3 e2 e1 e0
Where e3 = d3 + d2 + d1 + d0. e2, e1 and e0 obviously cannot generate
any carries.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <mita@miraclelinux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-26 13:40:00 +04:00
unsigned int res = w - ( ( w > > 1 ) & 0x55 ) ;
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
res = ( res & 0x33 ) + ( ( res > > 2 ) & 0x33 ) ;
[PATCH] bitops: hweight() speedup
<linux@horizon.com> wrote:
This is an extremely well-known technique. You can see a similar version that
uses a multiply for the last few steps at
http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#CountBitsSetParallel whch
refers to "Software Optimization Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and Opteron
Processors"
http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/25112.PDF
It's section 8.6, "Efficient Implementation of Population-Count Function in
32-bit Mode", pages 179-180.
It uses the name that I am more familiar with, "popcount" (population count),
although "Hamming weight" also makes sense.
Anyway, the proof of correctness proceeds as follows:
b = a - ((a >> 1) & 0x55555555);
c = (b & 0x33333333) + ((b >> 2) & 0x33333333);
d = (c + (c >> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f;
#if SLOW_MULTIPLY
e = d + (d >> 8)
f = e + (e >> 16);
return f & 63;
#else
/* Useful if multiply takes at most 4 cycles */
return (d * 0x01010101) >> 24;
#endif
The input value a can be thought of as 32 1-bit fields each holding their own
hamming weight. Now look at it as 16 2-bit fields. Each 2-bit field a1..a0
has the value 2*a1 + a0. This can be converted into the hamming weight of the
2-bit field a1+a0 by subtracting a1.
That's what the (a >> 1) & mask subtraction does. Since there can be no
borrows, you can just do it all at once.
Enumerating the 4 possible cases:
0b00 = 0 -> 0 - 0 = 0
0b01 = 1 -> 1 - 0 = 1
0b10 = 2 -> 2 - 1 = 1
0b11 = 3 -> 3 - 1 = 2
The next step consists of breaking up b (made of 16 2-bir fields) into
even and odd halves and adding them into 4-bit fields. Since the largest
possible sum is 2+2 = 4, which will not fit into a 4-bit field, the 2-bit
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
"which will not fit into a 2-bit field"
fields have to be masked before they are added.
After this point, the masking can be delayed. Each 4-bit field holds a
population count from 0..4, taking at most 3 bits. These numbers can be added
without overflowing a 4-bit field, so we can compute c + (c >> 4), and only
then mask off the unwanted bits.
This produces d, a number of 4 8-bit fields, each in the range 0..8. From
this point, we can shift and add d multiple times without overflowing an 8-bit
field, and only do a final mask at the end.
The number to mask with has to be at least 63 (so that 32 on't be truncated),
but can also be 128 or 255. The x86 has a special encoding for signed
immediate byte values -128..127, so the value of 255 is slower. On other
processors, a special "sign extend byte" instruction might be faster.
On a processor with fast integer multiplies (Athlon but not P4), you can
reduce the final few serially dependent instructions to a single integer
multiply. Consider d to be 3 8-bit values d3, d2, d1 and d0, each in the
range 0..8. The multiply forms the partial products:
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
+ d3 d2 d1 d0
----------------------
e3 e2 e1 e0
Where e3 = d3 + d2 + d1 + d0. e2, e1 and e0 obviously cannot generate
any carries.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <mita@miraclelinux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-26 13:40:00 +04:00
return ( res + ( res > > 4 ) ) & 0x0F ;
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
}
2010-03-05 19:34:46 +03:00
EXPORT_SYMBOL ( __sw_hweight8 ) ;
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
2010-03-05 19:34:46 +03:00
unsigned long __sw_hweight64 ( __u64 w )
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
{
# if BITS_PER_LONG == 32
2010-03-05 19:34:46 +03:00
return __sw_hweight32 ( ( unsigned int ) ( w > > 32 ) ) +
__sw_hweight32 ( ( unsigned int ) w ) ;
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
# elif BITS_PER_LONG == 64
2014-09-13 22:14:53 +04:00
# ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_FAST_MULTIPLIER
2006-09-26 12:52:38 +04:00
w - = ( w > > 1 ) & 0x5555555555555555ul ;
w = ( w & 0x3333333333333333ul ) + ( ( w > > 2 ) & 0x3333333333333333ul ) ;
w = ( w + ( w > > 4 ) ) & 0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0ful ;
return ( w * 0x0101010101010101ul ) > > 56 ;
# else
[PATCH] bitops: hweight() speedup
<linux@horizon.com> wrote:
This is an extremely well-known technique. You can see a similar version that
uses a multiply for the last few steps at
http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#CountBitsSetParallel whch
refers to "Software Optimization Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and Opteron
Processors"
http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/25112.PDF
It's section 8.6, "Efficient Implementation of Population-Count Function in
32-bit Mode", pages 179-180.
It uses the name that I am more familiar with, "popcount" (population count),
although "Hamming weight" also makes sense.
Anyway, the proof of correctness proceeds as follows:
b = a - ((a >> 1) & 0x55555555);
c = (b & 0x33333333) + ((b >> 2) & 0x33333333);
d = (c + (c >> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f;
#if SLOW_MULTIPLY
e = d + (d >> 8)
f = e + (e >> 16);
return f & 63;
#else
/* Useful if multiply takes at most 4 cycles */
return (d * 0x01010101) >> 24;
#endif
The input value a can be thought of as 32 1-bit fields each holding their own
hamming weight. Now look at it as 16 2-bit fields. Each 2-bit field a1..a0
has the value 2*a1 + a0. This can be converted into the hamming weight of the
2-bit field a1+a0 by subtracting a1.
That's what the (a >> 1) & mask subtraction does. Since there can be no
borrows, you can just do it all at once.
Enumerating the 4 possible cases:
0b00 = 0 -> 0 - 0 = 0
0b01 = 1 -> 1 - 0 = 1
0b10 = 2 -> 2 - 1 = 1
0b11 = 3 -> 3 - 1 = 2
The next step consists of breaking up b (made of 16 2-bir fields) into
even and odd halves and adding them into 4-bit fields. Since the largest
possible sum is 2+2 = 4, which will not fit into a 4-bit field, the 2-bit
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
"which will not fit into a 2-bit field"
fields have to be masked before they are added.
After this point, the masking can be delayed. Each 4-bit field holds a
population count from 0..4, taking at most 3 bits. These numbers can be added
without overflowing a 4-bit field, so we can compute c + (c >> 4), and only
then mask off the unwanted bits.
This produces d, a number of 4 8-bit fields, each in the range 0..8. From
this point, we can shift and add d multiple times without overflowing an 8-bit
field, and only do a final mask at the end.
The number to mask with has to be at least 63 (so that 32 on't be truncated),
but can also be 128 or 255. The x86 has a special encoding for signed
immediate byte values -128..127, so the value of 255 is slower. On other
processors, a special "sign extend byte" instruction might be faster.
On a processor with fast integer multiplies (Athlon but not P4), you can
reduce the final few serially dependent instructions to a single integer
multiply. Consider d to be 3 8-bit values d3, d2, d1 and d0, each in the
range 0..8. The multiply forms the partial products:
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
+ d3 d2 d1 d0
----------------------
e3 e2 e1 e0
Where e3 = d3 + d2 + d1 + d0. e2, e1 and e0 obviously cannot generate
any carries.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <mita@miraclelinux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-26 13:40:00 +04:00
__u64 res = w - ( ( w > > 1 ) & 0x5555555555555555ul ) ;
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
res = ( res & 0x3333333333333333ul ) + ( ( res > > 2 ) & 0x3333333333333333ul ) ;
[PATCH] bitops: hweight() speedup
<linux@horizon.com> wrote:
This is an extremely well-known technique. You can see a similar version that
uses a multiply for the last few steps at
http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#CountBitsSetParallel whch
refers to "Software Optimization Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and Opteron
Processors"
http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/25112.PDF
It's section 8.6, "Efficient Implementation of Population-Count Function in
32-bit Mode", pages 179-180.
It uses the name that I am more familiar with, "popcount" (population count),
although "Hamming weight" also makes sense.
Anyway, the proof of correctness proceeds as follows:
b = a - ((a >> 1) & 0x55555555);
c = (b & 0x33333333) + ((b >> 2) & 0x33333333);
d = (c + (c >> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f;
#if SLOW_MULTIPLY
e = d + (d >> 8)
f = e + (e >> 16);
return f & 63;
#else
/* Useful if multiply takes at most 4 cycles */
return (d * 0x01010101) >> 24;
#endif
The input value a can be thought of as 32 1-bit fields each holding their own
hamming weight. Now look at it as 16 2-bit fields. Each 2-bit field a1..a0
has the value 2*a1 + a0. This can be converted into the hamming weight of the
2-bit field a1+a0 by subtracting a1.
That's what the (a >> 1) & mask subtraction does. Since there can be no
borrows, you can just do it all at once.
Enumerating the 4 possible cases:
0b00 = 0 -> 0 - 0 = 0
0b01 = 1 -> 1 - 0 = 1
0b10 = 2 -> 2 - 1 = 1
0b11 = 3 -> 3 - 1 = 2
The next step consists of breaking up b (made of 16 2-bir fields) into
even and odd halves and adding them into 4-bit fields. Since the largest
possible sum is 2+2 = 4, which will not fit into a 4-bit field, the 2-bit
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
"which will not fit into a 2-bit field"
fields have to be masked before they are added.
After this point, the masking can be delayed. Each 4-bit field holds a
population count from 0..4, taking at most 3 bits. These numbers can be added
without overflowing a 4-bit field, so we can compute c + (c >> 4), and only
then mask off the unwanted bits.
This produces d, a number of 4 8-bit fields, each in the range 0..8. From
this point, we can shift and add d multiple times without overflowing an 8-bit
field, and only do a final mask at the end.
The number to mask with has to be at least 63 (so that 32 on't be truncated),
but can also be 128 or 255. The x86 has a special encoding for signed
immediate byte values -128..127, so the value of 255 is slower. On other
processors, a special "sign extend byte" instruction might be faster.
On a processor with fast integer multiplies (Athlon but not P4), you can
reduce the final few serially dependent instructions to a single integer
multiply. Consider d to be 3 8-bit values d3, d2, d1 and d0, each in the
range 0..8. The multiply forms the partial products:
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
d3 d2 d1 d0
+ d3 d2 d1 d0
----------------------
e3 e2 e1 e0
Where e3 = d3 + d2 + d1 + d0. e2, e1 and e0 obviously cannot generate
any carries.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <mita@miraclelinux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-26 13:40:00 +04:00
res = ( res + ( res > > 4 ) ) & 0x0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0Ful ;
res = res + ( res > > 8 ) ;
res = res + ( res > > 16 ) ;
return ( res + ( res > > 32 ) ) & 0x00000000000000FFul ;
2006-09-26 12:52:38 +04:00
# endif
2006-03-26 13:39:13 +04:00
# endif
}
2010-03-05 19:34:46 +03:00
EXPORT_SYMBOL ( __sw_hweight64 ) ;
