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GFS2: Reduce file fragmentation

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This patch reduces GFS2 file fragmentation by pre-reserving blocks. The
resulting improved on disk layout greatly speeds up operations in cases
which would have resulted in interlaced allocation of blocks previously.
A typical example of this is 10 parallel dd processes, each writing to a
file in a common dirctory.

The implementation uses an rbtree of reservations attached to each
resource group (and each inode).

Signed-off-by: Bob Peterson <rpeterso@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
This commit is contained in:
Bob Peterson 2012-07-19 08:12:40 -04:00 committed by Steven Whitehouse
parent 294f2ad5a5
commit 8e2e004735
9 changed files with 706 additions and 90 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

3
fs/gfs2/bmap.c
View File

@ -785,6 +785,9 @@ static int do_strip(struct gfs2_inode *ip, struct buffer_head *dibh,
if (error)
goto out_rlist;
if (gfs2_rs_active(ip->i_res)) /* needs to be done with the rgrp glock held */
gfs2_rs_deltree(ip->i_res);
error = gfs2_trans_begin(sdp, rg_blocks + RES_DINODE +
RES_INDIRECT + RES_STATFS + RES_QUOTA,
revokes);

24
fs/gfs2/file.c
View File

@ -383,6 +383,9 @@ static int gfs2_page_mkwrite(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_fault *vmf)
if (ret)
return ret;
atomic_set(&ip->i_res->rs_sizehint,
PAGE_CACHE_SIZE / sdp->sd_sb.sb_bsize);
gfs2_holder_init(ip->i_gl, LM_ST_EXCLUSIVE, 0, &gh);
ret = gfs2_glock_nq(&gh);
if (ret)
@ -571,22 +574,15 @@ fail:
static int gfs2_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
struct gfs2_sbd *sdp = inode->i_sb->s_fs_info;
struct gfs2_file *fp;
struct gfs2_inode *ip = GFS2_I(inode);
fp = file->private_data;
kfree(file->private_data);
file->private_data = NULL;
if ((file->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE) && ip->i_res &&
if ((file->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE) &&
(atomic_read(&inode->i_writecount) == 1))
gfs2_rs_delete(ip);
if (gfs2_assert_warn(sdp, fp))
return -EIO;
kfree(fp);
return 0;
}
@ -662,14 +658,18 @@ static ssize_t gfs2_file_aio_write(struct kiocb *iocb, const struct iovec *iov,
unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t pos)
{
struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
size_t writesize = iov_length(iov, nr_segs);
struct dentry *dentry = file->f_dentry;
struct gfs2_inode *ip = GFS2_I(dentry->d_inode);
struct gfs2_sbd *sdp;
int ret;
sdp = GFS2_SB(file->f_mapping->host);
ret = gfs2_rs_alloc(ip);
if (ret)
return ret;
atomic_set(&ip->i_res->rs_sizehint, writesize / sdp->sd_sb.sb_bsize);
if (file->f_flags & O_APPEND) {
struct gfs2_holder gh;
@ -795,6 +795,8 @@ static long gfs2_fallocate(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
if (unlikely(error))
goto out_uninit;
atomic_set(&ip->i_res->rs_sizehint, len / sdp->sd_sb.sb_bsize);
while (len > 0) {
if (len < bytes)
bytes = len;
@ -803,10 +805,6 @@ static long gfs2_fallocate(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
offset += bytes;
continue;
}
error = gfs2_rindex_update(sdp);
if (error)
goto out_unlock;
error = gfs2_quota_lock_check(ip);
if (error)
goto out_unlock;

49
fs/gfs2/incore.h
View File

@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ struct gfs2_rgrpd {
u32 rd_data; /* num of data blocks in rgrp */
u32 rd_bitbytes; /* number of bytes in data bitmaps */
u32 rd_free;
u32 rd_reserved; /* number of blocks reserved */
u32 rd_free_clone;
u32 rd_dinodes;
u64 rd_igeneration;
@ -96,6 +97,9 @@ struct gfs2_rgrpd {
#define GFS2_RDF_UPTODATE 0x20000000 /* rg is up to date */
#define GFS2_RDF_ERROR 0x40000000 /* error in rg */
#define GFS2_RDF_MASK 0xf0000000 /* mask for internal flags */
spinlock_t rd_rsspin; /* protects reservation related vars */
struct rb_root rd_rstree; /* multi-block reservation tree */
u32 rd_rs_cnt; /* count of current reservations */
};
enum gfs2_state_bits {
@ -233,6 +237,38 @@ struct gfs2_holder {
unsigned long gh_ip;
};
/* Resource group multi-block reservation, in order of appearance:
Step 1. Function prepares to write, allocates a mb, sets the size hint.
Step 2. User calls inplace_reserve to target an rgrp, sets the rgrp info
Step 3. Function get_local_rgrp locks the rgrp, determines which bits to use
Step 4. Bits are assigned from the rgrp based on either the reservation
or wherever it can.
*/
struct gfs2_blkreserv {
/* components used during write (step 1): */
atomic_t rs_sizehint; /* hint of the write size */
/* components used during inplace_reserve (step 2): */
u32 rs_requested; /* Filled in by caller of gfs2_inplace_reserve() */
/* components used during get_local_rgrp (step 3): */
struct gfs2_rgrpd *rs_rgd; /* pointer to the gfs2_rgrpd */
struct gfs2_holder rs_rgd_gh; /* Filled in by get_local_rgrp */
struct rb_node rs_node; /* link to other block reservations */
/* components used during block searches and assignments (step 4): */
struct gfs2_bitmap *rs_bi; /* bitmap for the current allocation */
u32 rs_biblk; /* start block relative to the bi */
u32 rs_free; /* how many blocks are still free */
/* ancillary quota stuff */
struct gfs2_quota_data *rs_qa_qd[2 * MAXQUOTAS];
struct gfs2_holder rs_qa_qd_ghs[2 * MAXQUOTAS];
unsigned int rs_qa_qd_num;
};
enum {
GLF_LOCK = 1,
GLF_DEMOTE = 3,
@ -290,16 +326,6 @@ struct gfs2_glock {
#define GFS2_MIN_LVB_SIZE 32 /* Min size of LVB that gfs2 supports */
struct gfs2_blkreserv {
u32 rs_requested; /* Filled in by caller of gfs2_inplace_reserve() */
struct gfs2_holder rs_rgd_gh; /* Filled in by gfs2_inplace_reserve() */
/* ancillary quota stuff */
struct gfs2_quota_data *rs_qa_qd[2 * MAXQUOTAS];
struct gfs2_holder rs_qa_qd_ghs[2 * MAXQUOTAS];
unsigned int rs_qa_qd_num;
};
enum {
GIF_INVALID = 0,
GIF_QD_LOCKED = 1,
@ -307,7 +333,6 @@ enum {
GIF_SW_PAGED = 3,
};
struct gfs2_inode {
struct inode i_inode;
u64 i_no_addr;
@ -318,7 +343,7 @@ struct gfs2_inode {
struct gfs2_glock *i_gl; /* Move into i_gh? */
struct gfs2_holder i_iopen_gh;
struct gfs2_holder i_gh; /* for prepare/commit_write only */
struct gfs2_blkreserv *i_res; /* resource group block reservation */
struct gfs2_blkreserv *i_res; /* rgrp multi-block reservation */
struct gfs2_rgrpd *i_rgd;
u64 i_goal; /* goal block for allocations */
struct rw_semaphore i_rw_mutex;

37
fs/gfs2/inode.c
View File

@ -521,6 +521,9 @@ static int make_dinode(struct gfs2_inode *dip, struct gfs2_glock *gl,
int error;
munge_mode_uid_gid(dip, &mode, &uid, &gid);
error = gfs2_rindex_update(sdp);
if (error)
return error;
error = gfs2_quota_lock(dip, uid, gid);
if (error)
@ -551,6 +554,10 @@ static int link_dinode(struct gfs2_inode *dip, const struct qstr *name,
struct buffer_head *dibh;
int error;
error = gfs2_rindex_update(sdp);
if (error)
return error;
error = gfs2_quota_lock(dip, NO_QUOTA_CHANGE, NO_QUOTA_CHANGE);
if (error)
goto fail;
@ -596,7 +603,8 @@ fail_end_trans:
gfs2_trans_end(sdp);
fail_ipreserv:
gfs2_inplace_release(dip);
if (alloc_required)
gfs2_inplace_release(dip);
fail_quota_locks:
gfs2_quota_unlock(dip);
@ -647,7 +655,7 @@ static int gfs2_create_inode(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
const struct qstr *name = &dentry->d_name;
struct gfs2_holder ghs[2];
struct inode *inode = NULL;
struct gfs2_inode *dip = GFS2_I(dir);
struct gfs2_inode *dip = GFS2_I(dir), *ip;
struct gfs2_sbd *sdp = GFS2_SB(&dip->i_inode);
struct gfs2_inum_host inum = { .no_addr = 0, .no_formal_ino = 0 };
int error;
@ -657,6 +665,11 @@ static int gfs2_create_inode(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
if (!name->len || name->len > GFS2_FNAMESIZE)
return -ENAMETOOLONG;
/* We need a reservation to allocate the new dinode block. The
directory ip temporarily points to the reservation, but this is
being done to get a set of contiguous blocks for the new dinode.
Since this is a create, we don't have a sizehint yet, so it will
have to use the minimum reservation size. */
error = gfs2_rs_alloc(dip);
if (error)
return error;
@ -694,24 +707,29 @@ static int gfs2_create_inode(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
if (IS_ERR(inode))
goto fail_gunlock2;
error = gfs2_inode_refresh(GFS2_I(inode));
ip = GFS2_I(inode);
error = gfs2_inode_refresh(ip);
if (error)
goto fail_gunlock2;
/* the new inode needs a reservation so it can allocate xattrs. */
error = gfs2_rs_alloc(GFS2_I(inode));
if (error)
goto fail_gunlock2;
/* The newly created inode needs a reservation so it can allocate
xattrs. At the same time, we want new blocks allocated to the new
dinode to be as contiguous as possible. Since we allocated the
dinode block under the directory's reservation, we transfer
ownership of that reservation to the new inode. The directory
doesn't need a reservation unless it needs a new allocation. */
ip->i_res = dip->i_res;
dip->i_res = NULL;
error = gfs2_acl_create(dip, inode);
if (error)
goto fail_gunlock2;
error = gfs2_security_init(dip, GFS2_I(inode), name);
error = gfs2_security_init(dip, ip, name);
if (error)
goto fail_gunlock2;
error = link_dinode(dip, name, GFS2_I(inode));
error = link_dinode(dip, name, ip);
if (error)
goto fail_gunlock2;
@ -738,6 +756,7 @@ fail_gunlock:
iput(inode);
}
fail:
gfs2_rs_delete(dip);
if (bh)
brelse(bh);
return error;

574
fs/gfs2/rgrp.c
View File

@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
#define BFITNOENT ((u32)~0)
#define NO_BLOCK ((u64)~0)
#define RSRV_CONTENTION_FACTOR 4
#define RGRP_RSRV_MAX_CONTENDERS 2
#if BITS_PER_LONG == 32
#define LBITMASK (0x55555555UL)
#define LBITSKIP55 (0x55555555UL)
@ -177,6 +180,57 @@ static inline u64 gfs2_bit_search(const __le64 *ptr, u64 mask, u8 state)
return tmp;
}
/**
* rs_cmp - multi-block reservation range compare
* @blk: absolute file system block number of the new reservation
* @len: number of blocks in the new reservation
* @rs: existing reservation to compare against
*
* returns: 1 if the block range is beyond the reach of the reservation
* -1 if the block range is before the start of the reservation
* 0 if the block range overlaps with the reservation
*/
static inline int rs_cmp(u64 blk, u32 len, struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs)
{
u64 startblk = gfs2_rs_startblk(rs);
if (blk >= startblk + rs->rs_free)
return 1;
if (blk + len - 1 < startblk)
return -1;
return 0;
}
/**
* rs_find - Find a rgrp multi-block reservation that contains a given block
* @rgd: The rgrp
* @rgblk: The block we're looking for, relative to the rgrp
*/
static struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs_find(struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd, u32 rgblk)
{
struct rb_node **newn;
int rc;
u64 fsblk = rgblk + rgd->rd_data0;
spin_lock(&rgd->rd_rsspin);
newn = &rgd->rd_rstree.rb_node;
while (*newn) {
struct gfs2_blkreserv *cur =
rb_entry(*newn, struct gfs2_blkreserv, rs_node);
rc = rs_cmp(fsblk, 1, cur);
if (rc < 0)
newn = &((*newn)->rb_left);
else if (rc > 0)
newn = &((*newn)->rb_right);
else {
spin_unlock(&rgd->rd_rsspin);
return cur;
}
}
spin_unlock(&rgd->rd_rsspin);
return NULL;
}
/**
* gfs2_bitfit - Search an rgrp's bitmap buffer to find a bit-pair representing
* a block in a given allocation state.
@ -424,19 +478,93 @@ void gfs2_free_clones(struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd)
int gfs2_rs_alloc(struct gfs2_inode *ip)
{
int error = 0;
struct gfs2_blkreserv *res;
if (ip->i_res)
return 0;
res = kmem_cache_zalloc(gfs2_rsrv_cachep, GFP_NOFS);
if (!res)
error = -ENOMEM;
down_write(&ip->i_rw_mutex);
if (!ip->i_res) {
ip->i_res = kmem_cache_zalloc(gfs2_rsrv_cachep, GFP_NOFS);
if (!ip->i_res)
error = -ENOMEM;
}
if (ip->i_res)
kmem_cache_free(gfs2_rsrv_cachep, res);
else
ip->i_res = res;
up_write(&ip->i_rw_mutex);
return error;
}
static void dump_rs(struct seq_file *seq, struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs)
{
gfs2_print_dbg(seq, " r: %llu s:%llu b:%u f:%u\n",
rs->rs_rgd->rd_addr, gfs2_rs_startblk(rs), rs->rs_biblk,
rs->rs_free);
}
/**
* gfs2_rs_delete - delete a reservation
* __rs_deltree - remove a multi-block reservation from the rgd tree
* @rs: The reservation to remove
*
*/
static void __rs_deltree(struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs)
{
struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd;
if (!gfs2_rs_active(rs))
return;
rgd = rs->rs_rgd;
/* We can't do this: The reason is that when the rgrp is invalidated,
it's in the "middle" of acquiring the glock, but the HOLDER bit
isn't set yet:
BUG_ON(!gfs2_glock_is_locked_by_me(rs->rs_rgd->rd_gl));*/
trace_gfs2_rs(NULL, rs, TRACE_RS_TREEDEL);
if (!RB_EMPTY_ROOT(&rgd->rd_rstree))
rb_erase(&rs->rs_node, &rgd->rd_rstree);
BUG_ON(!rgd->rd_rs_cnt);
rgd->rd_rs_cnt--;
if (rs->rs_free) {
/* return reserved blocks to the rgrp and the ip */
BUG_ON(rs->rs_rgd->rd_reserved < rs->rs_free);
rs->rs_rgd->rd_reserved -= rs->rs_free;
rs->rs_free = 0;
clear_bit(GBF_FULL, &rs->rs_bi->bi_flags);
smp_mb__after_clear_bit();
}
/* We can't change any of the step 1 or step 2 components of the rs.
E.g. We can't set rs_rgd to NULL because the rgd glock is held and
dequeued through this pointer.
Can't: atomic_set(&rs->rs_sizehint, 0);
Can't: rs->rs_requested = 0;
Can't: rs->rs_rgd = NULL;*/
rs->rs_bi = NULL;
rs->rs_biblk = 0;
}
/**
* gfs2_rs_deltree - remove a multi-block reservation from the rgd tree
* @rs: The reservation to remove
*
*/
void gfs2_rs_deltree(struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs)
{
struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd;
if (!gfs2_rs_active(rs))
return;
rgd = rs->rs_rgd;
spin_lock(&rgd->rd_rsspin);
__rs_deltree(rs);
spin_unlock(&rgd->rd_rsspin);
}
/**
* gfs2_rs_delete - delete a multi-block reservation
* @ip: The inode for this reservation
*
*/
@ -444,12 +572,36 @@ void gfs2_rs_delete(struct gfs2_inode *ip)
{
down_write(&ip->i_rw_mutex);
if (ip->i_res) {
gfs2_rs_deltree(ip->i_res);
trace_gfs2_rs(ip, ip->i_res, TRACE_RS_DELETE);
BUG_ON(ip->i_res->rs_free);
kmem_cache_free(gfs2_rsrv_cachep, ip->i_res);
ip->i_res = NULL;
}
up_write(&ip->i_rw_mutex);
}
/**
* return_all_reservations - return all reserved blocks back to the rgrp.
* @rgd: the rgrp that needs its space back
*
* We previously reserved a bunch of blocks for allocation. Now we need to
* give them back. This leave the reservation structures in tact, but removes
* all of their corresponding "no-fly zones".
*/
static void return_all_reservations(struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd)
{
struct rb_node *n;
struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs;
spin_lock(&rgd->rd_rsspin);
while ((n = rb_first(&rgd->rd_rstree))) {
rs = rb_entry(n, struct gfs2_blkreserv, rs_node);
__rs_deltree(rs);
}
spin_unlock(&rgd->rd_rsspin);
}
void gfs2_clear_rgrpd(struct gfs2_sbd *sdp)
{
struct rb_node *n;
@ -472,6 +624,7 @@ void gfs2_clear_rgrpd(struct gfs2_sbd *sdp)
gfs2_free_clones(rgd);
kfree(rgd->rd_bits);
return_all_reservations(rgd);
kmem_cache_free(gfs2_rgrpd_cachep, rgd);
}
}
@ -649,6 +802,7 @@ static int read_rindex_entry(struct gfs2_inode *ip)
rgd->rd_data0 = be64_to_cpu(buf.ri_data0);
rgd->rd_data = be32_to_cpu(buf.ri_data);
rgd->rd_bitbytes = be32_to_cpu(buf.ri_bitbytes);
spin_lock_init(&rgd->rd_rsspin);
error = compute_bitstructs(rgd);
if (error)
@ -1114,30 +1268,213 @@ out:
return ret;
}
/**
* rs_insert - insert a new multi-block reservation into the rgrp's rb_tree
* @bi: the bitmap with the blocks
* @ip: the inode structure
* @biblk: the 32-bit block number relative to the start of the bitmap
* @amount: the number of blocks to reserve
*
* Returns: NULL - reservation was already taken, so not inserted
* pointer to the inserted reservation
*/
static struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs_insert(struct gfs2_bitmap *bi,
struct gfs2_inode *ip, u32 biblk,
int amount)
{
struct rb_node **newn, *parent = NULL;
int rc;
struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs = ip->i_res;
struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd = rs->rs_rgd;
u64 fsblock = gfs2_bi2rgd_blk(bi, biblk) + rgd->rd_data0;
spin_lock(&rgd->rd_rsspin);
newn = &rgd->rd_rstree.rb_node;
BUG_ON(!ip->i_res);
BUG_ON(gfs2_rs_active(rs));
/* Figure out where to put new node */
/*BUG_ON(!gfs2_glock_is_locked_by_me(rgd->rd_gl));*/
while (*newn) {
struct gfs2_blkreserv *cur =
rb_entry(*newn, struct gfs2_blkreserv, rs_node);
parent = *newn;
rc = rs_cmp(fsblock, amount, cur);
if (rc > 0)
newn = &((*newn)->rb_right);
else if (rc < 0)
newn = &((*newn)->rb_left);
else {
spin_unlock(&rgd->rd_rsspin);
return NULL; /* reservation already in use */
}
}
/* Do our reservation work */
rs = ip->i_res;
rs->rs_free = amount;
rs->rs_biblk = biblk;
rs->rs_bi = bi;
rb_link_node(&rs->rs_node, parent, newn);
rb_insert_color(&rs->rs_node, &rgd->rd_rstree);
/* Do our inode accounting for the reservation */
/*BUG_ON(!gfs2_glock_is_locked_by_me(ip->i_gl));*/
/* Do our rgrp accounting for the reservation */
rgd->rd_reserved += amount; /* blocks reserved */
rgd->rd_rs_cnt++; /* number of in-tree reservations */
spin_unlock(&rgd->rd_rsspin);
trace_gfs2_rs(ip, rs, TRACE_RS_INSERT);
return rs;
}
/**
* unclaimed_blocks - return number of blocks that aren't spoken for
*/
static u32 unclaimed_blocks(struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd)
{
return rgd->rd_free_clone - rgd->rd_reserved;
}
/**
* rg_mblk_search - find a group of multiple free blocks
* @rgd: the resource group descriptor
* @rs: the block reservation
* @ip: pointer to the inode for which we're reserving blocks
*
* This is very similar to rgblk_search, except we're looking for whole
* 64-bit words that represent a chunk of 32 free blocks. I'm only focusing
* on aligned dwords for speed's sake.
*
* Returns: 0 if successful or BFITNOENT if there isn't enough free space
*/
static int rg_mblk_search(struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd, struct gfs2_inode *ip)
{
struct gfs2_bitmap *bi = rgd->rd_bits;
const u32 length = rgd->rd_length;
u32 blk;
unsigned int buf, x, search_bytes;
u8 *buffer = NULL;
u8 *ptr, *end, *nonzero;
u32 goal, rsv_bytes;
struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs;
u32 best_rs_bytes, unclaimed;
int best_rs_blocks;
/* Find bitmap block that contains bits for goal block */
if (rgrp_contains_block(rgd, ip->i_goal))
goal = ip->i_goal - rgd->rd_data0;
else
goal = rgd->rd_last_alloc;
for (buf = 0; buf < length; buf++) {
bi = rgd->rd_bits + buf;
/* Convert scope of "goal" from rgrp-wide to within
found bit block */
if (goal < (bi->bi_start + bi->bi_len) * GFS2_NBBY) {
goal -= bi->bi_start * GFS2_NBBY;
goto do_search;
}
}
buf = 0;
goal = 0;
do_search:
best_rs_blocks = max_t(int, atomic_read(&ip->i_res->rs_sizehint),
(RGRP_RSRV_MINBLKS * rgd->rd_length));
best_rs_bytes = (best_rs_blocks *
(1 + (RSRV_CONTENTION_FACTOR * rgd->rd_rs_cnt))) /
GFS2_NBBY; /* 1 + is for our not-yet-created reservation */
best_rs_bytes = ALIGN(best_rs_bytes, sizeof(u64));
unclaimed = unclaimed_blocks(rgd);
if (best_rs_bytes * GFS2_NBBY > unclaimed)
best_rs_bytes = unclaimed >> GFS2_BIT_SIZE;
for (x = 0; x <= length; x++) {
bi = rgd->rd_bits + buf;
if (test_bit(GBF_FULL, &bi->bi_flags))
goto skip;
WARN_ON(!buffer_uptodate(bi->bi_bh));
if (bi->bi_clone)
buffer = bi->bi_clone + bi->bi_offset;
else
buffer = bi->bi_bh->b_data + bi->bi_offset;
/* We have to keep the reservations aligned on u64 boundaries
otherwise we could get situations where a byte can't be
used because it's after a reservation, but a free bit still
is within the reservation's area. */
ptr = buffer + ALIGN(goal >> GFS2_BIT_SIZE, sizeof(u64));
end = (buffer + bi->bi_len);
while (ptr < end) {
rsv_bytes = 0;
if ((ptr + best_rs_bytes) <= end)
search_bytes = best_rs_bytes;
else
search_bytes = end - ptr;
BUG_ON(!search_bytes);
nonzero = memchr_inv(ptr, 0, search_bytes);
/* If the lot is all zeroes, reserve the whole size. If
there's enough zeroes to satisfy the request, use
what we can. If there's not enough, keep looking. */
if (nonzero == NULL)
rsv_bytes = search_bytes;
else if ((nonzero - ptr) * GFS2_NBBY >=
ip->i_res->rs_requested)
rsv_bytes = (nonzero - ptr);
if (rsv_bytes) {
blk = ((ptr - buffer) * GFS2_NBBY);
BUG_ON(blk >= bi->bi_len * GFS2_NBBY);
rs = rs_insert(bi, ip, blk,
rsv_bytes * GFS2_NBBY);
if (IS_ERR(rs))
return PTR_ERR(rs);
if (rs)
return 0;
}
ptr += ALIGN(search_bytes, sizeof(u64));
}
skip:
/* Try next bitmap block (wrap back to rgrp header
if at end) */
buf++;
buf %= length;
goal = 0;
}
return BFITNOENT;
}
/**
* try_rgrp_fit - See if a given reservation will fit in a given RG
* @rgd: the RG data
* @ip: the inode
*
* If there's room for the requested blocks to be allocated from the RG:
* This will try to get a multi-block reservation first, and if that doesn't
* fit, it will take what it can.
*
* Returns: 1 on success (it fits), 0 on failure (it doesn't fit)
*/
static int try_rgrp_fit(const struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd, const struct gfs2_inode *ip)
static int try_rgrp_fit(struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd, struct gfs2_inode *ip)
{
const struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs = ip->i_res;
struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs = ip->i_res;
if (rgd->rd_flags & (GFS2_RGF_NOALLOC | GFS2_RDF_ERROR))
return 0;
if (rgd->rd_free_clone >= rs->rs_requested)
/* Look for a multi-block reservation. */
if (unclaimed_blocks(rgd) >= RGRP_RSRV_MINBLKS &&
rg_mblk_search(rgd, ip) != BFITNOENT)
return 1;
if (unclaimed_blocks(rgd) >= rs->rs_requested)
return 1;
return 0;
}
static inline u32 gfs2_bi2rgd_blk(struct gfs2_bitmap *bi, u32 blk)
{
return (bi->bi_start * GFS2_NBBY) + blk;
return 0;
}
/**
@ -1217,7 +1554,7 @@ static void try_rgrp_unlink(struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd, u64 *last_unlinked, u64 skip
int gfs2_inplace_reserve(struct gfs2_inode *ip, u32 requested)
{
struct gfs2_sbd *sdp = GFS2_SB(&ip->i_inode);
struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd, *begin = NULL;
struct gfs2_rgrpd *begin = NULL;
struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs = ip->i_res;
int error = 0, rg_locked, flags = LM_FLAG_TRY;
u64 last_unlinked = NO_BLOCK;
@ -1225,32 +1562,40 @@ int gfs2_inplace_reserve(struct gfs2_inode *ip, u32 requested)
if (sdp->sd_args.ar_rgrplvb)
flags |= GL_SKIP;
rs = ip->i_res;
rs->rs_requested = requested;
if (gfs2_assert_warn(sdp, requested)) {
error = -EINVAL;
goto out;
}
if (ip->i_rgd && rgrp_contains_block(ip->i_rgd, ip->i_goal))
rgd = begin = ip->i_rgd;
else
rgd = begin = gfs2_blk2rgrpd(sdp, ip->i_goal, 1);
if (rgd == NULL)
if (gfs2_rs_active(rs)) {
begin = rs->rs_rgd;
flags = 0; /* Yoda: Do or do not. There is no try */
} else if (ip->i_rgd && rgrp_contains_block(ip->i_rgd, ip->i_goal)) {
rs->rs_rgd = begin = ip->i_rgd;
} else {
rs->rs_rgd = begin = gfs2_blk2rgrpd(sdp, ip->i_goal, 1);
}
if (rs->rs_rgd == NULL)
return -EBADSLT;
while (loops < 3) {
rg_locked = 0;
if (gfs2_glock_is_locked_by_me(rgd->rd_gl)) {
if (gfs2_glock_is_locked_by_me(rs->rs_rgd->rd_gl)) {
rg_locked = 1;
error = 0;
} else if (!loops && !gfs2_rs_active(rs) &&
rs->rs_rgd->rd_rs_cnt > RGRP_RSRV_MAX_CONTENDERS) {
/* If the rgrp already is maxed out for contenders,
we can eliminate it as a "first pass" without even
requesting the rgrp glock. */
error = GLR_TRYFAILED;
} else {
error = gfs2_glock_nq_init(rgd->rd_gl, LM_ST_EXCLUSIVE,
flags, &rs->rs_rgd_gh);
error = gfs2_glock_nq_init(rs->rs_rgd->rd_gl,
LM_ST_EXCLUSIVE, flags,
&rs->rs_rgd_gh);
if (!error && sdp->sd_args.ar_rgrplvb) {
error = update_rgrp_lvb(rgd);
error = update_rgrp_lvb(rs->rs_rgd);
if (error) {
gfs2_glock_dq_uninit(&rs->rs_rgd_gh);
return error;
@ -1259,25 +1604,37 @@ int gfs2_inplace_reserve(struct gfs2_inode *ip, u32 requested)
}
switch (error) {
case 0:
if (try_rgrp_fit(rgd, ip)) {
if (gfs2_rs_active(rs)) {
if (unclaimed_blocks(rs->rs_rgd) +
rs->rs_free >= rs->rs_requested) {
ip->i_rgd = rs->rs_rgd;
return 0;
}
/* We have a multi-block reservation, but the
rgrp doesn't have enough free blocks to
satisfy the request. Free the reservation
and look for a suitable rgrp. */
gfs2_rs_deltree(rs);
}
if (try_rgrp_fit(rs->rs_rgd, ip)) {
if (sdp->sd_args.ar_rgrplvb)
gfs2_rgrp_bh_get(rgd);
ip->i_rgd = rgd;
gfs2_rgrp_bh_get(rs->rs_rgd);
ip->i_rgd = rs->rs_rgd;
return 0;
}
if (rgd->rd_flags & GFS2_RDF_CHECK) {
if (rs->rs_rgd->rd_flags & GFS2_RDF_CHECK) {
if (sdp->sd_args.ar_rgrplvb)
gfs2_rgrp_bh_get(rgd);
try_rgrp_unlink(rgd, &last_unlinked,
gfs2_rgrp_bh_get(rs->rs_rgd);
try_rgrp_unlink(rs->rs_rgd, &last_unlinked,
ip->i_no_addr);
}
if (!rg_locked)
gfs2_glock_dq_uninit(&rs->rs_rgd_gh);
/* fall through */
case GLR_TRYFAILED:
rgd = gfs2_rgrpd_get_next(rgd);
rgd = rgd ? : begin; /* if NULL, wrap */
if (rgd != begin) /* If we didn't wrap */
rs->rs_rgd = gfs2_rgrpd_get_next(rs->rs_rgd);
rs->rs_rgd = rs->rs_rgd ? : begin; /* if NULL, wrap */
if (rs->rs_rgd != begin) /* If we didn't wrap */
break;
flags &= ~LM_FLAG_TRY;
@ -1315,6 +1672,12 @@ void gfs2_inplace_release(struct gfs2_inode *ip)
{
struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs = ip->i_res;
if (!rs)
return;
if (!rs->rs_free)
gfs2_rs_deltree(rs);
if (rs->rs_rgd_gh.gh_gl)
gfs2_glock_dq_uninit(&rs->rs_rgd_gh);
rs->rs_requested = 0;
@ -1413,7 +1776,27 @@ do_search:
if (state != GFS2_BLKST_UNLINKED && bi->bi_clone)
buffer = bi->bi_clone + bi->bi_offset;
biblk = gfs2_bitfit(buffer, bi->bi_len, goal, state);
while (1) {
struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs;
u32 rgblk;
biblk = gfs2_bitfit(buffer, bi->bi_len, goal, state);
if (biblk == BFITNOENT)
break;
/* Check if this block is reserved() */
rgblk = gfs2_bi2rgd_blk(bi, biblk);
rs = rs_find(rgd, rgblk);
if (rs == NULL)
break;
BUG_ON(rs->rs_bi != bi);
biblk = BFITNOENT;
/* This should jump to the first block after the
reservation. */
goal = rs->rs_biblk + rs->rs_free;
if (goal >= bi->bi_len * GFS2_NBBY)
break;
}
if (biblk != BFITNOENT)
break;
@ -1449,8 +1832,9 @@ static u64 gfs2_alloc_extent(struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd, struct gfs2_bitmap *bi,
u32 blk, bool dinode, unsigned int *n)
{
const unsigned int elen = *n;
u32 goal;
u32 goal, rgblk;
const u8 *buffer = NULL;
struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs;
*n = 0;
buffer = bi->bi_bh->b_data + bi->bi_offset;
@ -1463,6 +1847,10 @@ static u64 gfs2_alloc_extent(struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd, struct gfs2_bitmap *bi,
goal++;
if (goal >= (bi->bi_len * GFS2_NBBY))
break;
rgblk = gfs2_bi2rgd_blk(bi, goal);
rs = rs_find(rgd, rgblk);
if (rs) /* Oops, we bumped into someone's reservation */
break;
if (gfs2_testbit(rgd, buffer, bi->bi_len, goal) !=
GFS2_BLKST_FREE)
break;
@ -1538,12 +1926,22 @@ static struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgblk_free(struct gfs2_sbd *sdp, u64 bstart,
int gfs2_rgrp_dump(struct seq_file *seq, const struct gfs2_glock *gl)
{
const struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd = gl->gl_object;
struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd = gl->gl_object;
struct gfs2_blkreserv *trs;
const struct rb_node *n;
if (rgd == NULL)
return 0;
gfs2_print_dbg(seq, " R: n:%llu f:%02x b:%u/%u i:%u\n",
gfs2_print_dbg(seq, " R: n:%llu f:%02x b:%u/%u i:%u r:%u\n",
(unsigned long long)rgd->rd_addr, rgd->rd_flags,
rgd->rd_free, rgd->rd_free_clone, rgd->rd_dinodes);
rgd->rd_free, rgd->rd_free_clone, rgd->rd_dinodes,
rgd->rd_reserved);
spin_lock(&rgd->rd_rsspin);
for (n = rb_first(&rgd->rd_rstree); n; n = rb_next(&trs->rs_node)) {
trs = rb_entry(n, struct gfs2_blkreserv, rs_node);
dump_rs(seq, trs);
}
spin_unlock(&rgd->rd_rsspin);
return 0;
}
@ -1557,11 +1955,64 @@ static void gfs2_rgrp_error(struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd)
rgd->rd_flags |= GFS2_RDF_ERROR;
}
/**
* claim_reserved_blks - Claim previously reserved blocks
* @ip: the inode that's claiming the reservation
* @dinode: 1 if this block is a dinode block, otherwise data block
* @nblocks: desired extent length
*
* Lay claim to previously allocated block reservation blocks.
* Returns: Starting block number of the blocks claimed.
* Sets *nblocks to the actual extent length allocated.
*/
static u64 claim_reserved_blks(struct gfs2_inode *ip, bool dinode,
unsigned int *nblocks)
{
struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs = ip->i_res;
struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd = rs->rs_rgd;
struct gfs2_sbd *sdp = GFS2_SB(&ip->i_inode);
struct gfs2_bitmap *bi;
u64 start_block = gfs2_rs_startblk(rs);
const unsigned int elen = *nblocks;
/*BUG_ON(!gfs2_glock_is_locked_by_me(ip->i_gl));*/
gfs2_assert_withdraw(sdp, rgd);
/*BUG_ON(!gfs2_glock_is_locked_by_me(rgd->rd_gl));*/
bi = rs->rs_bi;
gfs2_trans_add_bh(rgd->rd_gl, bi->bi_bh, 1);
for (*nblocks = 0; *nblocks < elen && rs->rs_free; (*nblocks)++) {
/* Make sure the bitmap hasn't changed */
gfs2_setbit(rgd, bi->bi_clone, bi, rs->rs_biblk,
dinode ? GFS2_BLKST_DINODE : GFS2_BLKST_USED);
rs->rs_biblk++;
rs->rs_free--;
BUG_ON(!rgd->rd_reserved);
rgd->rd_reserved--;
dinode = false;
trace_gfs2_rs(ip, rs, TRACE_RS_CLAIM);
}
if (!rs->rs_free) {
struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd = ip->i_res->rs_rgd;
gfs2_rs_deltree(rs);
/* -nblocks because we haven't returned to do the math yet.
I'm doing the math backwards to prevent negative numbers,
but think of it as:
if (unclaimed_blocks(rgd) - *nblocks >= RGRP_RSRV_MINBLKS */
if (unclaimed_blocks(rgd) >= RGRP_RSRV_MINBLKS + *nblocks)
rg_mblk_search(rgd, ip);
}
return start_block;
}
/**
* gfs2_alloc_blocks - Allocate one or more blocks of data and/or a dinode
* @ip: the inode to allocate the block for
* @bn: Used to return the starting block number
* @ndata: requested number of blocks/extent length (value/result)
* @nblocks: requested number of blocks/extent length (value/result)
* @dinode: 1 if we're allocating a dinode block, else 0
* @generation: the generation number of the inode
*
@ -1586,20 +2037,34 @@ int gfs2_alloc_blocks(struct gfs2_inode *ip, u64 *bn, unsigned int *nblocks,
if (ip->i_res->rs_requested == 0)
return -ECANCELED;
rgd = ip->i_rgd;
/* Check if we have a multi-block reservation, and if so, claim the
next free block from it. */
if (gfs2_rs_active(ip->i_res)) {
BUG_ON(!ip->i_res->rs_free);
rgd = ip->i_res->rs_rgd;
block = claim_reserved_blks(ip, dinode, nblocks);
} else {
rgd = ip->i_rgd;
if (!dinode && rgrp_contains_block(rgd, ip->i_goal))
goal = ip->i_goal - rgd->rd_data0;
else
goal = rgd->rd_last_alloc;
if (!dinode && rgrp_contains_block(rgd, ip->i_goal))
goal = ip->i_goal - rgd->rd_data0;
else
goal = rgd->rd_last_alloc;
blk = rgblk_search(rgd, goal, GFS2_BLKST_FREE, &bi);
blk = rgblk_search(rgd, goal, GFS2_BLKST_FREE, &bi);
/* Since all blocks are reserved in advance, this shouldn't happen */
if (blk == BFITNOENT)
goto rgrp_error;
/* Since all blocks are reserved in advance, this shouldn't
happen */
if (blk == BFITNOENT) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "BFITNOENT, nblocks=%u\n",
*nblocks);
printk(KERN_WARNING "FULL=%d\n",
test_bit(GBF_FULL, &rgd->rd_bits->bi_flags));
goto rgrp_error;
}
block = gfs2_alloc_extent(rgd, bi, blk, dinode, nblocks);
block = gfs2_alloc_extent(rgd, bi, blk, dinode, nblocks);
}
ndata = *nblocks;
if (dinode)
ndata--;
@ -1616,8 +2081,10 @@ int gfs2_alloc_blocks(struct gfs2_inode *ip, u64 *bn, unsigned int *nblocks,
brelse(dibh);
}
}
if (rgd->rd_free < *nblocks)
if (rgd->rd_free < *nblocks) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "nblocks=%u\n", *nblocks);
goto rgrp_error;
}
rgd->rd_free -= *nblocks;
if (dinode) {
@ -1877,6 +2344,7 @@ void gfs2_rlist_free(struct gfs2_rgrp_list *rlist)
for (x = 0; x < rlist->rl_rgrps; x++)
gfs2_holder_uninit(&rlist->rl_ghs[x]);
kfree(rlist->rl_ghs);
rlist->rl_ghs = NULL;
}
}

31
fs/gfs2/rgrp.h
View File

@ -13,6 +13,14 @@
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
/* Since each block in the file system is represented by two bits in the
* bitmap, one 64-bit word in the bitmap will represent 32 blocks.
* By reserving 32 blocks at a time, we can optimize / shortcut how we search
* through the bitmaps by looking a word at a time.
*/
#define RGRP_RSRV_MINBYTES 8
#define RGRP_RSRV_MINBLKS ((u32)(RGRP_RSRV_MINBYTES * GFS2_NBBY))
struct gfs2_rgrpd;
struct gfs2_sbd;
struct gfs2_holder;
@ -29,6 +37,8 @@ extern void gfs2_free_clones(struct gfs2_rgrpd *rgd);
extern int gfs2_rgrp_go_lock(struct gfs2_holder *gh);
extern void gfs2_rgrp_go_unlock(struct gfs2_holder *gh);
extern struct gfs2_alloc *gfs2_alloc_get(struct gfs2_inode *ip);
extern int gfs2_inplace_reserve(struct gfs2_inode *ip, u32 requested);
extern void gfs2_inplace_release(struct gfs2_inode *ip);
@ -36,6 +46,7 @@ extern int gfs2_alloc_blocks(struct gfs2_inode *ip, u64 *bn, unsigned int *n,
bool dinode, u64 *generation);
extern int gfs2_rs_alloc(struct gfs2_inode *ip);
extern void gfs2_rs_deltree(struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs);
extern void gfs2_rs_delete(struct gfs2_inode *ip);
extern void __gfs2_free_blocks(struct gfs2_inode *ip, u64 bstart, u32 blen, int meta);
extern void gfs2_free_meta(struct gfs2_inode *ip, u64 bstart, u32 blen);
@ -62,7 +73,7 @@ extern int gfs2_rgrp_send_discards(struct gfs2_sbd *sdp, u64 offset,
const struct gfs2_bitmap *bi, unsigned minlen, u64 *ptrimmed);
extern int gfs2_fitrim(struct file *filp, void __user *argp);
/* This is how to tell if a reservation is "inplace" reserved: */
/* This is how to tell if a multi-block reservation is "inplace" reserved: */
static inline int gfs2_mb_reserved(struct gfs2_inode *ip)
{
if (ip->i_res && ip->i_res->rs_requested)
@ -70,4 +81,22 @@ static inline int gfs2_mb_reserved(struct gfs2_inode *ip)
return 0;
}
/* This is how to tell if a multi-block reservation is in the rgrp tree: */
static inline int gfs2_rs_active(struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs)
{
if (rs && rs->rs_bi)
return 1;
return 0;
}
static inline u32 gfs2_bi2rgd_blk(const struct gfs2_bitmap *bi, u32 blk)
{
return (bi->bi_start * GFS2_NBBY) + blk;
}
static inline u64 gfs2_rs_startblk(const struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs)
{
return gfs2_bi2rgd_blk(rs->rs_bi, rs->rs_biblk) + rs->rs_rgd->rd_data0;
}
#endif /* __RGRP_DOT_H__ */

7
fs/gfs2/super.c
View File

@ -1420,6 +1420,10 @@ static int gfs2_dinode_dealloc(struct gfs2_inode *ip)
return -EIO;
}
error = gfs2_rindex_update(sdp);
if (error)
return error;
error = gfs2_quota_hold(ip, NO_QUOTA_CHANGE, NO_QUOTA_CHANGE);
if (error)
return error;
@ -1550,6 +1554,9 @@ out_truncate:
out_unlock:
/* Error path for case 1 */
if (gfs2_rs_active(ip->i_res))
gfs2_rs_deltree(ip->i_res);
if (test_bit(HIF_HOLDER, &ip->i_iopen_gh.gh_iflags))
gfs2_glock_dq(&ip->i_iopen_gh);
gfs2_holder_uninit(&ip->i_iopen_gh);

59
fs/gfs2/trace_gfs2.h
View File

@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
#include <linux/ktime.h>
#include "incore.h"
#include "glock.h"
#include "rgrp.h"
#define dlm_state_name(nn) { DLM_LOCK_##nn, #nn }
#define glock_trace_name(x) __print_symbolic(x, \
@ -31,6 +32,17 @@
{ GFS2_BLKST_DINODE, "dinode" }, \
{ GFS2_BLKST_UNLINKED, "unlinked" })
#define TRACE_RS_DELETE 0
#define TRACE_RS_TREEDEL 1
#define TRACE_RS_INSERT 2
#define TRACE_RS_CLAIM 3
#define rs_func_name(x) __print_symbolic(x, \
{ 0, "del " }, \
{ 1, "tdel" }, \
{ 2, "ins " }, \
{ 3, "clm " })
#define show_glock_flags(flags) __print_flags(flags, "", \
{(1UL << GLF_LOCK), "l" }, \
{(1UL << GLF_DEMOTE), "D" }, \
@ -470,6 +482,7 @@ TRACE_EVENT(gfs2_block_alloc,
__field( u8, block_state )
__field( u64, rd_addr )
__field( u32, rd_free_clone )
__field( u32, rd_reserved )
),
TP_fast_assign(
@ -480,16 +493,58 @@ TRACE_EVENT(gfs2_block_alloc,
__entry->block_state = block_state;
__entry->rd_addr = rgd->rd_addr;
__entry->rd_free_clone = rgd->rd_free_clone;
__entry->rd_reserved = rgd->rd_reserved;
),
TP_printk("%u,%u bmap %llu alloc %llu/%lu %s rg:%llu rf:%u",
TP_printk("%u,%u bmap %llu alloc %llu/%lu %s rg:%llu rf:%u rr:%lu",
MAJOR(__entry->dev), MINOR(__entry->dev),
(unsigned long long)__entry->inum,
(unsigned long long)__entry->start,
(unsigned long)__entry->len,
block_state_name(__entry->block_state),
(unsigned long long)__entry->rd_addr,
__entry->rd_free_clone)
__entry->rd_free_clone, (unsigned long)__entry->rd_reserved)
);
/* Keep track of multi-block reservations as they are allocated/freed */
TRACE_EVENT(gfs2_rs,
TP_PROTO(const struct gfs2_inode *ip, const struct gfs2_blkreserv *rs,
u8 func),
TP_ARGS(ip, rs, func),
TP_STRUCT__entry(
__field( dev_t, dev )
__field( u64, rd_addr )
__field( u32, rd_free_clone )
__field( u32, rd_reserved )
__field( u64, inum )
__field( u64, start )
__field( u32, free )
__field( u8, func )
),
TP_fast_assign(
__entry->dev = rs->rs_rgd ? rs->rs_rgd->rd_sbd->sd_vfs->s_dev : 0;
__entry->rd_addr = rs->rs_rgd ? rs->rs_rgd->rd_addr : 0;
__entry->rd_free_clone = rs->rs_rgd ? rs->rs_rgd->rd_free_clone : 0;
__entry->rd_reserved = rs->rs_rgd ? rs->rs_rgd->rd_reserved : 0;
__entry->inum = ip ? ip->i_no_addr : 0;
__entry->start = gfs2_rs_startblk(rs);
__entry->free = rs->rs_free;
__entry->func = func;
),
TP_printk("%u,%u bmap %llu resrv %llu rg:%llu rf:%lu rr:%lu %s "
"f:%lu",
MAJOR(__entry->dev), MINOR(__entry->dev),
(unsigned long long)__entry->inum,
(unsigned long long)__entry->start,
(unsigned long long)__entry->rd_addr,
(unsigned long)__entry->rd_free_clone,
(unsigned long)__entry->rd_reserved,
rs_func_name(__entry->func), (unsigned long)__entry->free)
);
#endif /* _TRACE_GFS2_H */

12
fs/gfs2/xattr.c
View File

@ -327,6 +327,10 @@ static int ea_remove_unstuffed(struct gfs2_inode *ip, struct buffer_head *bh,
{
int error;
error = gfs2_rindex_update(GFS2_SB(&ip->i_inode));
if (error)
return error;
error = gfs2_quota_hold(ip, NO_QUOTA_CHANGE, NO_QUOTA_CHANGE);
if (error)
goto out_alloc;
@ -710,6 +714,10 @@ static int ea_alloc_skeleton(struct gfs2_inode *ip, struct gfs2_ea_request *er,
struct buffer_head *dibh;
int error;
error = gfs2_rindex_update(GFS2_SB(&ip->i_inode));
if (error)
return error;
error = gfs2_quota_lock_check(ip);
if (error)
return error;
@ -1483,6 +1491,10 @@ int gfs2_ea_dealloc(struct gfs2_inode *ip)
{
int error;
error = gfs2_rindex_update(GFS2_SB(&ip->i_inode));
if (error)
return error;
error = gfs2_quota_hold(ip, NO_QUOTA_CHANGE, NO_QUOTA_CHANGE);
if (error)
return error;