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This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
This patch relocates the LSM hook function comments to the function
definitions, in keeping with the current kernel conventions. This
should make the hook descriptions more easily discoverable and easier
to maintain.
While formatting changes have been done to better fit the kernel-doc
style, content changes have been kept to a minimum and limited to
text which was obviously incorrect and/or outdated. It is expected
the future patches will improve the quality of the function header
comments.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
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Merge tag 'integrity-v6.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/zohar/linux-integrity
Pull integrity update from Mimi Zohar:
"One doc and one code cleanup, and two bug fixes"
* tag 'integrity-v6.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/zohar/linux-integrity:
ima: Introduce MMAP_CHECK_REQPROT hook
ima: Align ima_file_mmap() parameters with mmap_file LSM hook
evm: call dump_security_xattr() in all cases to remove code duplication
ima: fix ima_delete_rules() kernel-doc warning
ima: return IMA digest value only when IMA_COLLECTED flag is set
ima: fix error handling logic when file measurement failed
Commit 98de59bfe4 ("take calculation of final prot in
security_mmap_file() into a helper") moved the code to update prot, to be
the actual protections applied to the kernel, to a new helper called
mmap_prot().
However, while without the helper ima_file_mmap() was getting the updated
prot, with the helper ima_file_mmap() gets the original prot, which
contains the protections requested by the application.
A possible consequence of this change is that, if an application calls
mmap() with only PROT_READ, and the kernel applies PROT_EXEC in addition,
that application would have access to executable memory without having this
event recorded in the IMA measurement list. This situation would occur for
example if the application, before mmap(), calls the personality() system
call with READ_IMPLIES_EXEC as the first argument.
Align ima_file_mmap() parameters with those of the mmap_file LSM hook, so
that IMA can receive both the requested prot and the final prot. Since the
requested protections are stored in a new variable, and the final
protections are stored in the existing variable, this effectively restores
the original behavior of the MMAP_CHECK hook.
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: 98de59bfe4 ("take calculation of final prot in security_mmap_file() into a helper")
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Berger <stefanb@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.ibm.com>
Convert to struct mnt_idmap.
Last cycle we merged the necessary infrastructure in
256c8aed2b ("fs: introduce dedicated idmap type for mounts").
This is just the conversion to struct mnt_idmap.
Currently we still pass around the plain namespace that was attached to a
mount. This is in general pretty convenient but it makes it easy to
conflate namespaces that are relevant on the filesystem with namespaces
that are relevent on the mount level. Especially for non-vfs developers
without detailed knowledge in this area this can be a potential source for
bugs.
Once the conversion to struct mnt_idmap is done all helpers down to the
really low-level helpers will take a struct mnt_idmap argument instead of
two namespace arguments. This way it becomes impossible to conflate the two
eliminating the possibility of any bugs. All of the vfs and all filesystems
only operate on struct mnt_idmap.
Acked-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner (Microsoft) <brauner@kernel.org>
Convert to struct mnt_idmap.
Last cycle we merged the necessary infrastructure in
256c8aed2b ("fs: introduce dedicated idmap type for mounts").
This is just the conversion to struct mnt_idmap.
Currently we still pass around the plain namespace that was attached to a
mount. This is in general pretty convenient but it makes it easy to
conflate namespaces that are relevant on the filesystem with namespaces
that are relevent on the mount level. Especially for non-vfs developers
without detailed knowledge in this area this can be a potential source for
bugs.
Once the conversion to struct mnt_idmap is done all helpers down to the
really low-level helpers will take a struct mnt_idmap argument instead of
two namespace arguments. This way it becomes impossible to conflate the two
eliminating the possibility of any bugs. All of the vfs and all filesystems
only operate on struct mnt_idmap.
Acked-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner (Microsoft) <brauner@kernel.org>
Convert to struct mnt_idmap.
Last cycle we merged the necessary infrastructure in
256c8aed2b ("fs: introduce dedicated idmap type for mounts").
This is just the conversion to struct mnt_idmap.
Currently we still pass around the plain namespace that was attached to a
mount. This is in general pretty convenient but it makes it easy to
conflate namespaces that are relevant on the filesystem with namespaces
that are relevent on the mount level. Especially for non-vfs developers
without detailed knowledge in this area this can be a potential source for
bugs.
Once the conversion to struct mnt_idmap is done all helpers down to the
really low-level helpers will take a struct mnt_idmap argument instead of
two namespace arguments. This way it becomes impossible to conflate the two
eliminating the possibility of any bugs. All of the vfs and all filesystems
only operate on struct mnt_idmap.
Acked-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner (Microsoft) <brauner@kernel.org>
Convert to struct mnt_idmap.
Last cycle we merged the necessary infrastructure in
256c8aed2b ("fs: introduce dedicated idmap type for mounts").
This is just the conversion to struct mnt_idmap.
Currently we still pass around the plain namespace that was attached to a
mount. This is in general pretty convenient but it makes it easy to
conflate namespaces that are relevant on the filesystem with namespaces
that are relevent on the mount level. Especially for non-vfs developers
without detailed knowledge in this area this can be a potential source for
bugs.
Once the conversion to struct mnt_idmap is done all helpers down to the
really low-level helpers will take a struct mnt_idmap argument instead of
two namespace arguments. This way it becomes impossible to conflate the two
eliminating the possibility of any bugs. All of the vfs and all filesystems
only operate on struct mnt_idmap.
Acked-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner (Microsoft) <brauner@kernel.org>
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Merge tag 'lsm-pr-20221212' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/pcmoore/lsm
Pull lsm updates from Paul Moore:
- Improve the error handling in the device cgroup such that memory
allocation failures when updating the access policy do not
potentially alter the policy.
- Some minor fixes to reiserfs to ensure that it properly releases
LSM-related xattr values.
- Update the security_socket_getpeersec_stream() LSM hook to take
sockptr_t values.
Previously the net/BPF folks updated the getsockopt code in the
network stack to leverage the sockptr_t type to make it easier to
pass both kernel and __user pointers, but unfortunately when they did
so they didn't convert the LSM hook.
While there was/is no immediate risk by not converting the LSM hook,
it seems like this is a mistake waiting to happen so this patch
proactively does the LSM hook conversion.
- Convert vfs_getxattr_alloc() to return an int instead of a ssize_t
and cleanup the callers. Internally the function was never going to
return anything larger than an int and the callers were doing some
very odd things casting the return value; this patch fixes all that
and helps bring a bit of sanity to vfs_getxattr_alloc() and its
callers.
- More verbose, and helpful, LSM debug output when the system is booted
with "lsm.debug" on the command line. There are examples in the
commit description, but the quick summary is that this patch provides
better information about which LSMs are enabled and the ordering in
which they are processed.
- General comment and kernel-doc fixes and cleanups.
* tag 'lsm-pr-20221212' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/pcmoore/lsm:
lsm: Fix description of fs_context_parse_param
lsm: Add/fix return values in lsm_hooks.h and fix formatting
lsm: Clarify documentation of vm_enough_memory hook
reiserfs: Add missing calls to reiserfs_security_free()
lsm,fs: fix vfs_getxattr_alloc() return type and caller error paths
device_cgroup: Roll back to original exceptions after copy failure
LSM: Better reporting of actual LSMs at boot
lsm: make security_socket_getpeersec_stream() sockptr_t safe
audit: Fix some kernel-doc warnings
lsm: remove obsoleted comments for security hooks
fs: edit a comment made in bad taste
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Merge tag 'landlock-6.2-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mic/linux
Pull landlock updates from Mickaël Salaün:
"This adds file truncation support to Landlock, contributed by Günther
Noack. As described by Günther [1], the goal of these patches is to
work towards a more complete coverage of file system operations that
are restrictable with Landlock.
The known set of currently unsupported file system operations in
Landlock is described at [2]. Out of the operations listed there,
truncate is the only one that modifies file contents, so these patches
should make it possible to prevent the direct modification of file
contents with Landlock.
The new LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_TRUNCATE access right covers both the
truncate(2) and ftruncate(2) families of syscalls, as well as open(2)
with the O_TRUNC flag. This includes usages of creat() in the case
where existing regular files are overwritten.
Additionally, this introduces a new Landlock security blob associated
with opened files, to track the available Landlock access rights at
the time of opening the file. This is in line with Unix's general
approach of checking the read and write permissions during open(), and
associating this previously checked authorization with the opened
file. An ongoing patch documents this use case [3].
In order to treat truncate(2) and ftruncate(2) calls differently in an
LSM hook, we split apart the existing security_path_truncate hook into
security_path_truncate (for truncation by path) and
security_file_truncate (for truncation of previously opened files)"
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221018182216.301684-1-gnoack3000@gmail.com [1]
Link: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v6.1/userspace-api/landlock.html#filesystem-flags [2]
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221209193813.972012-1-mic@digikod.net [3]
* tag 'landlock-6.2-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mic/linux:
samples/landlock: Document best-effort approach for LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER
landlock: Document Landlock's file truncation support
samples/landlock: Extend sample tool to support LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_TRUNCATE
selftests/landlock: Test ftruncate on FDs created by memfd_create(2)
selftests/landlock: Test FD passing from restricted to unrestricted processes
selftests/landlock: Locally define __maybe_unused
selftests/landlock: Test open() and ftruncate() in multiple scenarios
selftests/landlock: Test file truncation support
landlock: Support file truncation
landlock: Document init_layer_masks() helper
landlock: Refactor check_access_path_dual() into is_access_to_paths_allowed()
security: Create file_truncate hook from path_truncate hook
Commit 4ff09db1b7 ("bpf: net: Change sk_getsockopt() to take the
sockptr_t argument") made it possible to call sk_getsockopt()
with both user and kernel address space buffers through the use of
the sockptr_t type. Unfortunately at the time of conversion the
security_socket_getpeersec_stream() LSM hook was written to only
accept userspace buffers, and in a desire to avoid having to change
the LSM hook the commit author simply passed the sockptr_t's
userspace buffer pointer. Since the only sk_getsockopt() callers
at the time of conversion which used kernel sockptr_t buffers did
not allow SO_PEERSEC, and hence the
security_socket_getpeersec_stream() hook, this was acceptable but
also very fragile as future changes presented the possibility of
silently passing kernel space pointers to the LSM hook.
There are several ways to protect against this, including careful
code review of future commits, but since relying on code review to
catch bugs is a recipe for disaster and the upstream eBPF maintainer
is "strongly against defensive programming", this patch updates the
LSM hook, and all of the implementations to support sockptr_t and
safely handle both user and kernel space buffers.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
The current way of setting and getting posix acls through the generic
xattr interface is error prone and type unsafe. The vfs needs to
interpret and fixup posix acls before storing or reporting it to
userspace. Various hacks exist to make this work. The code is hard to
understand and difficult to maintain in it's current form. Instead of
making this work by hacking posix acls through xattr handlers we are
building a dedicated posix acl api around the get and set inode
operations. This removes a lot of hackiness and makes the codepaths
easier to maintain. A lot of background can be found in [1].
So far posix acls were passed as a void blob to the security and
integrity modules. Some of them like evm then proceed to interpret the
void pointer and convert it into the kernel internal struct posix acl
representation to perform their integrity checking magic. This is
obviously pretty problematic as that requires knowledge that only the
vfs is guaranteed to have and has lead to various bugs. Add a proper
security hook for setting posix acls and pass down the posix acls in
their appropriate vfs format instead of hacking it through a void
pointer stored in the uapi format.
I spent considerate time in the security module and integrity
infrastructure and audited all codepaths. EVM is the only part that
really has restrictions based on the actual posix acl values passed
through it (e.g., i_mode). Before this dedicated hook EVM used to translate
from the uapi posix acl format sent to it in the form of a void pointer
into the vfs format. This is not a good thing. Instead of hacking around in
the uapi struct give EVM the posix acls in the appropriate vfs format and
perform sane permissions checks that mirror what it used to to in the
generic xattr hook.
IMA doesn't have any restrictions on posix acls. When posix acls are
changed it just wants to update its appraisal status to trigger an EVM
revalidation.
The removal of posix acls is equivalent to passing NULL to the posix set
acl hooks. This is the same as before through the generic xattr api.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20220801145520.1532837-1-brauner@kernel.org [1]
Acked-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com> (LSM)
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner (Microsoft) <brauner@kernel.org>
The current way of setting and getting posix acls through the generic
xattr interface is error prone and type unsafe. The vfs needs to
interpret and fixup posix acls before storing or reporting it to
userspace. Various hacks exist to make this work. The code is hard to
understand and difficult to maintain in it's current form. Instead of
making this work by hacking posix acls through xattr handlers we are
building a dedicated posix acl api around the get and set inode
operations. This removes a lot of hackiness and makes the codepaths
easier to maintain. A lot of background can be found in [1].
So far posix acls were passed as a void blob to the security and
integrity modules. Some of them like evm then proceed to interpret the
void pointer and convert it into the kernel internal struct posix acl
representation to perform their integrity checking magic. This is
obviously pretty problematic as that requires knowledge that only the
vfs is guaranteed to have and has lead to various bugs. Add a proper
security hook for setting posix acls and pass down the posix acls in
their appropriate vfs format instead of hacking it through a void
pointer stored in the uapi format.
In the next patches we implement the hooks for the few security modules
that do actually have restrictions on posix acls.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20220801145520.1532837-1-brauner@kernel.org [1]
Acked-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner (Microsoft) <brauner@kernel.org>
Introduce the LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_TRUNCATE flag for file truncation.
This flag hooks into the path_truncate, file_truncate and
file_alloc_security LSM hooks and covers file truncation using
truncate(2), ftruncate(2), open(2) with O_TRUNC, as well as creat().
This change also increments the Landlock ABI version, updates
corresponding selftests, and updates code documentation to document
the flag.
In security/security.c, allocate security blobs at pointer-aligned
offsets. This fixes the problem where one LSM's security blob can
shift another LSM's security blob to an unaligned address (reported
by Nathan Chancellor).
The following operations are restricted:
open(2): requires the LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_TRUNCATE right if a file gets
implicitly truncated as part of the open() (e.g. using O_TRUNC).
Notable special cases:
* open(..., O_RDONLY|O_TRUNC) can truncate files as well in Linux
* open() with O_TRUNC does *not* need the TRUNCATE right when it
creates a new file.
truncate(2) (on a path): requires the LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_TRUNCATE
right.
ftruncate(2) (on a file): requires that the file had the TRUNCATE
right when it was previously opened. File descriptors acquired by
other means than open(2) (e.g. memfd_create(2)) continue to support
truncation with ftruncate(2).
Cc: Nathan Chancellor <nathan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Günther Noack <gnoack3000@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com> (LSM)
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221018182216.301684-5-gnoack3000@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün <mic@digikod.net>
Like path_truncate, the file_truncate hook also restricts file
truncation, but is called in the cases where truncation is attempted
on an already-opened file.
This is required in a subsequent commit to handle ftruncate()
operations differently to truncate() operations.
Acked-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
Acked-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
Signed-off-by: Günther Noack <gnoack3000@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221018182216.301684-2-gnoack3000@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün <mic@digikod.net>
- Remove our now never-true definitions for pgd_huge() and p4d_leaf().
- Add pte_needs_flush() and huge_pmd_needs_flush() for 64-bit.
- Add support for syscall wrappers.
- Add support for KFENCE on 64-bit.
- Update 64-bit HV KVM to use the new guest state entry/exit accounting API.
- Support execute-only memory when using the Radix MMU (P9 or later).
- Implement CONFIG_PARAVIRT_TIME_ACCOUNTING for pseries guests.
- Updates to our linker script to move more data into read-only sections.
- Allow the VDSO to be randomised on 32-bit.
- Many other small features and fixes.
Thanks to: Andrew Donnellan, Aneesh Kumar K.V, Arnd Bergmann, Athira Rajeev, Christophe
Leroy, David Hildenbrand, Disha Goel, Fabiano Rosas, Gaosheng Cui, Gustavo A. R. Silva,
Haren Myneni, Hari Bathini, Jilin Yuan, Joel Stanley, Kajol Jain, Kees Cook, Krzysztof
Kozlowski, Laurent Dufour, Liang He, Li Huafei, Lukas Bulwahn, Madhavan Srinivasan, Nathan
Chancellor, Nathan Lynch, Nicholas Miehlbradt, Nicholas Piggin, Pali Rohár, Rohan McLure,
Russell Currey, Sachin Sant, Segher Boessenkool, Shrikanth Hegde, Tyrel Datwyler, Wolfram
Sang, ye xingchen, Zheng Yongjun.
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Merge tag 'powerpc-6.1-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/powerpc/linux
Pull powerpc updates from Michael Ellerman:
- Remove our now never-true definitions for pgd_huge() and p4d_leaf().
- Add pte_needs_flush() and huge_pmd_needs_flush() for 64-bit.
- Add support for syscall wrappers.
- Add support for KFENCE on 64-bit.
- Update 64-bit HV KVM to use the new guest state entry/exit accounting
API.
- Support execute-only memory when using the Radix MMU (P9 or later).
- Implement CONFIG_PARAVIRT_TIME_ACCOUNTING for pseries guests.
- Updates to our linker script to move more data into read-only
sections.
- Allow the VDSO to be randomised on 32-bit.
- Many other small features and fixes.
Thanks to Andrew Donnellan, Aneesh Kumar K.V, Arnd Bergmann, Athira
Rajeev, Christophe Leroy, David Hildenbrand, Disha Goel, Fabiano Rosas,
Gaosheng Cui, Gustavo A. R. Silva, Haren Myneni, Hari Bathini, Jilin
Yuan, Joel Stanley, Kajol Jain, Kees Cook, Krzysztof Kozlowski, Laurent
Dufour, Liang He, Li Huafei, Lukas Bulwahn, Madhavan Srinivasan, Nathan
Chancellor, Nathan Lynch, Nicholas Miehlbradt, Nicholas Piggin, Pali
Rohár, Rohan McLure, Russell Currey, Sachin Sant, Segher Boessenkool,
Shrikanth Hegde, Tyrel Datwyler, Wolfram Sang, ye xingchen, and Zheng
Yongjun.
* tag 'powerpc-6.1-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/powerpc/linux: (214 commits)
KVM: PPC: Book3S HV: Fix stack frame regs marker
powerpc: Don't add __powerpc_ prefix to syscall entry points
powerpc/64s/interrupt: Fix stack frame regs marker
powerpc/64: Fix msr_check_and_set/clear MSR[EE] race
powerpc/64s/interrupt: Change must-hard-mask interrupt check from BUG to WARN
powerpc/pseries: Add firmware details to the hardware description
powerpc/powernv: Add opal details to the hardware description
powerpc: Add device-tree model to the hardware description
powerpc/64: Add logical PVR to the hardware description
powerpc: Add PVR & CPU name to hardware description
powerpc: Add hardware description string
powerpc/configs: Enable PPC_UV in powernv_defconfig
powerpc/configs: Update config files for removed/renamed symbols
powerpc/mm: Fix UBSAN warning reported on hugetlb
powerpc/mm: Always update max/min_low_pfn in mem_topology_setup()
powerpc/mm/book3s/hash: Rename flush_tlb_pmd_range
powerpc: Drops STABS_DEBUG from linker scripts
powerpc/64s: Remove lost/old comment
powerpc/64s: Remove old STAB comment
powerpc: remove orphan systbl_chk.sh
...
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Merge tag 'lsm-pr-20221003' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/pcmoore/lsm
Pull LSM updates from Paul Moore:
"Seven patches for the LSM layer and we've got a mix of trivial and
significant patches. Highlights below, starting with the smaller bits
first so they don't get lost in the discussion of the larger items:
- Remove some redundant NULL pointer checks in the common LSM audit
code.
- Ratelimit the lockdown LSM's access denial messages.
With this change there is a chance that the last visible lockdown
message on the console is outdated/old, but it does help preserve
the initial series of lockdown denials that started the denial
message flood and my gut feeling is that these might be the more
valuable messages.
- Open userfaultfds as readonly instead of read/write.
While this code obviously lives outside the LSM, it does have a
noticeable impact on the LSMs with Ondrej explaining the situation
in the commit description. It is worth noting that this patch
languished on the VFS list for over a year without any comments
(objections or otherwise) so I took the liberty of pulling it into
the LSM tree after giving fair notice. It has been in linux-next
since the end of August without any noticeable problems.
- Add a LSM hook for user namespace creation, with implementations
for both the BPF LSM and SELinux.
Even though the changes are fairly small, this is the bulk of the
diffstat as we are also including BPF LSM selftests for the new
hook.
It's also the most contentious of the changes in this pull request
with Eric Biederman NACK'ing the LSM hook multiple times during its
development and discussion upstream. While I've never taken NACK's
lightly, I'm sending these patches to you because it is my belief
that they are of good quality, satisfy a long-standing need of
users and distros, and are in keeping with the existing nature of
the LSM layer and the Linux Kernel as a whole.
The patches in implement a LSM hook for user namespace creation
that allows for a granular approach, configurable at runtime, which
enables both monitoring and control of user namespaces. The general
consensus has been that this is far preferable to the other
solutions that have been adopted downstream including outright
removal from the kernel, disabling via system wide sysctls, or
various other out-of-tree mechanisms that users have been forced to
adopt since we haven't been able to provide them an upstream
solution for their requests. Eric has been steadfast in his
objections to this LSM hook, explaining that any restrictions on
the user namespace could have significant impact on userspace.
While there is the possibility of impacting userspace, it is
important to note that this solution only impacts userspace when it
is requested based on the runtime configuration supplied by the
distro/admin/user. Frederick (the pathset author), the LSM/security
community, and myself have tried to work with Eric during
development of this patchset to find a mutually acceptable
solution, but Eric's approach and unwillingness to engage in a
meaningful way have made this impossible. I have CC'd Eric directly
on this pull request so he has a chance to provide his side of the
story; there have been no objections outside of Eric's"
* tag 'lsm-pr-20221003' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/pcmoore/lsm:
lockdown: ratelimit denial messages
userfaultfd: open userfaultfds with O_RDONLY
selinux: Implement userns_create hook
selftests/bpf: Add tests verifying bpf lsm userns_create hook
bpf-lsm: Make bpf_lsm_userns_create() sleepable
security, lsm: Introduce security_create_user_ns()
lsm: clean up redundant NULL pointer check
The error injection facility on pseries VMs allows corruption of
arbitrary guest memory, potentially enabling a sufficiently privileged
user to disable lockdown or perform other modifications of the running
kernel via the rtas syscall.
Block the PAPR error injection facility from being opened or called
when locked down.
Signed-off-by: Nathan Lynch <nathanl@linux.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com> (LSM)
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220926131643.146502-3-nathanl@linux.ibm.com
The /proc/powerpc/ofdt interface allows the root user to freely alter
the in-kernel device tree, enabling arbitrary physical address writes
via drivers that could bind to malicious device nodes, thus making it
possible to disable lockdown.
Historically this interface has been used on the pseries platform to
facilitate the runtime addition and removal of processor, memory, and
device resources (aka Dynamic Logical Partitioning or DLPAR). Years
ago, the processor and memory use cases were migrated to designs that
happen to be lockdown-friendly: device tree updates are communicated
directly to the kernel from firmware without passing through untrusted
user space. I/O device DLPAR via the "drmgr" command in powerpc-utils
remains the sole legitimate user of /proc/powerpc/ofdt, but it is
already broken in lockdown since it uses /dev/mem to allocate argument
buffers for the rtas syscall. So only illegitimate uses of the
interface should see a behavior change when running on a locked down
kernel.
Signed-off-by: Nathan Lynch <nathanl@linux.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com> (LSM)
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220926131643.146502-2-nathanl@linux.ibm.com
cast of ->d_name.name to char * is completely wrong - nothing is
allowed to modify its contents.
Reviewed-by: Christian Brauner (Microsoft) <brauner@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
io-uring cmd support was added through ee692a21e9 ("fs,io_uring:
add infrastructure for uring-cmd"), this extended the struct
file_operations to allow a new command which each subsystem can use
to enable command passthrough. Add an LSM specific for the command
passthrough which enables LSMs to inspect the command details.
This was discussed long ago without no clear pointer for something
conclusive, so this enables LSMs to at least reject this new file
operation.
[0] https://lkml.kernel.org/r/8adf55db-7bab-f59d-d612-ed906b948d19@schaufler-ca.com
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: ee692a21e9 ("fs,io_uring: add infrastructure for uring-cmd")
Signed-off-by: Luis Chamberlain <mcgrof@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
User namespaces are an effective tool to allow programs to run with
permission without requiring the need for a program to run as root. User
namespaces may also be used as a sandboxing technique. However, attackers
sometimes leverage user namespaces as an initial attack vector to perform
some exploit. [1,2,3]
While it is not the unprivileged user namespace functionality, which
causes the kernel to be exploitable, users/administrators might want to
more granularly limit or at least monitor how various processes use this
functionality, while vulnerable kernel subsystems are being patched.
Preventing user namespace already creation comes in a few of forms in
order of granularity:
1. /proc/sys/user/max_user_namespaces sysctl
2. Distro specific patch(es)
3. CONFIG_USER_NS
To block a task based on its attributes, the LSM hook cred_prepare is a
decent candidate for use because it provides more granular control, and
it is called before create_user_ns():
cred = prepare_creds()
security_prepare_creds()
call_int_hook(cred_prepare, ...
if (cred)
create_user_ns(cred)
Since security_prepare_creds() is meant for LSMs to copy and prepare
credentials, access control is an unintended use of the hook. [4]
Further, security_prepare_creds() will always return a ENOMEM if the
hook returns any non-zero error code.
This hook also does not handle the clone3 case which requires us to
access a user space pointer to know if we're in the CLONE_NEW_USER
call path which may be subject to a TOCTTOU attack.
Lastly, cred_prepare is called in many call paths, and a targeted hook
further limits the frequency of calls which is a beneficial outcome.
Therefore introduce a new function security_create_user_ns() with an
accompanying userns_create LSM hook.
With the new userns_create hook, users will have more control over the
observability and access control over user namespace creation. Users
should expect that normal operation of user namespaces will behave as
usual, and only be impacted when controls are implemented by users or
administrators.
This hook takes the prepared creds for LSM authors to write policy
against. On success, the new namespace is applied to credentials,
otherwise an error is returned.
Links:
1. https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0492
2. https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-25636
3. https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-34918
4. https://lore.kernel.org/all/1c4b1c0d-12f6-6e9e-a6a3-cdce7418110c@schaufler-ca.com/
Reviewed-by: Christian Brauner (Microsoft) <brauner@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: KP Singh <kpsingh@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Frederick Lawler <fred@cloudflare.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
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Merge tag 'safesetid-6.0' of https://github.com/micah-morton/linux
Pull SafeSetID updates from Micah Morton:
"This contains one commit that touches common kernel code, one that
adds functionality internal to the SafeSetID LSM code, and a few other
commits that only modify the SafeSetID LSM selftest.
The commit that touches common kernel code simply adds an LSM hook in
the setgroups() syscall that mirrors what is done for the existing LSM
hooks in the setuid() and setgid() syscalls. This commit combined with
the SafeSetID-specific one allow the LSM to filter setgroups() calls
according to configured rule sets in the same way that is already done
for setuid() and setgid()"
* tag 'safesetid-6.0' of https://github.com/micah-morton/linux:
LSM: SafeSetID: add setgroups() testing to selftest
LSM: SafeSetID: Add setgroups() security policy handling
security: Add LSM hook to setgroups() syscall
LSM: SafeSetID: add GID testing to selftest
LSM: SafeSetID: selftest cleanup and prepare for GIDs
LSM: SafeSetID: fix userns bug in selftest
Give the LSM framework the ability to filter setgroups() syscalls. There
are already analagous hooks for the set*uid() and set*gid() syscalls.
The SafeSetID LSM will use this new hook to ensure setgroups() calls are
allowed by the installed security policy. Tested by putting print
statement in security_task_fix_setgroups() hook and confirming that it
gets hit when userspace does a setgroups() syscall.
Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Reviewed-by: Serge Hallyn <serge@hallyn.com>
Signed-off-by: Micah Morton <mortonm@chromium.org>
Before this change we used to take a shortcut and place the actual
values that would be written to inode->i_{g,u}id into struct iattr. This
had the advantage that we moved idmappings mostly out of the picture
early on but it made reasoning about changes more difficult than it
should be.
The filesystem was never explicitly told that it dealt with an idmapped
mount. The transition to the value that needed to be stored in
inode->i_{g,u}id appeared way too early and increased the probability of
bugs in various codepaths.
We know place the same value in struct iattr no matter if this is an
idmapped mount or not. The vfs will only deal with type safe
vfs{g,u}id_t. This makes it massively safer to perform permission checks
as the type will tell us what checks we need to perform and what helpers
we need to use.
Adapt the security_inode_setattr() helper to pass down the mount's
idmapping to account for that change.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220621141454.2914719-8-brauner@kernel.org
Cc: Seth Forshee <sforshee@digitalocean.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
CC: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Seth Forshee <sforshee@digitalocean.com>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner (Microsoft) <brauner@kernel.org>
Important changes:
* improve the path_rename LSM hook implementations for RENAME_EXCHANGE;
* fix a too-restrictive filesystem control for a rare corner case;
* set the nested sandbox limitation to 16 layers;
* add a new LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER access right to properly handle
file reparenting (i.e. full rename and link support);
* add new tests and documentation;
* format code with clang-format to make it easier to maintain and
contribute.
Related patch series:
* [PATCH v1 0/7] Landlock: Clean up coding style with clang-format
https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220506160513.523257-1-mic@digikod.net
* [PATCH v2 00/10] Minor Landlock fixes and new tests
https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220506160820.524344-1-mic@digikod.net
* [PATCH v3 00/12] Landlock: file linking and renaming support
https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220506161102.525323-1-mic@digikod.net
* [PATCH v2] landlock: Explain how to support Landlock
https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220513112743.156414-1-mic@digikod.net
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Merge tag 'landlock-5.19-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mic/linux
Pull Landlock updates from Mickaël Salaün:
- improve the path_rename LSM hook implementations for RENAME_EXCHANGE;
- fix a too-restrictive filesystem control for a rare corner case;
- set the nested sandbox limitation to 16 layers;
- add a new LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER access right to properly handle
file reparenting (i.e. full rename and link support);
- add new tests and documentation;
- format code with clang-format to make it easier to maintain and
contribute.
* tag 'landlock-5.19-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mic/linux: (30 commits)
landlock: Explain how to support Landlock
landlock: Add design choices documentation for filesystem access rights
landlock: Document good practices about filesystem policies
landlock: Document LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER and ABI versioning
samples/landlock: Add support for file reparenting
selftests/landlock: Add 11 new test suites dedicated to file reparenting
landlock: Add support for file reparenting with LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER
LSM: Remove double path_rename hook calls for RENAME_EXCHANGE
landlock: Move filesystem helpers and add a new one
landlock: Fix same-layer rule unions
landlock: Create find_rule() from unmask_layers()
landlock: Reduce the maximum number of layers to 16
landlock: Define access_mask_t to enforce a consistent access mask size
selftests/landlock: Test landlock_create_ruleset(2) argument check ordering
landlock: Change landlock_restrict_self(2) check ordering
landlock: Change landlock_add_rule(2) argument check ordering
selftests/landlock: Add tests for O_PATH
selftests/landlock: Fully test file rename with "remove" access
selftests/landlock: Extend access right tests to directories
selftests/landlock: Add tests for unknown access rights
...
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Merge tag 'selinux-pr-20220523' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/pcmoore/selinux
Pull selinux updates from Paul Moore:
"We've got twelve patches queued for v5.19, with most being fairly
minor. The highlights are below:
- The checkreqprot and runtime disable knobs have been deprecated for
some time with no active users that we can find. In an effort to
move things along we are adding a pause when the knobs are used to
help make the deprecation more noticeable in case anyone is still
using these hacks in the shadows.
- We've added the anonymous inode class name to the AVC audit records
when anonymous inodes are involved. This should make writing policy
easier when anonymous inodes are involved.
- More constification work. This is fairly straightforward and the
source of most of the diffstat.
- The usual minor cleanups: remove unnecessary assignments, assorted
style/checkpatch fixes, kdoc fixes, macro while-loop
encapsulations, #include tweaks, etc"
* tag 'selinux-pr-20220523' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/pcmoore/selinux:
security: declare member holding string literal const
selinux: log anon inode class name
selinux: declare data arrays const
selinux: fix indentation level of mls_ops block
selinux: include necessary headers in headers
selinux: avoid extra semicolon
selinux: update parameter documentation
selinux: resolve checkpatch errors
selinux: don't sleep when CONFIG_SECURITY_SELINUX_CHECKREQPROT_VALUE is true
selinux: checkreqprot is deprecated, add some ssleep() discomfort
selinux: runtime disable is deprecated, add some ssleep() discomfort
selinux: Remove redundant assignments
KGDB and KDB allow read and write access to kernel memory, and thus
should be restricted during lockdown. An attacker with access to a
serial port (for example, via a hypervisor console, which some cloud
vendors provide over the network) could trigger the debugger so it is
important that the debugger respect the lockdown mode when/if it is
triggered.
Fix this by integrating lockdown into kdb's existing permissions
mechanism. Unfortunately kgdb does not have any permissions mechanism
(although it certainly could be added later) so, for now, kgdb is simply
and brutally disabled by immediately exiting the gdb stub without taking
any action.
For lockdowns established early in the boot (e.g. the normal case) then
this should be fine but on systems where kgdb has set breakpoints before
the lockdown is enacted than "bad things" will happen.
CVE: CVE-2022-21499
Co-developed-by: Stephen Brennan <stephen.s.brennan@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Brennan <stephen.s.brennan@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Douglas Anderson <dianders@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Thompson <daniel.thompson@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In order to be able to identify a file exchange with renameat2(2) and
RENAME_EXCHANGE, which will be useful for Landlock [1], propagate the
rename flags to LSMs. This may also improve performance because of the
switch from two set of LSM hook calls to only one, and because LSMs
using this hook may optimize the double check (e.g. only one lock,
reduce the number of path walks).
AppArmor, Landlock and Tomoyo are updated to leverage this change. This
should not change the current behavior (same check order), except
(different level of) speed boosts.
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220221212522.320243-1-mic@digikod.net
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp>
Cc: Serge E. Hallyn <serge@hallyn.com>
Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
Acked-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Reviewed-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün <mic@digikod.net>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220506161102.525323-7-mic@digikod.net
The struct security_hook_list member lsm is assigned in
security_add_hooks() with string literals passed from the individual
security modules. Declare the function parameter and the struct member
const to signal their immutability.
Reported by Clang [-Wwrite-strings]:
security/selinux/hooks.c:7388:63: error: passing 'const char [8]'
to parameter of type 'char *' discards qualifiers
[-Werror,-Wincompatible-pointer-types-discards-qualifiers]
security_add_hooks(selinux_hooks,
ARRAY_SIZE(selinux_hooks), selinux);
^~~~~~~~~
./include/linux/lsm_hooks.h:1629:11: note: passing argument to
parameter 'lsm' here
char *lsm);
^
Signed-off-by: Christian Göttsche <cgzones@googlemail.com>
Reviewed-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
Reviewed-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
The initialization of "security_hook_heads" is done by casting it to
another structure pointer type, and treating it as an array of "struct
hlist_head" objects. This requires an exception be made in "randstruct",
because otherwise it will emit an error, reducing the effectiveness of
the hardening technique.
Instead of using a cast, initialize the individual struct hlist_head
elements in security_hook_heads explicitly. This removes the need for
the cast and randstruct exception.
Signed-off-by: Bill Wendling <morbo@google.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220407175930.471870-1-morbo@google.com
