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Currently, TOMOYO allocates memory for list elements from memory pool allocated
by kmalloc(PAGE_SIZE). But that makes it difficult to kfree() when garbage
collector is added. Thus, remove memory pool and use kmalloc(sizeof()).
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Currently, TOMOYO allocates memory for string data from memory pool allocated
by kmalloc(PAGE_SIZE). But that makes it difficult to kfree() when garbage
collector is added. Thus, remove memory pool and use kmalloc(strlen()).
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Since readers no longer use down_read(), writers no longer
need to use rw_semaphore. Replace individual rw_semaphore by
single mutex.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Replace list operation with RCU primitives and replace
down_read()/up_read() with srcu_read_lock()/srcu_read_unlock().
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Please apply below one after merging 1557d33007
(Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ebiederm/sysctl-2.6).
----------
[PATCH for 2.6.33] TOMOYO: Compare filesystem by magic number rather than by name.
We can use magic number for checking whether the filesystem is procfs or not.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ebiederm/sysctl-2.6: (43 commits)
security/tomoyo: Remove now unnecessary handling of security_sysctl.
security/tomoyo: Add a special case to handle accesses through the internal proc mount.
sysctl: Drop & in front of every proc_handler.
sysctl: Remove CTL_NONE and CTL_UNNUMBERED
sysctl: kill dead ctl_handler definitions.
sysctl: Remove the last of the generic binary sysctl support
sysctl net: Remove unused binary sysctl code
sysctl security/tomoyo: Don't look at ctl_name
sysctl arm: Remove binary sysctl support
sysctl x86: Remove dead binary sysctl support
sysctl sh: Remove dead binary sysctl support
sysctl powerpc: Remove dead binary sysctl support
sysctl ia64: Remove dead binary sysctl support
sysctl s390: Remove dead sysctl binary support
sysctl frv: Remove dead binary sysctl support
sysctl mips/lasat: Remove dead binary sysctl support
sysctl drivers: Remove dead binary sysctl support
sysctl crypto: Remove dead binary sysctl support
sysctl security/keys: Remove dead binary sysctl support
sysctl kernel: Remove binary sysctl logic
...
LSM hooks for chmod()/chown()/chroot() are now ready.
This patch utilizes these hooks.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
TOMOYO 1.7.1 has recursive directory matching operator support.
I want to add it to TOMOYO for Linux 2.6.33 .
----------
[PATCH] TOMOYO: Add recursive directory matching operator support.
This patch introduces new operator /\{dir\}/ which matches
'/' + 'One or more repetitions of dir/' (e.g. /dir/ /dir/dir/ /dir/dir/dir/ ).
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Now that sys_sysctl is an emulation on top of proc sys all sysctl
operations look like normal filesystem operations and we don't need
to use the special sysctl hook to authenticate them.
Acked-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
With the change of sys_sysctl going through the internal proc mount we no
longer need to handle security_sysctl in tomoyo as we have valid pathnames
for all sysctl accesses. There is one slight caveat to that in that
all of the paths from the internal mount look like
"/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range" instead of
"/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range" so tomoyo needs to add the
"/proc" portion manually when resolving to full path names to get what it expects.
This change teaches tomoyo perform that modification.
Acked-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
ctl_name field was removed. Always use procname field.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
When examining the network device name hash, it was discovered that
the low order bits of full_name_hash() are not very well dispersed
across the possible values. When used by filesystem code, this is handled
by folding with the function hash_long().
The only other non-filesystem usage of full_name_hash() at this time
appears to be in TOMOYO. This patch should fix that.
I do not use TOMOYO at this time, so this patch is build tested only.
Signed-off-by: Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@vyatta.com>
Acked-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Add a keyctl to install a process's session keyring onto its parent. This
replaces the parent's session keyring. Because the COW credential code does
not permit one process to change another process's credentials directly, the
change is deferred until userspace next starts executing again. Normally this
will be after a wait*() syscall.
To support this, three new security hooks have been provided:
cred_alloc_blank() to allocate unset security creds, cred_transfer() to fill in
the blank security creds and key_session_to_parent() - which asks the LSM if
the process may replace its parent's session keyring.
The replacement may only happen if the process has the same ownership details
as its parent, and the process has LINK permission on the session keyring, and
the session keyring is owned by the process, and the LSM permits it.
Note that this requires alteration to each architecture's notify_resume path.
This has been done for all arches barring blackfin, m68k* and xtensa, all of
which need assembly alteration to support TIF_NOTIFY_RESUME. This allows the
replacement to be performed at the point the parent process resumes userspace
execution.
This allows the userspace AFS pioctl emulation to fully emulate newpag() and
the VIOCSETTOK and VIOCSETTOK2 pioctls, all of which require the ability to
alter the parent process's PAG membership. However, since kAFS doesn't use
PAGs per se, but rather dumps the keys into the session keyring, the session
keyring of the parent must be replaced if, for example, VIOCSETTOK is passed
the newpag flag.
This can be tested with the following program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <keyutils.h>
#define KEYCTL_SESSION_TO_PARENT 18
#define OSERROR(X, S) do { if ((long)(X) == -1) { perror(S); exit(1); } } while(0)
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
key_serial_t keyring, key;
long ret;
keyring = keyctl_join_session_keyring(argv[1]);
OSERROR(keyring, "keyctl_join_session_keyring");
key = add_key("user", "a", "b", 1, keyring);
OSERROR(key, "add_key");
ret = keyctl(KEYCTL_SESSION_TO_PARENT);
OSERROR(ret, "KEYCTL_SESSION_TO_PARENT");
return 0;
}
Compiled and linked with -lkeyutils, you should see something like:
[dhowells@andromeda ~]$ keyctl show
Session Keyring
-3 --alswrv 4043 4043 keyring: _ses
355907932 --alswrv 4043 -1 \_ keyring: _uid.4043
[dhowells@andromeda ~]$ /tmp/newpag
[dhowells@andromeda ~]$ keyctl show
Session Keyring
-3 --alswrv 4043 4043 keyring: _ses
1055658746 --alswrv 4043 4043 \_ user: a
[dhowells@andromeda ~]$ /tmp/newpag hello
[dhowells@andromeda ~]$ keyctl show
Session Keyring
-3 --alswrv 4043 4043 keyring: hello
340417692 --alswrv 4043 4043 \_ user: a
Where the test program creates a new session keyring, sticks a user key named
'a' into it and then installs it on its parent.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
We can update bprm->cred->security inside tomoyo_find_next_domain().
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
We can mark tomoyo_delete_domain() as a "static" function
by moving it from domain.c to common.c .
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
This patch adds some descriptions of lists and structures.
This patch contains no code changes.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
TOMOYO 2.2.0 is not using total_len field of "struct tomoyo_path_info".
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
TOMOYO 2.2.0 does not check argv[] and envp[] upon execve().
We don't need to pass "struct tomoyo_page_buffer".
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
We can directly assign the result of tomoyo_io_printf() to done flag.
Signed-off-by: Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Toshiharu Harada <haradats@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
I forgot to remove on TOMOYO's 15th posting.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Use task_cred_xxx(task, security) in tomoyo_real_domain() to
avoid a get+put of the target cred.
Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
cap_bprm_set_creds() has to be called from security_bprm_set_creds().
TOMOYO forgot to call cap_bprm_set_creds() from tomoyo_bprm_set_creds()
and suid executables were not being working.
Make sure we call cap_bprm_set_creds() with TOMOYO, to set credentials
properly inside tomoyo_bprm_set_creds().
Signed-off-by: Herton Ronaldo Krzesinski <herton@mandriva.com.br>
Acked-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Since TOMOYO's policy management tools does not use the "undelete domain"
command, we decided to remove that command.
Signed-off-by: Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Toshiharu Harada <haradats@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Don't pull it in sched.h; very few files actually need it and those
can include directly. sched.h itself only needs forward declaration
of struct fs_struct;
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
tomoyo_realpath_init() is unconditionally called by security_initcall().
But nobody will use realpath related functions if TOMOYO is not registered.
So, let tomoyo_init() call tomoyo_realpath_init().
This patch saves 4KB of memory allocation if TOMOYO is not registered.
Signed-off-by: Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Toshiharu Harada <haradats@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
TOMOYO uses LSM hooks for pathname based access control and securityfs support.
Signed-off-by: Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
DAC's permissions and TOMOYO's permissions are not one-to-one mapping.
Regarding DAC, there are "read", "write", "execute" permissions.
Regarding TOMOYO, there are "allow_read", "allow_write", "allow_read/write",
"allow_execute", "allow_create", "allow_unlink", "allow_mkdir", "allow_rmdir",
"allow_mkfifo", "allow_mksock", "allow_mkblock", "allow_mkchar",
"allow_truncate", "allow_symlink", "allow_rewrite", "allow_link",
"allow_rename" permissions.
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| requested operation | required TOMOYO's permission |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_open(O_RDONLY) | allow_read |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_open(O_WRONLY) | allow_write |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_open(O_RDWR) | allow_read/write |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| open_exec() from do_execve() | allow_execute |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| open_exec() from !do_execve() | allow_read |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_read() | (none) |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_write() | (none) |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_mmap() | (none) |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_uselib() | allow_read |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_open(O_CREAT) | allow_create |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_open(O_TRUNC) | allow_truncate |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_truncate() | allow_truncate |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_ftruncate() | allow_truncate |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_open() without O_APPEND | allow_rewrite |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| setfl() without O_APPEND | allow_rewrite |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_sysctl() for writing | allow_write |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_sysctl() for reading | allow_read |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_unlink() | allow_unlink |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_mknod(S_IFREG) | allow_create |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_mknod(0) | allow_create |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_mknod(S_IFIFO) | allow_mkfifo |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_mknod(S_IFSOCK) | allow_mksock |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_bind(AF_UNIX) | allow_mksock |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_mknod(S_IFBLK) | allow_mkblock |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_mknod(S_IFCHR) | allow_mkchar |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_symlink() | allow_symlink |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_mkdir() | allow_mkdir |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_rmdir() | allow_rmdir |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_link() | allow_link |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| sys_rename() | allow_rename |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
TOMOYO requires "allow_execute" permission of a pathname passed to do_execve()
but does not require "allow_read" permission of that pathname.
Let's consider 3 patterns (statically linked, dynamically linked,
shell script). This description is to some degree simplified.
$ cat hello.c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello\n");
return 0;
}
$ cat hello.sh
#! /bin/sh
echo "Hello"
$ gcc -static -o hello-static hello.c
$ gcc -o hello-dynamic hello.c
$ chmod 755 hello.sh
Case 1 -- Executing hello-static from bash.
(1) The bash process calls fork() and the child process requests
do_execve("hello-static").
(2) The kernel checks "allow_execute hello-static" from "bash" domain.
(3) The kernel calculates "bash hello-static" as the domain to transit to.
(4) The kernel overwrites the child process by "hello-static".
(5) The child process transits to "bash hello-static" domain.
(6) The "hello-static" starts and finishes.
Case 2 -- Executing hello-dynamic from bash.
(1) The bash process calls fork() and the child process requests
do_execve("hello-dynamic").
(2) The kernel checks "allow_execute hello-dynamic" from "bash" domain.
(3) The kernel calculates "bash hello-dynamic" as the domain to transit to.
(4) The kernel checks "allow_read ld-linux.so" from "bash hello-dynamic"
domain. I think permission to access ld-linux.so should be charged
hello-dynamic program, for "hello-dynamic needs ld-linux.so" is not
a fault of bash program.
(5) The kernel overwrites the child process by "hello-dynamic".
(6) The child process transits to "bash hello-dynamic" domain.
(7) The "hello-dynamic" starts and finishes.
Case 3 -- Executing hello.sh from bash.
(1) The bash process calls fork() and the child process requests
do_execve("hello.sh").
(2) The kernel checks "allow_execute hello.sh" from "bash" domain.
(3) The kernel calculates "bash hello.sh" as the domain to transit to.
(4) The kernel checks "allow_read /bin/sh" from "bash hello.sh" domain.
I think permission to access /bin/sh should be charged hello.sh program,
for "hello.sh needs /bin/sh" is not a fault of bash program.
(5) The kernel overwrites the child process by "/bin/sh".
(6) The child process transits to "bash hello.sh" domain.
(7) The "/bin/sh" requests open("hello.sh").
(8) The kernel checks "allow_read hello.sh" from "bash hello.sh" domain.
(9) The "/bin/sh" starts and finishes.
Whether a file is interpreted as a program or not depends on an application.
The kernel cannot know whether the file is interpreted as a program or not.
Thus, TOMOYO treats "hello-static" "hello-dynamic" "ld-linux.so" "hello.sh"
"/bin/sh" equally as merely files; no distinction between executable and
non-executable. Therefore, TOMOYO doesn't check DAC's execute permission.
TOMOYO checks "allow_read" permission instead.
Calling do_execve() is a bold gesture that an old program's instance (i.e.
current process) is ready to be overwritten by a new program and is ready to
transfer control to the new program. To split purview of programs, TOMOYO
requires "allow_execute" permission of the new program against the old
program's instance and performs domain transition. If do_execve() succeeds,
the old program is no longer responsible against the consequence of the new
program's behavior. Only the new program is responsible for all consequences.
But TOMOYO doesn't require "allow_read" permission of the new program.
If TOMOYO requires "allow_read" permission of the new program, TOMOYO will
allow an attacker (who hijacked the old program's instance) to open the new
program and steal data from the new program. Requiring "allow_read" permission
will widen purview of the old program.
Not requiring "allow_read" permission of the new program against the old
program's instance is my design for reducing purview of the old program.
To be able to know whether the current process is in do_execve() or not,
I want to add in_execve flag to "task_struct".
Signed-off-by: Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Toshiharu Harada <haradats@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
This file controls domain creation/deletion/transition.
Every process belongs to a domain in TOMOYO Linux.
Domain transition occurs when execve(2) is called
and the domain is expressed as 'process invocation history',
such as '<kernel> /sbin/init /etc/init.d/rc'.
Domain information is stored in current->cred->security field.
Signed-off-by: Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Toshiharu Harada <haradats@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
This file controls file related operations of TOMOYO Linux.
tomoyo/tomoyo.c calls the following six functions in this file.
Each function handles the following access types.
* tomoyo_check_file_perm
sysctl()'s "read" and "write".
* tomoyo_check_exec_perm
"execute".
* tomoyo_check_open_permission
open(2) for "read" and "write".
* tomoyo_check_1path_perm
"create", "unlink", "mkdir", "rmdir", "mkfifo",
"mksock", "mkblock", "mkchar", "truncate" and "symlink".
* tomoyo_check_2path_perm
"rename" and "unlink".
* tomoyo_check_rewrite_permission
"rewrite".
("rewrite" are operations which may lose already recorded data of a file,
i.e. open(!O_APPEND) || open(O_TRUNC) || truncate() || ftruncate())
The functions which actually checks ACLs are the following three functions.
Each function handles the following access types.
ACL directive is expressed by "allow_<access type>".
* tomoyo_check_file_acl
Open() operation and execve() operation.
("read", "write", "read/write" and "execute")
* tomoyo_check_single_write_acl
Directory modification operations with 1 pathname.
("create", "unlink", "mkdir", "rmdir", "mkfifo", "mksock",
"mkblock", "mkchar", "truncate", "symlink" and "rewrite")
* tomoyo_check_double_write_acl
Directory modification operations with 2 pathname.
("link" and "rename")
Also, this file contains handlers of some utility directives
for file related operations.
* "allow_read": specifies globally (for all domains) readable files.
* "path_group": specifies pathname macro.
* "deny_rewrite": restricts rewrite operation.
Signed-off-by: Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Toshiharu Harada <haradats@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
This file contains common functions (e.g. policy I/O, pattern matching).
-------------------- About pattern matching --------------------
Since TOMOYO Linux is a name based access control, TOMOYO Linux seriously
considers "safe" string representation.
TOMOYO Linux's string manipulation functions make reviewers feel crazy,
but there are reasons why TOMOYO Linux needs its own string manipulation
functions.
----- Part 1 : preconditions -----
People definitely want to use wild card.
To support pattern matching, we have to support wild card characters.
In a typical Linux system, filenames are likely consists of only alphabets,
numbers, and some characters (e.g. + - ~ . / ).
But theoretically, the Linux kernel accepts all characters but NUL character
(which is used as a terminator of a string).
Some Linux systems can have filenames which contain * ? ** etc.
Therefore, we have to somehow modify string so that we can distinguish
wild card characters and normal characters.
It might be possible for some application's configuration files to restrict
acceptable characters.
It is impossible for kernel to restrict acceptable characters.
We can't accept approaches which will cause troubles for applications.
----- Part 2 : commonly used approaches -----
Text formatted strings separated by space character (0x20) and new line
character (0x0A) is more preferable for users over array of NUL-terminated
string.
Thus, people use text formatted configuration files separated by space
character and new line.
We sometimes need to handle non-printable characters.
Thus, people use \ character (0x5C) as escape character and represent
non-printable characters using octal or hexadecimal format.
At this point, we remind (at least) 3 approaches.
(1) Shell glob style expression
(2) POSIX regular expression (UNIX style regular expression)
(3) Maverick wild card expression
On the surface, (1) and (2) sound good choices. But they have a big pitfall.
All meta-characters in (1) and (2) are legal characters for representing
a pathname, and users easily write incorrect expression. What is worse, users
unlikely notice incorrect expressions because characters used for regular
pathnames unlikely contain meta-characters. This incorrect use of
meta-characters in pathname representation reveals vulnerability
(e.g. unexpected results) only when irregular pathname is specified.
The authors of TOMOYO Linux think that approaches which adds some character
for interpreting meta-characters as normal characters (i.e. (1) and (2)) are
not suitable for security use.
Therefore, the authors of TOMOYO Linux propose (3).
----- Part 3: consideration points -----
We need to solve encoding problem.
A single character can be represented in several ways using encodings.
For Japanese language, there are "ShiftJIS", "ISO-2022-JP", "EUC-JP",
"UTF-8" and more.
Some languages (e.g. Japanese language) supports multi-byte characters
(where a single character is represented using several bytes).
Some multi-byte characters may match the escape character.
For Japanese language, some characters in "ShiftJIS" encoding match
\ character, and bothering Web's CGI developers.
It is important that the kernel string is not bothered by encoding problem.
Linus said, "I really would expect that kernel strings don't have
an encoding. They're just C strings: a NUL-terminated stream of bytes."
http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/11/6/142
Yes. The kernel strings are just C strings.
We are talking about how to store and carry "kernel strings" safely.
If we store "kernel string" into policy file as-is, the "kernel string" will
be interpreted differently depending on application's encoding settings.
One application may interpret "kernel string" as "UTF-8",
another application may interpret "kernel string" as "ShiftJIS".
Therefore, we propose to represent strings using ASCII encoding.
In this way, we are no longer bothered by encoding problems.
We need to avoid information loss caused by display.
It is difficult to input and display non-printable characters, but we have to
be able to handle such characters because the kernel string is a C string.
If we use only ASCII printable characters (from 0x21 to 0x7E) and space
character (0x20) and new line character (0x0A), it is easy to input from
keyboard and display on all terminals which is running Linux.
Therefore, we propose to represent strings using only characters which value
is one of "from 0x21 to 0x7E", "0x20", "0x0A".
We need to consider ease of splitting strings from a line.
If we use an approach which uses "\ " for representing a space character
within a string, we have to count the string from the beginning to check
whether this space character is accompanied with \ character or not.
As a result, we cannot monotonically split a line using space character.
If we use an approach which uses "\040" for representing a space character
within a string, we can monotonically split a line using space character.
If we use an approach which uses NUL character as a delimiter, we cannot
use string manipulation functions for splitting strings from a line.
Therefore, we propose that we represent space character as "\040".
We need to avoid wrong designations (incorrect use of special characters).
Not all users can understand and utilize POSIX's regular expressions
correctly and perfectly.
If a character acts as a wild card by default, the user will get unexpected
result if that user didn't know the meaning of that character.
Therefore, we propose that all characters but \ character act as
a normal character and let the user add \ character to make a character
act as a wild card.
In this way, users needn't to know all wild card characters beforehand.
They can learn when they encountered an unseen wild card character
for their first time.
----- Part 4: supported wild card expressions -----
At this point, we have wild card expressions listed below.
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Wild card | Meaning and example |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| \* | More than or equals to 0 character other than '/'. |
| | /var/log/samba/\* |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| \@ | More than or equals to 0 character other than '/' or '.'. |
| | /var/www/html/\@.html |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| \? | 1 byte character other than '/'. |
| | /tmp/mail.\?\?\?\?\?\? |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| \$ | More than or equals to 1 decimal digit. |
| | /proc/\$/cmdline |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| \+ | 1 decimal digit. |
| | /var/tmp/my_work.\+ |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| \X | More than or equals to 1 hexadecimal digit. |
| | /var/tmp/my-work.\X |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| \x | 1 hexadecimal digit. |
| | /tmp/my-work.\x |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| \A | More than or equals to 1 alphabet character. |
| | /var/log/my-work/\$-\A-\$.log |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| \a | 1 alphabet character. |
| | /home/users/\a/\*/public_html/\*.html |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| \- | Pathname subtraction operator. |
| | +---------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | | Example | Meaning | |
| | +---------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | | /etc/\* | All files in /etc/ directory. | |
| | +---------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | | /etc/\*\-\*shadow\* | /etc/\* other than /etc/\*shadow\* | |
| | +---------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | | /\*\-proc\-sys/ | /\*/ other than /proc/ /sys/ | |
| | +---------------------+------------------------------------+ |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Representation | Meaning and example |
+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| \\ | backslash character itself. |
+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| \ooo | 1 byte character. |
| | ooo is 001 <= ooo <= 040 || 177 <= ooo <= 377. |
| | |
| | \040 for space character. |
| | \177 for del character. |
| | |
+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
----- Part 5: Advantages -----
We can obtain extensibility.
Since our proposed approach adds \ to a character to interpret as a wild
card, we can introduce new wild card in future while maintaining backward
compatibility.
We can process monotonically.
Since our proposed approach separates strings using a space character,
we can split strings using existing string manipulation functions.
We can reliably analyze access logs.
It is guaranteed that a string doesn't contain space character (0x20) and
new line character (0x0A).
It is guaranteed that a string won't be converted by FTP and won't be damaged
by a terminal's settings.
It is guaranteed that a string won't be affected by encoding converters
(except encodings which insert NUL character (e.g. UTF-16)).
----- Part 6: conclusion -----
TOMOYO Linux is using its own encoding with reasons described above.
There is a disadvantage that we need to introduce a series of new string
manipulation functions. But TOMOYO Linux's encoding is useful for all users
(including audit and AppArmor) who want to perform pattern matching and
safely exchange string information between the kernel and the userspace.
-------------------- About policy interface --------------------
TOMOYO Linux creates the following files on securityfs (normally
mounted on /sys/kernel/security) as interfaces between kernel and
userspace. These files are for TOMOYO Linux management tools *only*,
not for general programs.
* profile
* exception_policy
* domain_policy
* manager
* meminfo
* self_domain
* version
* .domain_status
* .process_status
** /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/profile **
This file is used to read or write profiles.
"profile" means a running mode of process. A profile lists up
functions and their modes in "$number-$variable=$value" format. The
$number is profile number between 0 and 255. Each domain is assigned
one profile. To assign profile to domains, use "ccs-setprofile" or
"ccs-editpolicy" or "ccs-loadpolicy" commands.
(Example)
[root@tomoyo]# cat /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/profile
0-COMMENT=-----Disabled Mode-----
0-MAC_FOR_FILE=disabled
0-MAX_ACCEPT_ENTRY=2048
0-TOMOYO_VERBOSE=disabled
1-COMMENT=-----Learning Mode-----
1-MAC_FOR_FILE=learning
1-MAX_ACCEPT_ENTRY=2048
1-TOMOYO_VERBOSE=disabled
2-COMMENT=-----Permissive Mode-----
2-MAC_FOR_FILE=permissive
2-MAX_ACCEPT_ENTRY=2048
2-TOMOYO_VERBOSE=enabled
3-COMMENT=-----Enforcing Mode-----
3-MAC_FOR_FILE=enforcing
3-MAX_ACCEPT_ENTRY=2048
3-TOMOYO_VERBOSE=enabled
- MAC_FOR_FILE:
Specifies access control level regarding file access requests.
- MAX_ACCEPT_ENTRY:
Limits the max number of ACL entries that are automatically appended
during learning mode. Default is 2048.
- TOMOYO_VERBOSE:
Specifies whether to print domain policy violation messages or not.
** /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/manager **
This file is used to read or append the list of programs or domains
that can write to /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo interface. By default,
only processes with both UID = 0 and EUID = 0 can modify policy via
/sys/kernel/security/tomoyo interface. You can use keyword
"manage_by_non_root" to allow policy modification by non root user.
(Example)
[root@tomoyo]# cat /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/manager
/usr/lib/ccs/loadpolicy
/usr/lib/ccs/editpolicy
/usr/lib/ccs/setlevel
/usr/lib/ccs/setprofile
/usr/lib/ccs/ld-watch
/usr/lib/ccs/ccs-queryd
** /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/exception_policy **
This file is used to read and write system global settings. Each line
has a directive and operand pair. Directives are listed below.
- initialize_domain:
To initialize domain transition when specific program is executed,
use initialize_domain directive.
* initialize_domain "program" from "domain"
* initialize_domain "program" from "the last program part of domain"
* initialize_domain "program"
If the part "from" and after is not given, the entry is applied to
all domain. If the "domain" doesn't start with "<kernel>", the entry
is applied to all domain whose domainname ends with "the last program
part of domain".
This directive is intended to aggregate domain transitions for daemon
program and program that are invoked by the kernel on demand, by
transiting to different domain.
- keep_domain
To prevent domain transition when program is executed from specific
domain, use keep_domain directive.
* keep_domain "program" from "domain"
* keep_domain "program" from "the last program part of domain"
* keep_domain "domain"
* keep_domain "the last program part of domain"
If the part "from" and before is not given, this entry is applied to
all program. If the "domain" doesn't start with "<kernel>", the entry
is applied to all domain whose domainname ends with "the last program
part of domain".
This directive is intended to reduce total number of domains and
memory usage by suppressing unneeded domain transitions.
To declare domain keepers, use keep_domain directive followed by
domain definition.
Any process that belongs to any domain declared with this directive,
the process stays at the same domain unless any program registered
with initialize_domain directive is executed.
In order to control domain transition in detail, you can use
no_keep_domain/no_initialize_domain keywrods.
- alias:
To allow executing programs using the name of symbolic links, use
alias keyword followed by dereferenced pathname and reference
pathname. For example, /sbin/pidof is a symbolic link to
/sbin/killall5 . In normal case, if /sbin/pidof is executed, the
domain is defined as if /sbin/killall5 is executed. By specifying
"alias /sbin/killall5 /sbin/pidof", you can run /sbin/pidof in the
domain for /sbin/pidof .
(Example)
alias /sbin/killall5 /sbin/pidof
- allow_read:
To grant unconditionally readable permissions, use allow_read keyword
followed by canonicalized file. This keyword is intended to reduce
size of domain policy by granting read access to library files such
as GLIBC and locale files. Exception is, if ignore_global_allow_read
keyword is given to a domain, entries specified by this keyword are
ignored.
(Example)
allow_read /lib/libc-2.5.so
- file_pattern:
To declare pathname pattern, use file_pattern keyword followed by
pathname pattern. The pathname pattern must be a canonicalized
Pathname. This keyword is not applicable to neither granting execute
permissions nor domain definitions.
For example, canonicalized pathname that contains a process ID
(i.e. /proc/PID/ files) needs to be grouped in order to make access
control work well.
(Example)
file_pattern /proc/\$/cmdline
- path_group
To declare pathname group, use path_group keyword followed by name of
the group and pathname pattern. For example, if you want to group all
files under home directory, you can define
path_group HOME-DIR-FILE /home/\*/\*
path_group HOME-DIR-FILE /home/\*/\*/\*
path_group HOME-DIR-FILE /home/\*/\*/\*/\*
in the exception policy and use like
allow_read @HOME-DIR-FILE
to grant file access permission.
- deny_rewrite:
To deny overwriting already written contents of file (such as log
files) by default, use deny_rewrite keyword followed by pathname
pattern. Files whose pathname match the patterns are not permitted to
open for writing without append mode or truncate unless the pathnames
are explicitly granted using allow_rewrite keyword in domain policy.
(Example)
deny_rewrite /var/log/\*
- aggregator
To deal multiple programs as a single program, use aggregator keyword
followed by name of original program and aggregated program. This
keyword is intended to aggregate similar programs.
For example, /usr/bin/tac and /bin/cat are similar. By specifying
"aggregator /usr/bin/tac /bin/cat", you can run /usr/bin/tac in the
domain for /bin/cat .
For example, /usr/sbin/logrotate for Fedora Core 3 generates programs
like /tmp/logrotate.\?\?\?\?\?\? and run them, but TOMOYO Linux
doesn't allow using patterns for granting execute permission and
defining domains. By specifying
"aggregator /tmp/logrotate.\?\?\?\?\?\? /tmp/logrotate.tmp", you can
run /tmp/logrotate.\?\?\?\?\?\? as if /tmp/logrotate.tmp is running.
** /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/domain_policy **
This file contains definition of all domains and permissions that are
granted to each domain.
Lines from the next line to a domain definition ( any lines starting
with "<kernel>") to the previous line to the next domain definitions
are interpreted as access permissions for that domain.
** /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/meminfo **
This file is to show the total RAM used to keep policy in the kernel
by TOMOYO Linux in bytes.
(Example)
[root@tomoyo]# cat /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/meminfo
Shared: 61440
Private: 69632
Dynamic: 768
Total: 131840
You can set memory quota by writing to this file.
(Example)
[root@tomoyo]# echo Shared: 2097152 > /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/meminfo
[root@tomoyo]# echo Private: 2097152 > /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/meminfo
** /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/self_domain **
This file is to show the name of domain the caller process belongs to.
(Example)
[root@etch]# cat /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/self_domain
<kernel> /usr/sbin/sshd /bin/zsh /bin/cat
** /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/version **
This file is used for getting TOMOYO Linux's version.
(Example)
[root@etch]# cat /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/version
2.2.0-pre
** /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/.domain_status **
This is a view (of a DBMS) that contains only profile number and
domainnames of domain so that "ccs-setprofile" command can do
line-oriented processing easily.
** /sys/kernel/security/tomoyo/.process_status **
This file is used by "ccs-ccstree" command to show "list of processes
currently running" and "domains which each process belongs to" and
"profile number which the domain is currently assigned" like "pstree"
command. This file is writable by programs that aren't registered as
policy manager.
Signed-off-by: Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Toshiharu Harada <haradats@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
TOMOYO Linux performs pathname based access control.
To remove factors that make pathname based access control difficult
(e.g. symbolic links, "..", "//" etc.), TOMOYO Linux derives realpath
of requested pathname from "struct dentry" and "struct vfsmount".
The maximum length of string data is limited to 4000 including trailing '\0'.
Since TOMOYO Linux uses '\ooo' style representation for non ASCII printable
characters, maybe TOMOYO Linux should be able to support 16336 (which means
(NAME_MAX * (PATH_MAX / (NAME_MAX + 1)) * 4 + (PATH_MAX / (NAME_MAX + 1)))
including trailing '\0'), but I think 4000 is enough for practical use.
TOMOYO uses only 0x21 - 0x7E (as printable characters) and 0x20 (as word
delimiter) and 0x0A (as line delimiter).
0x01 - 0x20 and 0x80 - 0xFF is handled in \ooo style representation.
The reason to use \ooo is to guarantee that "%s" won't damage logs.
Userland program can request
open("/tmp/file granted.\nAccess /tmp/file ", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0600)
and logging such crazy pathname using "Access %s denied.\n" format will cause
"fabrication of logs" like
Access /tmp/file granted.
Access /tmp/file denied.
TOMOYO converts such characters to \ooo so that the logs will become
Access /tmp/file\040granted.\012Access\040/tmp/file denied.
and the administrator can read the logs safely using /bin/cat .
Likewise, a crazy request like
open("/tmp/\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0600)
will be processed safely by converting to
Access /tmp/\001\002\003\004\005\006\007\010\011 denied.
Signed-off-by: Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Toshiharu Harada <haradats@nttdata.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
