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totalram_pages, zone->managed_pages and totalhigh_pages updates are
protected by managed_page_count_lock, but readers never care about it.
Convert these variables to atomic to avoid readers potentially seeing a
store tear.
This patch converts zone->managed_pages. Subsequent patches will convert
totalram_panges, totalhigh_pages and eventually managed_page_count_lock
will be removed.
Main motivation was that managed_page_count_lock handling was complicating
things. It was discussed in length here,
https://lore.kernel.org/patchwork/patch/995739/#1181785 So it seemes
better to remove the lock and convert variables to atomic, with preventing
poteintial store-to-read tearing as a bonus.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1542090790-21750-3-git-send-email-arunks@codeaurora.org
Signed-off-by: Arun KS <arunks@codeaurora.org>
Suggested-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Suggested-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru>
Reviewed-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Pavel Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Scan through the whole array to see if an update is needed. While we're
at it, use sizeof() to be safe against any possible type changes in the
future.
The bug here is that we wouldn't sync per-cpu counters into global ones
if there was an update of numa_stats for higher cpus. Highly
theoretical one though because it is much more probable that zone_stats
are updated so we would refresh anyway. So I wouldn't bother to mark
this for stable, yet something nice to fix.
[mhocko@suse.com: changelog enhancement]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1541601517-17282-1-git-send-email-janne.huttunen@nokia.com
Fixes: 1d90ca897c ("mm: update NUMA counter threshold size")
Signed-off-by: Janne Huttunen <janne.huttunen@nokia.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Having two gigantic arrays that must manually be kept in sync, including
ifdefs, isn't exactly robust. To make it easier to catch such issues in
the future, add a BUILD_BUG_ON().
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20181001143138.95119-3-jannh@google.com
Signed-off-by: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <dave@stgolabs.net>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Kemi Wang <kemi.wang@intel.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make it easier to catch bugs in the shadow node shrinker by adding a
counter for the shadow nodes in circulation.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: assert that irqs are disabled, for __inc_lruvec_page_state()]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: s/WARN_ON_ONCE/VM_WARN_ON_ONCE/, per Johannes]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20181009184732.762-4-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Refaults happen during transitions between workingsets as well as in-place
thrashing. Knowing the difference between the two has a range of
applications, including measuring the impact of memory shortage on the
system performance, as well as the ability to smarter balance pressure
between the filesystem cache and the swap-backed workingset.
During workingset transitions, inactive cache refaults and pushes out
established active cache. When that active cache isn't stale, however,
and also ends up refaulting, that's bonafide thrashing.
Introduce a new page flag that tells on eviction whether the page has been
active or not in its lifetime. This bit is then stored in the shadow
entry, to classify refaults as transitioning or thrashing.
How many page->flags does this leave us with on 32-bit?
20 bits are always page flags
21 if you have an MMU
23 with the zone bits for DMA, Normal, HighMem, Movable
29 with the sparsemem section bits
30 if PAE is enabled
31 with this patch.
So on 32-bit PAE, that leaves 1 bit for distinguishing two NUMA nodes. If
that's not enough, the system can switch to discontigmem and re-gain the 6
or 7 sparsemem section bits.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180828172258.3185-3-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Tested-by: Daniel Drake <drake@endlessm.com>
Tested-by: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Christopher Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@fb.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Enderborg <peter.enderborg@sony.com>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vinayak Menon <vinmenon@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The vmstat counter NR_INDIRECTLY_RECLAIMABLE_BYTES was introduced by
commit eb59254608 ("mm: introduce NR_INDIRECTLY_RECLAIMABLE_BYTES") with
the goal of accounting objects that can be reclaimed, but cannot be
allocated via a SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT cache. This is now possible via
kmalloc() with __GFP_RECLAIMABLE flag, and the dcache external names user
is converted.
The counter is however still useful for accounting direct page allocations
(i.e. not slab) with a shrinker, such as the ION page pool. So keep it,
and:
- change granularity to pages to be more like other counters; sub-page
allocations should be able to use kmalloc
- rename the counter to NR_KERNEL_MISC_RECLAIMABLE
- expose the counter again in vmstat as "nr_kernel_misc_reclaimable"; we can
again remove the check for not printing "hidden" counters
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180731090649.16028-5-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: Vijayanand Jitta <vjitta@codeaurora.org>
Cc: Laura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Cc: Sumit Semwal <sumit.semwal@linaro.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
5dd0b16cda ("mm/vmstat: Make NR_TLB_REMOTE_FLUSH_RECEIVED available even
on UP") made the availability of the NR_TLB_REMOTE_FLUSH* counters inside
the kernel unconditional to reduce #ifdef soup, but (either to avoid
showing dummy zero counters to userspace, or because that code was missed)
didn't update the vmstat_array, meaning that all following counters would
be shown with incorrect values.
This only affects kernel builds with
CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS=y && CONFIG_DEBUG_TLBFLUSH=y && CONFIG_SMP=n.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20181001143138.95119-2-jannh@google.com
Fixes: 5dd0b16cda ("mm/vmstat: Make NR_TLB_REMOTE_FLUSH_RECEIVED available even on UP")
Signed-off-by: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <dave@stgolabs.net>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Kemi Wang <kemi.wang@intel.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
7a9cdebdcc ("mm: get rid of vmacache_flush_all() entirely") removed the
VMACACHE_FULL_FLUSHES statistics, but didn't remove the corresponding
entry in vmstat_text. This causes an out-of-bounds access in
vmstat_show().
Luckily this only affects kernels with CONFIG_DEBUG_VM_VMACACHE=y, which
is probably very rare.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20181001143138.95119-1-jannh@google.com
Fixes: 7a9cdebdcc ("mm: get rid of vmacache_flush_all() entirely")
Signed-off-by: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <dave@stgolabs.net>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Kemi Wang <kemi.wang@intel.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Revert commit c7f26ccfb2 ("mm/vmstat.c: fix vmstat_update() preemption
BUG"). Steven saw a "using smp_processor_id() in preemptible" message
and added a preempt_disable() section around it to keep it quiet. This
is not the right thing to do it does not fix the real problem.
vmstat_update() is invoked by a kworker on a specific CPU. This worker
it bound to this CPU. The name of the worker was "kworker/1:1" so it
should have been a worker which was bound to CPU1. A worker which can
run on any CPU would have a `u' before the first digit.
smp_processor_id() can be used in a preempt-enabled region as long as
the task is bound to a single CPU which is the case here. If it could
run on an arbitrary CPU then this is the problem we have an should seek
to resolve.
Not only this smp_processor_id() must not be migrated to another CPU but
also refresh_cpu_vm_stats() which might access wrong per-CPU variables.
Not to mention that other code relies on the fact that such a worker
runs on one specific CPU only.
Therefore revert that commit and we should look instead what broke the
affinity mask of the kworker.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180504104451.20278-1-bigeasy@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Cc: Steven J. Hill <steven.hill@cavium.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <htejun@gmail.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Variants of proc_create{,_data} that directly take a struct seq_operations
argument and drastically reduces the boilerplate code in the callers.
All trivial callers converted over.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Don't show nr_indirectly_reclaimable in /proc/vmstat, because there is
no need to export this vm counter to userspace, and some changes are
expected in reclaimable object accounting, which can alter this counter.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180425191422.9159-1-guro@fb.com
Signed-off-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "indirectly reclaimable memory", v2.
This patchset introduces the concept of indirectly reclaimable memory
and applies it to fix the issue of when a big number of dentries with
external names can significantly affect the MemAvailable value.
This patch (of 3):
Introduce a concept of indirectly reclaimable memory and adds the
corresponding memory counter and /proc/vmstat item.
Indirectly reclaimable memory is any sort of memory, used by the kernel
(except of reclaimable slabs), which is actually reclaimable, i.e. will
be released under memory pressure.
The counter is in bytes, as it's not always possible to count such
objects in pages. The name contains BYTES by analogy to
NR_KERNEL_STACK_KB.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180305133743.12746-2-guro@fb.com
Signed-off-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Attempting to hotplug CPUs with CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS enabled can
cause vmstat_update() to report a BUG due to preemption not being
disabled around smp_processor_id().
Discovered on Ubiquiti EdgeRouter Pro with Cavium Octeon II processor.
BUG: using smp_processor_id() in preemptible [00000000] code:
kworker/1:1/269
caller is vmstat_update+0x50/0xa0
CPU: 0 PID: 269 Comm: kworker/1:1 Not tainted
4.16.0-rc4-Cavium-Octeon-00009-gf83bbd5-dirty #1
Workqueue: mm_percpu_wq vmstat_update
Call Trace:
show_stack+0x94/0x128
dump_stack+0xa4/0xe0
check_preemption_disabled+0x118/0x120
vmstat_update+0x50/0xa0
process_one_work+0x144/0x348
worker_thread+0x150/0x4b8
kthread+0x110/0x140
ret_from_kernel_thread+0x14/0x1c
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1520881552-25659-1-git-send-email-steven.hill@cavium.com
Signed-off-by: Steven J. Hill <steven.hill@cavium.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <htejun@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is the second step which introduces a tunable interface that allow
numa stats configurable for optimizing zone_statistics(), as suggested
by Dave Hansen and Ying Huang.
=========================================================================
When page allocation performance becomes a bottleneck and you can
tolerate some possible tool breakage and decreased numa counter
precision, you can do:
echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/numa_stat
In this case, numa counter update is ignored. We can see about
*4.8%*(185->176) drop of cpu cycles per single page allocation and
reclaim on Jesper's page_bench01 (single thread) and *8.1%*(343->315)
drop of cpu cycles per single page allocation and reclaim on Jesper's
page_bench03 (88 threads) running on a 2-Socket Broadwell-based server
(88 threads, 126G memory).
Benchmark link provided by Jesper D Brouer (increase loop times to
10000000):
https://github.com/netoptimizer/prototype-kernel/tree/master/kernel/mm/bench
=========================================================================
When page allocation performance is not a bottleneck and you want all
tooling to work, you can do:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/numa_stat
This is system default setting.
Many thanks to Michal Hocko, Dave Hansen, Ying Huang and Vlastimil Babka
for comments to help improve the original patch.
[keescook@chromium.org: make sure mutex is a global static]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171107213809.GA4314@beast
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1508290927-8518-1-git-send-email-kemi.wang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Kemi Wang <kemi.wang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reported-by: Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@redhat.com>
Suggested-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Suggested-by: Ying Huang <ying.huang@intel.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: "Luis R . Rodriguez" <mcgrof@kernel.org>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christopher Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi.kleen@intel.com>
Cc: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since commit 59dc76b0d4 ("mm: vmscan: reduce size of inactive file
list") 'pgdat->inactive_ratio' is not used, except for printing
"node_inactive_ratio: 0" in /proc/zoneinfo output.
Remove it.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171003152611.27483-1-aryabinin@virtuozzo.com
Signed-off-by: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
To avoid deviation, the per cpu number of NUMA stats in
vm_numa_stat_diff[] is included when a user *reads* the NUMA stats.
Since NUMA stats does not be read by users frequently, and kernel does not
need it to make a decision, it will not be a problem to make the readers
more expensive.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1503568801-21305-4-git-send-email-kemi.wang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Kemi Wang <kemi.wang@intel.com>
Reported-by: Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi.kleen@intel.com>
Cc: Christopher Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Cc: Ying Huang <ying.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is significant overhead in cache bouncing caused by zone counters
(NUMA associated counters) update in parallel in multi-threaded page
allocation (suggested by Dave Hansen).
This patch updates NUMA counter threshold to a fixed size of MAX_U16 - 2,
as a small threshold greatly increases the update frequency of the global
counter from local per cpu counter(suggested by Ying Huang).
The rationality is that these statistics counters don't affect the
kernel's decision, unlike other VM counters, so it's not a problem to use
a large threshold.
With this patchset, we see 31.3% drop of CPU cycles(537-->369) for per
single page allocation and reclaim on Jesper's page_bench03 benchmark.
Benchmark provided by Jesper D Brouer(increase loop times to 10000000):
https://github.com/netoptimizer/prototype-kernel/tree/master/kernel/mm/
bench
Threshold CPU cycles Throughput(88 threads)
32 799 241760478
64 640 301628829
125 537 358906028 <==> system by default (base)
256 468 412397590
512 428 450550704
4096 399 482520943
20000 394 489009617
30000 395 488017817
65533 369(-31.3%) 521661345(+45.3%) <==> with this patchset
N/A 342(-36.3%) 562900157(+56.8%) <==> disable zone_statistics
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1503568801-21305-3-git-send-email-kemi.wang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Kemi Wang <kemi.wang@intel.com>
Reported-by: Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@redhat.com>
Suggested-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Suggested-by: Ying Huang <ying.huang@intel.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi.kleen@intel.com>
Cc: Christopher Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "Separate NUMA statistics from zone statistics", v2.
Each page allocation updates a set of per-zone statistics with a call to
zone_statistics(). As discussed in 2017 MM summit, these are a
substantial source of overhead in the page allocator and are very rarely
consumed. This significant overhead in cache bouncing caused by zone
counters (NUMA associated counters) update in parallel in multi-threaded
page allocation (pointed out by Dave Hansen).
A link to the MM summit slides:
http://people.netfilter.org/hawk/presentations/MM-summit2017/MM-summit2017-JesperBrouer.pdf
To mitigate this overhead, this patchset separates NUMA statistics from
zone statistics framework, and update NUMA counter threshold to a fixed
size of MAX_U16 - 2, as a small threshold greatly increases the update
frequency of the global counter from local per cpu counter (suggested by
Ying Huang). The rationality is that these statistics counters don't
need to be read often, unlike other VM counters, so it's not a problem
to use a large threshold and make readers more expensive.
With this patchset, we see 31.3% drop of CPU cycles(537-->369, see
below) for per single page allocation and reclaim on Jesper's
page_bench03 benchmark. Meanwhile, this patchset keeps the same style
of virtual memory statistics with little end-user-visible effects (only
move the numa stats to show behind zone page stats, see the first patch
for details).
I did an experiment of single page allocation and reclaim concurrently
using Jesper's page_bench03 benchmark on a 2-Socket Broadwell-based
server (88 processors with 126G memory) with different size of threshold
of pcp counter.
Benchmark provided by Jesper D Brouer(increase loop times to 10000000):
https://github.com/netoptimizer/prototype-kernel/tree/master/kernel/mm/bench
Threshold CPU cycles Throughput(88 threads)
32 799 241760478
64 640 301628829
125 537 358906028 <==> system by default
256 468 412397590
512 428 450550704
4096 399 482520943
20000 394 489009617
30000 395 488017817
65533 369(-31.3%) 521661345(+45.3%) <==> with this patchset
N/A 342(-36.3%) 562900157(+56.8%) <==> disable zone_statistics
This patch (of 3):
In this patch, NUMA statistics is separated from zone statistics
framework, all the call sites of NUMA stats are changed to use
numa-stats-specific functions, it does not have any functionality change
except that the number of NUMA stats is shown behind zone page stats
when users *read* the zone info.
E.g. cat /proc/zoneinfo
***Base*** ***With this patch***
nr_free_pages 3976 nr_free_pages 3976
nr_zone_inactive_anon 0 nr_zone_inactive_anon 0
nr_zone_active_anon 0 nr_zone_active_anon 0
nr_zone_inactive_file 0 nr_zone_inactive_file 0
nr_zone_active_file 0 nr_zone_active_file 0
nr_zone_unevictable 0 nr_zone_unevictable 0
nr_zone_write_pending 0 nr_zone_write_pending 0
nr_mlock 0 nr_mlock 0
nr_page_table_pages 0 nr_page_table_pages 0
nr_kernel_stack 0 nr_kernel_stack 0
nr_bounce 0 nr_bounce 0
nr_zspages 0 nr_zspages 0
numa_hit 0 *nr_free_cma 0*
numa_miss 0 numa_hit 0
numa_foreign 0 numa_miss 0
numa_interleave 0 numa_foreign 0
numa_local 0 numa_interleave 0
numa_other 0 numa_local 0
*nr_free_cma 0* numa_other 0
... ...
vm stats threshold: 10 vm stats threshold: 10
... ...
The next patch updates the numa stats counter size and threshold.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1503568801-21305-2-git-send-email-kemi.wang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Kemi Wang <kemi.wang@intel.com>
Reported-by: Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christopher Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi.kleen@intel.com>
Cc: Ying Huang <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "mm, swap: VMA based swap readahead", v4.
The swap readahead is an important mechanism to reduce the swap in
latency. Although pure sequential memory access pattern isn't very
popular for anonymous memory, the space locality is still considered
valid.
In the original swap readahead implementation, the consecutive blocks in
swap device are readahead based on the global space locality estimation.
But the consecutive blocks in swap device just reflect the order of page
reclaiming, don't necessarily reflect the access pattern in virtual
memory space. And the different tasks in the system may have different
access patterns, which makes the global space locality estimation
incorrect.
In this patchset, when page fault occurs, the virtual pages near the
fault address will be readahead instead of the swap slots near the fault
swap slot in swap device. This avoid to readahead the unrelated swap
slots. At the same time, the swap readahead is changed to work on
per-VMA from globally. So that the different access patterns of the
different VMAs could be distinguished, and the different readahead
policy could be applied accordingly. The original core readahead
detection and scaling algorithm is reused, because it is an effect
algorithm to detect the space locality.
In addition to the swap readahead changes, some new sysfs interface is
added to show the efficiency of the readahead algorithm and some other
swap statistics.
This new implementation will incur more small random read, on SSD, the
improved correctness of estimation and readahead target should beat the
potential increased overhead, this is also illustrated in the test
results below. But on HDD, the overhead may beat the benefit, so the
original implementation will be used by default.
The test and result is as follow,
Common test condition
=====================
Test Machine: Xeon E5 v3 (2 sockets, 72 threads, 32G RAM)
Swap device: NVMe disk
Micro-benchmark with combined access pattern
============================================
vm-scalability, sequential swap test case, 4 processes to eat 50G
virtual memory space, repeat the sequential memory writing until 300
seconds. The first round writing will trigger swap out, the following
rounds will trigger sequential swap in and out.
At the same time, run vm-scalability random swap test case in
background, 8 processes to eat 30G virtual memory space, repeat the
random memory write until 300 seconds. This will trigger random swap-in
in the background.
This is a combined workload with sequential and random memory accessing
at the same time. The result (for sequential workload) is as follow,
Base Optimized
---- ---------
throughput 345413 KB/s 414029 KB/s (+19.9%)
latency.average 97.14 us 61.06 us (-37.1%)
latency.50th 2 us 1 us
latency.60th 2 us 1 us
latency.70th 98 us 2 us
latency.80th 160 us 2 us
latency.90th 260 us 217 us
latency.95th 346 us 369 us
latency.99th 1.34 ms 1.09 ms
ra_hit% 52.69% 99.98%
The original swap readahead algorithm is confused by the background
random access workload, so readahead hit rate is lower. The VMA-base
readahead algorithm works much better.
Linpack
=======
The test memory size is bigger than RAM to trigger swapping.
Base Optimized
---- ---------
elapsed_time 393.49 s 329.88 s (-16.2%)
ra_hit% 86.21% 98.82%
The score of base and optimized kernel hasn't visible changes. But the
elapsed time reduced and readahead hit rate improved, so the optimized
kernel runs better for startup and tear down stages. And the absolute
value of readahead hit rate is high, shows that the space locality is
still valid in some practical workloads.
This patch (of 5):
The statistics for total readahead pages and total readahead hits are
recorded and exported via the following sysfs interface.
/sys/kernel/mm/swap/ra_hits
/sys/kernel/mm/swap/ra_total
With them, the efficiency of the swap readahead could be measured, so
that the swap readahead algorithm and parameters could be tuned
accordingly.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: don't display swap stats if CONFIG_SWAP=n]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170807054038.1843-2-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Comment for pagetypeinfo_showblockcount() is mistakenly duplicated from
pagetypeinfo_show_free()'s comment. This commit fixes it.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170809185816.11244-1-sj38.park@gmail.com
Fixes: 467c996c1e ("Print out statistics in relation to fragmentation avoidance to /proc/pagetypeinfo")
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj38.park@gmail.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When order is -1 or too big, *1UL << order* will be 0, which will cause
a divide error. Although it seems that all callers of
__fragmentation_index() will only do so with a valid order, the patch
can make it more robust.
Should prevent reoccurrences of
https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=196555
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1501751520-2598-1-git-send-email-wen.yang99@zte.com.cn
Signed-off-by: Wen Yang <wen.yang99@zte.com.cn>
Reviewed-by: Jiang Biao <jiang.biao2@zte.com.cn>
Suggested-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
global_page_state is error prone as a recent bug report pointed out [1].
It only returns proper values for zone based counters as the enum it
gets suggests. We already have global_node_page_state so let's rename
global_page_state to global_zone_page_state to be more explicit here.
All existing users seems to be correct:
$ git grep "global_page_state(NR_" | sed 's@.*(\(NR_[A-Z_]*\)).*@\1@' | sort | uniq -c
2 NR_BOUNCE
2 NR_FREE_CMA_PAGES
11 NR_FREE_PAGES
1 NR_KERNEL_STACK_KB
1 NR_MLOCK
2 NR_PAGETABLE
This patch shouldn't introduce any functional change.
[1] http://lkml.kernel.org/r/201707260628.v6Q6SmaS030814@www262.sakura.ne.jp
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170801134256.5400-2-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp>
Cc: Josef Bacik <josef@toxicpanda.com>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When swapping out THP (Transparent Huge Page), instead of swapping out
the THP as a whole, sometimes we have to fallback to split the THP into
normal pages before swapping, because no free swap clusters are
available, or cgroup limit is exceeded, etc. To count the number of the
fallback, a new VM event THP_SWPOUT_FALLBACK is added, and counted when
we fallback to split the THP.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170724051840.2309-13-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: "Kirill A . Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Ross Zwisler <ross.zwisler@intel.com> [for brd.c, zram_drv.c, pmem.c]
Cc: Vishal L Verma <vishal.l.verma@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
To support delay splitting THP (Transparent Huge Page) after swapped
out, we need to enhance swap writing code to support to write a THP as a
whole. This will improve swap write IO performance.
As Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com> pointed out, this should be based on
multipage bvec support, which hasn't been merged yet. So this patch is
only for testing the functionality of the other patches in the series.
And will be reimplemented after multipage bvec support is merged.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170724051840.2309-7-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: "Kirill A . Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Ross Zwisler <ross.zwisler@intel.com> [for brd.c, zram_drv.c, pmem.c]
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Vishal L Verma <vishal.l.verma@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
pagetypeinfo_showmixedcount_print is found to take a lot of time to
complete and it does this holding the zone lock and disabling
interrupts. In some cases it is found to take more than a second (On a
2.4GHz,8Gb RAM,arm64 cpu).
Avoid taking the zone lock similar to what is done by read_page_owner,
which means possibility of inaccurate results.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1498045643-12257-1-git-send-email-vinmenon@codeaurora.org
Signed-off-by: Vinayak Menon <vinmenon@codeaurora.org>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: zhongjiang <zhongjiang@huawei.com>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Sudip Mukherjee <sudipm.mukherjee@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "mm: per-lruvec slab stats"
Josef is working on a new approach to balancing slab caches and the page
cache. For this to work, he needs slab cache statistics on the lruvec
level. These patches implement that by adding infrastructure that
allows updating and reading generic VM stat items per lruvec, then
switches some existing VM accounting sites, including the slab
accounting ones, to this new cgroup-aware API.
I'll follow up with more patches on this, because there is actually
substantial simplification that can be done to the memory controller
when we replace private memcg accounting with making the existing VM
accounting sites cgroup-aware. But this is enough for Josef to base his
slab reclaim work on, so here goes.
This patch (of 5):
To re-implement slab cache vs. page cache balancing, we'll need the
slab counters at the lruvec level, which, ever since lru reclaim was
moved from the zone to the node, is the intersection of the node, not
the zone, and the memcg.
We could retain the per-zone counters for when the page allocator dumps
its memory information on failures, and have counters on both levels -
which on all but NUMA node 0 is usually redundant. But let's keep it
simple for now and just move them. If anybody complains we can restore
the per-zone counters.
[hannes@cmpxchg.org: fix oops]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170605183511.GA8915@cmpxchg.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170530181724.27197-3-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Josef Bacik <josef@toxicpanda.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Show count of oom killer invocations in /proc/vmstat and count of
processes killed in memory cgroup in knob "memory.events" (in
memory.oom_control for v1 cgroup).
Also describe difference between "oom" and "oom_kill" in memory cgroup
documentation. Currently oom in memory cgroup kills tasks iff shortage
has happened inside page fault.
These counters helps in monitoring oom kills - for now the only way is
grepping for magic words in kernel log.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix for mem_cgroup_count_vm_event() rename]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix comment, per Konstantin]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/149570810989.203600.9492483715840752937.stgit@buzz
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Roman Guschin <guroan@gmail.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
pagetypeinfo_showblockcount_print skips over invalid pfns but it would
report pages which are offline because those have a valid pfn. Their
migrate type is misleading at best.
Now that we have pfn_to_online_page() we can use it instead of
pfn_valid() and fix this.
[mhocko@suse.com: fix build]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170519072225.GA13041@dhcp22.suse.cz
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170515085827.16474-11-mhocko@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Reported-by: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: Daniel Kiper <daniel.kiper@oracle.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Igor Mammedov <imammedo@redhat.com>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Reza Arbab <arbab@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Tobias Regnery <tobias.regnery@gmail.com>
Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hpe.com>
Cc: Vitaly Kuznetsov <vkuznets@redhat.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Standardize the file operation variable names related to all four memory
management /proc interface files. Also change all the symbol
permissions (S_IRUGO) into octal permissions (0444) as it got complaints
from checkpatch.pl. This does not create any functional change to the
interface.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170427030632.8588-1-khandual@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Signed-off-by: Anshuman Khandual <khandual@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
After commit e2ecc8a79e ("mm, vmstat: print non-populated zones in
zoneinfo"), /proc/zoneinfo will show unpopulated zones.
A memoryless node, having no populated zones at all, was previously
ignored, but will now trigger the WARN() in is_zone_first_populated().
Remove this warning, as its only purpose was to warn of a situation that
has since been enabled.
Aside: The "per-node stats" are still printed under the first populated
zone, but that's not necessarily the first stanza any more. I'm not
sure which criteria is more important with regard to not breaking
parsers, but it looks a little weird to the eye.
Fixes: e2ecc8a79e ("mm, vmstat: print node-based stats in zoneinfo file")
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1493854905-10918-1-git-send-email-arbab@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Signed-off-by: Reza Arbab <arbab@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <khandual@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
After "mm, vmstat: print non-populated zones in zoneinfo",
/proc/zoneinfo will show unpopulated zones.
The per-cpu pageset statistics are not relevant for unpopulated zones
and can be potentially lengthy, so supress them when they are not
interesting.
Also moves lowmem reserve protection information above pcp stats since
it is relevant for all zones per vm.lowmem_reserve_ratio.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.DEB.2.10.1703061400500.46428@chino.kir.corp.google.com
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <khandual@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Initscripts can use the information (protection levels) from
/proc/zoneinfo to configure vm.lowmem_reserve_ratio at boot.
vm.lowmem_reserve_ratio is an array of ratios for each configured zone
on the system. If a zone is not populated on an arch, /proc/zoneinfo
suppresses its output.
This results in there not being a 1:1 mapping between the set of zones
emitted by /proc/zoneinfo and the zones configured by
vm.lowmem_reserve_ratio.
This patch shows statistics for non-populated zones in /proc/zoneinfo.
The zones exist and hold a spot in the vm.lowmem_reserve_ratio array.
Without this patch, it is not possible to determine which index in the
array controls which zone if one or more zones on the system are not
populated.
Remaining users of walk_zones_in_node() are unchanged. Files such as
/proc/pagetypeinfo require certain zone data to be initialized properly
for display, which is not done for unpopulated zones.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.DEB.2.10.1703031451310.98023@chino.kir.corp.google.com
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <khandual@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
madv()'s MADV_FREE indicate pages are 'lazyfree'. They are still
anonymous pages, but they can be freed without pageout. To distinguish
these from normal anonymous pages, we clear their SwapBacked flag.
MADV_FREE pages could be freed without pageout, so they pretty much like
used once file pages. For such pages, we'd like to reclaim them once
there is memory pressure. Also it might be unfair reclaiming MADV_FREE
pages always before used once file pages and we definitively want to
reclaim the pages before other anonymous and file pages.
To speed up MADV_FREE pages reclaim, we put the pages into
LRU_INACTIVE_FILE list. The rationale is LRU_INACTIVE_FILE list is tiny
nowadays and should be full of used once file pages. Reclaiming
MADV_FREE pages will not have much interfere of anonymous and active
file pages. And the inactive file pages and MADV_FREE pages will be
reclaimed according to their age, so we don't reclaim too many MADV_FREE
pages too. Putting the MADV_FREE pages into LRU_INACTIVE_FILE_LIST also
means we can reclaim the pages without swap support. This idea is
suggested by Johannes.
This patch doesn't move MADV_FREE pages to LRU_INACTIVE_FILE list yet to
avoid bisect failure, next patch will do it.
The patch is based on Minchan's original patch.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/2f87063c1e9354677b7618c647abde77b07561e5.1487965799.git.shli@fb.com
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shli@fb.com>
Suggested-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
NR_PAGES_SCANNED counts number of pages scanned since the last page free
event in the allocator. This was used primarily to measure the
reclaimability of zones and nodes, and determine when reclaim should
give up on them. In that role, it has been replaced in the preceding
patches by a different mechanism.
Being implemented as an efficient vmstat counter, it was automatically
exported to userspace as well. It's however unlikely that anyone
outside the kernel is using this counter in any meaningful way.
Remove the counter and the unused pgdat_reclaimable().
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170228214007.5621-8-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Jia He <hejianet@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "mm: kswapd spinning on unreclaimable nodes - fixes and
cleanups".
Jia reported a scenario in which the kswapd of a node indefinitely spins
at 100% CPU usage. We have seen similar cases at Facebook.
The kernel's current method of judging its ability to reclaim a node (or
whether to back off and sleep) is based on the amount of scanned pages
in proportion to the amount of reclaimable pages. In Jia's and our
scenarios, there are no reclaimable pages in the node, however, and the
condition for backing off is never met. Kswapd busyloops in an attempt
to restore the watermarks while having nothing to work with.
This series reworks the definition of an unreclaimable node based not on
scanning but on whether kswapd is able to actually reclaim pages in
MAX_RECLAIM_RETRIES (16) consecutive runs. This is the same criteria
the page allocator uses for giving up on direct reclaim and invoking the
OOM killer. If it cannot free any pages, kswapd will go to sleep and
leave further attempts to direct reclaim invocations, which will either
make progress and re-enable kswapd, or invoke the OOM killer.
Patch #1 fixes the immediate problem Jia reported, the remainder are
smaller fixlets, cleanups, and overall phasing out of the old method.
Patch #6 is the odd one out. It's a nice cleanup to get_scan_count(),
and directly related to #5, but in itself not relevant to the series.
If the whole series is too ambitious for 4.11, I would consider the
first three patches fixes, the rest cleanups.
This patch (of 9):
Jia He reports a problem with kswapd spinning at 100% CPU when
requesting more hugepages than memory available in the system:
$ echo 4000 >/proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages
top - 13:42:59 up 3:37, 1 user, load average: 1.09, 1.03, 1.01
Tasks: 1 total, 1 running, 0 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 12.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 85.5 id, 2.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
KiB Mem: 31371520 total, 30915136 used, 456384 free, 320 buffers
KiB Swap: 6284224 total, 115712 used, 6168512 free. 48192 cached Mem
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
76 root 20 0 0 0 0 R 100.0 0.000 217:17.29 kswapd3
At that time, there are no reclaimable pages left in the node, but as
kswapd fails to restore the high watermarks it refuses to go to sleep.
Kswapd needs to back away from nodes that fail to balance. Up until
commit 1d82de618d ("mm, vmscan: make kswapd reclaim in terms of
nodes") kswapd had such a mechanism. It considered zones whose
theoretically reclaimable pages it had reclaimed six times over as
unreclaimable and backed away from them. This guard was erroneously
removed as the patch changed the definition of a balanced node.
However, simply restoring this code wouldn't help in the case reported
here: there *are* no reclaimable pages that could be scanned until the
threshold is met. Kswapd would stay awake anyway.
Introduce a new and much simpler way of backing off. If kswapd runs
through MAX_RECLAIM_RETRIES (16) cycles without reclaiming a single
page, make it back off from the node. This is the same number of shots
direct reclaim takes before declaring OOM. Kswapd will go to sleep on
that node until a direct reclaimer manages to reclaim some pages, thus
proving the node reclaimable again.
[hannes@cmpxchg.org: check kswapd failure against the cumulative nr_reclaimed count]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170306162410.GB2090@cmpxchg.org
[shakeelb@google.com: fix condition for throttle_direct_reclaim]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170314183228.20152-1-shakeelb@google.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170228214007.5621-2-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Reported-by: Jia He <hejianet@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Jia He <hejianet@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Geert has reported a freeze during PM resume and some additional
debugging has shown that the device_resume worker cannot make a forward
progress because it waits for an event which is stuck waiting in
drain_all_pages:
INFO: task kworker/u4:0:5 blocked for more than 120 seconds.
Not tainted 4.11.0-rc7-koelsch-00029-g005882e53d62f25d-dirty #3476
"echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs" disables this message.
kworker/u4:0 D 0 5 2 0x00000000
Workqueue: events_unbound async_run_entry_fn
__schedule
schedule
schedule_timeout
wait_for_common
dpm_wait_for_superior
device_resume
async_resume
async_run_entry_fn
process_one_work
worker_thread
kthread
[...]
bash D 0 1703 1694 0x00000000
__schedule
schedule
schedule_timeout
wait_for_common
flush_work
drain_all_pages
start_isolate_page_range
alloc_contig_range
cma_alloc
__alloc_from_contiguous
cma_allocator_alloc
__dma_alloc
arm_dma_alloc
sh_eth_ring_init
sh_eth_open
sh_eth_resume
dpm_run_callback
device_resume
dpm_resume
dpm_resume_end
suspend_devices_and_enter
pm_suspend
state_store
kernfs_fop_write
__vfs_write
vfs_write
SyS_write
[...]
Showing busy workqueues and worker pools:
[...]
workqueue mm_percpu_wq: flags=0xc
pwq 2: cpus=1 node=0 flags=0x0 nice=0 active=0/0
delayed: drain_local_pages_wq, vmstat_update
pwq 0: cpus=0 node=0 flags=0x0 nice=0 active=0/0
delayed: drain_local_pages_wq BAR(1703), vmstat_update
Tetsuo has properly noted that mm_percpu_wq is created as WQ_FREEZABLE
so it is frozen this early during resume so we are effectively
deadlocked. Fix this by dropping WQ_FREEZABLE when creating
mm_percpu_wq. We really want to have it operational all the time.
Fixes: ce612879dd ("mm: move pcp and lru-pcp draining into single wq")
Reported-and-tested-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Debugged-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We currently have 2 specific WQ_RECLAIM workqueues in the mm code.
vmstat_wq for updating pcp stats and lru_add_drain_wq dedicated to drain
per cpu lru caches. This seems more than necessary because both can run
on a single WQ. Both do not block on locks requiring a memory
allocation nor perform any allocations themselves. We will save one
rescuer thread this way.
On the other hand drain_all_pages() queues work on the system wq which
doesn't have rescuer and so this depend on memory allocation (when all
workers are stuck allocating and new ones cannot be created).
Initially we thought this would be more of a theoretical problem but
Hugh Dickins has reported:
: 4.11-rc has been giving me hangs after hours of swapping load. At
: first they looked like memory leaks ("fork: Cannot allocate memory");
: but for no good reason I happened to do "cat /proc/sys/vm/stat_refresh"
: before looking at /proc/meminfo one time, and the stat_refresh stuck
: in D state, waiting for completion of flush_work like many kworkers.
: kthreadd waiting for completion of flush_work in drain_all_pages().
This worker should be using WQ_RECLAIM as well in order to guarantee a
forward progress. We can reuse the same one as for lru draining and
vmstat.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170307131751.24936-1-mhocko@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Suggested-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Tested-by: Yang Li <pku.leo@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Yang Li has reported that drain_all_pages triggers a WARN_ON which means
that this function is called earlier than the mm_percpu_wq is
initialized on arm64 with CMA configured:
WARNING: CPU: 2 PID: 1 at mm/page_alloc.c:2423 drain_all_pages+0x244/0x25c
Modules linked in:
CPU: 2 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 4.11.0-rc1-next-20170310-00027-g64dfbc5 #127
Hardware name: Freescale Layerscape 2088A RDB Board (DT)
task: ffffffc07c4a6d00 task.stack: ffffffc07c4a8000
PC is at drain_all_pages+0x244/0x25c
LR is at start_isolate_page_range+0x14c/0x1f0
[...]
drain_all_pages+0x244/0x25c
start_isolate_page_range+0x14c/0x1f0
alloc_contig_range+0xec/0x354
cma_alloc+0x100/0x1fc
dma_alloc_from_contiguous+0x3c/0x44
atomic_pool_init+0x7c/0x208
arm64_dma_init+0x44/0x4c
do_one_initcall+0x38/0x128
kernel_init_freeable+0x1a0/0x240
kernel_init+0x10/0xfc
ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20
Fix this by moving the whole setup_vmstat which is an initcall right now
to init_mm_internals which will be called right after the WQ subsystem
is initialized.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170315164021.28532-1-mhocko@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Reported-by: Yang Li <pku.leo@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Yang Li <pku.leo@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Xiaolong Ye <xiaolong.ye@intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We added support for PUD-sized transparent hugepages, however we count
the event "thp split pud" into thp_split_pmd event.
To separate the event count of thp split pud from pmd, add a new event
named thp_split_pud.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1488282380-5076-1-git-send-email-xieyisheng1@huawei.com
Signed-off-by: Yisheng Xie <xieyisheng1@huawei.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Sebastian Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Ebru Akagunduz <ebru.akagunduz@gmail.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Hanjun Guo <guohanjun@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
A "compact_daemon_wake" vmstat exists that represents the number of
times kcompactd has woken up. This doesn't represent how much work it
actually did, though.
It's useful to understand how much compaction work is being done by
kcompactd versus other methods such as direct compaction and explicitly
triggered per-node (or system) compaction.
This adds two new vmstats: "compact_daemon_migrate_scanned" and
"compact_daemon_free_scanned" to represent the number of pages kcompactd
has scanned as part of its migration scanner and freeing scanner,
respectively.
These values are still accounted for in the general
"compact_migrate_scanned" and "compact_free_scanned" for compatibility.
It could be argued that explicitly triggered compaction could also be
tracked separately, and that could be added if others find it useful.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.DEB.2.10.1612071749390.69852@chino.kir.corp.google.com
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Install the callbacks via the state machine, but do not invoke them as we
can initialize the node state without calling the callbacks on all online
CPUs.
start_shepherd_timer() is now called outside the get_online_cpus() block
which is safe as it only operates on cpu possible mask.
Signed-off-by: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: rt@linutronix.de
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20161129145221.ffc3kg3hd7lxiwj6@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Both iterations over online cpus can be replaced by the proper node
specific functions.
Signed-off-by: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: rt@linutronix.de
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20161129145113.fn3lw5aazjjvdrr3@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Both functions are called with protection against cpu hotplug already so
*_online_cpus() could be dropped.
Signed-off-by: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: rt@linutronix.de
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20161126231350.10321-8-bigeasy@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Allow some seq_puts removals by taking a string instead of a single
char.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: update vmstat_show(), per Joe]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/667e1cf3d436de91a5698170a1e98d882905e956.1470704995.git.joe@perches.com
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In current kernel code, we only call node_set_state(cpu_to_node(cpu),
N_CPU) when a cpu is hot plugged. But we do not set the node state for
N_CPU when the cpus are brought online during boot.
So this could lead to failure when we check to see if a node contains
cpu with node_state(node_id, N_CPU).
One use case is in the node_reclaime function:
/*
* Only run node reclaim on the local node or on nodes that do
* not
* have associated processors. This will favor the local
* processor
* over remote processors and spread off node memory allocations
* as wide as possible.
*/
if (node_state(pgdat->node_id, N_CPU) && pgdat->node_id !=
numa_node_id())
return NODE_RECLAIM_NOSCAN;
I instrumented the kernel to call this function after boot and it always
returns 0 on a x86 desktop machine until I apply the attached patch.
int num_cpu_node(void)
{
int i, nr_cpu_nodes = 0;
for_each_node(i) {
if (node_state(i, N_CPU))
++ nr_cpu_nodes;
}
return nr_cpu_nodes;
}
Fix this by checking each node for online CPU when we initialize
vmstat that's responsible for maintaining node state.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160829175922.GA21775@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: <Huang@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@rjwysocki.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is no reason that page_owner specific function resides on
vmstat.c.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1471315879-32294-4-git-send-email-iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Reviewed-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If per-zone LRU accounting is available then there is no point
approximating whether reclaim and compaction should retry based on pgdat
statistics. This is effectively a revert of "mm, vmstat: remove zone
and node double accounting by approximating retries" with the difference
that inactive/active stats are still available. This preserves the
history of why the approximation was retried and why it had to be
reverted to handle OOM kills on 32-bit systems.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1469110261-7365-4-git-send-email-mgorman@techsingularity.net
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The number of LRU pages, dirty pages and writeback pages must be
accounted for on both zones and nodes because of the reclaim retry
logic, compaction retry logic and highmem calculations all depending on
per-zone stats.
Many lowmem allocations are immune from OOM kill due to a check in
__alloc_pages_may_oom for (ac->high_zoneidx < ZONE_NORMAL) since commit
03668b3ceb ("oom: avoid oom killer for lowmem allocations"). The
exception is costly high-order allocations or allocations that cannot
fail. If the __alloc_pages_may_oom avoids OOM-kill for low-order lowmem
allocations then it would fall through to __alloc_pages_direct_compact.
This patch will blindly retry reclaim for zone-constrained allocations
in should_reclaim_retry up to MAX_RECLAIM_RETRIES. This is not ideal
but without per-zone stats there are not many alternatives. The impact
it that zone-constrained allocations may delay before considering the
OOM killer.
As there is no guarantee enough memory can ever be freed to satisfy
compaction, this patch avoids retrying compaction for zone-contrained
allocations.
In combination, that means that the per-node stats can be used when
deciding whether to continue reclaim using a rough approximation. While
it is possible this will make the wrong decision on occasion, it will
not infinite loop as the number of reclaim attempts is capped by
MAX_RECLAIM_RETRIES.
The final step is calculating the number of dirtyable highmem pages. As
those calculations only care about the global count of file pages in
highmem. This patch uses a global counter used instead of per-zone
stats as it is sufficient.
In combination, this allows the per-zone LRU and dirty state counters to
be removed.
[mgorman@techsingularity.net: fix acct_highmem_file_pages()]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1468853426-12858-4-git-send-email-mgorman@techsingularity.netLink: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1467970510-21195-35-git-send-email-mgorman@techsingularity.net
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Suggested by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
