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Pull scheduler updates from Ingo Molnar:
"The main changes in this cycle were:
- Add the SYSTEM_SCHEDULING bootup state to move various scheduler
debug checks earlier into the bootup. This turns silent and
sporadically deadly bugs into nice, deterministic splats. Fix some
of the splats that triggered. (Thomas Gleixner)
- A round of restructuring and refactoring of the load-balancing and
topology code (Peter Zijlstra)
- Another round of consolidating ~20 of incremental scheduler code
history: this time in terms of wait-queue nomenclature. (I didn't
get much feedback on these renaming patches, and we can still
easily change any names I might have misplaced, so if anyone hates
a new name, please holler and I'll fix it.) (Ingo Molnar)
- sched/numa improvements, fixes and updates (Rik van Riel)
- Another round of x86/tsc scheduler clock code improvements, in hope
of making it more robust (Peter Zijlstra)
- Improve NOHZ behavior (Frederic Weisbecker)
- Deadline scheduler improvements and fixes (Luca Abeni, Daniel
Bristot de Oliveira)
- Simplify and optimize the topology setup code (Lauro Ramos
Venancio)
- Debloat and decouple scheduler code some more (Nicolas Pitre)
- Simplify code by making better use of llist primitives (Byungchul
Park)
- ... plus other fixes and improvements"
* 'sched-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (103 commits)
sched/cputime: Refactor the cputime_adjust() code
sched/debug: Expose the number of RT/DL tasks that can migrate
sched/numa: Hide numa_wake_affine() from UP build
sched/fair: Remove effective_load()
sched/numa: Implement NUMA node level wake_affine()
sched/fair: Simplify wake_affine() for the single socket case
sched/numa: Override part of migrate_degrades_locality() when idle balancing
sched/rt: Move RT related code from sched/core.c to sched/rt.c
sched/deadline: Move DL related code from sched/core.c to sched/deadline.c
sched/cpuset: Only offer CONFIG_CPUSETS if SMP is enabled
sched/fair: Spare idle load balancing on nohz_full CPUs
nohz: Move idle balancer registration to the idle path
sched/loadavg: Generalize "_idle" naming to "_nohz"
sched/core: Drop the unused try_get_task_struct() helper function
sched/fair: WARN() and refuse to set buddy when !se->on_rq
sched/debug: Fix SCHED_WARN_ON() to return a value on !CONFIG_SCHED_DEBUG as well
sched/wait: Disambiguate wq_entry->task_list and wq_head->task_list naming
sched/wait: Move bit_wait_table[] and related functionality from sched/core.c to sched/wait_bit.c
sched/wait: Split out the wait_bit*() APIs from <linux/wait.h> into <linux/wait_bit.h>
sched/wait: Re-adjust macro line continuation backslashes in <linux/wait.h>
...
Pull perf updates from Ingo Molnar:
"Most of the changes are for tooling, the main changes in this cycle were:
- Improve Intel-PT hardware tracing support, both on the kernel and
on the tooling side: PTWRITE instruction support, power events for
C-state tracing, etc. (Adrian Hunter)
- Add support to measure SMI cost to the x86 architecture, with
tooling support in 'perf stat' (Kan Liang)
- Support function filtering in 'perf ftrace', plus related
improvements (Namhyung Kim)
- Allow adding and removing fields to the default 'perf script'
columns, using + or - as field prefixes to do so (Andi Kleen)
- Allow resolving the DSO name with 'perf script -F brstack{sym,off},dso'
(Mark Santaniello)
- Add perf tooling unwind support for PowerPC (Paolo Bonzini)
- ... and various other improvements as well"
* 'perf-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (84 commits)
perf auxtrace: Add CPU filter support
perf intel-pt: Do not use TSC packets for calculating CPU cycles to TSC
perf intel-pt: Update documentation to include new ptwrite and power events
perf intel-pt: Add example script for power events and PTWRITE
perf intel-pt: Synthesize new power and "ptwrite" events
perf intel-pt: Move code in intel_pt_synth_events() to simplify attr setting
perf intel-pt: Factor out intel_pt_set_event_name()
perf intel-pt: Tidy messages into called function intel_pt_synth_event()
perf intel-pt: Tidy Intel PT evsel lookup into separate function
perf intel-pt: Join needlessly wrapped lines
perf intel-pt: Remove unused instructions_sample_period
perf intel-pt: Factor out common code synthesizing event samples
perf script: Add synthesized Intel PT power and ptwrite events
perf/x86/intel: Constify the 'lbr_desc[]' array and make a function static
perf script: Add 'synth' field for synthesized event payloads
perf auxtrace: Add itrace option to output power events
perf auxtrace: Add itrace option to output ptwrite events
tools include: Add byte-swapping macros to kernel.h
perf script: Add 'synth' event type for synthesized events
x86/insn: perf tools: Add new ptwrite instruction
...
Pull locking updates from Ingo Molnar:
"The main changes in this cycle were:
- Add CONFIG_REFCOUNT_FULL=y to allow the disabling of the 'full'
(robustness checked) refcount_t implementation with slightly lower
runtime overhead. (Kees Cook)
The lighter weight variant is the default. The two variants use the
same API. Having this variant was a precondition by some
maintainers to merge refcount_t cleanups.
- Add lockdep support for rtmutexes (Peter Zijlstra)
- liblockdep fixes and improvements (Sasha Levin, Ben Hutchings)
- ... misc fixes and improvements"
* 'locking-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (30 commits)
locking/refcount: Remove the half-implemented refcount_sub() API
locking/refcount: Create unchecked atomic_t implementation
locking/rtmutex: Don't initialize lockdep when not required
locking/selftest: Add RT-mutex support
locking/selftest: Remove the bad unlock ordering test
rt_mutex: Add lockdep annotations
MAINTAINERS: Claim atomic*_t maintainership
locking/x86: Remove the unused atomic_inc_short() methd
tools/lib/lockdep: Remove private kernel headers
tools/lib/lockdep: Hide liblockdep output from test results
tools/lib/lockdep: Add dummy current_gfp_context()
tools/include: Add IS_ERR_OR_NULL to err.h
tools/lib/lockdep: Add empty __is_[module,kernel]_percpu_address
tools/lib/lockdep: Include err.h
tools/include: Add (mostly) empty include/linux/sched/mm.h
tools/lib/lockdep: Use LDFLAGS
tools/lib/lockdep: Remove double-quotes from soname
tools/lib/lockdep: Fix object file paths used in an out-of-tree build
tools/lib/lockdep: Fix compilation for 4.11
tools/lib/lockdep: Don't mix fd-based and stream IO
...
Pull EFI updates from Ingo Molnar:
"The main changes in this cycle were:
- Rework the EFI capsule loader to allow for workarounds for
non-compliant firmware (Ard Biesheuvel)
- Implement a capsule loader quirk for Quark X102x (Jan Kiszka)
- Enable SMBIOS/DMI support for the ARM architecture (Ard Biesheuvel)
- Add CONFIG_EFI_PGT_DUMP=y support for x86-32 and kexec (Sai
Praneeth)
- Fixes for EFI support for Xen dom0 guests running under x86-64
hosts (Daniel Kiper)"
* 'efi-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
x86/xen/efi: Initialize only the EFI struct members used by Xen
efi: Process the MEMATTR table only if EFI_MEMMAP is enabled
efi/arm: Enable DMI/SMBIOS
x86/efi: Extend CONFIG_EFI_PGT_DUMP support to x86_32 and kexec as well
efi/efi_test: Use memdup_user() helper
efi/capsule: Add support for Quark security header
efi/capsule-loader: Use page addresses rather than struct page pointers
efi/capsule-loader: Redirect calls to efi_capsule_setup_info() via weak alias
efi/capsule: Remove NULL test on kmap()
efi/capsule-loader: Use a cached copy of the capsule header
efi/capsule: Adjust return type of efi_capsule_setup_info()
efi/capsule: Clean up pr_err/_info() messages
efi/capsule: Remove pr_debug() on ENOMEM or EFAULT
efi/capsule: Fix return code on failing kmap/vmap
Pull objtool updates from Ingo Molnar:
"This is an extensive rewrite of the objdump tool to track all stack
pointer modifications through the machine instructions of disassembled
functions found in kernel .o files.
This re-design removes the prior dependency on CONFIG_FRAME_POINTERS,
with the goal to prepare the tool to generate kernel debuginfo data in
the future. There's also an increase in checking/tracking robustness
as a side effect as well.
No (intended) changes to existing functionality"
* 'core-objtool-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
objtool: Silence warnings for functions which use IRET
objtool: Implement stack validation 2.0
objtool, x86: Add several functions and files to the objtool whitelist
objtool: Move checking code to check.c
Pull x86 fixes from Thomas Gleixner:
"Fixlets for x86:
- Prevent kexec crash when KASLR is enabled, which was caused by an
address calculation bug
- Restore the freeing of PUDs on memory hot remove
- Correct a negated pointer check in the intel uncore performance
monitoring driver
- Plug a memory leak in an error exit path in the RDT code"
* 'x86-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
x86/intel_rdt: Fix memory leak on mount failure
x86/boot/KASLR: Fix kexec crash due to 'virt_addr' calculation bug
x86/boot/KASLR: Add checking for the offset of kernel virtual address randomization
perf/x86/intel/uncore: Fix wrong box pointer check
x86/mm/hotplug: Fix BUG_ON() after hot-remove by not freeing PUD
Intel PT:
- Support "ptwrite" instructio, a way to stuff 32 or 64 bit values into
the Intel PT trace (Adrian Hunter)
- Support power events in Intel PT to report changes to C-state (Adrian
Hunter)
- Synthesize Intel PT events as PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE records with a
perf_event_attr.type (PERF_TYPE_SYNTH) just after the range used by the
kernel, i.e. right after what is allocated for PMUs, at INT_MAX + 1U,
attr.config will have the identification for the synthesized event and
the PERF_SAMPLE_RAW payload will have its fields (Adrian Hunter)
Infrastructure:
- Remove warning() and error(), using instead pr_warning() and
pr_error(), consolidating error reporting (Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo)
- Add platform dependency to 'perf test 15' (Thomas Richter)
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
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Merge tag 'perf-core-for-mingo-4.13-20170630' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/acme/linux into perf/core
Pull perf/core improvements and fixes from Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo:
Intel PT enhancements:
- Support "ptwrite" instruction, a way to stuff 32 or 64 bit values into
the Intel PT trace (Adrian Hunter)
- Support power events in Intel PT to report changes to C-state (Adrian
Hunter)
- Synthesize Intel PT events as PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE records with a
perf_event_attr.type (PERF_TYPE_SYNTH) just after the range used by the
kernel, i.e. right after what is allocated for PMUs, at INT_MAX + 1U,
attr.config will have the identification for the synthesized event and
the PERF_SAMPLE_RAW payload will have its fields (Adrian Hunter)
Infrastructure changes:
- Remove warning() and error(), using instead pr_warning() and
pr_error(), consolidating error reporting (Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo)
- Add platform dependency to 'perf test 15' (Thomas Richter)
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Two fixes:
* A fix for AMD IOMMU interrupt remapping code when
IRQs are forwarded directly to KVM guests
* Fixed check in the recently merged code to allow
tboot with Intel VT-d disabled
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Merge tag 'iommu-fixes-v4.12-rc7' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/joro/iommu
Pull IOMMU fixes from Joerg Roedel:
"Two fixes:
- A fix for AMD IOMMU interrupt remapping code when IRQs are
forwarded directly to KVM guests
- Fixed check in the recently merged code to allow tboot with
Intel VT-d disabled"
* tag 'iommu-fixes-v4.12-rc7' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/joro/iommu:
iommu/amd: Fix interrupt remapping when disable guest_mode
iommu/vt-d: Correctly disable Intel IOMMU force on
In preparation for an objtool rewrite which will have broader checks,
whitelist functions and files which cause problems because they do
unusual things with the stack.
These whitelists serve as a TODO list for which functions and files
don't yet have undwarf unwinder coverage. Eventually most of the
whitelists can be removed in favor of manual CFI hint annotations or
objtool improvements.
Signed-off-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: live-patching@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/7f934a5d707a574bda33ea282e9478e627fb1829.1498659915.git.jpoimboe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
A few minor clean-ups: constify the lbr_desc[] array and make
local function lbr_from_signext_quirk_rd() static to fix a sparse warning:
"symbol 'lbr_from_signext_quirk_rd' was not declared. Should it be static?"
Signed-off-by: Colin Ian King <colin.king@canonical.com>
Cc: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: kernel-janitors@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170629091406.9870-1-colin.king@canonical.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Kernel text KASLR is separated into physical address and virtual
address randomization. And for virtual address randomization, we
only randomiza to get an offset between 16M and KERNEL_IMAGE_SIZE.
So the initial value of 'virt_addr' should be LOAD_PHYSICAL_ADDR,
but not the original kernel loading address 'output'.
The bug will cause kernel boot failure if kernel is loaded at a different
position than the address, 16M, which is decided at compiled time.
Kexec/kdump is such practical case.
To fix it, just assign LOAD_PHYSICAL_ADDR to virt_addr as initial
value.
Tested-by: Dave Young <dyoung@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Fixes: 8391c73 ("x86/KASLR: Randomize virtual address separately")
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1498567146-11990-3-git-send-email-bhe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
For kernel text KASLR, the virtual address is confined to area of 1G,
[0xffffffff80000000, 0xffffffffc0000000). For the implemenataion of
virtual address randomization, we only randomize to get an offset
between 16M and 1G, then add this offset to the starting address,
0xffffffff80000000. Here 16M is the offset which is decided at linking
stage. So the amount of the local variable 'virt_addr' which respresents
the offset plus the kernel output size can not exceed KERNEL_IMAGE_SIZE.
Add a debug check for the offset. If out of bounds, print error
message and hang there.
Suggested-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1498567146-11990-2-git-send-email-bhe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Should not init a NULL box. It will cause system crash.
The issue looks like caused by a typo.
This was not noticed because there is no NULL box. Also, for most
boxes, they are enabled by default. The init code is not critical.
Fixes: fff4b87e594a ("perf/x86/intel/uncore: Make package handling more robust")
Signed-off-by: Kan Liang <kan.liang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170629190926.2456-1-kan.liang@intel.com
The only user of thread_saved_pc() in non-arch-specific code was removed
in commit 8243d5597793 ("sched/core: Remove pointless printout in
sched_show_task()"). Remove the implementations as well.
Some architectures use thread_saved_pc() in their arch-specific code.
Leave their thread_saved_pc() intact.
Signed-off-by: Tobias Klauser <tklauser@distanz.ch>
Acked-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add ptwrite to the op code map and the perf tools new instructions test.
To run the test:
$ tools/perf/perf test "x86 ins"
39: Test x86 instruction decoder - new instructions : Ok
Or to see the details:
$ tools/perf/perf test -v "x86 ins" 2>&1 | grep ptwrite
For information about ptwrite, refer the Intel SDM.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Acked-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1495180230-19367-1-git-send-email-adrian.hunter@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Since commit:
af2cf278ef4f ("x86/mm/hotplug: Don't remove PGD entries in remove_pagetable()")
we no longer free PUDs so that we do not have to synchronize
all PGDs on hot-remove/vfree().
But the new 5-level page table patchset reverted that for 4-level
page tables, in the following commit:
f2a6a7050109: ("x86: Convert the rest of the code to support p4d_t")
This patch restores the damage and disables free_pud() if we are in the
4-level page table case, thus avoiding BUG_ON() after hot-remove.
Signed-off-by: Jérôme Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
[ Clarified the changelog and the code comments. ]
Reviewed-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Logan Gunthorpe <logang@deltatee.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170624180514.3821-1-jglisse@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Pull x86 fix from Thomas Gleixner:
"A single fix to unbreak the vdso32 build for 64bit kernels caused by
excess #includes in the mshyperv header"
* 'x86-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
x86/mshyperv: Remove excess #includes from mshyperv.h
Pull perf fixes from Thomas Gleixner:
"Three fixlets for perf:
- Return the proper error code if aux buffers for a event are not
supported.
- Calculate the probe offset for inlined functions correctly
- Update the Skylake DTLB load/store miss event so it can count 1G
TLB entries as well"
* 'perf-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
perf probe: Fix probe definition for inlined functions
perf/x86/intel: Add 1G DTLB load/store miss support for SKL
perf/aux: Correct return code of rb_alloc_aux() if !has_aux(ev)
A recent commit included linux/slab.h in linux/irq.h. This breaks the build
of vdso32 on a 64-bit kernel.
The reason is that linux/irq.h gets included into the vdso code via
linux/interrupt.h which is included from asm/mshyperv.h. That makes the
32-bit vdso compile fail, because slab.h includes the pgtable headers for
64-bit on a 64-bit build.
Neither linux/clocksource.h nor linux/interrupt.h are needed in the
mshyperv.h header file itself - it has a dependency on <linux/atomic.h>.
Remove the includes and unbreak the build.
Reported-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: K. Y. Srinivasan <kys@microsoft.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Vitaly Kuznetsov <vkuznets@redhat.com>
Cc: devel@linuxdriverproject.org
Fixes: dee863b571b0 ("hv: export current Hyper-V clocksource")
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.DEB.2.20.1706231038460.2647@nanos
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
The current approach, which is the wholesale efi struct initialization from
a 'efi_xen' local template is not robust. Usually if new member is defined
then it is properly initialized in drivers/firmware/efi/efi.c, but not in
arch/x86/xen/efi.c.
The effect is that the Xen initialization clears any fields the generic code
might have set and the Xen code does not know about yet.
I saw this happen a few times, so let's initialize only the EFI struct members
used by Xen and maintain no local duplicate, to avoid such issues in the future.
Signed-off-by: Daniel Kiper <daniel.kiper@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Boris Ostrovsky <boris.ostrovsky@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: andrew.cooper3@citrix.com
Cc: jgross@suse.com
Cc: linux-efi@vger.kernel.org
Cc: matt@codeblueprint.co.uk
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Cc: xen-devel@lists.xenproject.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1498128697-12943-3-git-send-email-daniel.kiper@oracle.com
[ Clarified the changelog. ]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
TF is handled a bit differently for syscall and sysret, compared
to the other instructions: TF is checked after the instruction completes,
so that the OS can disable #DB at a syscall by adding TF to FMASK.
When the sysret is executed the #DB is taken "as if" the syscall insn
just completed.
KVM emulates syscall so that it can trap 32-bit syscall on Intel processors.
Fix the behavior, otherwise you could get #DB on a user stack which is not
nice. This does not affect Linux guests, as they use an IST or task gate
for #DB.
This fixes CVE-2017-7518.
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Reported-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Radim Krčmář <rkrcmar@redhat.com>
Current DTLB load/store miss events (0x608/0x649) only counts 4K,2M and
4M page size.
Need to extend the events to support any page size (4K/2M/4M/1G).
The complete DTLB load/store miss events are:
DTLB_LOAD_MISSES.WALK_COMPLETED 0xe08
DTLB_STORE_MISSES.WALK_COMPLETED 0xe49
Signed-off-by: Kan Liang <Kan.liang@intel.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: Alexander Shishkin <alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: eranian@google.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170619142609.11058-1-kan.liang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Conflicts:
kernel/sched/Makefile
Pick up the waitqueue related renames - it didn't get much feedback,
so it appears to be uncontroversial. Famous last words? ;-)
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Stack guard page is a useful feature to reduce a risk of stack smashing
into a different mapping. We have been using a single page gap which
is sufficient to prevent having stack adjacent to a different mapping.
But this seems to be insufficient in the light of the stack usage in
userspace. E.g. glibc uses as large as 64kB alloca() in many commonly
used functions. Others use constructs liks gid_t buffer[NGROUPS_MAX]
which is 256kB or stack strings with MAX_ARG_STRLEN.
This will become especially dangerous for suid binaries and the default
no limit for the stack size limit because those applications can be
tricked to consume a large portion of the stack and a single glibc call
could jump over the guard page. These attacks are not theoretical,
unfortunatelly.
Make those attacks less probable by increasing the stack guard gap
to 1MB (on systems with 4k pages; but make it depend on the page size
because systems with larger base pages might cap stack allocations in
the PAGE_SIZE units) which should cover larger alloca() and VLA stack
allocations. It is obviously not a full fix because the problem is
somehow inherent, but it should reduce attack space a lot.
One could argue that the gap size should be configurable from userspace,
but that can be done later when somebody finds that the new 1MB is wrong
for some special case applications. For now, add a kernel command line
option (stack_guard_gap) to specify the stack gap size (in page units).
Implementation wise, first delete all the old code for stack guard page:
because although we could get away with accounting one extra page in a
stack vma, accounting a larger gap can break userspace - case in point,
a program run with "ulimit -S -v 20000" failed when the 1MB gap was
counted for RLIMIT_AS; similar problems could come with RLIMIT_MLOCK
and strict non-overcommit mode.
Instead of keeping gap inside the stack vma, maintain the stack guard
gap as a gap between vmas: using vm_start_gap() in place of vm_start
(or vm_end_gap() in place of vm_end if VM_GROWSUP) in just those few
places which need to respect the gap - mainly arch_get_unmapped_area(),
and and the vma tree's subtree_gap support for that.
Original-patch-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Original-patch-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Tested-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de> # parisc
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I made a mistake in commit bfd20f1. We should skip the force on with the
option enabled instead of vice versa. Not sure why this passed our
performance test, sorry.
Fixes: bfd20f1cc850 ('x86, iommu/vt-d: Add an option to disable Intel IOMMU force on')
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shli@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Joerg Roedel <jroedel@suse.de>
The kmemleak and debug_pagealloc features both disable using huge pages for
direct mappings so they can do cpa() on page level granularity in any context.
However they only do that for 2MB pages, which means 1GB pages can still be
used if the CPU supports it, unless disabled by a boot param, which is
non-obvious. Disable also 1GB pages when disabling 2MB pages.
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Vegard Nossum <vegardno@ifi.uio.no>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/2be70c78-6130-855d-3dfa-d87bd1dd4fda@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Hans managed to trigger a WARN very early in the boot which killed his
(Virtual) box.
The reason is that the recent rework of WARN() to use UD0 forgot to add the
fixup_bug() call to early_fixup_exception(). As a result the kernel does
not handle the WARN_ON injected UD0 exception and panics.
Add the missing fixup call, so early UD's injected by WARN() get handled.
Fixes: 9a93848fe787 ("x86/debug: Implement __WARN() using UD0")
Reported-and-tested-by: Hans de Goede <hdegoede@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Frank Mehnert <frank.mehnert@oracle.com>
Cc: Hans de Goede <hdegoede@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Thayer <michael.thayer@oracle.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170612180108.w4vgu2ckucmllf3a@hirez.programming.kicks-ass.net
Pull key subsystem fixes from James Morris:
"Here are a bunch of fixes for Linux keyrings, including:
- Fix up the refcount handling now that key structs use the
refcount_t type and the refcount_t ops don't allow a 0->1
transition.
- Fix a potential NULL deref after error in x509_cert_parse().
- Don't put data for the crypto algorithms to use on the stack.
- Fix the handling of a null payload being passed to add_key().
- Fix incorrect cleanup an uninitialised key_preparsed_payload in
key_update().
- Explicit sanitisation of potentially secure data before freeing.
- Fixes for the Diffie-Helman code"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jmorris/linux-security: (23 commits)
KEYS: fix refcount_inc() on zero
KEYS: Convert KEYCTL_DH_COMPUTE to use the crypto KPP API
crypto : asymmetric_keys : verify_pefile:zero memory content before freeing
KEYS: DH: add __user annotations to keyctl_kdf_params
KEYS: DH: ensure the KDF counter is properly aligned
KEYS: DH: don't feed uninitialized "otherinfo" into KDF
KEYS: DH: forbid using digest_null as the KDF hash
KEYS: sanitize key structs before freeing
KEYS: trusted: sanitize all key material
KEYS: encrypted: sanitize all key material
KEYS: user_defined: sanitize key payloads
KEYS: sanitize add_key() and keyctl() key payloads
KEYS: fix freeing uninitialized memory in key_update()
KEYS: fix dereferencing NULL payload with nonzero length
KEYS: encrypted: use constant-time HMAC comparison
KEYS: encrypted: fix race causing incorrect HMAC calculations
KEYS: encrypted: fix buffer overread in valid_master_desc()
KEYS: encrypted: avoid encrypting/decrypting stack buffers
KEYS: put keyring if install_session_keyring_to_cred() fails
KEYS: Delete an error message for a failed memory allocation in get_derived_key()
...
INFO: task gnome-terminal-:1734 blocked for more than 120 seconds.
Not tainted 4.12.0-rc4+ #8
"echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs" disables this message.
gnome-terminal- D 0 1734 1015 0x00000000
Call Trace:
__schedule+0x3cd/0xb30
schedule+0x40/0x90
kvm_async_pf_task_wait+0x1cc/0x270
? __vfs_read+0x37/0x150
? prepare_to_swait+0x22/0x70
do_async_page_fault+0x77/0xb0
? do_async_page_fault+0x77/0xb0
async_page_fault+0x28/0x30
This is triggered by running both win7 and win2016 on L1 KVM simultaneously,
and then gives stress to memory on L1, I can observed this hang on L1 when
at least ~70% swap area is occupied on L0.
This is due to async pf was injected to L2 which should be injected to L1,
L2 guest starts receiving pagefault w/ bogus %cr2(apf token from the host
actually), and L1 guest starts accumulating tasks stuck in D state in
kvm_async_pf_task_wait() since missing PAGE_READY async_pfs.
This patch fixes the hang by doing async pf when executing L1 guest.
Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: Radim Krčmář <rkrcmar@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li <wanpeng.li@hotmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
CONFIG_KEYS_COMPAT is defined in arch-specific Kconfigs and is missing for
several 64-bit architectures : mips, parisc, tile.
At the moment and for those architectures, calling in 32-bit userspace the
keyctl syscall would return an ENOSYS error.
This patch moves the CONFIG_KEYS_COMPAT option to security/keys/Kconfig, to
make sure the compatibility wrapper is registered by default for any 64-bit
architecture as long as it is configured with CONFIG_COMPAT.
[DH: Modified to remove arm64 compat enablement also as requested by Eric
Biggers]
Signed-off-by: Bilal Amarni <bilal.amarni@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
cc: Eric Biggers <ebiggers3@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
If "i" is the last element in the vcpu->arch.cpuid_entries[] array, it
potentially can be exploited the vulnerability. this will out-of-bounds
read and write. Luckily, the effect is small:
/* when no next entry is found, the current entry[i] is reselected */
for (j = i + 1; ; j = (j + 1) % nent) {
struct kvm_cpuid_entry2 *ej = &vcpu->arch.cpuid_entries[j];
if (ej->function == e->function) {
It reads ej->maxphyaddr, which is user controlled. However...
ej->flags |= KVM_CPUID_FLAG_STATE_READ_NEXT;
After cpuid_entries there is
int maxphyaddr;
struct x86_emulate_ctxt emulate_ctxt; /* 16-byte aligned */
So we have:
- cpuid_entries at offset 1B50 (6992)
- maxphyaddr at offset 27D0 (6992 + 3200 = 10192)
- padding at 27D4...27DF
- emulate_ctxt at 27E0
And it writes in the padding. Pfew, writing the ops field of emulate_ctxt
would have been much worse.
This patch fixes it by modding the index to avoid the out-of-bounds
access. Worst case, i == j and ej->function == e->function,
the loop can bail out.
Reported-by: Moguofang <moguofang@huawei.com>
Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: Radim Krčmář <rkrcmar@redhat.com>
Cc: Guofang Mo <moguofang@huawei.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li <wanpeng.li@hotmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
It is completely unused and implemented only on x86.
Remove it.
Suggested-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170526172900.91058-1-dvyukov@google.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
During early boot, load_ucode_intel_ap() uses __load_ucode_intel()
to obtain a pointer to the relevant microcode patch (embedded in the
initrd), and stores this value in 'intel_ucode_patch' to speed up the
microcode patch application for subsequent CPUs.
On resuming from suspend-to-RAM, however, load_ucode_ap() calls
load_ucode_intel_ap() for each non-boot-CPU. By then the initramfs is
long gone so the pointer stored in 'intel_ucode_patch' no longer points to
a valid microcode patch.
Clear that pointer so that we effectively fall back to the CPU hotplug
notifier callbacks to update the microcode.
Signed-off-by: Dominik Brodowski <linux@dominikbrodowski.net>
[ Edit and massage commit message. ]
Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 4.10..
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170607095819.9754-1-bp@alien8.de
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 2840 at arch/x86/kvm/vmx.c:10966 nested_vmx_vmexit+0xdcd/0xde0 [kvm_intel]
CPU: 3 PID: 2840 Comm: qemu-system-x86 Tainted: G OE 4.12.0-rc3+ #23
RIP: 0010:nested_vmx_vmexit+0xdcd/0xde0 [kvm_intel]
Call Trace:
? kvm_check_async_pf_completion+0xef/0x120 [kvm]
? rcu_read_lock_sched_held+0x79/0x80
vmx_queue_exception+0x104/0x160 [kvm_intel]
? vmx_queue_exception+0x104/0x160 [kvm_intel]
kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl_run+0x1171/0x1ce0 [kvm]
? kvm_arch_vcpu_load+0x47/0x240 [kvm]
? kvm_arch_vcpu_load+0x62/0x240 [kvm]
kvm_vcpu_ioctl+0x384/0x7b0 [kvm]
? kvm_vcpu_ioctl+0x384/0x7b0 [kvm]
? __fget+0xf3/0x210
do_vfs_ioctl+0xa4/0x700
? __fget+0x114/0x210
SyS_ioctl+0x79/0x90
do_syscall_64+0x81/0x220
entry_SYSCALL64_slow_path+0x25/0x25
This is triggered occasionally by running both win7 and win2016 in L2, in
addition, EPT is disabled on both L1 and L2. It can't be reproduced easily.
Commit 0b6ac343fc (KVM: nVMX: Correct handling of exception injection) mentioned
that "KVM wants to inject page-faults which it got to the guest. This function
assumes it is called with the exit reason in vmcs02 being a #PF exception".
Commit e011c663 (KVM: nVMX: Check all exceptions for intercept during delivery to
L2) allows to check all exceptions for intercept during delivery to L2. However,
there is no guarantee the exit reason is exception currently, when there is an
external interrupt occurred on host, maybe a time interrupt for host which should
not be injected to guest, and somewhere queues an exception, then the function
nested_vmx_check_exception() will be called and the vmexit emulation codes will
try to emulate the "Acknowledge interrupt on exit" behavior, the warning is
triggered.
Reusing the exit reason from the L2->L0 vmexit is wrong in this case,
the reason must always be EXCEPTION_NMI when injecting an exception into
L1 as a nested vmexit.
Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: Radim Krčmář <rkrcmar@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li <wanpeng.li@hotmail.com>
Fixes: e011c663b9c7 ("KVM: nVMX: Check all exceptions for intercept during delivery to L2")
Signed-off-by: Radim Krčmář <rkrcmar@redhat.com>
native_safe_halt enables interrupts, and you just shouldn't
call rcu_irq_enter() with interrupts enabled. Reorder the
call with the following local_irq_disable() to respect the
invariant.
Reported-by: Ross Zwisler <ross.zwisler@linux.intel.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Wanpeng Li <wanpeng.li@hotmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Radim Krčmář <rkrcmar@redhat.com>
CONFIG_EFI_PGT_DUMP=y, as the name suggests, dumps EFI page tables to the
kernel log during kernel boot.
This feature is very useful while debugging page faults/null pointer
dereferences to EFI related addresses.
Presently, this feature is limited only to x86_64, so let's extend it to
other EFI configurations like kexec kernel, efi=old_map and to x86_32 as well.
This doesn't effect normal boot path because this config option should
be used only for debug purposes.
Signed-off-by: Sai Praneeth Prakhya <sai.praneeth.prakhya@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Matt Fleming <matt@codeblueprint.co.uk>
Cc: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Ravi Shankar <ravi.v.shankar@intel.com>
Cc: Ricardo Neri <ricardo.neri@intel.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-efi@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170602135207.21708-13-ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
The firmware for Quark X102x prepends a security header to the capsule
which is needed to support the mandatory secure boot on this processor.
The header can be detected by checking for the "_CSH" signature and -
to avoid any GUID conflict - validating its size field to contain the
expected value. Then we need to look for the EFI header right after the
security header and pass the real header to __efi_capsule_setup_info.
To be minimal invasive and maximal safe, the quirk version of
efi_capsule_setup_info() is only effective on Quark processors.
Tested-by: Bryan O'Donoghue <pure.logic@nexus-software.ie>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kiszka <jan.kiszka@siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andy.shevchenko@gmail.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Matt Fleming <matt@codeblueprint.co.uk>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-efi@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170602135207.21708-11-ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
A SoC variant of Geode GX1, notably NSC branded SC1100, seems to
report an inverted Device ID in its DIR0 configuration register,
specifically 0xb instead of the expected 0x4.
Catch this presumably quirky version so it's properly recognized
as GX1 and has its cache switched to write-back mode, which provides
a significant performance boost in most workloads.
SC1100's datasheet "Geode™ SC1100 Information Appliance On a Chip",
states in section 1.1.7.1 "Device ID" that device identification
values are specified in SC1100's device errata. These, however,
seem to not have been publicly released.
Wading through a number of boot logs and /proc/cpuinfo dumps found on
pastebin and blogs, this patch should mostly be relevant for a number
of now admittedly aging Soekris NET4801 and PC Engines WRAP devices,
the latter being the platform this issue was discovered on.
Performance impact was verified using "openssl speed", with
write-back caching scaling throughput between -3% and +41%.
Signed-off-by: Christian Sünkenberg <christian.suenkenberg@student.kit.edu>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1496596719.26725.14.camel@student.kit.edu
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Pull x86 fixes from Ingo Molnar:
"Misc fixes:
- revert a broken PAT commit that broke a number of systems
- fix two preemptability warnings/bugs that can trigger under certain
circumstances, in the debug code and in the microcode loader"
* 'x86-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
Revert "x86/PAT: Fix Xorg regression on CPUs that don't support PAT"
x86/debug/32: Convert a smp_processor_id() call to raw to avoid DEBUG_PREEMPT warning
x86/microcode/AMD: Change load_microcode_amd()'s param to bool to fix preemptibility bug
Pull EFI fixes from Ingo Molnar:
"Misc fixes:
- three boot crash fixes for uncommon configurations
- silence a boot warning under virtualization
- plus a GCC 7 related (harmless) build warning fix"
* 'efi-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
efi/bgrt: Skip efi_bgrt_init() in case of non-EFI boot
x86/efi: Correct EFI identity mapping under 'efi=old_map' when KASLR is enabled
x86/efi: Disable runtime services on kexec kernel if booted with efi=old_map
efi: Remove duplicate 'const' specifiers
efi: Don't issue error message when booted under Xen
This reverts commit cbed27cdf0e3f7ea3b2259e86b9e34df02be3fe4.
As Andy Lutomirski observed:
"I think this patch is bogus. pat_enabled() sure looks like it's
supposed to return true if PAT is *enabled*, and these days PAT is
'enabled' even if there's no HW PAT support."
Reported-by: Bernhard Held <berny156@gmx.de>
Reported-by: Chris Wilson <chris@chris-wilson.co.uk>
Acked-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Brian Gerst <brgerst@gmail.com>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Luis R. Rodriguez <mcgrof@suse.com>
Cc: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v4.2+
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
When spin_lock_irqsave() deadlock occurs inside the guest, vcpu threads,
other than the lock-holding one, would enter into S state because of
pvspinlock. Then inject NMI via libvirt API "inject-nmi", the NMI could
not be injected into vm.
The reason is:
1 It sets nmi_queued to 1 when calling ioctl KVM_NMI in qemu, and sets
cpu->kvm_vcpu_dirty to true in do_inject_external_nmi() meanwhile.
2 It sets nmi_queued to 0 in process_nmi(), before entering guest, because
cpu->kvm_vcpu_dirty is true.
It's not enough just to check nmi_queued to decide whether to stay in
vcpu_block() or not. NMI should be injected immediately at any situation.
Add checking nmi_pending, and testing KVM_REQ_NMI replaces nmi_queued
in vm_vcpu_has_events().
Do the same change for SMIs.
Signed-off-by: Zhuang Yanying <ann.zhuangyanying@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
This is a fix for the problem [1], where VMCB.CPL was set to 0 and interrupt
was taken on userspace stack. The root cause lies in the specific AMD CPU
behaviour which manifests itself as unusable segment attributes on SYSRET.
The corresponding work around for the kernel is the following:
61f01dd941ba ("x86_64, asm: Work around AMD SYSRET SS descriptor attribute issue")
In other turn virtualization side treated unusable segment incorrectly and
restored CPL from SS attributes, which were zeroed out few lines above.
In current patch it is assured only that P bit is cleared in VMCB.save state
and segment attributes are not zeroed out if segment is not presented or is
unusable, therefore CPL can be safely restored from DPL field.
This is only one part of the fix, since QEMU side should be fixed accordingly
not to zero out attributes on its side. Corresponding patch will follow.
[1] Message id: CAJrWOzD6Xq==b-zYCDdFLgSRMPM-NkNuTSDFEtX=7MreT45i7Q@mail.gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Roman Pen <roman.penyaev@profitbricks.com>
Signed-off-by: Mikhail Sennikovskii <mikhail.sennikovskii@profitbricks.com>
Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: Radim KrÄmář <rkrcmar@redhat.com>
Cc: kvm@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
