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Add a new column to pool stats, which will tell how many pages ideally
can be freed by class compaction, so it will be easier to analyze
zsmalloc fragmentation.
At the moment, we have only numbers of FULL and ALMOST_EMPTY classes,
but they don't tell us how badly the class is fragmented internally.
The new /sys/kernel/debug/zsmalloc/zramX/classes output look as follows:
class size almost_full almost_empty obj_allocated obj_used pages_used pages_per_zspage freeable
[..]
12 224 0 2 146 5 8 4 4
13 240 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
14 256 1 13 1840 1672 115 1 10
15 272 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
[..]
49 816 0 3 745 735 149 1 2
51 848 3 4 361 306 76 4 8
52 864 12 14 378 268 81 3 21
54 896 1 12 117 57 26 2 12
57 944 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
[..]
Total 26 131 12709 10994 1071 134
For example, from this particular output we can easily conclude that
class-896 is heavily fragmented -- it occupies 26 pages, 12 can be freed
by compaction.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When unmapping a huge class page in zs_unmap_object, the page will be
unmapped by kmap_atomic. the "!area->huge" branch in __zs_unmap_object
is alway true, and no code set "area->huge" now, so we can drop it.
Signed-off-by: YiPing Xu <xuyiping@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
record_obj() in migrate_zspage() does not preserve handle's
HANDLE_PIN_BIT, set by find_aloced_obj()->trypin_tag(), and implicitly
(accidentally) un-pins the handle, while migrate_zspage() still performs
an explicit unpin_tag() on the that handle. This additional explicit
unpin_tag() introduces a race condition with zs_free(), which can pin
that handle by this time, so the handle becomes un-pinned.
Schematically, it goes like this:
CPU0 CPU1
migrate_zspage
find_alloced_obj
trypin_tag
set HANDLE_PIN_BIT zs_free()
pin_tag()
obj_malloc() -- new object, no tag
record_obj() -- remove HANDLE_PIN_BIT set HANDLE_PIN_BIT
unpin_tag() -- remove zs_free's HANDLE_PIN_BIT
The race condition may result in a NULL pointer dereference:
Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 00000000
CPU: 0 PID: 19001 Comm: CookieMonsterCl Tainted:
PC is at get_zspage_mapping+0x0/0x24
LR is at obj_free.isra.22+0x64/0x128
Call trace:
get_zspage_mapping+0x0/0x24
zs_free+0x88/0x114
zram_free_page+0x64/0xcc
zram_slot_free_notify+0x90/0x108
swap_entry_free+0x278/0x294
free_swap_and_cache+0x38/0x11c
unmap_single_vma+0x480/0x5c8
unmap_vmas+0x44/0x60
exit_mmap+0x50/0x110
mmput+0x58/0xe0
do_exit+0x320/0x8dc
do_group_exit+0x44/0xa8
get_signal+0x538/0x580
do_signal+0x98/0x4b8
do_notify_resume+0x14/0x5c
This patch keeps the lock bit in migration path and update value
atomically.
Signed-off-by: Junil Lee <junil0814.lee@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky.work@gmail.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [4.1+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Reoder the pages_per_zspage field in struct size_class which can
eliminate the 4 bytes hole between it and stats field.
Signed-off-by: Weijie Yang <weijie.yang@samsung.com>
Reviewed-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We are going to rework how compound_head() work. It will not use
page->first_page as we have it now.
The only other user of page->first_page beyond compound pages is
zsmalloc.
Let's use page->private instead of page->first_page here. It occupies
the same storage space.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Each `struct size_class' contains `struct zs_size_stat': an array of
NR_ZS_STAT_TYPE `unsigned long'. For zsmalloc built with no
CONFIG_ZSMALLOC_STAT this results in a waste of `2 * sizeof(unsigned
long)' per-class.
The patch removes unneeded `struct zs_size_stat' members by redefining
NR_ZS_STAT_TYPE (max stat idx in array).
Since both NR_ZS_STAT_TYPE and zs_stat_type are compile time constants,
GCC can eliminate zs_stat_inc()/zs_stat_dec() calls that use zs_stat_type
larger than NR_ZS_STAT_TYPE: CLASS_ALMOST_EMPTY and CLASS_ALMOST_FULL at
the moment.
./scripts/bloat-o-meter mm/zsmalloc.o.old mm/zsmalloc.o.new
add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 0/3 up/down: 0/-39 (-39)
function old new delta
fix_fullness_group 97 94 -3
insert_zspage 100 86 -14
remove_zspage 141 119 -22
To summarize:
a) each class now uses less memory
b) we avoid a number of dec/inc stats (a minor optimization,
but still).
The gain will increase once we introduce additional stats.
A simple IO test.
iozone -t 4 -R -r 32K -s 60M -I +Z
patched base
" Initial write " 4145599.06 4127509.75
" Rewrite " 4146225.94 4223618.50
" Read " 17157606.00 17211329.50
" Re-read " 17380428.00 17267650.50
" Reverse Read " 16742768.00 16162732.75
" Stride read " 16586245.75 16073934.25
" Random read " 16349587.50 15799401.75
" Mixed workload " 10344230.62 9775551.50
" Random write " 4277700.62 4260019.69
" Pwrite " 4302049.12 4313703.88
" Pread " 6164463.16 6126536.72
" Fwrite " 7131195.00 6952586.00
" Fread " 12682602.25 12619207.50
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We don't let user to disable shrinker in zsmalloc (once it's been
enabled), so no need to check ->shrinker_enabled in zs_shrinker_count(),
at the moment at least.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
A cosmetic change.
Commit c60369f011 ("staging: zsmalloc: prevent mappping in interrupt
context") added in_interrupt() check to zs_map_object() and 'hardirq.h'
include; but in_interrupt() macro is defined in 'preempt.h' not in
'hardirq.h', so include it instead.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In obj_malloc():
if (!class->huge)
/* record handle in the header of allocated chunk */
link->handle = handle;
else
/* record handle in first_page->private */
set_page_private(first_page, handle);
In the hugepage we save handle to private directly.
But in obj_to_head():
if (class->huge) {
VM_BUG_ON(!is_first_page(page));
return *(unsigned long *)page_private(page);
} else
return *(unsigned long *)obj;
It is used as a pointer.
The reason why there is no problem until now is huge-class page is born
with ZS_FULL so it can't be migrated. However, we need this patch for
future work: "VM-aware zsmalloced page migration" to reduce external
fragmentation.
Signed-off-by: Hui Zhu <zhuhui@xiaomi.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The structure zpool_ops is not modified so make the pointer to it a
pointer to const.
Signed-off-by: Krzysztof Kozlowski <k.kozlowski@samsung.com>
Acked-by: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We can pass a NULL cache pointer to kmem_cache_destroy(), because it
NULL-checks its argument now. Remove redundant test from
destroy_handle_cache().
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We can avoid taking class ->lock around zs_can_compact() in
zs_shrinker_count(), because the number that we return back is outdated
in general case, by design. We have different sources that are able to
change class's state right after we return from zs_can_compact() --
ongoing I/O operations, manually triggered compaction, or two of them
happening simultaneously.
We re-do this calculations during compaction on a per class basis
anyway.
zs_unregister_shrinker() will not return until we have an active
shrinker, so classes won't unexpectedly disappear while
zs_shrinker_count() iterates them.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is no need to recalcurate pages_per_zspage in runtime. Just use
class->pages_per_zspage to avoid unnecessary runtime overhead.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is no reason to prevent select ZS_ALMOST_FULL as migration source
if we cannot find source from ZS_ALMOST_EMPTY.
With this patch, zs_can_compact will return more exact result.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We want to see more ZS_FULL pages and less ZS_ALMOST_{FULL, EMPTY}
pages. Put a page with higher ->inuse count first within its
->fullness_list, which will give us better chances to fill up this page
with new objects (find_get_zspage() return ->fullness_list head for new
object allocation), so some zspages will become ZS_ALMOST_FULL/ZS_FULL
quicker.
It performs a trivial and cheap ->inuse compare which does not slow down
zsmalloc and in the worst case keeps the list pages in no particular
order.
A more expensive solution could sort fullness_list by ->inuse count.
[minchan@kernel.org: code adjustments]
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Perform automatic pool compaction by a shrinker when system is getting
tight on memory.
User-space has a very little knowledge regarding zsmalloc fragmentation
and basically has no mechanism to tell whether compaction will result in
any memory gain. Another issue is that user space is not always aware
of the fact that system is getting tight on memory. Which leads to very
uncomfortable scenarios when user space may start issuing compaction
'randomly' or from crontab (for example). Fragmentation is not always
necessarily bad, allocated and unused objects, after all, may be filled
with the data later, w/o the need of allocating a new zspage. On the
other hand, we obviously don't want to waste memory when the system
needs it.
Compaction now has a relatively quick pool scan so we are able to
estimate the number of pages that will be freed easily, which makes it
possible to call this function from a shrinker->count_objects()
callback. We also abort compaction as soon as we detect that we can't
free any pages any more, preventing wasteful objects migrations.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Suggested-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Compaction returns back to zram the number of migrated objects, which is
quite uninformative -- we have objects of different sizes so user space
cannot obtain any valuable data from that number. Change compaction to
operate in terms of pages and return back to compaction issuer the
number of pages that were freed during compaction. So from now on we
will export more meaningful value in zram<id>/mm_stat -- the number of
freed (compacted) pages.
This requires:
(a) a rename of `num_migrated' to 'pages_compacted'
(b) a internal API change -- return first_page's fullness_group from
putback_zspage(), so we know when putback_zspage() did
free_zspage(). It helps us to account compaction stats correctly.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
`zs_compact_control' accounts the number of migrated objects but it has
a limited lifespan -- we lose it as soon as zs_compaction() returns back
to zram. It worked fine, because (a) zram had it's own counter of
migrated objects and (b) only zram could trigger compaction. However,
this does not work for automatic pool compaction (not issued by zram).
To account objects migrated during auto-compaction (issued by the
shrinker) we need to store this number in zs_pool.
Define a new `struct zs_pool_stats' structure to keep zs_pool's stats
there. It provides only `num_migrated', as of this writing, but it
surely can be extended.
A new zsmalloc zs_pool_stats() symbol exports zs_pool's stats back to
caller.
Use zs_pool_stats() in zram and remove `num_migrated' from zram_stats.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Suggested-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Change zs_object_copy() argument order to be (DST, SRC) rather than
(SRC, DST). copy/move functions usually have (to, from) arguments
order.
Rename alloc_target_page() to isolate_target_page(). This function
doesn't allocate anything, it isolates target page, pretty much like
isolate_source_page().
Tweak __zs_compact() comment.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This function checks if class compaction will free any pages.
Rephrasing -- do we have enough unused objects to form at least one
ZS_EMPTY page and free it. It aborts compaction if class compaction
will not result in any (further) savings.
EXAMPLE (this debug output is not part of this patch set):
- class size
- number of allocated objects
- number of used objects
- max objects per zspage
- pages per zspage
- estimated number of pages that will be freed
[..]
class-512 objs:544 inuse:540 maxobj-per-zspage:8 pages-per-zspage:1 zspages-to-free:0
... class-512 compaction is useless. break
class-496 objs:660 inuse:570 maxobj-per-zspage:33 pages-per-zspage:4 zspages-to-free:2
class-496 objs:627 inuse:570 maxobj-per-zspage:33 pages-per-zspage:4 zspages-to-free:1
class-496 objs:594 inuse:570 maxobj-per-zspage:33 pages-per-zspage:4 zspages-to-free:0
... class-496 compaction is useless. break
class-448 objs:657 inuse:617 maxobj-per-zspage:9 pages-per-zspage:1 zspages-to-free:4
class-448 objs:648 inuse:617 maxobj-per-zspage:9 pages-per-zspage:1 zspages-to-free:3
class-448 objs:639 inuse:617 maxobj-per-zspage:9 pages-per-zspage:1 zspages-to-free:2
class-448 objs:630 inuse:617 maxobj-per-zspage:9 pages-per-zspage:1 zspages-to-free:1
class-448 objs:621 inuse:617 maxobj-per-zspage:9 pages-per-zspage:1 zspages-to-free:0
... class-448 compaction is useless. break
class-432 objs:728 inuse:685 maxobj-per-zspage:28 pages-per-zspage:3 zspages-to-free:1
class-432 objs:700 inuse:685 maxobj-per-zspage:28 pages-per-zspage:3 zspages-to-free:0
... class-432 compaction is useless. break
class-416 objs:819 inuse:705 maxobj-per-zspage:39 pages-per-zspage:4 zspages-to-free:2
class-416 objs:780 inuse:705 maxobj-per-zspage:39 pages-per-zspage:4 zspages-to-free:1
class-416 objs:741 inuse:705 maxobj-per-zspage:39 pages-per-zspage:4 zspages-to-free:0
... class-416 compaction is useless. break
class-400 objs:690 inuse:674 maxobj-per-zspage:10 pages-per-zspage:1 zspages-to-free:1
class-400 objs:680 inuse:674 maxobj-per-zspage:10 pages-per-zspage:1 zspages-to-free:0
... class-400 compaction is useless. break
class-384 objs:736 inuse:709 maxobj-per-zspage:32 pages-per-zspage:3 zspages-to-free:0
... class-384 compaction is useless. break
[..]
Every "compaction is useless" indicates that we saved CPU cycles.
class-512 has
544 object allocated
540 objects used
8 objects per-page
Even if we have a ALMOST_EMPTY zspage, we still don't have enough room to
migrate all of its objects and free this zspage; so compaction will not
make a lot of sense, it's better to just leave it as is.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Always account per-class `zs_size_stat' stats. This data will help us
make better decisions during compaction. We are especially interested
in OBJ_ALLOCATED and OBJ_USED, which can tell us if class compaction
will result in any memory gain.
For instance, we know the number of allocated objects in the class, the
number of objects being used (so we also know how many objects are not
used) and the number of objects per-page. So we can ensure if we have
enough unused objects to form at least one ZS_EMPTY zspage during
compaction.
We calculate this value on per-class basis so we can calculate a total
number of zspages that can be released. Which is exactly what a
shrinker wants to know.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patchset tweaks compaction and makes it possible to trigger pool
compaction automatically when system is getting low on memory.
zsmalloc in some cases can suffer from a notable fragmentation and
compaction can release some considerable amount of memory. The problem
here is that currently we fully rely on user space to perform compaction
when needed. However, performing zsmalloc compaction is not always an
obvious thing to do. For example, suppose we have a `idle' fragmented
(compaction was never performed) zram device and system is getting low
on memory due to some 3rd party user processes (gcc LTO, or firefox,
etc.). It's quite unlikely that user space will issue zpool compaction
in this case. Besides, user space cannot tell for sure how badly pool
is fragmented; however, this info is known to zsmalloc and, hence, to a
shrinker.
This patch (of 7):
__zs_compact() does not use `nr_to_migrate', drop it.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Remove zpool_evict() helper function. As zbud is currently the only
zpool implementation that supports eviction, add zpool and zpool_ops
references to struct zbud_pool and directly call zpool_ops->evict(zpool,
handle) on eviction.
Currently zpool provides the zpool_evict helper which locks the zpool
list lock and searches through all pools to find the specific one
matching the caller, and call the corresponding zpool_ops->evict
function. However, this is unnecessary, as the zbud pool can simply
keep a reference to the zpool that created it, as well as the zpool_ops,
and directly call the zpool_ops->evict function, when it needs to evict
a page. This avoids a spinlock and list search in zpool for each
eviction.
Signed-off-by: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjennings@variantweb.net>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The DEBUG define in zsmalloc is useless, there is no usage of it at all.
Signed-off-by: Marcin Jabrzyk <m.jabrzyk@samsung.com>
Acked-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky.work@gmail.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If zs_create_pool()->create_handle_cache()->kmem_cache_create() or
pool->name allocation fails, zs_create_pool()->destroy_handle_cache()
will dereference the NULL pool->handle_cachep.
Modify destroy_handle_cache() to avoid this.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Do not perform cond_resched() before the busy compaction loop in
__zs_compact(), because this loop does it when needed.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is no point in overriding the size class below. It causes fatal
corruption on the next chunk on the 3264-bytes size class, which is the
last size class that is not huge.
For example, if the requested size was exactly 3264 bytes, current
zsmalloc allocates and returns a chunk from the size class of 3264 bytes,
not 4096. User access to this chunk may overwrite head of the next
adjacent chunk.
Here is the panic log captured when freelist was corrupted due to this:
Kernel BUG at ffffffc00030659c [verbose debug info unavailable]
Internal error: Oops - BUG: 96000006 [#1] PREEMPT SMP
Modules linked in:
exynos-snapshot: core register saved(CPU:5)
CPUMERRSR: 0000000000000000, L2MERRSR: 0000000000000000
exynos-snapshot: context saved(CPU:5)
exynos-snapshot: item - log_kevents is disabled
CPU: 5 PID: 898 Comm: kswapd0 Not tainted 3.10.61-4497415-eng #1
task: ffffffc0b8783d80 ti: ffffffc0b71e8000 task.ti: ffffffc0b71e8000
PC is at obj_idx_to_offset+0x0/0x1c
LR is at obj_malloc+0x44/0xe8
pc : [<ffffffc00030659c>] lr : [<ffffffc000306604>] pstate: a0000045
sp : ffffffc0b71eb790
x29: ffffffc0b71eb790 x28: ffffffc00204c000
x27: 000000000001d96f x26: 0000000000000000
x25: ffffffc098cc3500 x24: ffffffc0a13f2810
x23: ffffffc098cc3501 x22: ffffffc0a13f2800
x21: 000011e1a02006e3 x20: ffffffc0a13f2800
x19: ffffffbc02a7e000 x18: 0000000000000000
x17: 0000000000000000 x16: 0000000000000feb
x15: 0000000000000000 x14: 00000000a01003e3
x13: 0000000000000020 x12: fffffffffffffff0
x11: ffffffc08b264000 x10: 00000000e3a01004
x9 : ffffffc08b263fea x8 : ffffffc0b1e611c0
x7 : ffffffc000307d24 x6 : 0000000000000000
x5 : 0000000000000038 x4 : 000000000000011e
x3 : ffffffbc00003e90 x2 : 0000000000000cc0
x1 : 00000000d0100371 x0 : ffffffbc00003e90
Reported-by: Sooyong Suk <s.suk@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Heesub Shin <heesub.shin@samsung.com>
Tested-by: Sooyong Suk <s.suk@samsung.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In putback_zspage, we don't need to insert a zspage into list of zspage
in size_class again to just fix fullness group. We could do directly
without reinsertion so we could save some instuctions.
Reported-by: Heesub Shin <heesub.shin@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjennings@variantweb.net>
Cc: Ganesh Mahendran <opensource.ganesh@gmail.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Gunho Lee <gunho.lee@lge.com>
Cc: Juneho Choi <juno.choi@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
A micro-optimization. Avoid additional branching and reduce (a bit)
registry pressure (f.e. s_off += size; d_off += size; may be calculated
twise: first for >= PAGE_SIZE check and later for offset update in "else"
clause).
scripts/bloat-o-meter shows some improvement
add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 0/1 up/down: 0/-10 (-10)
function old new delta
zs_object_copy 550 540 -10
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Do not synchronize rcu in zs_compact(). Neither zsmalloc not
zram use rcu.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
During investigating compaction, fullness information of each class is
helpful for investigating how the compaction works well. With that, we
could know how compaction works well more clear on each size class.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Juneho Choi <juno.choi@lge.com>
Cc: Gunho Lee <gunho.lee@lge.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjennings@variantweb.net>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We store handle on header of each allocated object so it increases the
size of each object by sizeof(unsigned long).
If zram stores 4096 bytes to zsmalloc(ie, bad compression), zsmalloc needs
4104B-class to add handle.
However, 4104B-class has 1-pages_per_zspage so wasted size by internal
fragment is 8192 - 4104, which is terrible.
So this patch records the handle in page->private on such huge object(ie,
pages_per_zspage == 1 && maxobj_per_zspage == 1) instead of header of each
object so we could use 4096B-class, not 4104B-class.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Juneho Choi <juno.choi@lge.com>
Cc: Gunho Lee <gunho.lee@lge.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjennings@variantweb.net>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Curretly, zsmalloc regards a zspage as ZS_ALMOST_EMPTY if the zspage has
under 1/4 used objects(ie, fullness_threshold_frac). It could make result
in loose packing since zsmalloc migrates only ZS_ALMOST_EMPTY zspage out.
This patch changes the rule so that zsmalloc makes zspage which has above
3/4 used object ZS_ALMOST_FULL so it could make tight packing.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Juneho Choi <juno.choi@lge.com>
Cc: Gunho Lee <gunho.lee@lge.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjennings@variantweb.net>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch provides core functions for migration of zsmalloc. Migraion
policy is simple as follows.
for each size class {
while {
src_page = get zs_page from ZS_ALMOST_EMPTY
if (!src_page)
break;
dst_page = get zs_page from ZS_ALMOST_FULL
if (!dst_page)
dst_page = get zs_page from ZS_ALMOST_EMPTY
if (!dst_page)
break;
migrate(from src_page, to dst_page);
}
}
For migration, we need to identify which objects in zspage are allocated
to migrate them out. We could know it by iterating of freed objects in a
zspage because first_page of zspage keeps free objects singly-linked list
but it's not efficient. Instead, this patch adds a tag(ie,
OBJ_ALLOCATED_TAG) in header of each object(ie, handle) so we could check
whether the object is allocated easily.
This patch adds another status bit in handle to synchronize between user
access through zs_map_object and migration. During migration, we cannot
move objects user are using due to data coherency between old object and
new object.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: zsmalloc.c needs sched.h for cond_resched()]
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Juneho Choi <juno.choi@lge.com>
Cc: Gunho Lee <gunho.lee@lge.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjennings@variantweb.net>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In later patch, migration needs some part of functions in zs_malloc and
zs_free so this patch factor out them.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Juneho Choi <juno.choi@lge.com>
Cc: Gunho Lee <gunho.lee@lge.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjennings@variantweb.net>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Recently, we started to use zram heavily and some of issues
popped.
1) external fragmentation
I got a report from Juneho Choi that fork failed although there are plenty
of free pages in the system. His investigation revealed zram is one of
the culprit to make heavy fragmentation so there was no more contiguous
16K page for pgd to fork in the ARM.
2) non-movable pages
Other problem of zram now is that inherently, user want to use zram as
swap in small memory system so they use zRAM with CMA to use memory
efficiently. However, unfortunately, it doesn't work well because zRAM
cannot use CMA's movable pages unless it doesn't support compaction. I
got several reports about that OOM happened with zram although there are
lots of swap space and free space in CMA area.
3) internal fragmentation
zRAM has started support memory limitation feature to limit memory usage
and I sent a patchset(https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/9/21/148) for VM to be
harmonized with zram-swap to stop anonymous page reclaim if zram consumed
memory up to the limit although there are free space on the swap. One
problem for that direction is zram has no way to know any hole in memory
space zsmalloc allocated by internal fragmentation so zram would regard
swap is full although there are free space in zsmalloc. For solving the
issue, zram want to trigger compaction of zsmalloc before it decides full
or not.
This patchset is first step to support above issues. For that, it adds
indirect layer between handle and object location and supports manual
compaction to solve 3th problem first of all.
After this patchset got merged, next step is to make VM aware of zsmalloc
compaction so that generic compaction will move zsmalloced-pages
automatically in runtime.
In my imaginary experiment(ie, high compress ratio data with heavy swap
in/out on 8G zram-swap), data is as follows,
Before =
zram allocated object : 60212066 bytes
zram total used: 140103680 bytes
ratio: 42.98 percent
MemFree: 840192 kB
Compaction
After =
frag ratio after compaction
zram allocated object : 60212066 bytes
zram total used: 76185600 bytes
ratio: 79.03 percent
MemFree: 901932 kB
Juneho reported below in his real platform with small aging.
So, I think the benefit would be bigger in real aging system
for a long time.
- frag_ratio increased 3% (ie, higher is better)
- memfree increased about 6MB
- In buddy info, Normal 2^3: 4, 2^2: 1: 2^1 increased, Highmem: 2^1 21 increased
frag ratio after swap fragment
used : 156677 kbytes
total: 166092 kbytes
frag_ratio : 94
meminfo before compaction
MemFree: 83724 kB
Node 0, zone Normal 13642 1364 57 10 61 17 9 5 4 0 0
Node 0, zone HighMem 425 29 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
num_migrated : 23630
compaction done
frag ratio after compaction
used : 156673 kbytes
total: 160564 kbytes
frag_ratio : 97
meminfo after compaction
MemFree: 89060 kB
Node 0, zone Normal 14076 1544 67 14 61 17 9 5 4 0 0
Node 0, zone HighMem 863 50 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
This patchset adds more logics(about 480 lines) in zsmalloc but when I
tested heavy swapin/out program, the regression for swapin/out speed is
marginal because most of overheads were caused by compress/decompress and
other MM reclaim stuff.
This patch (of 7):
Currently, handle of zsmalloc encodes object's location directly so it
makes support of migration hard.
This patch decouples handle and object via adding indirect layer. For
that, it allocates handle dynamically and returns it to user. The handle
is the address allocated by slab allocation so it's unique and we could
keep object's location in the memory space allocated for handle.
With it, we can change object's position without changing handle itself.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Juneho Choi <juno.choi@lge.com>
Cc: Gunho Lee <gunho.lee@lge.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjennings@variantweb.net>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently the underlay of zpool: zsmalloc/zbud, do not know who creates
them. There is not a method to let zsmalloc/zbud find which caller they
belong to.
Now we want to add statistics collection in zsmalloc. We need to name the
debugfs dir for each pool created. The way suggested by Minchan Kim is to
use a name passed by caller(such as zram) to create the zsmalloc pool.
/sys/kernel/debug/zsmalloc/zram0
This patch adds an argument `name' to zs_create_pool() and other related
functions.
Signed-off-by: Ganesh Mahendran <opensource.ganesh@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjennings@variantweb.net>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently functions in zsmalloc.c does not arranged in a readable and
reasonable sequence. With the more and more functions added, we may
meet below inconvenience. For example:
Current functions:
void zs_init()
{
}
static void get_maxobj_per_zspage()
{
}
Then I want to add a func_1() which is called from zs_init(), and this
new added function func_1() will used get_maxobj_per_zspage() which is
defined below zs_init().
void func_1()
{
get_maxobj_per_zspage()
}
void zs_init()
{
func_1()
}
static void get_maxobj_per_zspage()
{
}
This will cause compiling issue. So we must add a declaration:
static void get_maxobj_per_zspage();
before func_1() if we do not put get_maxobj_per_zspage() before
func_1().
In addition, puting module_[init|exit] functions at the bottom of the
file conforms to our habit.
So, this patch ajusts function sequence as:
/* helper functions */
...
obj_location_to_handle()
...
/* Some exported functions */
...
zs_map_object()
zs_unmap_object()
zs_malloc()
zs_free()
zs_init()
zs_exit()
Signed-off-by: Ganesh Mahendran <opensource.ganesh@gmail.com>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In zs_create_pool(), we allocate memory more then sizeof(struct zs_pool)
ovhd_size = roundup(sizeof(*pool), PAGE_SIZE);
This patch allocate memory of exactly needed size.
Signed-off-by: Ganesh Mahendran <opensource.ganesh@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In zs_create_pool(), prev_class is assigned (ZS_SIZE_CLASSES - 1) times.
And the prev_class only references to the previous size_class. So we do
not need unnecessary assignement.
This patch assigns *prev_class* when a new size_class structure is
allocated and uses prev_class to check whether the first class has been
allocated.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove now-unused ZS_SIZE_CLASSES]
Signed-off-by: Ganesh Mahendran <opensource.ganesh@gmail.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Reviewed-by: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I sent a patch [1] for unnecessary check in zsmalloc. And Minchan Kim
found zsmalloc even does not support allocating an obj with the size of
ZS_MAX_ALLOC_SIZE in some situations.
For example:
In system with 64KB PAGE_SIZE and 32 bit of physical addr. Then:
ZS_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE is 32 bytes which is calculated by:
MAX(32, (ZS_MAX_PAGES_PER_ZSPAGE << PAGE_SHIFT >> OBJ_INDEX_BITS))
ZS_MAX_ALLOC_SIZE is 64KB(in current code, is PAGE_SIZE)
ZS_SIZE_CLASS_DELTA is 256 bytes
So, ZS_SIZE_CLASSES = (ZS_MAX_ALLOC_SIZE - ZS_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE) /
ZS_SIZE_CLASS_DELTA + 1
= 256
In zs_create_pool(), the max size obj which can be allocated will be:
ZS_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE + i * ZS_SIZE_CLASS_DELTA = 32 + 255*256 = 65312
We can see that 65312 < 65536 (ZS_MAX_ALLOC_SIZE). So we can NOT
allocate objs with size ZS_MAX_ALLOC_SIZE(65536) which we promise upper
users we can do.
[1] http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1411.2/03835.html
[2] http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1411.2/04534.html
This patch fixes this issue by dynamiclly calculating zs_size_classes when
module is loaded, allocates buffer with size ZS_MAX_ALLOC_SIZE. Then the
max obj(size is ZS_MAX_ALLOC_SIZE) can be stored in it.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: restore ZS_SIZE_CLASSES to fix bisectability]
Signed-off-by: Mahendran Ganesh <opensource.ganesh@gmail.com>
Suggested-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The kunmap_atomic should use virtual address getting by kmap_atomic.
However, some pieces of code in zsmalloc uses modified address, not the
one got by kmap_atomic for kunmap_atomic.
It's okay for working because zsmalloc modifies the address inner
PAGE_SIZE bounday so it works with current kmap_atomic's implementation.
But it's still fragile with potential changing of kmap_atomic so let's
correct it.
I got a subtle bug when I implemented a new feature of zsmalloc
(compaction) due to a link's mishandling (the link was over page
boundary). Although it was totally my mistake, it took a while to find
the cause because an unpredictable kmapped address was unmapped causing an
almost random crash.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjennings@variantweb.net>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Mahendran Ganesh reported that zpool-enabled zsmalloc should not call
zpool_unregister_driver() from zs_init() if cpu notifier registration has
failed, because error handling is performed before we register the driver
via zpool_register_driver() call.
Factor out cpu notifier registration and unregistration code and fix
zs_init() error handling.
link: http://lkml.iu.edu//hypermail/linux/kernel/1411.1/04156.html
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: squash bogus gcc warning]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: use __init and __exit]
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Reported-by: Mahendran Ganesh <opensource.ganesh@gmail.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
zsmalloc has many size_classes to reduce fragmentation and they are in 16
bytes unit, for example, 16, 32, 48, etc., if PAGE_SIZE is 4096. And,
zsmalloc has constraint that each zspage has 4 pages at maximum.
In this situation, we can see interesting aspect. Let's think about
size_class for 1488, 1472, ..., 1376. To prevent external fragmentation,
they uses 4 pages per zspage and so all they can contain 11 objects at
maximum.
16384 (4096 * 4) = 1488 * 11 + remains
16384 (4096 * 4) = 1472 * 11 + remains
16384 (4096 * 4) = ...
16384 (4096 * 4) = 1376 * 11 + remains
It means that they have same characteristics and classification between
them isn't needed. If we use one size_class for them, we can reduce
fragementation and save some memory since both the 1488 and 1472 sized
classes can only fit 11 objects into 4 pages, and an object that's 1472
bytes can fit into an object that's 1488 bytes, merging these classes to
always use objects that are 1488 bytes will reduce the total number of
size classes. And reducing the total number of size classes reduces
overall fragmentation, because a wider range of compressed pages can fit
into a single size class, leaving less unused objects in each size class.
For this purpose, this patch implement size_class merging. If there is
size_class that have same pages_per_zspage and same number of objects per
zspage with previous size_class, we don't create new size_class. Instead,
we use previous, same characteristic size_class. With this way, above
example sizes (1488, 1472, ..., 1376) use just one size_class so we can
get much more memory utilization.
Below is result of my simple test.
TEST ENV: EXT4 on zram, mount with discard option WORKLOAD: untar kernel
source code, remove directory in descending order in size. (drivers arch
fs sound include net Documentation firmware kernel tools)
Each line represents orig_data_size, compr_data_size, mem_used_total,
fragmentation overhead (mem_used - compr_data_size) and overhead ratio
(overhead to compr_data_size), respectively, after untar and remove
operation is executed.
* untar-nomerge.out
orig_size compr_size used_size overhead overhead_ratio
525.88MB 199.16MB 210.23MB 11.08MB 5.56%
288.32MB 97.43MB 105.63MB 8.20MB 8.41%
177.32MB 61.12MB 69.40MB 8.28MB 13.55%
146.47MB 47.32MB 56.10MB 8.78MB 18.55%
124.16MB 38.85MB 48.41MB 9.55MB 24.58%
103.93MB 31.68MB 40.93MB 9.25MB 29.21%
84.34MB 22.86MB 32.72MB 9.86MB 43.13%
66.87MB 14.83MB 23.83MB 9.00MB 60.70%
60.67MB 11.11MB 18.60MB 7.49MB 67.48%
55.86MB 8.83MB 16.61MB 7.77MB 88.03%
53.32MB 8.01MB 15.32MB 7.31MB 91.24%
* untar-merge.out
orig_size compr_size used_size overhead overhead_ratio
526.23MB 199.18MB 209.81MB 10.64MB 5.34%
288.68MB 97.45MB 104.08MB 6.63MB 6.80%
177.68MB 61.14MB 66.93MB 5.79MB 9.47%
146.83MB 47.34MB 52.79MB 5.45MB 11.51%
124.52MB 38.87MB 44.30MB 5.43MB 13.96%
104.29MB 31.70MB 36.83MB 5.13MB 16.19%
84.70MB 22.88MB 27.92MB 5.04MB 22.04%
67.11MB 14.83MB 19.26MB 4.43MB 29.86%
60.82MB 11.10MB 14.90MB 3.79MB 34.17%
55.90MB 8.82MB 12.61MB 3.79MB 42.97%
53.32MB 8.01MB 11.73MB 3.73MB 46.53%
As you can see above result, merged one has better utilization (overhead
ratio, 5th column) and uses less memory (mem_used_total, 3rd column).
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: <juno.choi@lge.com>
Cc: "seungho1.park" <seungho1.park@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
