linux/kernel/bpf/memalloc.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/* Copyright (c) 2022 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/llist.h>
#include <linux/bpf.h>
#include <linux/irq_work.h>
#include <linux/bpf_mem_alloc.h>
#include <linux/memcontrol.h>
#include <asm/local.h>

/* Any context (including NMI) BPF specific memory allocator.
 *
 * Tracing BPF programs can attach to kprobe and fentry. Hence they
 * run in unknown context where calling plain kmalloc() might not be safe.
 *
 * Front-end kmalloc() with per-cpu per-bucket cache of free elements.
 * Refill this cache asynchronously from irq_work.
 *
 * CPU_0 buckets
 * 16 32 64 96 128 196 256 512 1024 2048 4096
 * ...
 * CPU_N buckets
 * 16 32 64 96 128 196 256 512 1024 2048 4096
 *
 * The buckets are prefilled at the start.
 * BPF programs always run with migration disabled.
 * It's safe to allocate from cache of the current cpu with irqs disabled.
 * Free-ing is always done into bucket of the current cpu as well.
 * irq_work trims extra free elements from buckets with kfree
 * and refills them with kmalloc, so global kmalloc logic takes care
 * of freeing objects allocated by one cpu and freed on another.
 *
 * Every allocated objected is padded with extra 8 bytes that contains
 * struct llist_node.
 */
#define LLIST_NODE_SZ sizeof(struct llist_node)

/* similar to kmalloc, but sizeof == 8 bucket is gone */
static u8 size_index[24] __ro_after_init = {
	3,	/* 8 */
	3,	/* 16 */
	4,	/* 24 */
	4,	/* 32 */
	5,	/* 40 */
	5,	/* 48 */
	5,	/* 56 */
	5,	/* 64 */
	1,	/* 72 */
	1,	/* 80 */
	1,	/* 88 */
	1,	/* 96 */
	6,	/* 104 */
	6,	/* 112 */
	6,	/* 120 */
	6,	/* 128 */
	2,	/* 136 */
	2,	/* 144 */
	2,	/* 152 */
	2,	/* 160 */
	2,	/* 168 */
	2,	/* 176 */
	2,	/* 184 */
	2	/* 192 */
};

static int bpf_mem_cache_idx(size_t size)
{
	if (!size || size > 4096)
		return -1;

	if (size <= 192)
		return size_index[(size - 1) / 8] - 1;

	return fls(size - 1) - 1;
}

#define NUM_CACHES 11

struct bpf_mem_cache {
	/* per-cpu list of free objects of size 'unit_size'.
	 * All accesses are done with interrupts disabled and 'active' counter
	 * protection with __llist_add() and __llist_del_first().
	 */
	struct llist_head free_llist;
	local_t active;

	/* Operations on the free_list from unit_alloc/unit_free/bpf_mem_refill
	 * are sequenced by per-cpu 'active' counter. But unit_free() cannot
	 * fail. When 'active' is busy the unit_free() will add an object to
	 * free_llist_extra.
	 */
	struct llist_head free_llist_extra;

	/* kmem_cache != NULL when bpf_mem_alloc was created for specific
	 * element size.
	 */
	struct kmem_cache *kmem_cache;
	struct irq_work refill_work;
	struct obj_cgroup *objcg;
	int unit_size;
	/* count of objects in free_llist */
	int free_cnt;
};

struct bpf_mem_caches {
	struct bpf_mem_cache cache[NUM_CACHES];
};

static struct llist_node notrace *__llist_del_first(struct llist_head *head)
{
	struct llist_node *entry, *next;

	entry = head->first;
	if (!entry)
		return NULL;
	next = entry->next;
	head->first = next;
	return entry;
}

#define BATCH 48
#define LOW_WATERMARK 32
#define HIGH_WATERMARK 96
/* Assuming the average number of elements per bucket is 64, when all buckets
 * are used the total memory will be: 64*16*32 + 64*32*32 + 64*64*32 + ... +
 * 64*4096*32 ~ 20Mbyte
 */

static void *__alloc(struct bpf_mem_cache *c, int node)
{
	/* Allocate, but don't deplete atomic reserves that typical
	 * GFP_ATOMIC would do. irq_work runs on this cpu and kmalloc
	 * will allocate from the current numa node which is what we
	 * want here.
	 */
	gfp_t flags = GFP_NOWAIT | __GFP_NOWARN | __GFP_ACCOUNT;

	if (c->kmem_cache)
		return kmem_cache_alloc_node(c->kmem_cache, flags, node);

	return kmalloc_node(c->unit_size, flags, node);
}

static struct mem_cgroup *get_memcg(const struct bpf_mem_cache *c)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM
	if (c->objcg)
		return get_mem_cgroup_from_objcg(c->objcg);
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
	return root_mem_cgroup;
#else
	return NULL;
#endif
}

/* Mostly runs from irq_work except __init phase. */
static void alloc_bulk(struct bpf_mem_cache *c, int cnt, int node)
{
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = NULL, *old_memcg;
	unsigned long flags;
	void *obj;
	int i;

	memcg = get_memcg(c);
	old_memcg = set_active_memcg(memcg);
	for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
		obj = __alloc(c, node);
		if (!obj)
			break;
		if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT))
			/* In RT irq_work runs in per-cpu kthread, so disable
			 * interrupts to avoid preemption and interrupts and
			 * reduce the chance of bpf prog executing on this cpu
			 * when active counter is busy.
			 */
			local_irq_save(flags);
		/* alloc_bulk runs from irq_work which will not preempt a bpf
		 * program that does unit_alloc/unit_free since IRQs are
		 * disabled there. There is no race to increment 'active'
		 * counter. It protects free_llist from corruption in case NMI
		 * bpf prog preempted this loop.
		 */
		WARN_ON_ONCE(local_inc_return(&c->active) != 1);
		__llist_add(obj, &c->free_llist);
		c->free_cnt++;
		local_dec(&c->active);
		if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT))
			local_irq_restore(flags);
	}
	set_active_memcg(old_memcg);
	mem_cgroup_put(memcg);
}

static void free_one(struct bpf_mem_cache *c, void *obj)
{
	if (c->kmem_cache)
		kmem_cache_free(c->kmem_cache, obj);
	else
		kfree(obj);
}

static void free_bulk(struct bpf_mem_cache *c)
{
	struct llist_node *llnode, *t;
	unsigned long flags;
	int cnt;

	do {
		if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT))
			local_irq_save(flags);
		WARN_ON_ONCE(local_inc_return(&c->active) != 1);
		llnode = __llist_del_first(&c->free_llist);
		if (llnode)
			cnt = --c->free_cnt;
		else
			cnt = 0;
		local_dec(&c->active);
		if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT))
			local_irq_restore(flags);
		free_one(c, llnode);
	} while (cnt > (HIGH_WATERMARK + LOW_WATERMARK) / 2);

	/* and drain free_llist_extra */
	llist_for_each_safe(llnode, t, llist_del_all(&c->free_llist_extra))
		free_one(c, llnode);
}

static void bpf_mem_refill(struct irq_work *work)
{
	struct bpf_mem_cache *c = container_of(work, struct bpf_mem_cache, refill_work);
	int cnt;

	/* Racy access to free_cnt. It doesn't need to be 100% accurate */
	cnt = c->free_cnt;
	if (cnt < LOW_WATERMARK)
		/* irq_work runs on this cpu and kmalloc will allocate
		 * from the current numa node which is what we want here.
		 */
		alloc_bulk(c, BATCH, NUMA_NO_NODE);
	else if (cnt > HIGH_WATERMARK)
		free_bulk(c);
}

static void notrace irq_work_raise(struct bpf_mem_cache *c)
{
	irq_work_queue(&c->refill_work);
}

static void prefill_mem_cache(struct bpf_mem_cache *c, int cpu)
{
	init_irq_work(&c->refill_work, bpf_mem_refill);
	/* To avoid consuming memory assume that 1st run of bpf
	 * prog won't be doing more than 4 map_update_elem from
	 * irq disabled region
	 */
	alloc_bulk(c, c->unit_size <= 256 ? 4 : 1, cpu_to_node(cpu));
}

/* When size != 0 create kmem_cache and bpf_mem_cache for each cpu.
 * This is typical bpf hash map use case when all elements have equal size.
 *
 * When size == 0 allocate 11 bpf_mem_cache-s for each cpu, then rely on
 * kmalloc/kfree. Max allocation size is 4096 in this case.
 * This is bpf_dynptr and bpf_kptr use case.
 */
int bpf_mem_alloc_init(struct bpf_mem_alloc *ma, int size)
{
	static u16 sizes[NUM_CACHES] = {96, 192, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096};
	struct bpf_mem_caches *cc, __percpu *pcc;
	struct bpf_mem_cache *c, __percpu *pc;
	struct kmem_cache *kmem_cache;
	struct obj_cgroup *objcg = NULL;
	char buf[32];
	int cpu, i;

	if (size) {
		pc = __alloc_percpu_gfp(sizeof(*pc), 8, GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!pc)
			return -ENOMEM;
		size += LLIST_NODE_SZ; /* room for llist_node */
		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "bpf-%u", size);
		kmem_cache = kmem_cache_create(buf, size, 8, SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU, NULL);
		if (!kmem_cache) {
			free_percpu(pc);
			return -ENOMEM;
		}
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM
		objcg = get_obj_cgroup_from_current();
#endif
		for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
			c = per_cpu_ptr(pc, cpu);
			c->kmem_cache = kmem_cache;
			c->unit_size = size;
			c->objcg = objcg;
			prefill_mem_cache(c, cpu);
		}
		ma->cache = pc;
		return 0;
	}

	pcc = __alloc_percpu_gfp(sizeof(*cc), 8, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!pcc)
		return -ENOMEM;
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM
	objcg = get_obj_cgroup_from_current();
#endif
	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
		cc = per_cpu_ptr(pcc, cpu);
		for (i = 0; i < NUM_CACHES; i++) {
			c = &cc->cache[i];
			c->unit_size = sizes[i];
			c->objcg = objcg;
			prefill_mem_cache(c, cpu);
		}
	}
	ma->caches = pcc;
	return 0;
}

static void drain_mem_cache(struct bpf_mem_cache *c)
{
	struct llist_node *llnode, *t;

	llist_for_each_safe(llnode, t, llist_del_all(&c->free_llist))
		free_one(c, llnode);
	llist_for_each_safe(llnode, t, llist_del_all(&c->free_llist_extra))
		free_one(c, llnode);
}

void bpf_mem_alloc_destroy(struct bpf_mem_alloc *ma)
{
	struct bpf_mem_caches *cc;
	struct bpf_mem_cache *c;
	int cpu, i;

	if (ma->cache) {
		for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
			c = per_cpu_ptr(ma->cache, cpu);
			drain_mem_cache(c);
		}
		/* kmem_cache and memcg are the same across cpus */
		kmem_cache_destroy(c->kmem_cache);
		if (c->objcg)
			obj_cgroup_put(c->objcg);
		free_percpu(ma->cache);
		ma->cache = NULL;
	}
	if (ma->caches) {
		for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
			cc = per_cpu_ptr(ma->caches, cpu);
			for (i = 0; i < NUM_CACHES; i++) {
				c = &cc->cache[i];
				drain_mem_cache(c);
			}
		}
		if (c->objcg)
			obj_cgroup_put(c->objcg);
		free_percpu(ma->caches);
		ma->caches = NULL;
	}
}

/* notrace is necessary here and in other functions to make sure
 * bpf programs cannot attach to them and cause llist corruptions.
 */
static void notrace *unit_alloc(struct bpf_mem_cache *c)
{
	struct llist_node *llnode = NULL;
	unsigned long flags;
	int cnt = 0;

	/* Disable irqs to prevent the following race for majority of prog types:
	 * prog_A
	 *   bpf_mem_alloc
	 *      preemption or irq -> prog_B
	 *        bpf_mem_alloc
	 *
	 * but prog_B could be a perf_event NMI prog.
	 * Use per-cpu 'active' counter to order free_list access between
	 * unit_alloc/unit_free/bpf_mem_refill.
	 */
	local_irq_save(flags);
	if (local_inc_return(&c->active) == 1) {
		llnode = __llist_del_first(&c->free_llist);
		if (llnode)
			cnt = --c->free_cnt;
	}
	local_dec(&c->active);
	local_irq_restore(flags);

	WARN_ON(cnt < 0);

	if (cnt < LOW_WATERMARK)
		irq_work_raise(c);
	return llnode;
}

/* Though 'ptr' object could have been allocated on a different cpu
 * add it to the free_llist of the current cpu.
 * Let kfree() logic deal with it when it's later called from irq_work.
 */
static void notrace unit_free(struct bpf_mem_cache *c, void *ptr)
{
	struct llist_node *llnode = ptr - LLIST_NODE_SZ;
	unsigned long flags;
	int cnt = 0;

	BUILD_BUG_ON(LLIST_NODE_SZ > 8);

	local_irq_save(flags);
	if (local_inc_return(&c->active) == 1) {
		__llist_add(llnode, &c->free_llist);
		cnt = ++c->free_cnt;
	} else {
		/* unit_free() cannot fail. Therefore add an object to atomic
		 * llist. free_bulk() will drain it. Though free_llist_extra is
		 * a per-cpu list we have to use atomic llist_add here, since
		 * it also can be interrupted by bpf nmi prog that does another
		 * unit_free() into the same free_llist_extra.
		 */
		llist_add(llnode, &c->free_llist_extra);
	}
	local_dec(&c->active);
	local_irq_restore(flags);

	if (cnt > HIGH_WATERMARK)
		/* free few objects from current cpu into global kmalloc pool */
		irq_work_raise(c);
}

/* Called from BPF program or from sys_bpf syscall.
 * In both cases migration is disabled.
 */
void notrace *bpf_mem_alloc(struct bpf_mem_alloc *ma, size_t size)
{
	int idx;
	void *ret;

	if (!size)
		return ZERO_SIZE_PTR;

	idx = bpf_mem_cache_idx(size + LLIST_NODE_SZ);
	if (idx < 0)
		return NULL;

	ret = unit_alloc(this_cpu_ptr(ma->caches)->cache + idx);
	return !ret ? NULL : ret + LLIST_NODE_SZ;
}

void notrace bpf_mem_free(struct bpf_mem_alloc *ma, void *ptr)
{
	int idx;

	if (!ptr)
		return;

	idx = bpf_mem_cache_idx(__ksize(ptr - LLIST_NODE_SZ));
	if (idx < 0)
		return;

	unit_free(this_cpu_ptr(ma->caches)->cache + idx, ptr);
}

void notrace *bpf_mem_cache_alloc(struct bpf_mem_alloc *ma)
{
	void *ret;

	ret = unit_alloc(this_cpu_ptr(ma->cache));
	return !ret ? NULL : ret + LLIST_NODE_SZ;
}

void notrace bpf_mem_cache_free(struct bpf_mem_alloc *ma, void *ptr)
{
	if (!ptr)
		return;

	unit_free(this_cpu_ptr(ma->cache), ptr);
}