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Vlastimil Babka 7a8f58f391 mm, page_alloc: fallback to smallest page when not stealing whole pageblock 
Since commit 3bc48f96cf ("mm, page_alloc: split smallest stolen page
in fallback") we pick the smallest (but sufficient) page of all that
have been stolen from a pageblock of different migratetype.  However,
there are cases when we decide not to steal the whole pageblock.

Practically in the current implementation it means that we are trying to
fallback for a MIGRATE_MOVABLE allocation of order X, go through the
freelists from MAX_ORDER-1 down to X, and find free page of order Y.  If
Y is less than pageblock_order / 2, we decide not to steal all pages
from the pageblock.  When Y > X, it means we are potentially splitting a
larger page than we need, as there might be other pages of order Z,
where X <= Z < Y.  Since Y is already too small to steal whole
pageblock, picking smallest available Z will result in the same decision
and we avoid splitting a higher-order page in a MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE or
MIGRATE_RECLAIMABLE pageblock.

This patch therefore changes the fallback algorithm so that in the
situation described above, we switch the fallback search strategy to go
from order X upwards to find the smallest suitable fallback.  In theory
there shouldn't be a downside of this change wrt fragmentation.

This has been tested with mmtests' stress-highalloc performing
GFP_KERNEL order-4 allocations, here is the relevant extfrag tracepoint
statistics:

                                                        4.12.0-rc2      4.12.0-rc2
                                                         1-kernel4       2-kernel4
  Page alloc extfrag event                                  25640976    69680977
  Extfrag fragmenting                                       25621086    69661364
  Extfrag fragmenting for unmovable                            74409       73204
  Extfrag fragmenting unmovable placed with movable            69003       67684
  Extfrag fragmenting unmovable placed with reclaim.            5406        5520
  Extfrag fragmenting for reclaimable                           6398        8467
  Extfrag fragmenting reclaimable placed with movable            869         884
  Extfrag fragmenting reclaimable placed with unmov.            5529        7583
  Extfrag fragmenting for movable                           25540279    69579693

Since we force movable allocations to steal the smallest available page
(which we then practially always split), we steal less per fallback, so
the number of fallbacks increases and steals potentially happen from
different pageblocks.  This is however not an issue for movable pages
that can be compacted.

Importantly, the "unmovable placed with movable" statistics is lower,
which is the result of less fragmentation in the unmovable pageblocks.
The effect on reclaimable allocation is a bit unclear.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170529093947.22618-1-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-07-10 16:32:30 -07:00
arch Merge branch 'x86-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip 2017-07-09 11:21:31 -07:00
block Merge branch 'misc.compat' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs 2017-07-06 20:57:13 -07:00
certs scripts/spelling.txt: add "intialise(d)" pattern and fix typo instances 2017-05-08 17:15:13 -07:00
crypto dmaengine updates for 4.13-rc1 2017-07-08 12:36:50 -07:00
Documentation main drm pull for v4.13 2017-07-09 18:48:37 -07:00
drivers Some small fixes for IPMI, and one medium sized changed. 2017-07-10 10:59:29 -07:00
firmware firmware/Makefile: force recompilation if makefile changes 2017-05-08 17:15:10 -07:00
fs Changes for 4.13: 2017-07-10 10:51:53 -07:00
include swap: add block io poll in swapin path 2017-07-10 16:32:30 -07:00
init mm: allow slab_nomerge to be set at build time 2017-07-06 16:24:31 -07:00
ipc mqueue: fix a use-after-free in sys_mq_notify() 2017-07-09 14:37:19 -07:00
kernel Merge branch 'smp-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip 2017-07-09 11:16:19 -07:00
lib dmaengine updates for 4.13-rc1 2017-07-08 12:36:50 -07:00
mm mm, page_alloc: fallback to smallest page when not stealing whole pageblock 2017-07-10 16:32:30 -07:00
net mpls: fix uninitialized in_label var warning in mpls_getroute 2017-07-08 11:26:41 +01:00
samples bpf: fix return in load_bpf_file 2017-07-05 09:05:28 +01:00
scripts Kbuild thin archives updates for v4.13 2017-07-07 15:11:12 -07:00
security Merge branch 'work.memdup_user' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs 2017-07-05 16:05:24 -07:00
sound main drm pull for v4.13 2017-07-09 18:48:37 -07:00
tools Merge branch 'perf-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip 2017-07-09 10:49:47 -07:00
usr ramfs: clarify help text that compression applies to ramfs as well as legacy ramdisk. 2017-07-06 16:24:30 -07:00
virt PPC: 2017-07-06 18:38:31 -07:00
.cocciconfig
.get_maintainer.ignore
.gitattributes .gitattributes: set git diff driver for C source code files 2016-10-07 18:46:30 -07:00
.gitignore kbuild: Add support to generate LLVM assembly files 2017-04-25 08:13:52 +09:00
.mailmap power supply and reset changes for the v4.12 series (part 2) 2017-05-12 12:02:21 -07:00
COPYING
CREDITS avr32: remove support for AVR32 architecture 2017-05-01 09:27:15 +02:00
Kbuild kbuild: Consolidate header generation from ASM offset information 2017-04-13 05:43:37 +09:00
Kconfig
MAINTAINERS main drm pull for v4.13 2017-07-09 18:48:37 -07:00
Makefile Kbuild thin archives updates for v4.13 2017-07-07 15:11:12 -07:00
README README: add a new README file, pointing to the Documentation/ 2016-10-24 08:12:35 -02:00

README 

Linux kernel
============

This file was moved to Documentation/admin-guide/README.rst

Please notice that there are several guides for kernel developers and users.
These guides can be rendered in a number of formats, like HTML and PDF.

In order to build the documentation, use ``make htmldocs`` or
``make pdfdocs``.

There are various text files in the Documentation/ subdirectory,
several of them using the Restructured Text markup notation.
See Documentation/00-INDEX for a list of what is contained in each file.

Please read the Documentation/process/changes.rst file, as it contains the
requirements for building and running the kernel, and information about
the problems which may result by upgrading your kernel.