rpm-ostree/tests/common/libvm.sh

# Source library for installed virtualized shell script tests
#
# Copyright (C) 2016 Jonathan Lebon <jlebon@redhat.com>
#
# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
# version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# Lesser General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
# License along with this library; if not, write to the
# Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.

if test -z "${LIBTEST_SH:-}"; then
  . ${commondir}/libtest.sh
fi

# prepares the VM and library for action
vm_setup() {
  export VM=${VM:-vmcheck}
  export SSH_CONFIG=${SSH_CONFIG:-${topsrcdir}/ssh-config}
  SSHOPTS="-o User=root -o ControlMaster=auto \
           -o ControlPath=/dev/shm/ssh-$VM-$(date +%s%N).sock \
           -o ControlPersist=yes"

  # If we're provided with an ssh-config, make sure we tell
  # ssh to pick it up.
  if [ -f "${SSH_CONFIG}" ]; then
    SSHOPTS="${SSHOPTS} -F ${SSH_CONFIG}"
  fi
  export SSHOPTS

  export SSH="ssh ${SSHOPTS} $VM"
  export SCP="scp ${SSHOPTS}"
}

# prepares a fresh VM for action via `kola spawn`
vm_kola_spawn() {
  local outputdir=$1; shift

  exec 4> info.json
  mkdir kola-ssh
  setpriv --pdeathsig SIGKILL -- \
    env MANTLE_SSH_DIR="$PWD/kola-ssh" kola spawn -p qemu-unpriv \
    --qemu-image "${topsrcdir}/tests/vmcheck/image.qcow2" -v --idle \
    --json-info-fd 4 --output-dir "$outputdir" &
  # hack; need cleaner API for async kola spawn
  while [ ! -s info.json ]; do sleep 1; done

  local ssh_ip_port ssh_ip ssh_port
  ssh_ip_port=$(jq -r .public_ip info.json)
  ssh_ip=${ssh_ip_port%:*}
  ssh_port=${ssh_ip_port#*:}

  cat > ssh-config <<EOF
Host vmcheck
  HostName ${ssh_ip}
  Port ${ssh_port}
  StrictHostKeyChecking no
  UserKnownHostsFile /dev/null
EOF

  SSH_CONFIG=$PWD/ssh-config
  # XXX: should just have kola output the path to the socket
  SSH_AUTH_SOCK=$(ls kola-ssh/agent.*)
  export SSH_CONFIG SSH_AUTH_SOCK

  # Hack around kola's Ignition config only setting up the core user; but we
  # want to be able to ssh directly as root. We still want all the other goodies
  # that kola injects in its Ignition config though, so we don't want to
  # override it. `cosa run`'s merge semantics would do nicely.
  ssh -o User=core -F "${SSH_CONFIG}" vmcheck 'sudo cp -RT {/home/core,/root}/.ssh'

  vm_setup

  # XXX: hack around https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/14328
  vm_cmd systemctl mask --now systemd-logind

  # Some tests expect the ref to be on `vmcheck`. We should drop that
  # requirement, but for now let's just mangle the origin
  local deployment_root
  vm_cmd ostree refs --create vmcheck "$(vm_get_booted_csum)"
  deployment_root=$(vm_get_deployment_root 0)
  vm_shell_inline_sysroot_rw <<EOF
  sed -ie '/^refspec=/ s/=.*/=vmcheck/' ${deployment_root}.origin
  sed -ie '/^baserefspec=/ s/=.*/=vmcheck/' ${deployment_root}.origin
EOF
  vm_cmd systemctl try-restart rpm-ostreed

  # also move the default yum repos, we don't want em
  vm_cmd mv /etc/yum.repos.d{,.bak}
  vm_cmd mkdir /etc/yum.repos.d
}

# $1 - file to send
# $2 - destination path
vm_send() {
  $SCP ${1} ${VM}:${2}
}

# $1 - destination path
vm_send_inline() {
  f=$(mktemp -p $PWD)
  cat > ${f}
  vm_send ${f} ${1}
  rm -f ${f}
}

# Takes on its stdin a shell script to run on the node. The special positional
# argument `sysroot-rw` indicates that the script needs rw access to /sysroot.
vm_shell_inline() {
  local script=$(mktemp -p $PWD)
  echo "set -xeuo pipefail" > ${script}
  if [ "${1:-}" = 'sysroot-rw' ]; then
    cat >> ${script} <<EOF
    if [ -z "\${RPMOSTREE_VMCHECK_UNSHARED:-}" ]; then
            exec env RPMOSTREE_VMCHECK_UNSHARED=1 unshare --mount bash \$0 $@
    else
            mount -o rw,remount /sysroot
    fi
EOF
  fi
  cat >> ${script}
  vm_send ${script} /tmp/$(basename ${script})
  rm -f ${script}
  vm_cmd bash /tmp/$(basename ${script})
}

# Shorthand for `vm_shell_inline sysroot-rw`.
vm_shell_inline_sysroot_rw() {
  vm_shell_inline sysroot-rw
}

# Like `vm_cmd`, but for commands which need rw access to /sysroot
vm_cmd_sysroot_rw() {
  vm_shell_inline_sysroot_rw <<< "$@"
}

# rsync wrapper that sets up authentication
vm_raw_rsync() {
  local rsyncopts="ssh -o User=root"
  if [ -f "${SSH_CONFIG}" ]; then
    rsyncopts="$rsyncopts -F '${SSH_CONFIG}'"
  fi
  rsync -az --no-owner --no-group -e "$rsyncopts" "$@"
}

vm_rsync() {
  if ! test -f .vagrant/using_sshfs; then
    pushd ${topsrcdir}
    vm_raw_rsync --delete --exclude target/ --exclude bindgen-target/ --exclude .git/ . $VM:/var/roothome/sync
    popd
  fi
}

# run command in vm as user
# - $1    username
# - $@    command to run
vm_cmd_as() {
  local user=$1; shift
  # don't reuse root's ControlPath
  local sshopts="-o User=$user"
  if [ -f "${SSH_CONFIG}" ]; then
    sshopts="$sshopts -F ${SSH_CONFIG}"
  fi
  ssh $sshopts $VM "$@"
}

# run command in vm
# - $@    command to run
vm_cmd() {
  $SSH "$@"
}

# Delete anything which we might change between runs
vm_clean_caches() {
    vm_cmd rm /ostree/repo/refs/heads/rpmostree/pkg/* -rf
}

# run rpm-ostree in vm
# - $@    args
vm_rpmostree() {
    vm_cmd env ASAN_OPTIONS=detect_leaks=false rpm-ostree "$@"
}

# copy the test repo to the vm
# $1  - repo file mode: nogpgcheck (default), gpgcheck, skip (don't send)
vm_send_test_repo() {
  mode=${1:-nogpgcheck}
  # note we use -c here because we might be called twice within a second
  vm_raw_rsync -c --delete ${test_tmpdir}/yumrepo $VM:/var/tmp/vmcheck

  if [[ $mode == skip ]]; then
    return
  fi

  cat > vmcheck.repo << EOF
[test-repo]
name=test-repo
baseurl=file:///var/tmp/vmcheck/yumrepo
EOF

  if [[ $mode == gpgcheck ]]; then
      cat >> vmcheck.repo <<EOF
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora-25-primary
EOF
  else
      assert_streq "$mode" nogpgcheck
      echo "Enabling vmcheck.repo without GPG"
      echo 'gpgcheck=0' >> vmcheck.repo
  fi

  vm_send vmcheck.repo /etc/yum.repos.d
}

# wait until ssh is available on the vm
# - $1    timeout in second (optional)
# - $2    previous bootid (optional)
vm_ssh_wait() {
  local timeout=${1:-0}; shift
  local old_bootid=${1:-}; shift
  if ! vm_cmd true; then
     echo "Failed to log into VM, retrying with debug:"
     $SSH -o LogLevel=debug true || true
  fi
  while [ $timeout -gt 0 ]; do
    if bootid=$(vm_get_boot_id 2>/dev/null); then
        if [[ $bootid != $old_bootid ]]; then
            # if this is a reboot, display some info about new boot
            if [ -n "$old_bootid" ]; then
              vm_rpmostree status
              vm_rpmostree --version
            fi
            return 0
        fi
    fi
    if test $(($timeout % 5)) == 0; then
        echo "Still failed to log into VM, retrying for $timeout seconds"
    fi
    timeout=$((timeout - 1))
    sleep 1
  done
  false "Timed out while waiting for SSH."
}

vm_get_boot_id() {
  vm_cmd cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id
}

# Run a command in the VM that will cause a reboot
vm_reboot_cmd() {
    vm_cmd sync
    local bootid=$(vm_get_boot_id 2>/dev/null)
    vm_cmd "$@" || :
    vm_ssh_wait 120 $bootid
}

# reboot the vm
vm_reboot() {
  vm_reboot_cmd systemctl reboot
}

# check that the given files/dirs exist on the VM
# - $@    files/dirs to check for
vm_has_files() {
  for file in "$@"; do
    if ! vm_cmd test -e $file; then
        return 1
    fi
  done
}

# check that the packages are installed
# - $@    packages to check for
vm_has_packages() {
  for pkg in "$@"; do
    if ! vm_cmd rpm -q $pkg; then
        return 1
    fi
  done
}

# retrieve info from a deployment
# - $1   index of deployment (or -1 for booted)
# - $2   key to retrieve
vm_get_deployment_info() {
  local idx=$1
  local key=$2
  vm_rpmostree status --json | \
    python3 -c "
import sys, json
deployments = json.load(sys.stdin)[\"deployments\"]
idx = $idx
if idx < 0:
  for i, depl in enumerate(deployments):
    if depl[\"booted\"]:
      idx = i
if idx < 0:
  print(\"Failed to determine currently booted deployment\")
  exit(1)
if idx >= len(deployments):
  print(\"Deployment index $idx is out of range\")
  exit(1)
depl = deployments[idx]
if \"$key\" in depl:
  data = depl[\"$key\"]
  if type(data) is list:
    print(\" \".join(data))
  else:
    print(data)
"
}

# retrieve the deployment root
# - $1   index of deployment
vm_get_deployment_root() {
  local idx=$1
  local csum=$(vm_get_deployment_info $idx checksum)
  local serial=$(vm_get_deployment_info $idx serial)
  local osname=$(vm_get_deployment_info $idx osname)
  echo /ostree/deploy/$osname/deploy/$csum.$serial
}

# retrieve info from the booted deployment
# - $1   key to retrieve
vm_get_booted_deployment_info() {
  vm_get_deployment_info -1 $1
}

# print the layered packages
vm_get_layered_packages() {
  vm_get_booted_deployment_info packages
}

# print the requested packages
vm_get_requested_packages() {
  vm_get_booted_deployment_info requested-packages
}

vm_get_local_packages() {
  vm_get_booted_deployment_info requested-local-packages
}

# check that the packages are currently layered
# - $@    packages to check for
vm_has_layered_packages() {
  local pkgs=$(vm_get_layered_packages)
  for pkg in "$@"; do
    if [[ " $pkgs " != *$pkg* ]]; then
        return 1
    fi
  done
}

# check that the packages are currently requested
# - $@    packages to check for
vm_has_requested_packages() {
  local pkgs=$(vm_get_requested_packages)
  for pkg in "$@"; do
    if [[ " $pkgs " != *$pkg* ]]; then
        return 1
    fi
  done
}

vm_has_local_packages() {
  local pkgs=$(vm_get_local_packages)
  for pkg in "$@"; do
    if [[ " $pkgs " != *$pkg* ]]; then
        return 1
    fi
  done
}

vm_has_dormant_packages() {
  vm_has_requested_packages "$@" && \
    ! vm_has_layered_packages "$@"
}

vm_get_booted_stateroot() {
    vm_get_booted_deployment_info osname
}

# retrieve the checksum of the currently booted deployment
vm_get_booted_csum() {
  vm_get_booted_deployment_info checksum
}

# retrieve the checksum of the pending deployment
vm_get_pending_csum() {
  vm_get_deployment_info 0 checksum
}

# make multiple consistency checks on a test pkg
# - $1    package to check for
# - $2    either "present" or "absent"
vm_assert_layered_pkg() {
  local pkg=$1; shift
  local policy=$1; shift

  set +e
  vm_has_packages $pkg;         pkg_in_rpmdb=$?
  vm_has_layered_packages $pkg; pkg_is_layered=$?
  vm_has_local_packages $pkg;   pkg_is_layered_local=$?
  vm_has_requested_packages $pkg; pkg_is_requested=$?
  [ $pkg_in_rpmdb == 0 ] && \
  ( ( [ $pkg_is_layered == 0 ] &&
      [ $pkg_is_requested == 0 ] ) ||
    [ $pkg_is_layered_local == 0 ] ); pkg_present=$?
  [ $pkg_in_rpmdb != 0 ] && \
  [ $pkg_is_layered != 0 ] && \
  [ $pkg_is_layered_local != 0 ] && \
  [ $pkg_is_requested != 0 ]; pkg_absent=$?
  set -e

  if [ $policy == present ] && [ $pkg_present != 0 ]; then
    vm_cmd rpm-ostree status
    assert_not_reached "pkg $pkg is not present"
  fi

  if [ $policy == absent ] && [ $pkg_absent != 0 ]; then
    vm_cmd rpm-ostree status
    assert_not_reached "pkg $pkg is not absent"
  fi
}

# Takes a list of `jq` expressions, each of which should evaluate to a boolean,
# and asserts that they are true.
vm_assert_status_jq() {
    vm_rpmostree status --json > status.json
    assert_jq status.json "$@"
}

vm_pending_is_staged() {
    vm_rpmostree status --json > status-staged.json
    local rc=1
    if jq -e ".deployments[0][\"staged\"]" < status-staged.json; then
        rc=0
    fi
    rm -f status-staged.json
    return $rc
}

# Like build_rpm, but also sends it to the VM
vm_build_rpm() {
    build_rpm "$@"
    vm_send_test_repo
}

# Like uinfo_cmd, but also sends it to the VM
vm_uinfo() {
    uinfo_cmd "$@"
    vm_send_test_repo
}

# Like vm_build_rpm but takes a yumrepo mode
vm_build_rpm_repo_mode() {
    mode=$1; shift
    build_rpm "$@"
    vm_send_test_repo $mode
}

vm_build_selinux_rpm() {
    build_selinux_rpm "$@"
    vm_send_test_repo
}

vm_get_journal_cursor() {
  vm_cmd journalctl -o json -n 1 | jq -r '.["__CURSOR"]'
}

# Wait for a message logged after $cursor matching a regexp to appear
# $1 - cursor
# $2 - regex to wait for
vm_wait_content_after_cursor() {
    from_cursor=$1; shift
    regex=$1; shift
    vm_shell_inline <<EOF
    tmpf=\$(mktemp /var/tmp/journal.XXXXXX)
    for x in \$(seq 60); do
      journalctl -u rpm-ostreed --after-cursor "${from_cursor}" > \${tmpf}
      if grep -q -e "${regex}" \${tmpf}; then
        exit 0
      else
        cat \${tmpf}
        sleep 1
      fi
    done
    echo "timed out after 60s" 1>&2
    journalctl -u rpm-ostreed --after-cursor "${from_cursor}" | tail -100
    exit 1
EOF
}

# Minor helper that makes sure to get quoting right
vm_get_journal_after_cursor() {
  from_cursor=$1; shift
  to_file=$1; shift
  # add an extra helping of quotes for hungry ssh
  vm_cmd journalctl --after-cursor "'$from_cursor'" > $to_file
}

vm_assert_journal_has_content() {
  from_cursor=$1; shift
  vm_get_journal_after_cursor $from_cursor tmp-journal.txt
  assert_file_has_content tmp-journal.txt "$@"
  rm -f tmp-journal.txt
}

# usage: <podman args> -- <container args>
vm_run_container() {
  local podman_args=
  while [ $# -ne 0 ]; do
    local arg=$1; shift
    if [[ $arg == -- ]]; then
      break
    fi
    podman_args="$podman_args $arg"
  done
  [ $# -ne 0 ] || fatal "No container args provided"
  # just automatically always share dnf cache so we don't redownload each time
  # (use -n so this ssh invocation doesn't consume stdin)
  vm_cmd -n mkdir -p /var/cache/dnf
  vm_cmd podman run --rm -v /var/cache/dnf:/var/cache/dnf:z $podman_args \
    registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora:32 "$@"
}

# $1 - service name
# $2 - dir to serve
# $3 - port to serve on
vm_start_httpd() {
  local name=$1; shift
  local dir=$1; shift
  local port=$1; shift

  vm_cmd podman rm -f $name || true
  vm_run_container --net=host -d --name $name --privileged \
    -v $dir:/srv --workdir /srv -- \
    python3 -m http.server $port

  # NB: the EXIT trap is used by libtest, but not the ERR trap
  trap "vm_stop_httpd $name" ERR
  set -E # inherit trap

  # Ideally systemd-run would support .socket units or something
  vm_cmd 'while ! curl --head http://127.0.0.1:8888 &>/dev/null; do sleep 1; done'
}

# $1 - service name
vm_stop_httpd() {
  local name=$1; shift
  vm_cmd podman rm -f $name
  set +E
  trap - ERR
}

# start up an ostree server to be used as an http remote
vm_ostreeupdate_prepare_repo() {
  # Really testing this like a user requires a remote ostree server setup.
  # Let's start by setting up the repo.
  REMOTE_OSTREE=/ostree/repo/tmp/vmcheck-remote
  vm_shell_inline_sysroot_rw <<EOF
  mkdir -p $REMOTE_OSTREE
  ostree init --repo=$REMOTE_OSTREE --mode=archive
EOF
  vm_start_httpd ostree_server $REMOTE_OSTREE 8888
}

# this is split out for the sole purpose of making iterating easier when hacking
# (see below for more details)
_init_updated_rpmmd_repo() {
    vm_build_rpm base-pkg-foo version 1.4 release 8 # upgraded
    vm_build_rpm base-pkg-bar version 0.9 release 3 # downgraded
    vm_build_rpm base-pkg-boo version 3.7 release 2.11 # added
    vm_uinfo add VMCHECK-ENH enhancement
    vm_uinfo add VMCHECK-SEC-NONE security none
    vm_uinfo add VMCHECK-SEC-LOW security low
    vm_uinfo add VMCHECK-SEC-CRIT security critical
    vm_build_rpm base-pkg-enh version 2.0 uinfo VMCHECK-ENH
    vm_build_rpm base-pkg-sec-none version 2.0 uinfo VMCHECK-SEC-NONE
    vm_build_rpm base-pkg-sec-low version 2.0 uinfo VMCHECK-SEC-LOW
    vm_build_rpm base-pkg-sec-crit version 2.0 uinfo VMCHECK-SEC-CRIT
    vm_uinfo add-ref VMCHECK-SEC-LOW 1 http://example.com/vuln1 "CVE-12-34 vuln1"
    vm_uinfo add-ref VMCHECK-SEC-LOW 2 http://example.com/vuln2 "CVE-12-34 vuln2"
    vm_uinfo add-ref VMCHECK-SEC-LOW 3 http://example.com/vuln3 "CVE-56-78 CVE-90-12 vuln3"
    vm_uinfo add-ref VMCHECK-SEC-LOW 4 http://example.com/vuln4 "CVE-12-JUNK CVE-JUNK vuln4"
}

# Start up a remote, and create two new commits (v1 and v2) which contain new
# pkgs. The 'vmcheck' ref on the remote is set at v1. You can then make a new
# update appear later using "vm_ostreeupdate_create v2".
vm_ostreeupdate_prepare() {
    # first, let's make sure the timer is disabled so it doesn't mess up with our
    # tests
    vm_cmd systemctl disable --now rpm-ostreed-automatic.timer

    # Prepare an OSTree repo with updates
    vm_ostreeupdate_prepare_repo

    # (delete ref but don't prune for easier debugging)
    vm_cmd ostree refs --repo=$REMOTE_OSTREE vmcheck --delete

    # now let's build some pkgs that we'll jury-rig into a base update
    # this whole block can be commented out (except the init_updated_rpmmd_repo
    # call) after the first run for a speed-up when iterating locally
    vm_build_rpm base-pkg-foo version 1.4 release 7
    vm_build_rpm base-pkg-bar
    vm_build_rpm base-pkg-baz version 1.1 release 1
    vm_build_rpm base-pkg-enh
    vm_build_rpm base-pkg-sec-none
    vm_build_rpm base-pkg-sec-low
    vm_build_rpm base-pkg-sec-crit
    vm_rpmostree install base-pkg-{foo,bar,baz,enh,sec-{none,low,crit}}
    vm_ostreeupdate_lift_commit $(vm_get_pending_csum) v1
    vm_rpmostree cleanup -p
    # ok, we don't need those RPMs anymore since they're part of the base
    rm -rf $test_tmpdir/yumrepo
    # create new versions of those RPMs that we install in v2; we keep the repo
    # around since that's where e.g. advisories are stored too when analyzing
    # the v2 ostree update
    _init_updated_rpmmd_repo
    vm_rpmostree install base-pkg-{foo,bar,boo,enh,sec-{none,low,crit}}
    vm_ostreeupdate_lift_commit $(vm_get_pending_csum) v2
    vm_rpmostree cleanup -p

    vm_ostreeupdate_create v1
    vm_cmd ostree remote add vmcheckmote --no-gpg-verify http://localhost:8888/
    vm_rpmostree reload
}

vm_ostreeupdate_prepare_reboot() {
    vm_ostreeupdate_prepare
    vm_rpmostree rebase vmcheckmote:vmcheck
    vm_reboot
    vm_rpmostree cleanup -pr
    vm_assert_status_jq ".deployments[0][\"origin\"] == \"vmcheckmote:vmcheck\"" \
                        ".deployments[0][\"booted\"]" \
                        ".deployments[0][\"version\"] == \"v1\""
    vm_rpmostree status --verbose > status.txt
    assert_file_has_content_literal status.txt 'AutomaticUpdates: disabled'
    # start it up again since we rebooted
    vm_start_httpd ostree_server $REMOTE_OSTREE 8888
}

vm_change_update_policy() {
    policy=$1; shift
    vm_shell_inline <<EOF
    cp /usr/etc/rpm-ostreed.conf /etc
    echo -e "[Daemon]\nAutomaticUpdatePolicy=$policy" > /etc/rpm-ostreed.conf
    rpm-ostree reload
EOF
}

# APIs to build up a history on the server. Rather than wasting time
# composing trees for real, we just use client package layering to create new
# trees that we then "lift" into the server before cleaning them up client-side.

# steal a commit from the system repo and tag it as a new version
vm_ostreeupdate_lift_commit() {
  checksum=$1; shift
  # ostree doesn't support tags, so just shove it in a branch
  branch=vmcheck_tmp/$1; shift
  vm_cmd ostree pull-local --repo=$REMOTE_OSTREE --disable-fsync \
    /ostree/repo $checksum
  vm_cmd ostree --repo=$REMOTE_OSTREE refs $branch --delete
  vm_cmd ostree --repo=$REMOTE_OSTREE refs $checksum --create=$branch
}

_commit_and_inject_pkglist() {
  local version=$1; shift
  local src_ref=$1; shift
  vm_cmd ostree commit --repo=$REMOTE_OSTREE -b vmcheck --fsync=no \
    --tree=ref=$src_ref --add-metadata-string=version=$version
  vm_cmd_sysroot_rw rpm-ostree testutils inject-pkglist $REMOTE_OSTREE vmcheck
}

# use a previously stolen commit to create an update on our vmcheck branch,
# complete with version string and pkglist metadata
vm_ostreeupdate_create() {
  version=$1; shift
  _commit_and_inject_pkglist $version vmcheck_tmp/$version
}

# create a new no-op update with version metadata $1
vm_ostreeupdate_create_noop() {
  version=$1; shift
  _commit_and_inject_pkglist $version vmcheck
}

# takes a layered commit, and makes it into a base
vm_ostree_repo_commit_layered_as_base() {
  local repo=$1; shift
  local from_rev=$1; shift
  local to_ref=$1; shift
  local d=$repo/tmp/vmcheck_commit.tmp
  rm -rf $d
  vm_shell_inline_sysroot_rw <<EOF
  ostree checkout --repo=$repo -H --fsync=no $from_rev $d
  # need to update the base rpmdb
  mkdir -p $d/usr/lib/sysimage/rpm-ostree-base-db
  rsync -qa --delete $d/usr/share/rpm/ $d/usr/lib/sysimage/rpm-ostree-base-db
  ostree commit --repo=$repo -b $to_ref --link-checkout-speedup --fsync=no --consume $d
  # and inject pkglist metadata
  rpm-ostree testutils inject-pkglist $repo $to_ref >/dev/null
EOF
}

vm_ostree_commit_layered_as_base() {
  vm_ostree_repo_commit_layered_as_base /ostree/repo "$@"
}

vm_status_watch_start() {
  rm -rf status-watch.txt
  while sleep 1; do
    vm_rpmostree status >> status-watch.txt
  done &
  _status_watch_pid=$!
  # NB: the EXIT trap is used by libtest, but not the ERR trap
  trap "kill $_status_watch_pid" ERR
  set -E # inherit trap
}

vm_status_watch_check() {
  [ -n "${_status_watch_pid:-}" ]
  kill $_status_watch_pid
  _status_watch_pid=
  set +E
  [ -f status-watch.txt ]
  assert_file_has_content_literal status-watch.txt "$@"
  rm -rf status-watch.txt
}