diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 58f5c9379..066ca4945 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ edition = "2018"
 
 [features]
 default = ["cli", "fs"]
-cli = ["anyhow", "fs"]
+cli = ["anyhow", "fs", "same-file"]
 fs = ["dirs", "memmap2", "same-file", "walkdir"]
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/bench/src/bench.rs b/bench/src/bench.rs
index 2a9014903..d4e297bf3 100644
--- a/bench/src/bench.rs
+++ b/bench/src/bench.rs
@@ -41,16 +41,16 @@ fn benchmarks(c: &mut Criterion) {
         // Prepare intermediate results, run warm and fill caches.
         let src = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
         let tree = Rc::new(parse(&src).output);
-        let evaluated = eval(&mut loader, &mut cache, &path, tree.clone(), &scope);
+        let evaluated = eval(&mut loader, &mut cache, Some(&path), tree.clone(), &scope);
         let executed = exec(&evaluated.output.template, state.clone());
         let layouted = layout(&mut loader, &mut cache, &executed.output);
 
         // Bench!
         bench!("parse": parse(&src));
-        bench!("eval": eval(&mut loader, &mut cache, &path, tree.clone(), &scope));
+        bench!("eval": eval(&mut loader, &mut cache, Some(&path), tree.clone(), &scope));
         bench!("exec": exec(&evaluated.output.template, state.clone()));
         bench!("layout": layout(&mut loader, &mut cache, &executed.output));
-        bench!("typeset": typeset(&mut loader, &mut cache, &path, &src, &scope, state.clone()));
+        bench!("typeset": typeset(&mut loader, &mut cache, Some(&path), &src, &scope, state.clone()));
         bench!("pdf": pdf(&cache, &layouted));
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/eval/capture.rs b/src/eval/capture.rs
index bee523ef7..74da4747e 100644
--- a/src/eval/capture.rs
+++ b/src/eval/capture.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ impl<'a> CapturesVisitor<'a> {
     pub fn new(external: &'a Scopes) -> Self {
         Self {
             external,
-            internal: Scopes::new(),
+            internal: Scopes::new(None),
             captures: Scope::new(),
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/eval/mod.rs b/src/eval/mod.rs
index 38c6263e0..c480ddfec 100644
--- a/src/eval/mod.rs
+++ b/src/eval/mod.rs
@@ -23,22 +23,17 @@ use crate::loading::{FileHash, Loader};
 use crate::parse::parse;
 use crate::syntax::visit::Visit;
 use crate::syntax::*;
+use crate::util::PathExt;
 
-/// Evaluated a parsed source file into a module.
-///
-/// The `path` should point to the source file for the `tree` and is used to
-/// resolve relative path names.
-///
-/// The `scope` consists of the base definitions that are present from the
-/// beginning (typically, the standard library).
+/// Evaluate a parsed source file into a module.
 pub fn eval(
     loader: &mut dyn Loader,
     cache: &mut Cache,
-    path: &Path,
+    path: Option<&Path>,
     tree: Rc<Tree>,
-    base: &Scope,
+    scope: &Scope,
 ) -> Pass<Module> {
-    let mut ctx = EvalContext::new(loader, cache, path, base);
+    let mut ctx = EvalContext::new(loader, cache, path, scope);
     let map = tree.eval(&mut ctx);
     let module = Module {
         scope: ctx.scopes.top,
@@ -67,7 +62,7 @@ pub struct EvalContext<'a> {
     /// Evaluation diagnostics.
     pub diags: DiagSet,
     /// The location of the currently evaluated file.
-    pub path: PathBuf,
+    pub path: Option<PathBuf>,
     /// The stack of imported files that led to evaluation of the current file.
     pub route: Vec<FileHash>,
     /// A map of loaded module.
@@ -79,20 +74,24 @@ impl<'a> EvalContext<'a> {
     pub fn new(
         loader: &'a mut dyn Loader,
         cache: &'a mut Cache,
-        path: &Path,
-        base: &'a Scope,
+        path: Option<&Path>,
+        scope: &'a Scope,
     ) -> Self {
+        let path = path.map(PathExt::normalize);
+
         let mut route = vec![];
-        if let Some(hash) = loader.resolve(path) {
-            route.push(hash);
+        if let Some(path) = &path {
+            if let Some(hash) = loader.resolve(path) {
+                route.push(hash);
+            }
         }
 
         Self {
             loader,
             cache,
-            scopes: Scopes::with_base(Some(base)),
+            scopes: Scopes::new(Some(scope)),
             diags: DiagSet::new(),
-            path: path.to_owned(),
+            path,
             route,
             modules: HashMap::new(),
         }
@@ -102,10 +101,13 @@ impl<'a> EvalContext<'a> {
     ///
     /// Generates an error if the file is not found.
     pub fn resolve(&mut self, path: &str, span: Span) -> Option<(PathBuf, FileHash)> {
-        let dir = self.path.parent().expect("location is a file");
-        let path = dir.join(path);
+        let path = match &self.path {
+            Some(current) => current.parent()?.join(path),
+            None => PathBuf::from(path),
+        };
+
         match self.loader.resolve(&path) {
-            Some(hash) => Some((path, hash)),
+            Some(hash) => Some((path.normalize(), hash)),
             None => {
                 self.diag(error!(span, "file not found"));
                 None
@@ -142,10 +144,10 @@ impl<'a> EvalContext<'a> {
         let parsed = parse(string);
 
         // Prepare the new context.
-        let new_scopes = Scopes::with_base(self.scopes.base);
+        let new_scopes = Scopes::new(self.scopes.base);
         let old_scopes = mem::replace(&mut self.scopes, new_scopes);
         let old_diags = mem::replace(&mut self.diags, parsed.diags);
-        let old_path = mem::replace(&mut self.path, resolved);
+        let old_path = mem::replace(&mut self.path, Some(resolved));
         self.route.push(hash);
 
         // Evaluate the module.
diff --git a/src/eval/scope.rs b/src/eval/scope.rs
index cfa2bccd6..e5afb6b00 100644
--- a/src/eval/scope.rs
+++ b/src/eval/scope.rs
@@ -22,16 +22,7 @@ pub struct Scopes<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> Scopes<'a> {
     /// Create a new, empty hierarchy of scopes.
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            top: Scope::new(),
-            scopes: vec![],
-            base: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Create a new hierarchy of scopes with a base scope.
-    pub fn with_base(base: Option<&'a Scope>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(base: Option<&'a Scope>) -> Self {
         Self { top: Scope::new(), scopes: vec![], base }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/eval/value.rs b/src/eval/value.rs
index d10d734af..e2ff5383b 100644
--- a/src/eval/value.rs
+++ b/src/eval/value.rs
@@ -664,7 +664,6 @@ impl From<AnyValue> for Value {
 /// This would allow the type `FontFamily` to be cast from:
 /// - a [`Value::Any`] variant already containing a `FontFamily`,
 /// - a string, producing a named font family.
-#[macro_export]
 macro_rules! value {
     ($type:ty:
         $type_name:literal
diff --git a/src/exec/mod.rs b/src/exec/mod.rs
index 643d5b44a..35e6b55cc 100644
--- a/src/exec/mod.rs
+++ b/src/exec/mod.rs
@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@ use crate::pretty::pretty;
 use crate::syntax::*;
 
 /// Execute a template to produce a layout tree.
-///
-/// The `state` is the base state that may be updated over the course of
-/// execution.
 pub fn exec(template: &TemplateValue, state: State) -> Pass<layout::Tree> {
     let mut ctx = ExecContext::new(state);
     template.exec(&mut ctx);
@@ -53,7 +50,7 @@ impl ExecWithMap for Tree {
 impl ExecWithMap for Node {
     fn exec_with_map(&self, ctx: &mut ExecContext, map: &NodeMap) {
         match self {
-            Node::Text(text) => ctx.push_text(text.clone()),
+            Node::Text(text) => ctx.push_text(text),
             Node::Space => ctx.push_word_space(),
             _ => map[&(self as *const _)].exec(ctx),
         }
@@ -66,7 +63,7 @@ impl Exec for Value {
             Value::None => {}
             Value::Int(v) => ctx.push_text(pretty(v)),
             Value::Float(v) => ctx.push_text(pretty(v)),
-            Value::Str(v) => ctx.push_text(v.clone()),
+            Value::Str(v) => ctx.push_text(v),
             Value::Template(v) => v.exec(ctx),
             Value::Error => {}
             other => {
@@ -93,7 +90,7 @@ impl Exec for TemplateNode {
     fn exec(&self, ctx: &mut ExecContext) {
         match self {
             Self::Tree { tree, map } => tree.exec_with_map(ctx, &map),
-            Self::Str(v) => ctx.push_text(v.clone()),
+            Self::Str(v) => ctx.push_text(v),
             Self::Func(v) => v.exec(ctx),
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/export/pdf.rs b/src/export/pdf.rs
index 0ca4df388..1cc62332a 100644
--- a/src/export/pdf.rs
+++ b/src/export/pdf.rs
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl<'a> PdfExporter<'a> {
 
         // We only write font switching actions when the used face changes. To
         // do that, we need to remember the active face.
-        let mut face = FaceId::MAX;
+        let mut face = None;
         let mut size = Length::zero();
         let mut fill: Option<Fill> = None;
 
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ impl<'a> PdfExporter<'a> {
 
                     // Then, also check if we need to issue a font switching
                     // action.
-                    if shaped.face_id != face || shaped.size != size {
-                        face = shaped.face_id;
+                    if face != Some(shaped.face_id) || shaped.size != size {
+                        face = Some(shaped.face_id);
                         size = shaped.size;
 
                         let name = format!("F{}", self.fonts.map(shaped.face_id));
diff --git a/src/font.rs b/src/font.rs
index 69a309006..516d4bbe7 100644
--- a/src/font.rs
+++ b/src/font.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Formatter};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::geom::Length;
-use crate::loading::Buffer;
-use crate::loading::Loader;
+use crate::loading::{Buffer, Loader};
 
 /// A font face.
 pub struct Face {
@@ -171,7 +170,7 @@ impl FontCache {
         let mut families = HashMap::<String, Vec<FaceId>>::new();
 
         for (i, info) in loader.faces().iter().enumerate() {
-            let id = FaceId(i as u32);
+            let id = FaceId(i as u64);
             faces.push(None);
             families
                 .entry(info.family.to_lowercase())
@@ -259,22 +258,19 @@ impl FontCache {
 
 /// A unique identifier for a loaded font face.
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct FaceId(u32);
+pub struct FaceId(u64);
 
 impl FaceId {
-    /// A blank initialization value.
-    pub const MAX: Self = Self(u32::MAX);
-
     /// Create a face id from the raw underlying value.
     ///
     /// This should only be called with values returned by
     /// [`into_raw`](Self::into_raw).
-    pub fn from_raw(v: u32) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_raw(v: u64) -> Self {
         Self(v)
     }
 
     /// Convert into the raw underlying value.
-    pub fn into_raw(self) -> u32 {
+    pub fn into_raw(self) -> u64 {
         self.0
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/image.rs b/src/image.rs
index 3c5c85732..90252ff33 100644
--- a/src/image.rs
+++ b/src/image.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use image::io::Reader as ImageReader;
 use image::{DynamicImage, GenericImageView, ImageFormat};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use crate::loading::{FileHash, Loader};
+use crate::loading::Loader;
 
 /// A loaded image.
 pub struct Image {
@@ -55,10 +55,8 @@ impl Debug for Image {
 
 /// Caches decoded images.
 pub struct ImageCache {
-    /// Loaded images indexed by [`ImageId`].
-    images: Vec<Image>,
     /// Maps from file hashes to ids of decoded images.
-    map: HashMap<FileHash, ImageId>,
+    images: HashMap<ImageId, Image>,
     /// Callback for loaded images.
     on_load: Option<Box<dyn Fn(ImageId, &Image)>>,
 }
@@ -66,28 +64,22 @@ pub struct ImageCache {
 impl ImageCache {
     /// Create a new, empty image cache.
     pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            images: vec![],
-            map: HashMap::new(),
-            on_load: None,
-        }
+        Self { images: HashMap::new(), on_load: None }
     }
 
     /// Load and decode an image file from a path.
     pub fn load(&mut self, loader: &mut dyn Loader, path: &Path) -> Option<ImageId> {
-        Some(match self.map.entry(loader.resolve(path)?) {
-            Entry::Occupied(entry) => *entry.get(),
-            Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
-                let buffer = loader.load_file(path)?;
-                let image = Image::parse(&buffer)?;
-                let id = ImageId(self.images.len() as u32);
-                if let Some(callback) = &self.on_load {
-                    callback(id, &image);
-                }
-                self.images.push(image);
-                *entry.insert(id)
+        let hash = loader.resolve(path)?;
+        let id = ImageId(hash.into_raw());
+        if let Entry::Vacant(entry) = self.images.entry(id) {
+            let buffer = loader.load_file(path)?;
+            let image = Image::parse(&buffer)?;
+            if let Some(callback) = &self.on_load {
+                callback(id, &image);
             }
-        })
+            entry.insert(image);
+        }
+        Some(id)
     }
 
     /// Get a reference to a loaded image.
@@ -96,7 +88,7 @@ impl ImageCache {
     /// only be called with ids returned by [`load()`](Self::load).
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn get(&self, id: ImageId) -> &Image {
-        &self.images[id.0 as usize]
+        &self.images[&id]
     }
 
     /// Register a callback which is invoked each time an image is loaded.
@@ -110,19 +102,19 @@ impl ImageCache {
 
 /// A unique identifier for a loaded image.
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct ImageId(u32);
+pub struct ImageId(u64);
 
 impl ImageId {
     /// Create an image id from the raw underlying value.
     ///
     /// This should only be called with values returned by
     /// [`into_raw`](Self::into_raw).
-    pub fn from_raw(v: u32) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_raw(v: u64) -> Self {
         Self(v)
     }
 
     /// Convert into the raw underlying value.
-    pub fn into_raw(self) -> u32 {
+    pub fn into_raw(self) -> u64 {
         self.0
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 65e23c799..3c50230f6 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -59,16 +59,33 @@ use crate::layout::Frame;
 use crate::loading::Loader;
 
 /// Process source code directly into a collection of layouted frames.
+///
+/// # Parameters
+/// - The `loader` is used to load fonts, images and other source files.
+/// - The `cache` stores things that are reusable across several compilations
+///   like loaded fonts, decoded images and layouting artifacts.
+/// - The `path` should point to the source file if `src` comes from the file
+///   system and is used to resolve relative paths (for importing and image
+///   loading).
+/// - The `src` is the _Typst_ source code to typeset.
+/// - The `scope` contains definitions that are available everywhere,
+///   typically the standard library.
+/// - The `state` defines initial properties for page size, font selection and
+///   so on.
+///
+/// # Return value
+/// Returns a vector of frames representing individual pages alongside
+/// diagnostic information (errors and warnings).
 pub fn typeset(
     loader: &mut dyn Loader,
     cache: &mut Cache,
-    path: &Path,
+    path: Option<&Path>,
     src: &str,
-    base: &Scope,
+    scope: &Scope,
     state: State,
 ) -> Pass<Vec<Frame>> {
     let parsed = parse::parse(src);
-    let evaluated = eval::eval(loader, cache, path, Rc::new(parsed.output), base);
+    let evaluated = eval::eval(loader, cache, path, Rc::new(parsed.output), scope);
     let executed = exec::exec(&evaluated.output.template, state);
     let layouted = layout::layout(loader, cache, &executed.output);
 
diff --git a/src/library/markup.rs b/src/library/markup.rs
index c218746ba..0a80fe747 100644
--- a/src/library/markup.rs
+++ b/src/library/markup.rs
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ pub fn raw(ctx: &mut EvalContext, args: &mut FuncArgs) -> Value {
 
         let snapshot = ctx.state.clone();
         ctx.set_monospace();
-        ctx.push_text(text.clone());
+        ctx.push_text(&text);
         ctx.state = snapshot;
 
         if block {
diff --git a/src/loading/fs.rs b/src/loading/fs.rs
index ac3f37065..7fa1c1202 100644
--- a/src/loading/fs.rs
+++ b/src/loading/fs.rs
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@ pub struct FsLoader {
     cache: FileCache,
 }
 
-/// Maps from paths to loaded file buffers. When the buffer is `None` the file
-/// does not exist or couldn't be read.
+/// Maps from resolved file hashes to loaded file buffers.
 type FileCache = HashMap<FileHash, Buffer>;
 
 impl FsLoader {
@@ -169,38 +168,29 @@ impl Loader for FsLoader {
     }
 
     fn load_face(&mut self, idx: usize) -> Option<Buffer> {
-        load(&mut self.cache, &self.files[idx])
+        self.load_file(&self.files[idx].clone())
     }
 
     fn load_file(&mut self, path: &Path) -> Option<Buffer> {
-        load(&mut self.cache, path)
+        let hash = self.resolve(path)?;
+        Some(Rc::clone(match self.cache.entry(hash) {
+            Entry::Occupied(entry) => entry.into_mut(),
+            Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
+                let buffer = std::fs::read(path).ok()?;
+                entry.insert(Rc::new(buffer))
+            }
+        }))
     }
 
     fn resolve(&self, path: &Path) -> Option<FileHash> {
-        hash(path)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Load from the file system using a cache.
-fn load(cache: &mut FileCache, path: &Path) -> Option<Buffer> {
-    Some(match cache.entry(hash(path)?) {
-        Entry::Occupied(entry) => entry.get().clone(),
-        Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
-            let buffer = std::fs::read(path).ok()?;
-            entry.insert(Rc::new(buffer)).clone()
+        let file = File::open(path).ok()?;
+        let meta = file.metadata().ok()?;
+        if meta.is_file() {
+            let handle = Handle::from_file(file).ok()?;
+            Some(FileHash::from_raw(fxhash::hash64(&handle)))
+        } else {
+            None
         }
-    })
-}
-
-/// Create a hash that is the same for all paths pointing to the same file.
-fn hash(path: &Path) -> Option<FileHash> {
-    let file = File::open(path).ok()?;
-    let meta = file.metadata().ok()?;
-    if meta.is_file() {
-        let handle = Handle::from_file(file).ok()?;
-        Some(FileHash(fxhash::hash64(&handle)))
-    } else {
-        None
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/loading/mod.rs b/src/loading/mod.rs
index f57b5c730..0e171796b 100644
--- a/src/loading/mod.rs
+++ b/src/loading/mod.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,19 @@ pub trait Loader {
 ///
 /// Should be the same for all paths pointing to the same file.
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub struct FileHash(pub u64);
+pub struct FileHash(u64);
+
+impl FileHash {
+    /// Create an file hash from a raw hash value.
+    pub fn from_raw(v: u64) -> Self {
+        Self(v)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert into the raw underlying hash value.
+    pub fn into_raw(self) -> u64 {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
 
 /// A loader which serves nothing.
 pub struct BlankLoader;
diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
index 449cad20a..d0762b3e7 100644
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ use std::fs;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context};
-
-use typst::loading::Loader;
+use same_file::is_same_file;
 
 fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let args: Vec<_> = std::env::args().collect();
@@ -33,9 +32,7 @@ fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     };
 
     // Ensure that the source file is not overwritten.
-    let src_hash = loader.resolve(&src_path);
-    let dest_hash = loader.resolve(&dest_path);
-    if src_hash.is_some() && src_hash == dest_hash {
+    if is_same_file(src_path, &dest_path).unwrap_or(false) {
         bail!("source and destination files are the same");
     }
 
@@ -47,7 +44,14 @@ fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let mut cache = typst::cache::Cache::new(&loader);
     let scope = typst::library::new();
     let state = typst::exec::State::default();
-    let pass = typst::typeset(&mut loader, &mut cache, &src_path, &src, &scope, state);
+    let pass = typst::typeset(
+        &mut loader,
+        &mut cache,
+        Some(&src_path),
+        &src,
+        &scope,
+        state,
+    );
 
     // Print diagnostics.
     let map = typst::parse::LineMap::new(&src);
diff --git a/src/util.rs b/src/util.rs
index 72db4518b..8a8c04b6d 100644
--- a/src/util.rs
+++ b/src/util.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::ops::Range;
+use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
 
 /// Additional methods for slices.
 pub trait SliceExt<T> {
@@ -79,3 +80,28 @@ impl RangeExt for Range<usize> {
         }
     }
 }
+
+/// Additional methods for [`Path`].
+pub trait PathExt {
+    /// Lexically normalize a path.
+    fn normalize(&self) -> PathBuf;
+}
+
+impl PathExt for Path {
+    fn normalize(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        let mut out = PathBuf::new();
+        for component in self.components() {
+            match component {
+                Component::CurDir => {}
+                Component::ParentDir => match out.components().next_back() {
+                    Some(Component::Normal(_)) => {
+                        out.pop();
+                    }
+                    _ => out.push(component),
+                },
+                _ => out.push(component),
+            }
+        }
+        out
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/typeset.rs b/tests/typeset.rs
index 3f9bbd1d5..604a82758 100644
--- a/tests/typeset.rs
+++ b/tests/typeset.rs
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ fn test(
 fn test_part(
     loader: &mut FsLoader,
     cache: &mut Cache,
-    path: &Path,
+    src_path: &Path,
     src: &str,
     i: usize,
     compare_ref: bool,
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ fn test_part(
     state.page.size = Size::new(Length::pt(120.0), Length::raw(f64::INFINITY));
     state.page.margins = Sides::splat(Some(Length::pt(10.0).into()));
 
-    let mut pass = typst::typeset(loader, cache, path, &src, &scope, state);
+    let mut pass = typst::typeset(loader, cache, Some(src_path), &src, &scope, state);
     if !compare_ref {
         pass.output.clear();
     }