diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 62345eaa6..d7d3384db 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -930,6 +930,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "ahash 0.7.7",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hashbrown"
+version = "0.13.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "43a3c133739dddd0d2990f9a4bdf8eb4b21ef50e4851ca85ab661199821d510e"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash 0.8.6",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.14.2"
@@ -1398,6 +1407,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "arrayvec",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "lasso"
+version = "0.7.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4644821e1c3d7a560fe13d842d13f587c07348a1a05d3a797152d41c90c56df2"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash 0.8.6",
+ "dashmap",
+ "hashbrown 0.13.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lazy_static"
 version = "1.4.0"
@@ -2881,6 +2901,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "image",
  "indexmap 2.0.2",
  "kurbo",
+ "lasso",
  "log",
  "miniz_oxide",
  "once_cell",
@@ -2893,6 +2914,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustybuzz",
  "serde",
  "siphasher",
+ "smallvec",
  "stacker",
  "subsetter",
  "svg2pdf",
diff --git a/crates/typst-cli/src/query.rs b/crates/typst-cli/src/query.rs
index 0db6eb540..cc9cfc230 100644
--- a/crates/typst-cli/src/query.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-cli/src/query.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn format(elements: Vec<Content>, command: &QueryCommand) -> StrResult<String> {
     let mapped: Vec<_> = elements
         .into_iter()
         .filter_map(|c| match &command.field {
-            Some(field) => c.field(field),
+            Some(field) => c.get_by_name(field),
             _ => Some(c.into_value()),
         })
         .collect();
diff --git a/crates/typst-ide/src/analyze.rs b/crates/typst-ide/src/analyze.rs
index 32f3df0d3..4d12e1c5d 100644
--- a/crates/typst-ide/src/analyze.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-ide/src/analyze.rs
@@ -85,10 +85,10 @@ pub fn analyze_labels(
 
     // Labels in the document.
     for elem in introspector.all() {
-        let Some(label) = elem.label().cloned() else { continue };
+        let Some(label) = elem.label() else { continue };
         let details = elem
-            .field("caption")
-            .or_else(|| elem.field("body"))
+            .get_by_name("caption")
+            .or_else(|| elem.get_by_name("body"))
             .and_then(|field| match field {
                 Value::Content(content) => Some(content),
                 _ => None,
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ pub fn analyze_labels(
 
     // Bibliography keys.
     for (key, detail) in (items.bibliography_keys)(introspector.track()) {
-        output.push((Label(key), detail));
+        output.push((Label::new(&key), detail));
     }
 
     (output, split)
diff --git a/crates/typst-ide/src/complete.rs b/crates/typst-ide/src/complete.rs
index 8da50e5a4..325055859 100644
--- a/crates/typst-ide/src/complete.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-ide/src/complete.rs
@@ -1119,11 +1119,11 @@ impl<'a> CompletionContext<'a> {
                     eco_format!(
                         "{}{}{}",
                         if open { "<" } else { "" },
-                        label.0,
+                        label.as_str(),
                         if close { ">" } else { "" }
                     )
                 }),
-                label: label.0,
+                label: label.as_str().into(),
                 detail,
             });
         }
diff --git a/crates/typst-ide/src/tooltip.rs b/crates/typst-ide/src/tooltip.rs
index d358f851b..f90f2aea6 100644
--- a/crates/typst-ide/src/tooltip.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-ide/src/tooltip.rs
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ fn label_tooltip(
     };
 
     for (label, detail) in analyze_labels(world, frames).0 {
-        if label.0 == target {
+        if label.as_str() == target {
             return Some(Tooltip::Text(detail?));
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/Cargo.toml b/crates/typst-library/Cargo.toml
index b348596b2..f4fce3512 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/typst-library/Cargo.toml
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ roxmltree = "0.18"
 rustybuzz = "0.10"
 serde_json = "1"
 serde_yaml = "0.9"
-smallvec = "1.10"
+smallvec = { version = "1.11.1", features = ["union", "const_generics", "const_new"] }
 syntect = { version = "5", default-features = false, features = ["parsing", "regex-fancy", "plist-load", "yaml-load"] }
 time = { version = "0.3.20", features = ["formatting"] }
 toml = { version = "0.8" }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/compute/data.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/compute/data.rs
index dadf0bed3..e4767ebf3 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/compute/data.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/compute/data.rs
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ pub enum Encoding {
 }
 
 /// A value that can be read from a file.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum Readable {
     /// A decoded string.
     Str(Str),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/align.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/align.rs
index f080f677b..9c18266db 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/align.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/align.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ pub struct AlignElem {
 impl Show for AlignElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "AlignElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(Self::set_alignment(self.alignment(styles))))
+        Ok(self
+            .body()
+            .clone()
+            .styled(Self::set_alignment(self.alignment(styles))))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/enum.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/enum.rs
index 436aacb91..8c491dcab 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/enum.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/enum.rs
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ pub struct EnumElem {
     /// + Numbering!
     /// ```
     #[default(Numbering::Pattern(NumberingPattern::from_str("1.").unwrap()))]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub numbering: Numbering,
 
     /// Which number to start the enumeration with.
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ impl Layout for EnumElem {
             ParElem::leading_in(styles).into()
         } else {
             self.spacing(styles)
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| *BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount())
         };
 
         let mut cells = vec![];
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@ impl Layout for EnumElem {
                 parents.pop();
                 content
             } else {
-                match &numbering {
+                match numbering {
                     Numbering::Pattern(pattern) => {
                         TextElem::packed(pattern.apply_kth(parents.len(), number))
                     }
@@ -254,7 +255,7 @@ impl Layout for EnumElem {
             cells.push(Content::empty());
             cells.push(resolved);
             cells.push(Content::empty());
-            cells.push(item.body().styled(Self::set_parents(Parent(number))));
+            cells.push(item.body().clone().styled(Self::set_parents(Parent(number))));
             number = number.saturating_add(1);
         }
 
@@ -301,6 +302,7 @@ cast! {
     v: Content => v.to::<Self>().cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| Self::new(v.clone())),
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Hash)]
 struct Parent(usize);
 
 cast! {
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/flow.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/flow.rs
index 1feee4b85..5c795c81c 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/flow.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/flow.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use std::mem;
 
+use comemo::Prehashed;
+
 use super::{
     AlignElem, BlockElem, ColbreakElem, ColumnsElem, ParElem, PlaceElem, Spacing, VElem,
 };
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::visualize::{
 pub struct FlowElem {
     /// The children that will be arranges into a flow.
     #[variadic]
-    pub children: Vec<Content>,
+    pub children: Vec<Prehashed<Content>>,
 }
 
 impl Layout for FlowElem {
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ impl Layout for FlowElem {
         }
         let mut layouter = FlowLayouter::new(regions, styles);
 
-        for mut child in &self.children() {
+        for mut child in self.children().iter().map(|c| &**c) {
             let outer = styles;
             let mut styles = styles;
             if let Some((elem, map)) = child.to_styled() {
@@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
                     rel.resolve(styles).relative_to(self.initial.y),
                     v.weakness(styles) > 0,
                 ),
-                Spacing::Fr(fr) => FlowItem::Fractional(fr),
+                Spacing::Fr(fr) => FlowItem::Fractional(*fr),
             },
         )
     }
@@ -701,7 +703,7 @@ fn find_footnotes(notes: &mut Vec<FootnoteElem>, frame: &Frame) {
         match item {
             FrameItem::Group(group) => find_footnotes(notes, &group.frame),
             FrameItem::Meta(Meta::Elem(content), _)
-                if !notes.iter().any(|note| note.0.location() == content.location()) =>
+                if !notes.iter().any(|note| note.location() == content.location()) =>
             {
                 let Some(footnote) = content.to::<FootnoteElem>() else { continue };
                 notes.push(footnote.clone());
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/grid.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/grid.rs
index 8d0157823..b29adeb9e 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/grid.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/grid.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec};
+
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::text::TextElem;
 
@@ -66,12 +68,14 @@ pub struct GridElem {
     /// with that many `{auto}`-sized columns. Note that opposed to rows and
     /// gutters, providing a single track size will only ever create a single
     /// column.
+    #[borrowed]
     pub columns: TrackSizings,
 
     /// The row sizes.
     ///
     /// If there are more cells than fit the defined rows, the last row is
     /// repeated until there are no more cells.
+    #[borrowed]
     pub rows: TrackSizings,
 
     /// The gaps between rows & columns.
@@ -85,10 +89,12 @@ pub struct GridElem {
         let gutter = args.named("gutter")?;
         args.named("column-gutter")?.or_else(|| gutter.clone())
     )]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub column_gutter: TrackSizings,
 
     /// The gaps between rows. Takes precedence over `gutter`.
     #[parse(args.named("row-gutter")?.or_else(|| gutter.clone()))]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub row_gutter: TrackSizings,
 
     /// The contents of the grid cells.
@@ -106,12 +112,16 @@ impl Layout for GridElem {
         styles: StyleChain,
         regions: Regions,
     ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
+        let columns = self.columns(styles);
+        let rows = self.rows(styles);
+        let column_gutter = self.column_gutter(styles);
+        let row_gutter = self.row_gutter(styles);
+
         // Prepare grid layout by unifying content and gutter tracks.
-        let cells = self.children();
         let layouter = GridLayouter::new(
-            Axes::new(&self.columns(styles).0, &self.rows(styles).0),
-            Axes::new(&self.column_gutter(styles).0, &self.row_gutter(styles).0),
-            &cells,
+            Axes::new(&columns.0, &rows.0),
+            Axes::new(&column_gutter.0, &row_gutter.0),
+            &self.children,
             regions,
             styles,
             self.span(),
@@ -124,13 +134,13 @@ impl Layout for GridElem {
 
 /// Track sizing definitions.
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub struct TrackSizings(pub Vec<Sizing>);
+pub struct TrackSizings(pub SmallVec<[Sizing; 4]>);
 
 cast! {
     TrackSizings,
     self => self.0.into_value(),
-    sizing: Sizing => Self(vec![sizing]),
-    count: NonZeroUsize => Self(vec![Sizing::Auto; count.get()]),
+    sizing: Sizing => Self(smallvec![sizing]),
+    count: NonZeroUsize => Self(smallvec![Sizing::Auto; count.get()]),
     values: Array => Self(values.into_iter().map(Value::cast).collect::<StrResult<_>>()?),
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/hide.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/hide.rs
index 7f17a7d73..af3d06311 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/hide.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/hide.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use smallvec::smallvec;
+
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// Hides content without affecting layout.
@@ -22,6 +24,6 @@ pub struct HideElem {
 impl Show for HideElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "HideElem::show", skip(self))]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(MetaElem::set_data(vec![Meta::Hide])))
+        Ok(self.body().clone().styled(MetaElem::set_data(smallvec![Meta::Hide])))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/list.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/list.rs
index 34e0e6fbe..18c89a24b 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/list.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/list.rs
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ pub struct ListElem {
     ///   - Items
     /// - Items
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     #[default(ListMarker::Content(vec![TextElem::packed('•')]))]
     pub marker: ListMarker,
 
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ impl Layout for ListElem {
             ParElem::leading_in(styles).into()
         } else {
             self.spacing(styles)
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| *BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount())
         };
 
         let depth = self.depth(styles);
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ impl Layout for ListElem {
             cells.push(Content::empty());
             cells.push(marker.clone());
             cells.push(Content::empty());
-            cells.push(item.body().styled(Self::set_depth(Depth)));
+            cells.push(item.body().clone().styled(Self::set_depth(Depth)));
         }
 
         let layouter = GridLayouter::new(
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ cast! {
 }
 
 /// A list's marker.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum ListMarker {
     Content(Vec<Content>),
     Func(Func),
@@ -221,6 +222,7 @@ cast! {
     v: Func => Self::Func(v),
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Hash)]
 struct Depth;
 
 cast! {
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/mod.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/mod.rs
index 1c7c26103..d31f68416 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/mod.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ pub use self::table::*;
 pub use self::terms::*;
 pub use self::transform::*;
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::mem;
 
 use typed_arena::Arena;
@@ -242,16 +243,16 @@ fn realize_root<'a>(
     scratch: &'a Scratch<'a>,
     content: &'a Content,
     styles: StyleChain<'a>,
-) -> SourceResult<(Content, StyleChain<'a>)> {
+) -> SourceResult<(Cow<'a, Content>, StyleChain<'a>)> {
     if content.can::<dyn LayoutRoot>() && !applicable(content, styles) {
-        return Ok((content.clone(), styles));
+        return Ok((Cow::Borrowed(content), styles));
     }
 
     let mut builder = Builder::new(vt, scratch, true);
     builder.accept(content, styles)?;
     builder.interrupt_page(Some(styles), true)?;
     let (pages, shared) = builder.doc.unwrap().pages.finish();
-    Ok((DocumentElem::new(pages.to_vec()).pack(), shared))
+    Ok((Cow::Owned(DocumentElem::new(pages.to_vec()).pack()), shared))
 }
 
 /// Realize into an element that is capable of block-level layout.
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ fn realize_block<'a>(
     scratch: &'a Scratch<'a>,
     content: &'a Content,
     styles: StyleChain<'a>,
-) -> SourceResult<(Content, StyleChain<'a>)> {
+) -> SourceResult<(Cow<'a, Content>, StyleChain<'a>)> {
     // These elements implement `Layout` but still require a flow for
     // proper layout.
     if content.can::<dyn Layout>()
@@ -277,14 +278,14 @@ fn realize_block<'a>(
         && !content.is::<PlaceElem>()
         && !applicable(content, styles)
     {
-        return Ok((content.clone(), styles));
+        return Ok((Cow::Borrowed(content), styles));
     }
 
     let mut builder = Builder::new(vt, scratch, false);
     builder.accept(content, styles)?;
     builder.interrupt_par()?;
     let (children, shared) = builder.flow.0.finish();
-    Ok((FlowElem::new(children.to_vec()).pack(), shared))
+    Ok((Cow::Owned(FlowElem::new(children.to_vec()).pack()), shared))
 }
 
 /// Builds a document or a flow element from content.
@@ -509,7 +510,7 @@ impl<'a, 'v, 't> Builder<'a, 'v, 't> {
 /// Accepts pagebreaks and pages.
 struct DocBuilder<'a> {
     /// The page runs built so far.
-    pages: StyleVecBuilder<'a, Content>,
+    pages: StyleVecBuilder<'a, Cow<'a, Content>>,
     /// Whether to keep a following page even if it is empty.
     keep_next: bool,
     /// Whether the next page should be cleared to an even or odd number.
@@ -517,7 +518,7 @@ struct DocBuilder<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> DocBuilder<'a> {
-    fn accept(&mut self, content: &Content, styles: StyleChain<'a>) -> bool {
+    fn accept(&mut self, content: &'a Content, styles: StyleChain<'a>) -> bool {
         if let Some(pagebreak) = content.to::<PagebreakElem>() {
             self.keep_next = !pagebreak.weak(styles);
             self.clear_next = pagebreak.to(styles);
@@ -528,9 +529,9 @@ impl<'a> DocBuilder<'a> {
             let elem = if let Some(clear_to) = self.clear_next.take() {
                 let mut page = page.clone();
                 page.push_clear_to(Some(clear_to));
-                page.pack()
+                Cow::Owned(page.pack())
             } else {
-                content.clone()
+                Cow::Borrowed(content)
             };
 
             self.pages.push(elem, styles);
@@ -571,7 +572,7 @@ impl<'a> FlowBuilder<'a> {
             || content.is::<MetaElem>()
             || content.is::<PlaceElem>()
         {
-            self.0.push(content.clone(), styles);
+            self.0.push(Cow::Borrowed(content), styles);
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -589,7 +590,7 @@ impl<'a> FlowBuilder<'a> {
             if !last_was_parbreak && is_tight_list {
                 let leading = ParElem::leading_in(styles);
                 let spacing = VElem::list_attach(leading.into());
-                self.0.push(spacing.pack(), styles);
+                self.0.push(Cow::Owned(spacing.pack()), styles);
             }
 
             let (above, below) = if let Some(block) = content.to::<BlockElem>() {
@@ -598,9 +599,9 @@ impl<'a> FlowBuilder<'a> {
                 (BlockElem::above_in(styles), BlockElem::below_in(styles))
             };
 
-            self.0.push(above.pack(), styles);
-            self.0.push(content.clone(), styles);
-            self.0.push(below.pack(), styles);
+            self.0.push(Cow::Owned(above.pack()), styles);
+            self.0.push(Cow::Borrowed(content), styles);
+            self.0.push(Cow::Owned(below.pack()), styles);
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -616,7 +617,7 @@ impl<'a> ParBuilder<'a> {
     fn accept(&mut self, content: &'a Content, styles: StyleChain<'a>) -> bool {
         if content.is::<MetaElem>() {
             if self.0.has_strong_elements(false) {
-                self.0.push(content.clone(), styles);
+                self.0.push(Cow::Borrowed(content), styles);
                 return true;
             }
         } else if content.is::<SpaceElem>()
@@ -627,7 +628,7 @@ impl<'a> ParBuilder<'a> {
             || content.to::<EquationElem>().map_or(false, |elem| !elem.block(styles))
             || content.is::<BoxElem>()
         {
-            self.0.push(content.clone(), styles);
+            self.0.push(Cow::Borrowed(content), styles);
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -643,7 +644,7 @@ impl<'a> ParBuilder<'a> {
 /// Accepts list / enum items, spaces, paragraph breaks.
 struct ListBuilder<'a> {
     /// The list items collected so far.
-    items: StyleVecBuilder<'a, Content>,
+    items: StyleVecBuilder<'a, Cow<'a, Content>>,
     /// Whether the list contains no paragraph breaks.
     tight: bool,
     /// Trailing content for which it is unclear whether it is part of the list.
@@ -668,7 +669,7 @@ impl<'a> ListBuilder<'a> {
                 .next()
                 .map_or(true, |first| first.func() == content.func())
         {
-            self.items.push(content.clone(), styles);
+            self.items.push(Cow::Borrowed(content), styles);
             self.tight &= self.staged.drain(..).all(|(t, _)| !t.is::<ParbreakElem>());
             return true;
         }
@@ -685,7 +686,8 @@ impl<'a> ListBuilder<'a> {
                     .iter()
                     .map(|(item, local)| {
                         let item = item.to::<ListItem>().unwrap();
-                        item.clone().with_body(item.body().styled_with_map(local.clone()))
+                        item.clone()
+                            .with_body(item.body().clone().styled_with_map(local.clone()))
                     })
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             )
@@ -697,7 +699,8 @@ impl<'a> ListBuilder<'a> {
                     .iter()
                     .map(|(item, local)| {
                         let item = item.to::<EnumItem>().unwrap();
-                        item.clone().with_body(item.body().styled_with_map(local.clone()))
+                        item.clone()
+                            .with_body(item.body().clone().styled_with_map(local.clone()))
                     })
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             )
@@ -710,9 +713,9 @@ impl<'a> ListBuilder<'a> {
                     .map(|(item, local)| {
                         let item = item.to::<TermItem>().unwrap();
                         item.clone()
-                            .with_term(item.term().styled_with_map(local.clone()))
+                            .with_term(item.term().clone().styled_with_map(local.clone()))
                             .with_description(
-                                item.description().styled_with_map(local.clone()),
+                                item.description().clone().styled_with_map(local.clone()),
                             )
                     })
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/page.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/page.rs
index 495b390dc..5f8f90c14 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/page.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/page.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::ptr;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ pub struct PageElem {
     /// #set text(fill: rgb("fdfdfd"))
     /// *Dark mode enabled.*
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub fill: Option<Paint>,
 
     /// How to [number]($numbering) the pages.
@@ -188,6 +190,7 @@ pub struct PageElem {
     ///
     /// #lorem(48)
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub numbering: Option<Numbering>,
 
     /// The alignment of the page numbering.
@@ -233,6 +236,7 @@ pub struct PageElem {
     ///
     /// #lorem(19)
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub header: Option<Content>,
 
     /// The amount the header is raised into the top margin.
@@ -263,6 +267,7 @@ pub struct PageElem {
     ///
     /// #lorem(48)
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub footer: Option<Content>,
 
     /// The amount the footer is lowered into the bottom margin.
@@ -286,6 +291,7 @@ pub struct PageElem {
     /// In the year 2023, we plan to take
     /// over the world (of typesetting).
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub background: Option<Content>,
 
     /// Content in the page's foreground.
@@ -299,6 +305,7 @@ pub struct PageElem {
     /// "Weak Reject" because they did
     /// not understand our approach...
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub foreground: Option<Content>,
 
     /// The contents of the page(s).
@@ -364,7 +371,7 @@ impl PageElem {
                 });
 
         // Realize columns.
-        let mut child = self.body();
+        let mut child = self.body().clone();
         let columns = self.columns(styles);
         if columns.get() > 1 {
             child = ColumnsElem::new(child).with_count(columns).pack();
@@ -388,25 +395,25 @@ impl PageElem {
         }
 
         let fill = self.fill(styles);
-        let foreground = self.foreground(styles);
-        let background = self.background(styles);
+        let foreground = Cow::Borrowed(self.foreground(styles));
+        let background = Cow::Borrowed(self.background(styles));
         let header_ascent = self.header_ascent(styles);
         let footer_descent = self.footer_descent(styles);
         let numbering = self.numbering(styles);
         let numbering_meta = Meta::PageNumbering(numbering.clone().into_value());
         let number_align = self.number_align(styles);
-        let mut header = self.header(styles);
-        let mut footer = self.footer(styles);
+        let mut header = Cow::Borrowed(self.header(styles));
+        let mut footer = Cow::Borrowed(self.footer(styles));
 
         // Construct the numbering (for header or footer).
-        let numbering_marginal = numbering.clone().map(|numbering| {
-            let both = match &numbering {
+        let numbering_marginal = Cow::Owned(numbering.as_ref().map(|numbering| {
+            let both = match numbering {
                 Numbering::Pattern(pattern) => pattern.pieces() >= 2,
                 Numbering::Func(_) => true,
             };
 
             let mut counter =
-                Counter::new(CounterKey::Page).display(Some(numbering), both);
+                Counter::new(CounterKey::Page).display(Some(numbering.clone()), both);
 
             // We interpret the Y alignment as selecting header or footer
             // and then ignore it for aligning the actual number.
@@ -415,12 +422,12 @@ impl PageElem {
             }
 
             counter
-        });
+        }));
 
         if matches!(number_align.y(), Some(VAlign::Top)) {
-            header = header.or(numbering_marginal);
+            header = if header.is_some() { header } else { numbering_marginal };
         } else {
-            footer = footer.or(numbering_marginal);
+            footer = if footer.is_some() { footer } else { numbering_marginal };
         }
 
         // Post-process pages.
@@ -455,7 +462,7 @@ impl PageElem {
             ] {
                 tracing::info!("Layouting {name}");
 
-                let Some(content) = marginal else { continue };
+                let Some(content) = &**marginal else { continue };
 
                 let (pos, area, align);
                 if ptr::eq(marginal, &header) {
@@ -488,14 +495,14 @@ impl PageElem {
                 }
             }
 
-            if let Some(fill) = &fill {
+            if let Some(fill) = fill {
                 frame.fill(fill.clone());
             }
 
             page_counter.visit(vt, frame)?;
 
             // Add a PDF page label if there is a numbering.
-            if let Some(num) = &numbering {
+            if let Some(num) = numbering {
                 if let Some(page_label) = num.apply_pdf(page_counter.logical()) {
                     frame.push_positionless_meta(Meta::PdfPageLabel(page_label));
                 }
@@ -657,10 +664,10 @@ pub enum Marginal {
 
 impl Marginal {
     /// Resolve the marginal based on the page number.
-    pub fn resolve(&self, vt: &mut Vt, page: usize) -> SourceResult<Content> {
+    pub fn resolve(&self, vt: &mut Vt, page: usize) -> SourceResult<Cow<'_, Content>> {
         Ok(match self {
-            Self::Content(content) => content.clone(),
-            Self::Func(func) => func.call_vt(vt, [page])?.display(),
+            Self::Content(content) => Cow::Borrowed(content),
+            Self::Func(func) => Cow::Owned(func.call_vt(vt, [page])?.display()),
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/par.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/par.rs
index 10f78ef2a..b3d5fb3ed 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/par.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/par.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use comemo::Prehashed;
 use typst::eval::Tracer;
 use typst::model::DelayedErrors;
 use unicode_bidi::{BidiInfo, Level as BidiLevel};
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ pub struct ParElem {
     /// The paragraph's children.
     #[internal]
     #[variadic]
-    pub children: Vec<Content>,
+    pub children: Vec<Prehashed<Content>>,
 }
 
 impl Construct for ParElem {
@@ -158,12 +159,12 @@ impl ParElem {
             let children = par.children();
 
             // Collect all text into one string for BiDi analysis.
-            let (text, segments, spans) = collect(&children, &styles, consecutive)?;
+            let (text, segments, spans) = collect(children, &styles, consecutive)?;
 
             // Perform BiDi analysis and then prepare paragraph layout by building a
             // representation on which we can do line breaking without layouting
             // each and every line from scratch.
-            let p = prepare(&mut vt, &children, &text, segments, spans, styles, region)?;
+            let p = prepare(&mut vt, children, &text, segments, spans, styles, region)?;
 
             // Break the paragraph into lines.
             let lines = linebreak(&vt, &p, region.x - p.hang);
@@ -246,8 +247,6 @@ pub(crate) struct Preparation<'a> {
     pub items: Vec<Item<'a>>,
     /// The span mapper.
     pub spans: SpanMapper,
-    /// The styles shared by all children.
-    pub styles: StyleChain<'a>,
     /// Whether to hyphenate if it's the same for all children.
     pub hyphenate: Option<bool>,
     /// The text language if it's the same for all children.
@@ -258,8 +257,16 @@ pub(crate) struct Preparation<'a> {
     pub justify: bool,
     /// The paragraph's hanging indent.
     pub hang: Abs,
-    /// The CJK-latin spacing.
+    /// Whether to add spacing between CJK and Latin characters.
     pub cjk_latin_spacing: bool,
+    /// Whether font fallback is enabled for this paragraph.
+    pub fallback: bool,
+    /// The leading of the paragraph.
+    pub leading: Abs,
+    /// How to determine line breaks.
+    pub linebreaks: Smart<Linebreaks>,
+    /// The text size.
+    pub size: Abs,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Preparation<'a> {
@@ -525,15 +532,15 @@ impl<'a> Line<'a> {
 /// string-level preprocessing like case transformations.
 #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
 fn collect<'a>(
-    children: &'a [Content],
+    children: &'a [Prehashed<Content>],
     styles: &'a StyleChain<'a>,
     consecutive: bool,
 ) -> SourceResult<(String, Vec<(Segment<'a>, StyleChain<'a>)>, SpanMapper)> {
     let mut full = String::new();
     let mut quoter = Quoter::new();
-    let mut segments = vec![];
+    let mut segments = Vec::with_capacity(2 + children.len());
     let mut spans = SpanMapper::new();
-    let mut iter = children.iter().peekable();
+    let mut iter = children.iter().map(|c| &**c).peekable();
 
     let first_line_indent = ParElem::first_line_indent_in(*styles);
     if !first_line_indent.is_zero()
@@ -565,9 +572,9 @@ fn collect<'a>(
         } else if let Some(elem) = child.to::<TextElem>() {
             let prev = full.len();
             if let Some(case) = TextElem::case_in(styles) {
-                full.push_str(&case.apply(&elem.text()));
+                full.push_str(&case.apply(elem.text()));
             } else {
-                full.push_str(&elem.text());
+                full.push_str(elem.text());
             }
             Segment::Text(full.len() - prev)
         } else if let Some(elem) = child.to::<HElem>() {
@@ -576,7 +583,7 @@ fn collect<'a>(
             }
 
             full.push(SPACING_REPLACE);
-            Segment::Spacing(elem.amount())
+            Segment::Spacing(*elem.amount())
         } else if let Some(elem) = child.to::<LinebreakElem>() {
             let c = if elem.justify(styles) { '\u{2028}' } else { '\n' };
             full.push(c);
@@ -588,7 +595,7 @@ fn collect<'a>(
                 let lang = TextElem::lang_in(styles);
                 let region = TextElem::region_in(styles);
                 let quotes = Quotes::new(
-                    &quotes,
+                    quotes,
                     lang,
                     region,
                     SmartquoteElem::alternative_in(styles),
@@ -656,7 +663,7 @@ fn collect<'a>(
 /// contained inline-level content.
 fn prepare<'a>(
     vt: &mut Vt,
-    children: &'a [Content],
+    children: &'a [Prehashed<Content>],
     text: &'a str,
     segments: Vec<(Segment<'a>, StyleChain<'a>)>,
     spans: SpanMapper,
@@ -674,7 +681,7 @@ fn prepare<'a>(
     );
 
     let mut cursor = 0;
-    let mut items = vec![];
+    let mut items = Vec::with_capacity(segments.len());
 
     // Shape / layout the children and collect them into items.
     for (segment, styles) in segments {
@@ -727,13 +734,16 @@ fn prepare<'a>(
         bidi,
         items,
         spans,
-        styles,
         hyphenate: shared_get(styles, children, TextElem::hyphenate_in),
         lang: shared_get(styles, children, TextElem::lang_in),
         align: AlignElem::alignment_in(styles).resolve(styles).x,
         justify: ParElem::justify_in(styles),
         hang: ParElem::hanging_indent_in(styles),
         cjk_latin_spacing,
+        fallback: TextElem::fallback_in(styles),
+        leading: ParElem::leading_in(styles),
+        linebreaks: ParElem::linebreaks_in(styles),
+        size: TextElem::size_in(styles),
     })
 }
 
@@ -852,7 +862,7 @@ fn is_compatible(a: Script, b: Script) -> bool {
 /// paragraph.
 fn shared_get<T: PartialEq>(
     styles: StyleChain<'_>,
-    children: &[Content],
+    children: &[Prehashed<Content>],
     getter: fn(StyleChain) -> T,
 ) -> Option<T> {
     let value = getter(styles);
@@ -865,8 +875,8 @@ fn shared_get<T: PartialEq>(
 
 /// Find suitable linebreaks.
 fn linebreak<'a>(vt: &Vt, p: &'a Preparation<'a>, width: Abs) -> Vec<Line<'a>> {
-    let linebreaks = ParElem::linebreaks_in(p.styles).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        if ParElem::justify_in(p.styles) {
+    let linebreaks = p.linebreaks.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        if p.justify {
             Linebreaks::Optimized
         } else {
             Linebreaks::Simple
@@ -883,7 +893,7 @@ fn linebreak<'a>(vt: &Vt, p: &'a Preparation<'a>, width: Abs) -> Vec<Line<'a>> {
 /// lines greedily, always taking the longest possible line. This may lead to
 /// very unbalanced line, but is fast and simple.
 fn linebreak_simple<'a>(vt: &Vt, p: &'a Preparation<'a>, width: Abs) -> Vec<Line<'a>> {
-    let mut lines = vec![];
+    let mut lines = Vec::with_capacity(16);
     let mut start = 0;
     let mut last = None;
 
@@ -964,8 +974,8 @@ fn linebreak_optimized<'a>(vt: &Vt, p: &'a Preparation<'a>, width: Abs) -> Vec<L
         line: line(vt, p, 0..0, Breakpoint::Mandatory),
     }];
 
-    let em = TextElem::size_in(p.styles);
-
+    let em = p.size;
+    let mut lines = Vec::with_capacity(16);
     breakpoints(p, |end, breakpoint| {
         let k = table.len();
         let eof = end == p.bidi.text.len();
@@ -1071,7 +1081,6 @@ fn linebreak_optimized<'a>(vt: &Vt, p: &'a Preparation<'a>, width: Abs) -> Vec<L
     });
 
     // Retrace the best path.
-    let mut lines = vec![];
     let mut idx = table.len() - 1;
     while idx != 0 {
         table.truncate(idx + 1);
@@ -1151,7 +1160,7 @@ fn line<'a>(
             if hyphen || start < range.end || before.is_empty() {
                 let mut reshaped = shaped.reshape(vt, &p.spans, start..range.end);
                 if hyphen || shy {
-                    reshaped.push_hyphen(vt, TextElem::fallback_in(p.styles));
+                    reshaped.push_hyphen(vt, p.fallback);
                 }
 
                 if let Some(last_glyph) = reshaped.glyphs.last() {
@@ -1287,11 +1296,10 @@ fn finalize(
         .collect::<SourceResult<_>>()?;
 
     // Prevent orphans.
-    let leading = ParElem::leading_in(p.styles);
     if frames.len() >= 2 && !frames[1].is_empty() {
         let second = frames.remove(1);
         let first = &mut frames[0];
-        merge(first, second, leading);
+        merge(first, second, p.leading);
     }
 
     // Prevent widows.
@@ -1299,7 +1307,7 @@ fn finalize(
     if len >= 2 && !frames[len - 2].is_empty() {
         let second = frames.pop().unwrap();
         let first = frames.last_mut().unwrap();
-        merge(first, second, leading);
+        merge(first, second, p.leading);
     }
 
     Ok(Fragment::frames(frames))
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/place.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/place.rs
index 64cbd9a88..c8e83383d 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/place.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/place.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,10 @@ impl Layout for PlaceElem {
                 .at(self.span());
         }
 
-        let child = self.body().aligned(alignment.unwrap_or_else(|| Align::CENTER));
+        let child = self
+            .body()
+            .clone()
+            .aligned(alignment.unwrap_or_else(|| Align::CENTER));
 
         let pod = Regions::one(base, Axes::splat(false));
         let frame = child.layout(vt, styles, pod)?.into_frame();
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/spacing.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/spacing.rs
index 37f1ed355..88b6e2cdc 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/spacing.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/spacing.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// Inserts horizontal spacing into a paragraph.
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ impl Behave for HElem {
 
     fn larger(
         &self,
-        prev: &(Content, Behaviour, StyleChain),
+        prev: &(Cow<Content>, Behaviour, StyleChain),
         styles: StyleChain,
     ) -> bool {
         let Some(other) = prev.0.to::<Self>() else { return false };
@@ -173,7 +175,7 @@ impl Behave for VElem {
 
     fn larger(
         &self,
-        prev: &(Content, Behaviour, StyleChain),
+        prev: &(Cow<Content>, Behaviour, StyleChain),
         styles: StyleChain,
     ) -> bool {
         let Some(other) = prev.0.to::<Self>() else { return false };
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/stack.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/stack.rs
index 398341b2f..50d1c862b 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/stack.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/stack.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ impl Layout for StackElem {
         for child in self.children() {
             match child {
                 StackChild::Spacing(kind) => {
-                    layouter.layout_spacing(kind);
+                    layouter.layout_spacing(*kind);
                     deferred = None;
                 }
                 StackChild::Block(block) => {
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ impl Layout for StackElem {
                         layouter.layout_spacing(kind);
                     }
 
-                    layouter.layout_block(vt, &block, styles)?;
+                    layouter.layout_block(vt, block, styles)?;
                     deferred = spacing;
                 }
             }
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl Layout for StackElem {
 }
 
 /// A child of a stack element.
-#[derive(Hash)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum StackChild {
     /// Spacing between other children.
     Spacing(Spacing),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/table.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/table.rs
index 056b63a21..9e7da071f 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/table.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/table.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use typst::eval::{CastInfo, Reflect};
 
 use crate::layout::{AlignElem, GridLayouter, TrackSizings};
-use crate::meta::{Figurable, LocalName};
+use crate::meta::Figurable;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// A table of items.
@@ -38,10 +38,12 @@ use crate::prelude::*;
 pub struct TableElem {
     /// The column sizes. See the [grid documentation]($grid) for more
     /// information on track sizing.
+    #[borrowed]
     pub columns: TrackSizings,
 
     /// The row sizes. See the [grid documentation]($grid) for more information
     /// on track sizing.
+    #[borrowed]
     pub rows: TrackSizings,
 
     /// The gaps between rows & columns. See the [grid documentation]($grid) for
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@ pub struct TableElem {
 
     /// The gaps between columns. Takes precedence over `gutter`. See the
     /// [grid documentation]($grid) for more information on gutters.
+    #[borrowed]
     #[parse(
         let gutter = args.named("gutter")?;
         args.named("column-gutter")?.or_else(|| gutter.clone())
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@ pub struct TableElem {
     /// The gaps between rows. Takes precedence over `gutter`. See the
     /// [grid documentation]($grid) for more information on gutters.
     #[parse(args.named("row-gutter")?.or_else(|| gutter.clone()))]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub row_gutter: TrackSizings,
 
     /// How to fill the cells.
@@ -82,6 +86,7 @@ pub struct TableElem {
     ///   [Profit:], [500 €], [1000 €], [1500 €],
     /// )
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub fill: Celled<Option<Paint>>,
 
     /// How to align the cells' content.
@@ -99,6 +104,7 @@ pub struct TableElem {
     ///   [A], [B], [C],
     /// )
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub align: Celled<Smart<Align>>,
 
     /// How to [stroke]($stroke) the cells.
@@ -151,16 +157,20 @@ impl Layout for TableElem {
     ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
         let inset = self.inset(styles);
         let align = self.align(styles);
+        let columns = self.columns(styles);
+        let rows = self.rows(styles);
+        let column_gutter = self.column_gutter(styles);
+        let row_gutter = self.row_gutter(styles);
 
-        let tracks = Axes::new(self.columns(styles).0, self.rows(styles).0);
-        let gutter = Axes::new(self.column_gutter(styles).0, self.row_gutter(styles).0);
+        let tracks = Axes::new(columns.0.as_slice(), rows.0.as_slice());
+        let gutter = Axes::new(column_gutter.0.as_slice(), row_gutter.0.as_slice());
         let cols = tracks.x.len().max(1);
         let cells: Vec<_> = self
             .children()
-            .into_iter()
+            .iter()
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(i, child)| {
-                let mut child = child.padded(inset);
+                let mut child = child.clone().padded(inset);
 
                 let x = i % cols;
                 let y = i / cols;
@@ -176,14 +186,8 @@ impl Layout for TableElem {
         let stroke = self.stroke(styles).map(Stroke::unwrap_or_default);
 
         // Prepare grid layout by unifying content and gutter tracks.
-        let layouter = GridLayouter::new(
-            tracks.as_deref(),
-            gutter.as_deref(),
-            &cells,
-            regions,
-            styles,
-            self.span(),
-        );
+        let layouter =
+            GridLayouter::new(tracks, gutter, &cells, regions, styles, self.span());
 
         // Measure the columns and layout the grid row-by-row.
         let mut layout = layouter.layout(vt)?;
@@ -321,7 +325,7 @@ impl<T: FromValue> FromValue for Celled<T> {
 }
 
 impl LocalName for TableElem {
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, _: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, _: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
         match lang {
             Lang::ALBANIAN => "Tabel",
             Lang::ARABIC => "جدول",
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/terms.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/terms.rs
index 07f17bb0f..d42621187 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/layout/terms.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/layout/terms.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ pub struct TermsElem {
     /// / Colon: A nice separator symbol.
     /// ```
     #[default(HElem::new(Em::new(0.6).into()).with_weak(true).pack())]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub separator: Content,
 
     /// The indentation of each item.
@@ -114,20 +115,20 @@ impl Layout for TermsElem {
             ParElem::leading_in(styles).into()
         } else {
             self.spacing(styles)
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| *BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount())
         };
 
         let mut seq = vec![];
-        for (i, child) in self.children().into_iter().enumerate() {
+        for (i, child) in self.children().iter().enumerate() {
             if i > 0 {
                 seq.push(VElem::new(gutter).with_weakness(1).pack());
             }
             if !indent.is_zero() {
                 seq.push(HElem::new(indent.into()).pack());
             }
-            seq.push(child.term().strong());
-            seq.push(separator.clone());
-            seq.push(child.description());
+            seq.push(child.term().clone().strong());
+            seq.push((*separator).clone());
+            seq.push(child.description().clone());
         }
 
         Content::sequence(seq)
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/accent.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/accent.rs
index a542111b2..bedc56359 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/accent.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/accent.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for AccentElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
         ctx.style(ctx.style.with_cramped(true));
-        let base = ctx.layout_fragment(&self.base())?;
+        let base = ctx.layout_fragment(self.base())?;
         ctx.unstyle();
 
         // Preserve class to preserve automatic spacing.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for AccentElem {
         // Forcing the accent to be at least as large as the base makes it too
         // wide in many case.
         let Accent(c) = self.accent();
-        let glyph = GlyphFragment::new(ctx, c, self.span());
+        let glyph = GlyphFragment::new(ctx, *c, self.span());
         let short_fall = ACCENT_SHORT_FALL.scaled(ctx);
         let variant = glyph.stretch_horizontal(ctx, base.width(), short_fall);
         let accent = variant.frame;
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ fn attachment(ctx: &MathContext, id: GlyphId, italics_correction: Abs) -> Abs {
 }
 
 /// An accent character.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Accent(char);
 
 impl Accent {
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ cast! {
     self => self.0.into_value(),
     v: char => Self::new(v),
     v: Content => match v.to::<TextElem>() {
-        Some(elem) => Value::Str(elem.text().into()).cast()?,
+        Some(elem) => Value::Str(elem.text().clone().into()).cast()?,
         None => bail!("expected text"),
     },
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/attach.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/attach.rs
index 5d1e477eb..3e6b69f22 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/attach.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/attach.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for AttachElem {
                 .transpose()
         };
 
-        let base = ctx.layout_fragment(&self.base())?;
+        let base = ctx.layout_fragment(self.base())?;
 
         ctx.style(ctx.style.for_superscript());
         let tl = layout_attachment(ctx, Self::tl)?;
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ pub struct PrimesElem {
 impl LayoutMath for PrimesElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        match self.count() {
+        match *self.count() {
             count @ 1..=4 => {
                 let f = ctx.layout_fragment(&TextElem::packed(match count {
                     1 => '′',
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ pub struct ScriptsElem {
 impl LayoutMath for ScriptsElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        let mut fragment = ctx.layout_fragment(&self.body())?;
+        let mut fragment = ctx.layout_fragment(self.body())?;
         fragment.set_limits(Limits::Never);
         ctx.push(fragment);
         Ok(())
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ pub struct LimitsElem {
 impl LayoutMath for LimitsElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        let mut fragment = ctx.layout_fragment(&self.body())?;
+        let mut fragment = ctx.layout_fragment(self.body())?;
         fragment.set_limits(if self.inline(ctx.styles()) {
             Limits::Always
         } else {
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/cancel.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/cancel.rs
index d521149ed..16e4067a7 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/cancel.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/cancel.rs
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ pub struct CancelElem {
 
 impl LayoutMath for CancelElem {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        let body = ctx.layout_fragment(&self.body())?;
+        let body = ctx.layout_fragment(self.body())?;
         // Use the same math class as the body, in order to preserve automatic spacing around it.
         let body_class = body.class().unwrap_or(MathClass::Special);
         let mut body = body.into_frame();
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for CancelElem {
 }
 
 /// Defines the cancel line.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum CancelAngle {
     Angle(Angle),
     Func(Func),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/class.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/class.rs
index fc8a6c798..d2c5192dd 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/class.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/class.rs
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ pub struct ClassElem {
 
 impl LayoutMath for ClassElem {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        ctx.style(ctx.style.with_class(self.class()));
-        let mut fragment = ctx.layout_fragment(&self.body())?;
+        ctx.style(ctx.style.with_class(*self.class()));
+        let mut fragment = ctx.layout_fragment(self.body())?;
         ctx.unstyle();
 
-        fragment.set_class(self.class());
+        fragment.set_class(*self.class());
         ctx.push(fragment);
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/ctx.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/ctx.rs
index 59ba057fa..2637921ce 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/ctx.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/ctx.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use comemo::Prehashed;
 use ttf_parser::gsub::SubstitutionSubtable;
 use ttf_parser::math::MathValue;
 use typst::font::{FontStyle, FontWeight};
@@ -251,7 +252,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
         // because it will be placed somewhere probably not at the left margin
         // it will overflow.  So emulate an `hbox` instead and allow the paragraph
         // to extend as far as needed.
-        let frame = ParElem::new(vec![elem])
+        let frame = ParElem::new(vec![Prehashed::new(elem)])
             .layout(
                 self.vt,
                 self.outer.chain(&self.local),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/frac.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/frac.rs
index ee5827751..bd8d86bf0 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/frac.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/frac.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub struct FracElem {
 impl LayoutMath for FracElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        layout(ctx, &self.num(), &[self.denom()], false, self.span())
+        layout(ctx, self.num(), std::slice::from_ref(self.denom()), false, self.span())
     }
 }
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub struct BinomElem {
 
 impl LayoutMath for BinomElem {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        layout(ctx, &self.upper(), &self.lower(), true, self.span())
+        layout(ctx, self.upper(), self.lower(), true, self.span())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/fragment.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/fragment.rs
index 71d8d237b..a40ed2bfe 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/fragment.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/fragment.rs
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ pub struct GlyphFragment {
     pub font_size: Abs,
     pub class: Option<MathClass>,
     pub span: Span,
-    pub meta: Vec<Meta>,
+    pub meta: SmallVec<[Meta; 1]>,
     pub limits: Limits,
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/lr.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/lr.rs
index 16696f2ef..391436206 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/lr.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/lr.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for LrElem {
             }
         }
 
-        let mut fragments = ctx.layout_fragments(&body)?;
+        let mut fragments = ctx.layout_fragments(body)?;
         let axis = scaled!(ctx, axis_height);
         let max_extent = fragments
             .iter()
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/matrix.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/matrix.rs
index 333a57066..b54da5d60 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/matrix.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/matrix.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for VecElem {
         let delim = self.delim(ctx.styles());
         let frame = layout_vec_body(
             ctx,
-            &self.children(),
+            self.children(),
             FixedAlign::Center,
             self.gap(ctx.styles()),
         )?;
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for MatElem {
         let delim = self.delim(ctx.styles());
         let frame = layout_mat_body(
             ctx,
-            &rows,
+            rows,
             augment,
             Axes::new(self.column_gap(ctx.styles()), self.row_gap(ctx.styles())),
             self.span(),
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for CasesElem {
         let delim = self.delim(ctx.styles());
         let frame = layout_vec_body(
             ctx,
-            &self.children(),
+            self.children(),
             FixedAlign::Start,
             self.gap(ctx.styles()),
         )?;
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ fn layout_delimiters(
 
 /// Parameters specifying how augmentation lines
 /// should be drawn on a matrix.
-#[derive(Default, Clone, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Augment<T: Numeric = Length> {
     pub hline: Offsets,
     pub vline: Offsets,
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ impl Augment<Abs> {
     fn stroke_or(&self, fallback: FixedStroke) -> FixedStroke {
         match &self.stroke {
             Smart::Custom(v) => v.clone().unwrap_or(fallback),
-            _ => fallback,
+            Smart::Auto => fallback,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -594,7 +594,13 @@ impl Fold for Augment<Abs> {
     type Output = Augment<Abs>;
 
     fn fold(mut self, outer: Self::Output) -> Self::Output {
-        self.stroke = self.stroke.fold(outer.stroke);
+        // Special case for handling `auto` strokes in subsequent `Augment`.
+        if self.stroke.is_auto() && outer.stroke.is_custom() {
+            self.stroke = outer.stroke;
+        } else {
+            self.stroke = self.stroke.fold(outer.stroke);
+        }
+
         self
     }
 }
@@ -602,19 +608,22 @@ impl Fold for Augment<Abs> {
 cast! {
     Augment,
     self => {
-        let stroke = self.stroke.unwrap_or_default();
+        // if the stroke is auto and there is only one vertical line,
+        if self.stroke.is_auto() && self.hline.0.is_empty() && self.vline.0.len() == 1 {
+            return self.vline.0[0].into_value();
+        }
 
         let d = dict! {
             "hline" => self.hline.into_value(),
             "vline" => self.vline.into_value(),
-            "stroke" => stroke.into_value()
+            "stroke" => self.stroke.into_value()
         };
 
         d.into_value()
     },
     v: isize => Augment {
         hline: Offsets::default(),
-        vline: Offsets(vec![v]),
+        vline: Offsets(smallvec![v]),
         stroke: Smart::Auto,
     },
     mut dict: Dict => {
@@ -636,14 +645,13 @@ cast! {
     self => self.into_value(),
 }
 
-/// The offsets at which augmentation lines
-/// should be drawn on a matrix.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Hash)]
-pub struct Offsets(Vec<isize>);
+/// The offsets at which augmentation lines should be drawn on a matrix.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct Offsets(SmallVec<[isize; 1]>);
 
 cast! {
     Offsets,
     self => self.0.into_value(),
-    v: isize => Self(vec![v]),
+    v: isize => Self(smallvec![v]),
     v: Array => Self(v.into_iter().map(Value::cast).collect::<StrResult<_>>()?),
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/mod.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/mod.rs
index 26ab10c6e..a4d44d000 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/mod.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ pub use self::root::*;
 pub use self::style::*;
 pub use self::underover::*;
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
 use ttf_parser::{GlyphId, Rect};
 use typst::eval::{Module, Scope};
 use typst::font::{Font, FontWeight};
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ use self::spacing::*;
 use crate::layout::{AlignElem, BoxElem, HElem, ParElem, Spacing};
 use crate::meta::Supplement;
 use crate::meta::{
-    Count, Counter, CounterUpdate, LocalName, Numbering, Outlinable, Refable,
+    Count, Counter, CounterUpdate, LocalNameIn, Numbering, Outlinable, Refable,
 };
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::shared::BehavedBuilder;
@@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ impl Synthesize for EquationElem {
     fn synthesize(&mut self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<()> {
         // Resolve the supplement.
         let supplement = match self.supplement(styles) {
-            Smart::Auto => TextElem::packed(self.local_name_in(styles)),
+            Smart::Auto => TextElem::packed(Self::local_name_in(styles)),
             Smart::Custom(None) => Content::empty(),
             Smart::Custom(Some(supplement)) => supplement.resolve(vt, [self.clone()])?,
         };
@@ -236,7 +238,7 @@ impl Layout for EquationElem {
         let variant = variant(styles);
         let world = vt.world;
         let Some(font) = families(styles).find_map(|family| {
-            let id = world.book().select(family.as_str(), variant)?;
+            let id = world.book().select(family, variant)?;
             let font = world.font(id)?;
             let _ = font.ttf().tables().math?.constants?;
             Some(font)
@@ -312,7 +314,7 @@ impl Count for EquationElem {
 }
 
 impl LocalName for EquationElem {
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
         match lang {
             Lang::ALBANIAN => "Ekuacion",
             Lang::ARABIC => "معادلة",
@@ -381,7 +383,7 @@ impl Outlinable for EquationElem {
 
         let numbers = self
             .counter()
-            .at(vt, self.0.location().unwrap())?
+            .at(vt, self.location().unwrap())?
             .display(vt, &numbering)?;
 
         Ok(Some(supplement + numbers))
@@ -419,7 +421,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for Content {
         if self.is_sequence() {
             let mut bb = BehavedBuilder::new();
             self.sequence_recursive_for_each(&mut |child: &Content| {
-                bb.push(child.clone(), StyleChain::default())
+                bb.push(Cow::Owned(child.clone()), StyleChain::default())
             });
 
             for (child, _) in bb.finish().0.iter() {
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/op.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/op.rs
index 152efdf51..b4c360023 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/op.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/op.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for OpElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
         let fragment =
-            ctx.layout_text(&TextElem::new(self.text()).spanned(self.span()))?;
+            ctx.layout_text(&TextElem::new(self.text().clone()).spanned(self.span()))?;
         ctx.push(
             FrameFragment::new(ctx, fragment.into_frame())
                 .with_class(MathClass::Large)
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/root.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/root.rs
index 49ceb75f0..13c5c1478 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/root.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/root.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub struct RootElem {
 impl LayoutMath for RootElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        layout(ctx, self.index(ctx.styles()).as_ref(), &self.radicand(), self.span())
+        layout(ctx, self.index(ctx.styles()).as_ref(), self.radicand(), self.span())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/style.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/style.rs
index 4d80a235d..774fadaca 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/style.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/style.rs
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ impl MathStyle {
 /// The size of elements in an equation.
 ///
 /// See the TeXbook p. 141.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Cast)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Cast, Hash)]
 pub enum MathSize {
     /// Second-level sub- and superscripts.
     ScriptScript,
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ impl MathSize {
 }
 
 /// A mathematical style variant, as defined by Unicode.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Cast)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Cast, Hash)]
 pub enum MathVariant {
     Serif,
     Sans,
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/math/underover.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/math/underover.rs
index 5d010c288..aeb83061f 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/math/underover.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/math/underover.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub struct UnderlineElem {
 impl LayoutMath for UnderlineElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        layout_underoverline(ctx, &self.body(), self.span(), LineKind::Under)
+        layout_underoverline(ctx, self.body(), self.span(), LineKind::Under)
     }
 }
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub struct OverlineElem {
 impl LayoutMath for OverlineElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip(ctx))]
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        layout_underoverline(ctx, &self.body(), self.span(), LineKind::Over)
+        layout_underoverline(ctx, self.body(), self.span(), LineKind::Over)
     }
 }
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for UnderbraceElem {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
         layout_underoverspreader(
             ctx,
-            &self.body(),
+            self.body(),
             &self.annotation(ctx.styles()),
             '⏟',
             BRACE_GAP,
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for OverbraceElem {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
         layout_underoverspreader(
             ctx,
-            &self.body(),
+            self.body(),
             &self.annotation(ctx.styles()),
             '⏞',
             BRACE_GAP,
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for UnderbracketElem {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
         layout_underoverspreader(
             ctx,
-            &self.body(),
+            self.body(),
             &self.annotation(ctx.styles()),
             '⎵',
             BRACKET_GAP,
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for OverbracketElem {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext) -> SourceResult<()> {
         layout_underoverspreader(
             ctx,
-            &self.body(),
+            self.body(),
             &self.annotation(ctx.styles()),
             '⎴',
             BRACKET_GAP,
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/bibliography.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/bibliography.rs
index d429d3436..342135ecd 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/bibliography.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/bibliography.rs
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ use typed_arena::Arena;
 use typst::diag::FileError;
 use typst::eval::{eval_string, Bytes, CastInfo, EvalMode, Reflect};
 use typst::font::FontStyle;
-use typst::util::option_eq;
+use typst::util::{option_eq, PicoStr};
 
 use super::{CitationForm, CiteGroup, LocalName};
 use crate::layout::{
     BlockElem, GridElem, HElem, PadElem, ParElem, Sizing, TrackSizings, VElem,
 };
-use crate::meta::{FootnoteElem, HeadingElem};
+use crate::meta::{FootnoteElem, HeadingElem, LocalNameIn};
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::text::{Delta, SubElem, SuperElem, TextElem};
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ pub struct BibliographyElem {
 }
 
 /// A list of bibliography file paths.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct BibPaths(Vec<EcoString>);
 
 cast! {
@@ -153,11 +153,12 @@ impl BibliographyElem {
             bail!("multiple bibliographies are not yet supported");
         }
 
-        Ok(elem.to::<Self>().unwrap().clone())
+        Ok(elem.to::<Self>().cloned().unwrap())
     }
 
     /// Whether the bibliography contains the given key.
-    pub fn has(vt: &Vt, key: &str) -> bool {
+    pub fn has(vt: &Vt, key: impl Into<PicoStr>) -> bool {
+        let key = key.into();
         vt.introspector
             .query(&Self::elem().select())
             .iter()
@@ -199,14 +200,9 @@ impl Show for BibliographyElem {
 
         let mut seq = vec![];
         if let Some(title) = self.title(styles) {
-            let title =
-                title.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                    TextElem::packed(self.local_name(
-                        TextElem::lang_in(styles),
-                        TextElem::region_in(styles),
-                    ))
-                    .spanned(self.span())
-                });
+            let title = title.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                TextElem::packed(Self::local_name_in(styles)).spanned(self.span())
+            });
 
             seq.push(HeadingElem::new(title).with_level(NonZeroUsize::ONE).pack());
         }
@@ -220,7 +216,7 @@ impl Show for BibliographyElem {
                 .ok_or("CSL style is not suitable for bibliographies")
                 .at(span)?;
 
-            let row_gutter = BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount();
+            let row_gutter = *BlockElem::below_in(styles).amount();
             if references.iter().any(|(prefix, _)| prefix.is_some()) {
                 let mut cells = vec![];
                 for (prefix, reference) in references {
@@ -231,9 +227,9 @@ impl Show for BibliographyElem {
                 seq.push(VElem::new(row_gutter).with_weakness(3).pack());
                 seq.push(
                     GridElem::new(cells)
-                        .with_columns(TrackSizings(vec![Sizing::Auto; 2]))
-                        .with_column_gutter(TrackSizings(vec![COLUMN_GUTTER.into()]))
-                        .with_row_gutter(TrackSizings(vec![row_gutter.into()]))
+                        .with_columns(TrackSizings(smallvec![Sizing::Auto; 2]))
+                        .with_column_gutter(TrackSizings(smallvec![COLUMN_GUTTER.into()]))
+                        .with_row_gutter(TrackSizings(smallvec![(row_gutter).into()]))
                         .pack(),
                 );
             } else {
@@ -263,7 +259,7 @@ impl Finalize for BibliographyElem {
 }
 
 impl LocalName for BibliographyElem {
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
         match lang {
             Lang::ALBANIAN => "Bibliografi",
             Lang::ARABIC => "المراجع",
@@ -300,7 +296,7 @@ impl LocalName for BibliographyElem {
 #[ty]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Bibliography {
-    map: Arc<IndexMap<EcoString, hayagriva::Entry>>,
+    map: Arc<IndexMap<PicoStr, hayagriva::Entry>>,
     hash: u128,
 }
 
@@ -371,8 +367,8 @@ impl Bibliography {
         })
     }
 
-    fn has(&self, key: &str) -> bool {
-        self.map.contains_key(key)
+    fn has(&self, key: impl Into<PicoStr>) -> bool {
+        self.map.contains_key(&key.into())
     }
 
     fn entries(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &hayagriva::Entry> {
@@ -645,7 +641,7 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
         let mut driver = BibliographyDriver::new();
         for elem in &self.groups {
             let group = elem.to::<CiteGroup>().unwrap();
-            let location = group.0.location().unwrap();
+            let location = group.location().unwrap();
             let children = group.children();
 
             // Groups should never be empty.
@@ -657,12 +653,13 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
             let mut normal = true;
 
             // Create infos and items for each child in the group.
-            for child in &children {
-                let key = child.key();
-                let Some(entry) = database.map.get(&key.0) else {
+            for child in children {
+                let key = *child.key();
+                let Some(entry) = database.map.get(&key.into_inner()) else {
                     errors.push(error!(
                         child.span(),
-                        "key `{}` does not exist in the bibliography", key.0
+                        "key `{}` does not exist in the bibliography",
+                        key.as_str()
                     ));
                     continue;
                 };
@@ -714,13 +711,13 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
             driver.citation(CitationRequest::new(
                 items,
                 style,
-                Some(locale(first.lang(), first.region())),
+                Some(locale(*first.lang(), *first.region())),
                 &LOCALES,
                 None,
             ));
         }
 
-        let locale = locale(self.bibliography.lang(), self.bibliography.region());
+        let locale = locale(*self.bibliography.lang(), *self.bibliography.region());
 
         // Add hidden items for everything if we should print the whole
         // bibliography.
@@ -761,7 +758,7 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
         // so that we can link there.
         let mut links = HashMap::new();
         if let Some(bibliography) = &rendered.bibliography {
-            let location = self.bibliography.0.location().unwrap();
+            let location = self.bibliography.location().unwrap();
             for (k, item) in bibliography.items.iter().enumerate() {
                 links.insert(item.key.as_str(), location.variant(k + 1));
             }
@@ -770,8 +767,7 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
         let mut output = std::mem::take(&mut self.failures);
         for (info, citation) in self.infos.iter().zip(&rendered.citations) {
             let supplement = |i: usize| info.subinfos.get(i)?.supplement.clone();
-            let link =
-                |i: usize| links.get(info.subinfos.get(i)?.key.0.as_str()).copied();
+            let link = |i: usize| links.get(info.subinfos.get(i)?.key.as_str()).copied();
 
             let renderer = ElemRenderer {
                 world: self.world,
@@ -811,13 +807,13 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
         let mut first_occurances = HashMap::new();
         for info in &self.infos {
             for subinfo in &info.subinfos {
-                let key = subinfo.key.0.as_str();
+                let key = subinfo.key.as_str();
                 first_occurances.entry(key).or_insert(info.location);
             }
         }
 
         // The location of the bibliography.
-        let location = self.bibliography.0.location().unwrap();
+        let location = self.bibliography.location().unwrap();
 
         let mut output = vec![];
         for (k, item) in rendered.items.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -918,8 +914,8 @@ impl ElemRenderer<'_> {
         if let Some(prefix) = suf_prefix {
             const COLUMN_GUTTER: Em = Em::new(0.65);
             content = GridElem::new(vec![prefix, content])
-                .with_columns(TrackSizings(vec![Sizing::Auto; 2]))
-                .with_column_gutter(TrackSizings(vec![COLUMN_GUTTER.into()]))
+                .with_columns(TrackSizings(smallvec![Sizing::Auto; 2]))
+                .with_column_gutter(TrackSizings(smallvec![COLUMN_GUTTER.into()]))
                 .pack();
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/cite.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/cite.rs
index 2e3c41552..a61523d81 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/cite.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/cite.rs
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl Show for CiteGroup {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "CiteGroup::show", skip(self, vt))]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         Ok(vt.delayed(|vt| {
-            let location = self.0.location().unwrap();
+            let location = self.location().unwrap();
             let span = self.span();
             Works::generate(vt.world, vt.introspector)
                 .at(span)?
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/context.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/context.rs
index 3a82a9253..59b35577e 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/context.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/context.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl Show for LocateElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "LocateElem::show", skip(self, vt))]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         Ok(vt.delayed(|vt| {
-            let location = self.0.location().unwrap();
+            let location = self.location().unwrap();
             Ok(self.func().call_vt(vt, [location])?.display())
         }))
     }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/counter.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/counter.rs
index 1ad0bff1c..45041a38b 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/counter.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/counter.rs
@@ -284,9 +284,9 @@ impl Counter {
             }
 
             if let Some(update) = match elem.to::<UpdateElem>() {
-                Some(elem) => Some(elem.update()),
+                Some(elem) => Some(elem.update().clone()),
                 None => match elem.with::<dyn Count>() {
-                    Some(countable) => countable.update(),
+                    Some(countable) => countable.update().clone(),
                     None => Some(CounterUpdate::Step(NonZeroUsize::ONE)),
                 },
             } {
@@ -301,8 +301,7 @@ impl Counter {
 
     /// The selector relevant for this counter's updates.
     fn selector(&self) -> Selector {
-        let mut selector =
-            Selector::Elem(UpdateElem::elem(), Some(dict! { "key" => self.0.clone() }));
+        let mut selector = select_where!(UpdateElem, Key => self.0.clone());
 
         if let CounterKey::Selector(key) = &self.0 {
             selector = Selector::Or(eco_vec![selector, key.clone()]);
@@ -613,17 +612,18 @@ impl Show for DisplayElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "DisplayElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         Ok(vt.delayed(|vt| {
-            let location = self.0.location().unwrap();
+            let location = self.location().unwrap();
             let counter = self.counter();
             let numbering = self
                 .numbering()
+                .clone()
                 .or_else(|| {
                     let CounterKey::Selector(Selector::Elem(func, _)) = counter.0 else {
                         return None;
                     };
 
                     if func == HeadingElem::elem() {
-                        HeadingElem::numbering_in(styles)
+                        HeadingElem::numbering_in(styles).clone()
                     } else if func == FigureElem::elem() {
                         FigureElem::numbering_in(styles)
                     } else if func == EquationElem::elem() {
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ impl Show for DisplayElem {
                 })
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| NumberingPattern::from_str("1.1").unwrap().into());
 
-            let state = if self.both() {
+            let state = if *self.both() {
                 counter.both(vt, location)?
             } else {
                 counter.at(vt, location)?
@@ -695,9 +695,9 @@ impl ManualPageCounter {
                 FrameItem::Group(group) => self.visit(vt, &group.frame)?,
                 FrameItem::Meta(Meta::Elem(elem), _) => {
                     let Some(elem) = elem.to::<UpdateElem>() else { continue };
-                    if elem.key() == CounterKey::Page {
+                    if *elem.key() == CounterKey::Page {
                         let mut state = CounterState(smallvec![self.logical]);
-                        state.update(vt, elem.update())?;
+                        state.update(vt, elem.update().clone())?;
                         self.logical = state.first();
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/document.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/document.rs
index 55c365ac7..f6ff6812e 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/document.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/document.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use comemo::Prehashed;
 use typst::eval::Datetime;
 
 use crate::layout::{LayoutRoot, PageElem};
@@ -43,9 +44,8 @@ pub struct DocumentElem {
     pub date: Smart<Option<Datetime>>,
 
     /// The page runs.
-    #[internal]
     #[variadic]
-    pub children: Vec<Content>,
+    pub children: Vec<Prehashed<Content>>,
 }
 
 impl Construct for DocumentElem {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl LayoutRoot for DocumentElem {
         let mut page_counter = ManualPageCounter::new();
 
         let children = self.children();
-        let mut iter = children.iter().peekable();
+        let mut iter = children.iter().map(|c| &**c).peekable();
 
         while let Some(mut child) = iter.next() {
             let outer = styles;
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ impl LayoutRoot for DocumentElem {
 }
 
 /// A list of authors.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Author(Vec<EcoString>);
 
 cast! {
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ cast! {
 }
 
 /// A list of keywords.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct Keywords(Vec<EcoString>);
 
 cast! {
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/figure.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/figure.rs
index 990c9860e..bfcc9b449 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/figure.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/figure.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 use typst::util::option_eq;
 
-use super::{
-    Count, Counter, CounterKey, CounterUpdate, LocalName, Numbering, NumberingPattern,
-};
+use super::{Count, Counter, CounterKey, CounterUpdate, Numbering, NumberingPattern};
 use crate::layout::{BlockElem, PlaceElem, VElem};
 use crate::meta::{Outlinable, Refable, Supplement};
 use crate::prelude::*;
@@ -170,6 +169,7 @@ pub struct FigureElem {
     ///   kind: "foo",
     /// )
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub supplement: Smart<Option<Supplement>>,
 
     /// How to number the figure. Accepts a
@@ -212,25 +212,21 @@ impl Synthesize for FigureElem {
         let kind = self.kind(styles).unwrap_or_else(|| {
             self.body()
                 .query_first(Selector::can::<dyn Figurable>())
-                .cloned()
                 .map(|elem| FigureKind::Elem(elem.func()))
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| FigureKind::Elem(ImageElem::elem()))
         });
 
         // Resolve the supplement.
-        let supplement = match self.supplement(styles) {
+        let supplement = match self.supplement(styles).as_ref() {
             Smart::Auto => {
                 // Default to the local name for the kind, if available.
                 let name = match &kind {
-                    FigureKind::Elem(func) => {
-                        let empty = Content::new(*func);
-                        empty.with::<dyn LocalName>().map(|c| {
-                            TextElem::packed(c.local_name(
-                                TextElem::lang_in(styles),
-                                TextElem::region_in(styles),
-                            ))
-                        })
-                    }
+                    FigureKind::Elem(func) => func
+                        .local_name(
+                            TextElem::lang_in(styles),
+                            TextElem::region_in(styles),
+                        )
+                        .map(TextElem::packed),
                     FigureKind::Name(_) => None,
                 };
 
@@ -245,24 +241,21 @@ impl Synthesize for FigureElem {
                 // Resolve the supplement with the first descendant of the kind or
                 // just the body, if none was found.
                 let descendant = match kind {
-                    FigureKind::Elem(func) => {
-                        self.body().query_first(Selector::Elem(func, None)).cloned()
-                    }
+                    FigureKind::Elem(func) => self
+                        .body()
+                        .query_first(Selector::Elem(func, None))
+                        .map(Cow::Owned),
                     FigureKind::Name(_) => None,
                 };
 
-                let target = descendant.unwrap_or_else(|| self.body());
+                let target = descendant.unwrap_or_else(|| Cow::Borrowed(self.body()));
                 Some(supplement.resolve(vt, [target])?)
             }
         };
 
         // Construct the figure's counter.
-        let counter = Counter::new(CounterKey::Selector(Selector::Elem(
-            Self::elem(),
-            Some(dict! {
-                "kind" => kind.clone(),
-            }),
-        )));
+        let counter =
+            Counter::new(CounterKey::Selector(select_where!(Self, Kind => kind.clone())));
 
         // Fill the figure's caption.
         let mut caption = self.caption(styles);
@@ -271,7 +264,7 @@ impl Synthesize for FigureElem {
             caption.push_supplement(supplement.clone());
             caption.push_numbering(numbering.clone());
             caption.push_counter(Some(counter.clone()));
-            caption.push_location(self.0.location());
+            caption.push_figure_location(self.location());
         }
 
         self.push_placement(self.placement(styles));
@@ -289,7 +282,7 @@ impl Synthesize for FigureElem {
 impl Show for FigureElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "FigureElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let mut realized = self.body();
+        let mut realized = self.body().clone();
 
         // Build the caption, if any.
         if let Some(caption) = self.caption(styles) {
@@ -339,14 +332,15 @@ impl Count for FigureElem {
 impl Refable for FigureElem {
     fn supplement(&self) -> Content {
         // After synthesis, this should always be custom content.
-        match self.supplement(StyleChain::default()) {
-            Smart::Custom(Some(Supplement::Content(content))) => content,
+        let default = StyleChain::default();
+        match self.supplement(default).as_ref() {
+            Smart::Custom(Some(Supplement::Content(content))) => content.clone(),
             _ => Content::empty(),
         }
     }
 
     fn counter(&self) -> Counter {
-        self.counter().unwrap_or_else(|| Counter::of(Self::elem()))
+        self.counter().clone().unwrap_or_else(|| Counter::of(Self::elem()))
     }
 
     fn numbering(&self) -> Option<Numbering> {
@@ -364,17 +358,17 @@ impl Outlinable for FigureElem {
             return Ok(None);
         };
 
-        let mut realized = caption.body();
+        let mut realized = caption.body().clone();
         if let (
             Smart::Custom(Some(Supplement::Content(mut supplement))),
             Some(counter),
             Some(numbering),
         ) = (
-            self.supplement(StyleChain::default()),
+            self.supplement(StyleChain::default()).clone(),
             self.counter(),
             self.numbering(StyleChain::default()),
         ) {
-            let location = self.0.location().unwrap();
+            let location = self.location().unwrap();
             let numbers = counter.at(vt, location)?.display(vt, &numbering)?;
 
             if !supplement.is_empty() {
@@ -497,8 +491,9 @@ pub struct FigureCaption {
     pub counter: Option<Counter>,
 
     /// The figure's location.
+    #[internal]
     #[synthesized]
-    pub location: Option<Location>,
+    pub figure_location: Option<Location>,
 }
 
 impl FigureCaption {
@@ -542,12 +537,15 @@ impl Synthesize for FigureCaption {
 impl Show for FigureCaption {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "FigureCaption::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let mut realized = self.body();
+        let mut realized = self.body().clone();
 
-        if let (Some(mut supplement), Some(numbering), Some(counter), Some(location)) =
-            (self.supplement(), self.numbering(), self.counter(), self.location())
-        {
-            let numbers = counter.at(vt, location)?.display(vt, &numbering)?;
+        if let (Some(mut supplement), Some(numbering), Some(counter), Some(location)) = (
+            self.supplement().clone(),
+            self.numbering(),
+            self.counter(),
+            self.figure_location(),
+        ) {
+            let numbers = counter.at(vt, *location)?.display(vt, numbering)?;
             if !supplement.is_empty() {
                 supplement += TextElem::packed('\u{a0}');
             }
@@ -564,7 +562,7 @@ cast! {
 }
 
 /// The `kind` parameter of a [`FigureElem`].
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum FigureKind {
     /// The kind is an element function.
     Elem(Element),
@@ -585,4 +583,4 @@ cast! {
 /// An element that can be auto-detected in a figure.
 ///
 /// This trait is used to determine the type of a figure.
-pub trait Figurable: LocalName {}
+pub trait Figurable {}
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/footnote.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/footnote.rs
index a8f0b4dd0..4306f8333 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/footnote.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/footnote.rs
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ pub struct FootnoteElem {
     /// #footnote[Star],
     /// #footnote[Dagger]
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     #[default(Numbering::Pattern(NumberingPattern::from_str("1").unwrap()))]
     pub numbering: Numbering,
 
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ impl FootnoteElem {
     }
 
     /// Returns the content of the body of this footnote if it is not a ref.
-    pub fn body_content(&self) -> Option<Content> {
+    pub fn body_content(&self) -> Option<&Content> {
         match self.body() {
             FootnoteBody::Content(content) => Some(content),
             _ => None,
@@ -102,20 +103,20 @@ impl FootnoteElem {
     pub fn declaration_location(&self, vt: &Vt) -> StrResult<Location> {
         match self.body() {
             FootnoteBody::Reference(label) => {
-                let element: Prehashed<Content> = vt.introspector.query_label(&label)?;
+                let element: Prehashed<Content> = vt.introspector.query_label(*label)?;
                 let footnote = element
                     .to::<FootnoteElem>()
                     .ok_or("referenced element should be a footnote")?;
                 footnote.declaration_location(vt)
             }
-            _ => Ok(self.0.location().unwrap()),
+            _ => Ok(self.location().unwrap()),
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl Synthesize for FootnoteElem {
     fn synthesize(&mut self, _vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        self.push_numbering(self.numbering(styles));
+        self.push_numbering(self.numbering(styles).clone());
         Ok(())
     }
 }
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ impl Show for FootnoteElem {
             let loc = self.declaration_location(vt).at(self.span())?;
             let numbering = self.numbering(styles);
             let counter = Counter::of(Self::elem());
-            let num = counter.at(vt, loc)?.display(vt, &numbering)?;
+            let num = counter.at(vt, loc)?.display(vt, numbering)?;
             let sup = SuperElem::new(num).pack();
             let loc = loc.variant(1);
             // Add zero-width weak spacing to make the footnote "sticky".
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ impl Count for FootnoteElem {
 
 /// The body of a footnote can be either some content or a label referencing
 /// another footnote.
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum FootnoteBody {
     Content(Content),
     Reference(Label),
@@ -266,10 +267,11 @@ impl Show for FootnoteEntry {
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         let note = self.note();
         let number_gap = Em::new(0.05);
-        let numbering = note.numbering(StyleChain::default());
+        let default = StyleChain::default();
+        let numbering = note.numbering(default);
         let counter = Counter::of(FootnoteElem::elem());
-        let loc = note.0.location().unwrap();
-        let num = counter.at(vt, loc)?.display(vt, &numbering)?;
+        let loc = note.location().unwrap();
+        let num = counter.at(vt, loc)?.display(vt, numbering)?;
         let sup = SuperElem::new(num)
             .pack()
             .linked(Destination::Location(loc))
@@ -278,7 +280,7 @@ impl Show for FootnoteEntry {
             HElem::new(self.indent(styles).into()).pack(),
             sup,
             HElem::new(number_gap.into()).with_weak(true).pack(),
-            note.body_content().unwrap(),
+            note.body_content().unwrap().clone(),
         ]))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/heading.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/heading.rs
index 34af82385..1a2f4dd07 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/heading.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/heading.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use typst::util::option_eq;
 
 use super::{Counter, CounterUpdate, LocalName, Numbering, Outlinable, Refable};
 use crate::layout::{BlockElem, HElem, VElem};
-use crate::meta::{Count, Supplement};
+use crate::meta::{Count, LocalNameIn, Supplement};
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::text::{SpaceElem, TextElem, TextSize};
 
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ pub struct HeadingElem {
     /// == A subsection
     /// === A sub-subsection
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub numbering: Option<Numbering>,
 
     /// A supplement for the heading.
@@ -124,13 +125,13 @@ impl Synthesize for HeadingElem {
     fn synthesize(&mut self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<()> {
         // Resolve the supplement.
         let supplement = match self.supplement(styles) {
-            Smart::Auto => TextElem::packed(self.local_name_in(styles)),
+            Smart::Auto => TextElem::packed(Self::local_name_in(styles)),
             Smart::Custom(None) => Content::empty(),
             Smart::Custom(Some(supplement)) => supplement.resolve(vt, [self.clone()])?,
         };
 
         self.push_level(self.level(styles));
-        self.push_numbering(self.numbering(styles));
+        self.push_numbering(self.numbering(styles).clone());
         self.push_supplement(Smart::Custom(Some(Supplement::Content(supplement))));
         self.push_outlined(self.outlined(styles));
         self.push_bookmarked(self.bookmarked(styles));
@@ -142,10 +143,10 @@ impl Synthesize for HeadingElem {
 impl Show for HeadingElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "HeadingElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let mut realized = self.body();
-        if let Some(numbering) = self.numbering(styles) {
+        let mut realized = self.body().clone();
+        if let Some(numbering) = self.numbering(styles).as_ref() {
             realized = Counter::of(Self::elem())
-                .display(Some(numbering), false)
+                .display(Some(numbering.clone()), false)
                 .spanned(self.span())
                 + HElem::new(Em::new(0.3).into()).with_weak(true).pack()
                 + realized;
@@ -204,7 +205,7 @@ impl Refable for HeadingElem {
     }
 
     fn numbering(&self) -> Option<Numbering> {
-        self.numbering(StyleChain::default())
+        self.numbering(StyleChain::default()).clone()
     }
 }
 
@@ -214,11 +215,12 @@ impl Outlinable for HeadingElem {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
-        let mut content = self.body();
-        if let Some(numbering) = self.numbering(StyleChain::default()) {
+        let mut content = self.body().clone();
+        let default = StyleChain::default();
+        if let Some(numbering) = self.numbering(default).as_ref() {
             let numbers = Counter::of(Self::elem())
-                .at(vt, self.0.location().unwrap())?
-                .display(vt, &numbering)?;
+                .at(vt, self.location().unwrap())?
+                .display(vt, numbering)?;
             content = numbers + SpaceElem::new().pack() + content;
         };
 
@@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ impl Outlinable for HeadingElem {
 }
 
 impl LocalName for HeadingElem {
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
         match lang {
             Lang::ALBANIAN => "Kapitull",
             Lang::ARABIC => "الفصل",
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/link.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/link.rs
index 7b68b1860..74857f1bb 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/link.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/link.rs
@@ -84,12 +84,12 @@ impl LinkElem {
 impl Show for LinkElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "LinkElem::show", skip(self, vt))]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let body = self.body();
+        let body = self.body().clone();
         let linked = match self.dest() {
-            LinkTarget::Dest(dest) => body.linked(dest),
+            LinkTarget::Dest(dest) => body.linked(dest.clone()),
             LinkTarget::Label(label) => vt
                 .delayed(|vt| {
-                    let elem = vt.introspector.query_label(&label).at(self.span())?;
+                    let elem = vt.introspector.query_label(*label).at(self.span())?;
                     let dest = Destination::Location(elem.location().unwrap());
                     Ok(Some(body.clone().linked(dest)))
                 })
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn body_from_url(url: &EcoString) -> Content {
 }
 
 /// A target where a link can go.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum LinkTarget {
     Dest(Destination),
     Label(Label),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/mod.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/mod.rs
index 1019864f0..ffe861abf 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/mod.rs
@@ -62,13 +62,15 @@ pub(super) fn define(global: &mut Scope) {
     global.define_func::<query>();
 }
 
-/// The named with which an element is referenced.
-pub trait LocalName {
-    /// Get the name in the given language and (optionally) region.
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str;
-
-    /// Resolve the local name with a style chain.
-    fn local_name_in(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> &'static str {
-        self.local_name(TextElem::lang_in(styles), TextElem::region_in(styles))
+/// An element that has a local name.
+pub trait LocalNameIn: LocalName {
+    /// Gets the local name from the style chain.
+    fn local_name_in(styles: StyleChain) -> &'static str
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        Self::local_name(TextElem::lang_in(styles), TextElem::region_in(styles))
     }
 }
+
+impl<T: LocalName> LocalNameIn for T {}
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/outline.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/outline.rs
index 9266ba2b1..e7332ab34 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/outline.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/outline.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use super::{
     Counter, CounterKey, HeadingElem, LocalName, Numbering, NumberingPattern, Refable,
 };
 use crate::layout::{BoxElem, HElem, HideElem, ParbreakElem, RepeatElem, Spacing};
+use crate::meta::LocalNameIn;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::text::{LinebreakElem, SpaceElem, TextElem};
 
@@ -88,10 +89,8 @@ pub struct OutlineElem {
     ///   caption: [Experiment results],
     /// )
     /// ```
-    #[default(LocatableSelector(Selector::Elem(
-        HeadingElem::elem(),
-        Some(dict! { "outlined" => true })
-    )))]
+    #[default(LocatableSelector(select_where!(HeadingElem, Outlined => true)))]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub target: LocatableSelector,
 
     /// The maximum level up to which elements are included in the outline. When
@@ -161,6 +160,7 @@ pub struct OutlineElem {
     /// #lorem(10)
     /// ```
     #[default(None)]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub indent: Option<Smart<OutlineIndent>>,
 
     /// Content to fill the space between the title and the page number. Can be
@@ -187,14 +187,9 @@ impl Show for OutlineElem {
         let mut seq = vec![ParbreakElem::new().pack()];
         // Build the outline title.
         if let Some(title) = self.title(styles) {
-            let title =
-                title.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                    TextElem::packed(self.local_name(
-                        TextElem::lang_in(styles),
-                        TextElem::region_in(styles),
-                    ))
-                    .spanned(self.span())
-                });
+            let title = title.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                TextElem::packed(Self::local_name_in(styles)).spanned(self.span())
+            });
 
             seq.push(HeadingElem::new(title).with_level(NonZeroUsize::ONE).pack());
         }
@@ -217,7 +212,7 @@ impl Show for OutlineElem {
             };
 
             let level = entry.level();
-            if depth < level {
+            if depth < *level {
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -226,12 +221,12 @@ impl Show for OutlineElem {
             while ancestors
                 .last()
                 .and_then(|ancestor| ancestor.with::<dyn Outlinable>())
-                .map_or(false, |last| last.level() >= level)
+                .map_or(false, |last| last.level() >= *level)
             {
                 ancestors.pop();
             }
 
-            OutlineIndent::apply(&indent, vt, &ancestors, &mut seq, self.span())?;
+            OutlineIndent::apply(indent, vt, &ancestors, &mut seq, self.span())?;
 
             // Add the overridable outline entry, followed by a line break.
             seq.push(entry.pack());
@@ -255,7 +250,7 @@ impl Finalize for OutlineElem {
 }
 
 impl LocalName for OutlineElem {
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
         match lang {
             Lang::ALBANIAN => "Përmbajtja",
             Lang::ARABIC => "المحتويات",
@@ -301,7 +296,7 @@ pub trait Outlinable: Refable {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum OutlineIndent {
     Bool(bool),
     Rel(Rel<Length>),
@@ -497,14 +492,14 @@ impl Show for OutlineEntry {
         };
 
         // The body text remains overridable.
-        seq.push(self.body().linked(Destination::Location(location)));
+        seq.push(self.body().clone().linked(Destination::Location(location)));
 
         // Add filler symbols between the section name and page number.
         if let Some(filler) = self.fill() {
             seq.push(SpaceElem::new().pack());
             seq.push(
                 BoxElem::new()
-                    .with_body(Some(filler))
+                    .with_body(Some(filler.clone()))
                     .with_width(Fr::one().into())
                     .pack(),
             );
@@ -514,7 +509,7 @@ impl Show for OutlineEntry {
         }
 
         // Add the page number.
-        let page = self.page().linked(Destination::Location(location));
+        let page = self.page().clone().linked(Destination::Location(location));
         seq.push(page);
 
         Ok(Content::sequence(seq))
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/reference.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/reference.rs
index 12e13929a..3a463c803 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/reference.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/reference.rs
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ pub struct RefElem {
     /// in @intro[Part], it is done
     /// manually.
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub supplement: Smart<Option<Supplement>>,
 
     /// A synthesized citation.
@@ -132,9 +133,9 @@ impl Synthesize for RefElem {
         self.push_citation(Some(citation));
         self.push_element(None);
 
-        let target = self.target();
-        if !BibliographyElem::has(vt, &target.0) {
-            if let Ok(elem) = vt.introspector.query_label(&target) {
+        let target = *self.target();
+        if !BibliographyElem::has(vt, target) {
+            if let Ok(elem) = vt.introspector.query_label(target) {
                 self.push_element(Some(elem.into_inner()));
                 return Ok(());
             }
@@ -148,22 +149,22 @@ impl Show for RefElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "RefElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         Ok(vt.delayed(|vt| {
-            let target = self.target();
-            let elem = vt.introspector.query_label(&self.target());
+            let target = *self.target();
+            let elem = vt.introspector.query_label(target);
             let span = self.span();
 
-            if BibliographyElem::has(vt, &target.0) {
+            if BibliographyElem::has(vt, target) {
                 if elem.is_ok() {
                     bail!(span, "label occurs in the document and its bibliography");
                 }
 
-                return Ok(self.to_citation(vt, styles)?.pack().spanned(span));
+                return Ok(self.to_citation(vt, styles)?.spanned(span).pack());
             }
 
             let elem = elem.at(span)?;
 
             if elem.func() == FootnoteElem::elem() {
-                return Ok(FootnoteElem::with_label(target).pack().spanned(span));
+                return Ok(FootnoteElem::with_label(target).spanned(span).pack());
             }
 
             let refable = elem
@@ -204,7 +205,7 @@ impl Show for RefElem {
                 .at(vt, elem.location().unwrap())?
                 .display(vt, &numbering.trimmed())?;
 
-            let supplement = match self.supplement(styles) {
+            let supplement = match self.supplement(styles).as_ref() {
                 Smart::Auto => refable.supplement(),
                 Smart::Custom(None) => Content::empty(),
                 Smart::Custom(Some(supplement)) => {
@@ -225,10 +226,10 @@ impl Show for RefElem {
 impl RefElem {
     /// Turn the reference into a citation.
     pub fn to_citation(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<CiteElem> {
-        let mut elem = CiteElem::new(self.target());
-        elem.0.set_location(self.0.location().unwrap());
+        let mut elem = CiteElem::new(*self.target());
+        elem.set_location(self.location().unwrap());
         elem.synthesize(vt, styles)?;
-        elem.push_supplement(match self.supplement(styles) {
+        elem.push_supplement(match self.supplement(styles).clone() {
             Smart::Custom(Some(Supplement::Content(content))) => Some(content),
             _ => None,
         });
@@ -238,6 +239,7 @@ impl RefElem {
 }
 
 /// Additional content for a reference.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum Supplement {
     Content(Content),
     Func(Func),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/state.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/state.rs
index 137b754e4..4f04628f5 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/meta/state.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/meta/state.rs
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ impl State {
         for elem in introspector.query(&self.selector()) {
             let elem = elem.to::<UpdateElem>().unwrap();
             match elem.update() {
-                StateUpdate::Set(value) => state = value,
+                StateUpdate::Set(value) => state = value.clone(),
                 StateUpdate::Func(func) => state = func.call_vt(&mut vt, [state])?,
             }
             stops.push(state.clone());
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ impl State {
 
     /// The selector for this state's updates.
     fn selector(&self) -> Selector {
-        Selector::Elem(UpdateElem::elem(), Some(dict! { "key" => self.key.clone() }))
+        select_where!(UpdateElem, Key => self.key.clone())
     }
 }
 
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ impl Show for DisplayElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "DisplayElem::show", skip(self, vt))]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         Ok(vt.delayed(|vt| {
-            let location = self.0.location().unwrap();
+            let location = self.location().unwrap();
             let value = self.state().at(vt, location)?;
             Ok(match self.func() {
                 Some(func) => func.call_vt(vt, [value])?.display(),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/prelude.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/prelude.rs
index 329cbf61b..e3163e0fc 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/prelude.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/prelude.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ pub use comemo::{Track, Tracked, TrackedMut};
 #[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
 #[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec};
+#[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use typst::diag::{bail, error, At, Hint, SourceResult, StrResult};
 #[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use typst::doc::*;
@@ -22,10 +24,10 @@ pub use typst::eval::{
 pub use typst::geom::*;
 #[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use typst::model::{
-    elem, Behave, Behaviour, Construct, Content, Element, Finalize, Fold, Introspector,
-    Label, Locatable, LocatableSelector, Location, Locator, MetaElem, NativeElement,
-    PlainText, Resolve, Selector, Set, Show, StyleChain, StyleVec, Styles, Synthesize,
-    Unlabellable, Vt,
+    elem, select_where, Behave, Behaviour, Construct, Content, Element, ElementFields,
+    Finalize, Fold, Introspector, Label, LocalName, Locatable, LocatableSelector,
+    Location, Locator, MetaElem, NativeElement, PlainText, Resolve, Selector, Set, Show,
+    StyleChain, StyleVec, Styles, Synthesize, Unlabellable, Vt,
 };
 #[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use typst::syntax::{FileId, Span, Spanned};
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/shared/behave.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/shared/behave.rs
index f97e3fbcc..e152fbb50 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/shared/behave.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/shared/behave.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 //! Element interaction.
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
 use typst::model::{Behave, Behaviour, Content, StyleChain, StyleVec, StyleVecBuilder};
 
 /// A wrapper around a [`StyleVecBuilder`] that allows elements to interact.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BehavedBuilder<'a> {
     /// The internal builder.
-    builder: StyleVecBuilder<'a, Content>,
+    builder: StyleVecBuilder<'a, Cow<'a, Content>>,
     /// Staged weak and ignorant elements that we can't yet commit to the
     /// builder. The option is `Some(_)` for weak elements and `None` for
     /// ignorant elements.
-    staged: Vec<(Content, Behaviour, StyleChain<'a>)>,
+    staged: Vec<(Cow<'a, Content>, Behaviour, StyleChain<'a>)>,
     /// What the last non-ignorant item was.
     last: Behaviour,
 }
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ impl<'a> BehavedBuilder<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Push an item into the sequence.
-    pub fn push(&mut self, elem: Content, styles: StyleChain<'a>) {
+    pub fn push(&mut self, elem: Cow<'a, Content>, styles: StyleChain<'a>) {
         let interaction = elem
             .with::<dyn Behave>()
             .map_or(Behaviour::Supportive, Behave::behaviour);
@@ -81,12 +83,12 @@ impl<'a> BehavedBuilder<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Iterate over the contained elements.
-    pub fn elems(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &Content> {
+    pub fn elems(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &Cow<'a, Content>> {
         self.builder.elems().chain(self.staged.iter().map(|(item, ..)| item))
     }
 
     /// Return the finish style vec and the common prefix chain.
-    pub fn finish(mut self) -> (StyleVec<Content>, StyleChain<'a>) {
+    pub fn finish(mut self) -> (StyleVec<Cow<'a, Content>>, StyleChain<'a>) {
         self.flush(false);
         self.builder.finish()
     }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/shared/ext.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/shared/ext.rs
index e6431423e..606148204 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/shared/ext.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/shared/ext.rs
@@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ impl ContentExt for Content {
     }
 
     fn linked(self, dest: Destination) -> Self {
-        self.styled(MetaElem::set_data(vec![Meta::Link(dest)]))
+        self.styled(MetaElem::set_data(smallvec![Meta::Link(dest)]))
     }
 
     fn backlinked(self, loc: Location) -> Self {
         let mut backlink = Content::empty();
         backlink.set_location(loc);
-        self.styled(MetaElem::set_data(vec![Meta::Elem(backlink)]))
+        self.styled(MetaElem::set_data(smallvec![Meta::Elem(backlink)]))
     }
 
     fn aligned(self, align: Align) -> Self {
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ impl StylesExt for Styles {
     fn set_family(&mut self, preferred: FontFamily, existing: StyleChain) {
         self.set(TextElem::set_font(FontList(
             std::iter::once(preferred)
-                .chain(TextElem::font_in(existing))
+                .chain(TextElem::font_in(existing).into_iter().cloned())
                 .collect(),
         )));
     }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/deco.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/deco.rs
index 136dfad87..d8167788d 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/deco.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/deco.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ pub struct UnderlineElem {
 impl Show for UnderlineElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "UnderlineElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
+        Ok(self.body().clone().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
             line: DecoLine::Underline {
                 stroke: self.stroke(styles).unwrap_or_default(),
                 offset: self.offset(styles),
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ pub struct OverlineElem {
 impl Show for OverlineElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "OverlineElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
+        Ok(self.body().clone().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
             line: DecoLine::Overline {
                 stroke: self.stroke(styles).unwrap_or_default(),
                 offset: self.offset(styles),
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ pub struct StrikeElem {
 impl Show for StrikeElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "StrikeElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
+        Ok(self.body().clone().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
             // Note that we do not support evade option for strikethrough.
             line: DecoLine::Strikethrough {
                 stroke: self.stroke(styles).unwrap_or_default(),
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ pub struct HighlightElem {
 impl Show for HighlightElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "HighlightElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
+        Ok(self.body().clone().styled(TextElem::set_deco(Decoration {
             line: DecoLine::Highlight {
                 fill: self.fill(styles),
                 top_edge: self.top_edge(styles),
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/misc.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/misc.rs
index 736573458..9f768f11f 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/misc.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/misc.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,15 @@ use super::TextElem;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 /// A text space.
-#[elem(Behave, Unlabellable, PlainText)]
+#[elem(Behave, Unlabellable, PlainText, Repr)]
 pub struct SpaceElem {}
 
+impl Repr for SpaceElem {
+    fn repr(&self) -> EcoString {
+        EcoString::inline("[ ]")
+    }
+}
+
 impl Behave for SpaceElem {
     fn behaviour(&self) -> Behaviour {
         Behaviour::Weak(2)
@@ -98,7 +104,10 @@ pub struct StrongElem {
 impl Show for StrongElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "StrongElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(TextElem::set_delta(Delta(self.delta(styles)))))
+        Ok(self
+            .body()
+            .clone()
+            .styled(TextElem::set_delta(Delta(self.delta(styles)))))
     }
 }
 
@@ -153,7 +162,7 @@ pub struct EmphElem {
 impl Show for EmphElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "EmphElem::show", skip(self))]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().styled(TextElem::set_emph(Toggle)))
+        Ok(self.body().clone().styled(TextElem::set_emph(Toggle)))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/mod.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/mod.rs
index 27dd4a3f6..84a68d6f5 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/mod.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub(super) fn define(global: &mut Scope) {
 ///   With a function call.
 /// ])
 /// ```
-#[elem(Construct, PlainText)]
+#[elem(Construct, PlainText, Repr)]
 pub struct TextElem {
     /// A font family name or priority list of font family names.
     ///
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ pub struct TextElem {
     /// هذا عربي.
     /// ```
     #[default(FontList(vec![FontFamily::new("Linux Libertine")]))]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub font: FontList,
 
     /// Whether to allow last resort font fallback when the primary font list
@@ -558,8 +559,8 @@ pub struct TextElem {
     pub body: Content,
 
     /// The text.
-    #[internal]
     #[required]
+    #[variant(0)]
     pub text: EcoString,
 
     /// A delta to apply on the font weight.
@@ -595,6 +596,12 @@ impl TextElem {
     }
 }
 
+impl Repr for TextElem {
+    fn repr(&self) -> EcoString {
+        eco_format!("[{}]", self.text)
+    }
+}
+
 impl Construct for TextElem {
     fn construct(vm: &mut Vm, args: &mut Args) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         // The text constructor is special: It doesn't create a text element.
@@ -608,7 +615,7 @@ impl Construct for TextElem {
 
 impl PlainText for TextElem {
     fn plain_text(&self, text: &mut EcoString) {
-        text.push_str(&self.text());
+        text.push_str(self.text());
     }
 }
 
@@ -644,12 +651,12 @@ cast! {
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct FontList(pub Vec<FontFamily>);
 
-impl IntoIterator for FontList {
-    type IntoIter = std::vec::IntoIter<FontFamily>;
-    type Item = FontFamily;
+impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a FontList {
+    type IntoIter = std::slice::Iter<'a, FontFamily>;
+    type Item = &'a FontFamily;
 
     fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
-        self.0.into_iter()
+        self.0.iter()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/quote.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/quote.rs
index 86be24166..c555df2d1 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/quote.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/quote.rs
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ pub struct QuoteElem {
     ///
     /// #bibliography("works.bib")
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     attribution: Option<Attribution>,
 
     /// The quote.
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ pub struct QuoteElem {
     body: Content,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum Attribution {
     Content(Content),
     Label(Label),
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ cast! {
 
 impl Show for QuoteElem {
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let mut realized = self.body();
+        let mut realized = self.body().clone();
         let block = self.block(styles);
 
         if self.quotes(styles) == Smart::Custom(true) || !block {
@@ -140,16 +141,16 @@ impl Show for QuoteElem {
         if block {
             realized = BlockElem::new().with_body(Some(realized)).pack();
 
-            if let Some(attribution) = self.attribution(styles) {
+            if let Some(attribution) = self.attribution(styles).as_ref() {
                 let mut seq = vec![TextElem::packed('—'), SpaceElem::new().pack()];
 
                 match attribution {
                     Attribution::Content(content) => {
-                        seq.push(content);
+                        seq.push(content.clone());
                     }
                     Attribution::Label(label) => {
                         seq.push(
-                            CiteElem::new(label)
+                            CiteElem::new(*label)
                                 .with_form(Some(CitationForm::Prose))
                                 .pack(),
                         );
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ impl Show for QuoteElem {
 
             realized = PadElem::new(realized).pack();
         } else if let Some(Attribution::Label(label)) = self.attribution(styles) {
-            realized += SpaceElem::new().pack() + CiteElem::new(label).pack();
+            realized += SpaceElem::new().pack() + CiteElem::new(*label).pack();
         }
 
         Ok(realized)
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/quotes.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/quotes.rs
index 37e664fd9..035ba4223 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/quotes.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/quotes.rs
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ pub struct SmartquoteElem {
     /// #set smartquote(quotes: (single: ("[[", "]]"),  double: auto))
     /// 'Das sind eigene Anführungszeichen.'
     /// ```
+    #[borrowed]
     pub quotes: Smart<QuoteDict>,
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/raw.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/raw.rs
index d16659beb..4f672be91 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/raw.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/raw.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use super::{
     FontFamily, FontList, Hyphenate, LinebreakElem, SmartquoteElem, TextElem, TextSize,
 };
 use crate::layout::BlockElem;
-use crate::meta::{Figurable, LocalName};
+use crate::meta::Figurable;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 // Shorthand for highlighter closures.
@@ -145,6 +145,7 @@ pub struct RawElem {
     ///
     /// This is ```typ also *Typst*```, but inline!
     /// ````
+    #[borrowed]
     pub lang: Option<EcoString>,
 
     /// The horizontal alignment that each line in a raw block should have.
@@ -225,11 +226,13 @@ pub struct RawElem {
         let (theme_path, theme_data) = parse_theme(vm, args)?;
         theme_path.map(Some)
     )]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub theme: Option<EcoString>,
 
     /// The raw file buffer of syntax theme file.
     #[internal]
     #[parse(theme_data.map(Some))]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub theme_data: Option<Bytes>,
 
     /// The size for a tab stop in spaces. A tab is replaced with enough spaces to
@@ -252,7 +255,7 @@ pub struct RawElem {
     /// Made accessible for the [`raw.line` element]($raw.line).
     /// Allows more styling control in `show` rules.
     #[synthesized]
-    pub lines: Vec<Content>,
+    pub lines: Vec<RawLine>,
 }
 
 #[scope]
@@ -280,17 +283,20 @@ impl RawElem {
 
 impl Synthesize for RawElem {
     fn synthesize(&mut self, _vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        self.push_lang(self.lang(styles));
+        self.push_lang(self.lang(styles).clone());
 
-        let mut text = self.text();
+        let mut text = self.text().clone();
         if text.contains('\t') {
             let tab_size = RawElem::tab_size_in(styles);
             text = align_tabs(&text, tab_size);
         }
 
+        let count = text.lines().count() as i64;
+
         let lang = self
             .lang(styles)
             .as_ref()
+            .as_ref()
             .map(|s| s.to_lowercase())
             .or(Some("txt".into()));
 
@@ -298,12 +304,12 @@ impl Synthesize for RawElem {
             load_syntaxes(&self.syntaxes(styles), &self.syntaxes_data(styles)).unwrap()
         });
 
-        let theme = self.theme(styles).map(|theme_path| {
-            load_theme(theme_path, self.theme_data(styles).unwrap()).unwrap()
+        let theme = self.theme(styles).as_ref().as_ref().map(|theme_path| {
+            load_theme(theme_path, self.theme_data(styles).as_ref().as_ref().unwrap())
+                .unwrap()
         });
 
         let theme = theme.as_deref().unwrap_or(&THEME);
-
         let foreground = theme.settings.foreground.unwrap_or(synt::Color::BLACK);
 
         let mut seq = vec![];
@@ -319,15 +325,12 @@ impl Synthesize for RawElem {
                 synt::Highlighter::new(theme),
                 &mut |_, range, style| styled(&text[range], foreground, style),
                 &mut |i, range, line| {
-                    seq.push(
-                        RawLine::new(
-                            i + 1,
-                            text.split(is_newline).count() as i64,
-                            EcoString::from(&text[range]),
-                            Content::sequence(line.drain(..)),
-                        )
-                        .pack(),
-                    );
+                    seq.push(RawLine::new(
+                        i + 1,
+                        count,
+                        EcoString::from(&text[range]),
+                        Content::sequence(line.drain(..)),
+                    ));
                 },
             )
             .highlight();
@@ -342,7 +345,6 @@ impl Synthesize for RawElem {
                 })
         }) {
             let mut highlighter = syntect::easy::HighlightLines::new(syntax, theme);
-            let len = text.lines().count();
             for (i, line) in text.lines().enumerate() {
                 let mut line_content = vec![];
                 for (style, piece) in
@@ -351,18 +353,23 @@ impl Synthesize for RawElem {
                     line_content.push(styled(piece, foreground, style));
                 }
 
-                seq.push(
-                    RawLine::new(
-                        i as i64 + 1,
-                        len as i64,
-                        EcoString::from(line),
-                        Content::sequence(line_content),
-                    )
-                    .pack(),
-                );
+                seq.push(RawLine::new(
+                    i as i64 + 1,
+                    count,
+                    EcoString::from(line),
+                    Content::sequence(line_content),
+                ));
             }
         } else {
-            seq.extend(text.lines().map(TextElem::packed));
+            let lines = text.lines();
+            seq.extend(lines.enumerate().map(|(i, line)| {
+                RawLine::new(
+                    i as i64 + 1,
+                    count,
+                    EcoString::from(line),
+                    TextElem::packed(line),
+                )
+            }));
         };
 
         self.push_lines(seq);
@@ -375,12 +382,12 @@ impl Show for RawElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "RawElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
         let mut lines = EcoVec::with_capacity((2 * self.lines().len()).saturating_sub(1));
-        for (i, line) in self.lines().into_iter().enumerate() {
+        for (i, line) in self.lines().iter().enumerate() {
             if i != 0 {
                 lines.push(LinebreakElem::new().pack());
             }
 
-            lines.push(line);
+            lines.push(line.clone().pack());
         }
 
         let mut realized = Content::sequence(lines);
@@ -408,7 +415,7 @@ impl Finalize for RawElem {
 }
 
 impl LocalName for RawElem {
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
         match lang {
             Lang::ALBANIAN => "List",
             Lang::ARABIC => "قائمة",
@@ -443,7 +450,7 @@ impl Figurable for RawElem {}
 
 impl PlainText for RawElem {
     fn plain_text(&self, text: &mut EcoString) {
-        text.push_str(&self.text());
+        text.push_str(self.text());
     }
 }
 
@@ -475,13 +482,13 @@ pub struct RawLine {
 
 impl Show for RawLine {
     fn show(&self, _vt: &mut Vt, _styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body())
+        Ok(self.body().clone())
     }
 }
 
 impl PlainText for RawLine {
     fn plain_text(&self, text: &mut EcoString) {
-        text.push_str(&self.text());
+        text.push_str(self.text());
     }
 }
 
@@ -617,7 +624,7 @@ fn to_syn(color: Color) -> synt::Color {
 }
 
 /// A list of bibliography file paths.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct SyntaxPaths(Vec<EcoString>);
 
 cast! {
@@ -681,7 +688,7 @@ fn parse_syntaxes(
 }
 
 #[comemo::memoize]
-fn load_theme(path: EcoString, bytes: Bytes) -> StrResult<Arc<synt::Theme>> {
+fn load_theme(path: &str, bytes: &Bytes) -> StrResult<Arc<synt::Theme>> {
     let mut cursor = std::io::Cursor::new(bytes.as_slice());
 
     synt::ThemeSet::load_from_reader(&mut cursor)
@@ -705,7 +712,7 @@ fn parse_theme(
     let data = vm.world().file(id).at(span)?;
 
     // Check that parsing works.
-    let _ = load_theme(path.clone(), data.clone()).at(span)?;
+    let _ = load_theme(&path, &data).at(span)?;
 
     Ok((Some(path), Some(data)))
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/shaping.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/shaping.rs
index 0cfffce07..f7cf90bd6 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/shaping.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/shaping.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use typst::font::{Font, FontStyle, FontVariant};
 use typst::util::SliceExt;
 use unicode_script::{Script, UnicodeScript};
 
-use super::{decorate, FontFamily, NumberType, NumberWidth, TextElem};
+use super::{decorate, NumberType, NumberWidth, TextElem};
 use crate::layout::SpanMapper;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ impl<'a> ShapedText<'a> {
             for family in families(self.styles) {
                 if let Some(font) = world
                     .book()
-                    .select(family.as_str(), self.variant)
+                    .select(family, self.variant)
                     .and_then(|id| world.font(id))
                 {
                     expand(&font, None);
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ impl<'a> ShapedText<'a> {
             None
         };
         let mut chain = families(self.styles)
-            .map(|family| book.select(family.as_str(), self.variant))
+            .map(|family| book.select(family, self.variant))
             .chain(fallback_func.iter().map(|f| f()))
             .flatten();
 
@@ -593,11 +593,11 @@ pub fn shape<'a>(
 }
 
 /// Shape text with font fallback using the `families` iterator.
-fn shape_segment(
+fn shape_segment<'a>(
     ctx: &mut ShapingContext,
     base: usize,
     text: &str,
-    mut families: impl Iterator<Item = FontFamily> + Clone,
+    mut families: impl Iterator<Item = &'a str> + Clone,
 ) {
     // Fonts dont have newlines and tabs.
     if text.chars().all(|c| c == '\n' || c == '\t') {
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ fn shape_segment(
     let world = ctx.vt.world;
     let book = world.book();
     let mut selection = families.find_map(|family| {
-        book.select(family.as_str(), ctx.variant)
+        book.select(family, ctx.variant)
             .and_then(|id| world.font(id))
             .filter(|font| !ctx.used.contains(font))
     });
@@ -871,7 +871,7 @@ pub fn variant(styles: StyleChain) -> FontVariant {
 }
 
 /// Resolve a prioritized iterator over the font families.
-pub fn families(styles: StyleChain) -> impl Iterator<Item = FontFamily> + Clone {
+pub fn families(styles: StyleChain) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + Clone {
     const FALLBACKS: &[&str] = &[
         "linux libertine",
         "twitter color emoji",
@@ -883,7 +883,8 @@ pub fn families(styles: StyleChain) -> impl Iterator<Item = FontFamily> + Clone
     let tail = if TextElem::fallback_in(styles) { FALLBACKS } else { &[] };
     TextElem::font_in(styles)
         .into_iter()
-        .chain(tail.iter().copied().map(FontFamily::new))
+        .map(|family| family.as_str())
+        .chain(tail.iter().copied())
 }
 
 /// Collect the tags of the OpenType features to apply.
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/text/shift.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/text/shift.rs
index 6cb4d8951..903982ef1 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/text/shift.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/text/shift.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub struct SubElem {
 impl Show for SubElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "SubElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let body = self.body();
+        let body = self.body().clone();
         let mut transformed = None;
         if self.typographic(styles) {
             if let Some(text) = search_text(&body, true) {
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ pub struct SuperElem {
 impl Show for SuperElem {
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "SuperElem::show", skip_all)]
     fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        let body = self.body();
+        let body = self.body().clone();
         let mut transformed = None;
         if self.typographic(styles) {
             if let Some(text) = search_text(&body, false) {
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn search_text(content: &Content, sub: bool) -> Option<EcoString> {
     if content.is::<SpaceElem>() {
         Some(' '.into())
     } else if let Some(elem) = content.to::<TextElem>() {
-        convert_script(&elem.text(), sub)
+        convert_script(elem.text(), sub)
     } else if let Some(children) = content.to_sequence() {
         let mut full = EcoString::new();
         for item in children {
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/image.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/image.rs
index 931e38c63..6e166bc08 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/image.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/image.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use typst::image::{Image, ImageFormat, RasterFormat, VectorFormat};
 use typst::util::option_eq;
 
 use crate::compute::Readable;
-use crate::meta::{Figurable, LocalName};
+use crate::meta::Figurable;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::text::families;
 
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ pub struct ImageElem {
         let data = vm.world().file(id).at(span)?;
         path
     )]
+    #[borrowed]
     pub path: EcoString,
 
     /// The raw file data.
@@ -157,11 +158,11 @@ impl Layout for ImageElem {
         };
 
         let image = Image::with_fonts(
-            data.into(),
+            data.clone().into(),
             format,
             self.alt(styles),
             vt.world,
-            &families(styles).map(|s| s.as_str().into()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            &families(styles).map(|s| s.into()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         )
         .at(self.span())?;
 
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ impl Layout for ImageElem {
 }
 
 impl LocalName for ImageElem {
-    fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str {
         match lang {
             Lang::ALBANIAN => "Figurë",
             Lang::ARABIC => "شكل",
diff --git a/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/path.rs b/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/path.rs
index 79364b070..43b115266 100644
--- a/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/path.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-library/src/visualize/path.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl Layout for PathElem {
                 .to_point()
         };
 
-        let vertices: Vec<PathVertex> = self.vertices();
+        let vertices = self.vertices();
         let points: Vec<Point> = vertices.iter().map(|c| resolve(c.vertex())).collect();
 
         let mut size = Size::zero();
diff --git a/crates/typst-macros/src/elem.rs b/crates/typst-macros/src/elem.rs
index 5584bdb68..a5e14b5a2 100644
--- a/crates/typst-macros/src/elem.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-macros/src/elem.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use heck::ToKebabCase;
+use heck::{ToKebabCase, ToShoutySnakeCase, ToUpperCamelCase};
 
 use super::*;
 
@@ -17,17 +17,102 @@ struct Elem {
     docs: String,
     vis: syn::Visibility,
     ident: Ident,
+    enum_ident: Ident,
     capabilities: Vec<Ident>,
     fields: Vec<Field>,
 }
 
-/// Details about an element field.
+impl Elem {
+    /// Calls the closure to produce a token stream if the
+    /// element does not have the given capability.
+    fn unless_capability(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+        closure: impl FnOnce() -> TokenStream,
+    ) -> Option<TokenStream> {
+        self.capabilities
+            .iter()
+            .all(|capability| capability != name)
+            .then(closure)
+    }
+
+    /// Calls the closure to produce a token stream if the
+    /// element has the given capability.
+    fn if_capability(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+        closure: impl FnOnce() -> TokenStream,
+    ) -> Option<TokenStream> {
+        self.capabilities
+            .iter()
+            .any(|capability| capability == name)
+            .then(closure)
+    }
+
+    /// All fields.
+    ///
+    /// This includes:
+    /// - Fields that are not external and therefore present in the struct.
+    fn real_fields(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Field> + Clone {
+        self.fields.iter().filter(|field| !field.external)
+    }
+
+    /// Fields that are inherent to the element.
+    fn inherent_fields(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Field> + Clone {
+        self.real_fields().filter(|field| field.inherent())
+    }
+
+    /// Fields that can be set with style rules.
+    ///
+    /// The reason why fields that are `parse` and internal are allowed
+    /// is because it's a pattern used a lot for parsing data from the
+    /// input and then storing it in a field.
+    ///
+    /// This includes:
+    /// - Fields that are not synthesized.
+    /// - Fields that are not inherent and therefore present at all times.
+    /// - Fields that are not internal.
+    fn settable_fields(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Field> + Clone {
+        self.real_fields().filter(|field| {
+            !field.synthesized
+                && field.settable()
+                && (!field.internal || field.parse.is_some())
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Fields that are visible to the user.
+    ///
+    /// This includes:
+    /// - Fields that are not internal.
+    fn visible_fields(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Field> + Clone {
+        self.real_fields().filter(|field| !field.internal)
+    }
+
+    /// Fields that are relevant for equality.
+    ///
+    /// This includes:
+    /// - Fields that are not synthesized (guarantees equality before and after synthesis).
+    fn eq_fields(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Field> + Clone {
+        self.real_fields().filter(|field| !field.synthesized)
+    }
+
+    /// Fields that are relevant for `Construct` impl.
+    ///
+    /// This includes:
+    /// - Fields that are not synthesized.
+    fn construct_fields(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Field> + Clone {
+        self.real_fields().filter(|field| !field.synthesized)
+    }
+}
+
 struct Field {
     ident: Ident,
     ident_in: Ident,
     with_ident: Ident,
     push_ident: Ident,
     set_ident: Ident,
+    enum_ident: Ident,
+    const_ident: Ident,
     vis: syn::Visibility,
     ty: syn::Type,
     output: syn::Type,
@@ -41,6 +126,8 @@ struct Field {
     internal: bool,
     external: bool,
     synthesized: bool,
+    borrowed: bool,
+    forced_variant: Option<usize>,
     parse: Option<BlockWithReturn>,
     default: syn::Expr,
 }
@@ -107,6 +194,7 @@ fn parse(stream: TokenStream, body: &syn::ItemStruct) -> Result<Elem> {
         ident: body.ident.clone(),
         capabilities: meta.capabilities,
         fields,
+        enum_ident: Ident::new(&format!("{}Fields", body.ident), body.ident.span()),
     })
 }
 
@@ -129,14 +217,19 @@ fn parse_field(field: &syn::Field) -> Result<Field> {
         docs: documentation(&attrs),
         internal: has_attr(&mut attrs, "internal"),
         external: has_attr(&mut attrs, "external"),
+        forced_variant: parse_attr::<syn::LitInt>(&mut attrs, "variant")?
+            .flatten()
+            .map(|lit| lit.base10_parse())
+            .transpose()?,
         positional,
         required,
         variadic,
+        borrowed: has_attr(&mut attrs, "borrowed"),
         synthesized: has_attr(&mut attrs, "synthesized"),
         fold: has_attr(&mut attrs, "fold"),
         resolve: has_attr(&mut attrs, "resolve"),
         parse: parse_attr(&mut attrs, "parse")?.flatten(),
-        default: parse_attr(&mut attrs, "default")?
+        default: parse_attr::<syn::Expr>(&mut attrs, "default")?
             .flatten()
             .unwrap_or_else(|| parse_quote! { ::std::default::Default::default() }),
         vis: field.vis.clone(),
@@ -145,6 +238,8 @@ fn parse_field(field: &syn::Field) -> Result<Field> {
         with_ident: Ident::new(&format!("with_{}", ident), ident.span()),
         push_ident: Ident::new(&format!("push_{}", ident), ident.span()),
         set_ident: Ident::new(&format!("set_{}", ident), ident.span()),
+        enum_ident: Ident::new(&ident.to_string().to_upper_camel_case(), ident.span()),
+        const_ident: Ident::new(&ident.to_string().to_shouty_snake_case(), ident.span()),
         ty: field.ty.clone(),
         output: field.ty.clone(),
     };
@@ -175,36 +270,53 @@ fn parse_field(field: &syn::Field) -> Result<Field> {
 /// Produce the element's definition.
 fn create(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
     let Elem { vis, ident, docs, .. } = element;
-    let all = element.fields.iter().filter(|field| !field.external);
+    let all = element.real_fields();
     let settable = all.clone().filter(|field| !field.synthesized && field.settable());
 
-    // Inherent methods and functions.
+    let fields = all.clone().map(create_field);
+    let fields_enum = create_fields_enum(element);
+
     let new = create_new_func(element);
-    let field_methods = all.clone().map(create_field_method);
-    let field_in_methods = settable.clone().map(create_field_in_method);
+    let field_methods = all.clone().map(|field| create_field_method(element, field));
+    let field_in_methods =
+        settable.clone().map(|field| create_field_in_method(element, field));
     let with_field_methods = all.clone().map(create_with_field_method);
-    let push_field_methods = all.map(create_push_field_method);
-    let field_style_methods = settable.map(create_set_field_method);
+    let push_field_methods = all.clone().map(create_push_field_method);
+    let field_style_methods =
+        settable.clone().map(|field| create_set_field_method(element, field));
 
     // Trait implementations.
-    let element_impl = create_pack_impl(element);
-    let construct_impl = element
-        .capabilities
-        .iter()
-        .all(|capability| capability != "Construct")
-        .then(|| create_construct_impl(element));
-    let set_impl = create_set_impl(element);
-    let locatable_impl = element
-        .capabilities
-        .iter()
-        .any(|capability| capability == "Locatable")
-        .then(|| quote! { impl ::typst::model::Locatable for #ident {} });
+    let native_element_impl = create_native_elem_impl(element);
+    let construct_impl =
+        element.unless_capability("Construct", || create_construct_impl(element));
+    let set_impl = element.unless_capability("Set", || create_set_impl(element));
+    let locatable_impl =
+        element.if_capability("Locatable", || create_locatable_impl(element));
+    let partial_eq_impl =
+        element.unless_capability("PartialEq", || create_partial_eq_impl(element));
+    let repr_impl = element.unless_capability("Repr", || create_repr_impl(element));
+
+    let label_and_location = element.unless_capability("Unlabellable", || {
+        quote! {
+            location: Option<::typst::model::Location>,
+            label: Option<::typst::model::Label>,
+            prepared: bool,
+        }
+    });
 
     quote! {
         #[doc = #docs]
         #[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
-        #[repr(transparent)]
-        #vis struct #ident(pub ::typst::model::Content);
+        #[allow(clippy::derived_hash_with_manual_eq)]
+        #vis struct #ident {
+            span: ::typst::syntax::Span,
+            #label_and_location
+            guards: ::std::vec::Vec<::typst::model::Guard>,
+
+            #(#fields,)*
+        }
+
+        #fields_enum
 
         impl #ident {
             #new
@@ -213,31 +325,123 @@ fn create(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
             #(#with_field_methods)*
             #(#push_field_methods)*
             #(#field_style_methods)*
-
-            /// The element's span.
-            pub fn span(&self) -> ::typst::syntax::Span {
-                self.0.span()
-            }
-
-             /// Set the element's span.
-             pub fn spanned(self, span: ::typst::syntax::Span) -> Self {
-                Self(self.0.spanned(span))
-            }
         }
 
-        #element_impl
+        #native_element_impl
         #construct_impl
         #set_impl
         #locatable_impl
+        #partial_eq_impl
+        #repr_impl
 
         impl ::typst::eval::IntoValue for #ident {
             fn into_value(self) -> ::typst::eval::Value {
-                ::typst::eval::Value::Content(self.0)
+                ::typst::eval::Value::Content(::typst::model::Content::new(self))
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
+/// Create a field declaration.
+fn create_field(field: &Field) -> TokenStream {
+    let Field { ident, ty, docs, required, .. } = field;
+
+    let ty = required
+        .then(|| quote! { #ty })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| quote! { Option<#ty> });
+    quote! {
+        #[doc = #docs]
+        #ident: #ty
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates the element's enum for field identifiers.
+fn create_fields_enum(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
+    let model = quote! { ::typst::model };
+    let Elem { ident, enum_ident, .. } = element;
+
+    let mut fields = element.real_fields().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    fields.sort_by_key(|field| field.forced_variant.unwrap_or(usize::MAX));
+
+    let field_names = fields.iter().map(|Field { name, .. }| name).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let field_consts = fields
+        .iter()
+        .map(|Field { const_ident, .. }| const_ident)
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let field_variants = fields
+        .iter()
+        .map(|Field { enum_ident, .. }| enum_ident)
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let definitions =
+        fields.iter().map(|Field { forced_variant, enum_ident, .. }| {
+            if let Some(variant) = forced_variant {
+                let variant = proc_macro2::Literal::u8_unsuffixed(*variant as _);
+                quote! { #enum_ident = #variant }
+            } else {
+                quote! { #enum_ident }
+            }
+        });
+
+    quote! {
+        // To hide the private type
+        const _: () = {
+            impl #model::ElementFields for #ident {
+                type Fields = #enum_ident;
+            }
+
+            #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+            #[repr(u8)]
+            pub enum #enum_ident {
+                #(#definitions,)*
+                Label = 255,
+            }
+
+            impl #enum_ident {
+                /// Converts this field identifier to the field name.
+                pub fn to_str(self) -> &'static str {
+                    match self {
+                        #(Self::#field_variants => #field_names,)*
+                        Self::Label => "label",
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl ::std::convert::TryFrom<u8> for #enum_ident {
+                type Error = ();
+
+                fn try_from(value: u8) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+                    #(const #field_consts: u8 = #enum_ident::#field_variants as u8;)*
+                    match value {
+                        #(#field_consts => Ok(Self::#field_variants),)*
+                        255 => Ok(Self::Label),
+                        _ => Err(()),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl ::std::fmt::Display for #enum_ident {
+                fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                    f.pad(self.to_str())
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl ::std::str::FromStr for #enum_ident {
+                type Err = ();
+
+                fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+                    match s {
+                        #(#field_names => Ok(Self::#field_variants),)*
+                        "label" => Ok(Self::Label),
+                        _ => Err(()),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    }
+}
+
 /// Create the `new` function for the element.
 fn create_new_func(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
     let relevant = element
@@ -247,33 +451,146 @@ fn create_new_func(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
     let params = relevant.clone().map(|Field { ident, ty, .. }| {
         quote! { #ident: #ty }
     });
-    let builder_calls = relevant.map(|Field { ident, with_ident, .. }| {
-        quote! { .#with_ident(#ident) }
+    let required = relevant.map(|Field { ident, .. }| {
+        quote! { #ident }
     });
+    let defaults = element
+        .fields
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|field| !field.external && (field.synthesized || !field.inherent()))
+        .map(|Field { ident, .. }| {
+            quote! { #ident: None }
+        });
+
+    let label_and_location = element.unless_capability("Unlabellable", || {
+        quote! {
+            location: None,
+            label: None,
+            prepared: false,
+        }
+    });
+
     quote! {
         /// Create a new element.
         pub fn new(#(#params),*) -> Self {
-            Self(::typst::model::Content::new(
-                <Self as ::typst::model::NativeElement>::elem()
+            Self {
+                span: ::typst::syntax::Span::detached(),
+                #label_and_location
+                guards: ::std::vec::Vec::with_capacity(0),
+                #(#required,)*
+                #(#defaults,)*
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a builder pattern method for a field.
+fn create_with_field_method(field: &Field) -> TokenStream {
+    let Field { vis, ident, with_ident, name, ty, .. } = field;
+    let doc = format!("Set the [`{}`](Self::{}) field.", name, ident);
+
+    let set = if field.inherent() {
+        quote! { self.#ident = #ident; }
+    } else {
+        quote! { self.#ident = Some(#ident); }
+    };
+    quote! {
+        #[doc = #doc]
+        #vis fn #with_ident(mut self, #ident: #ty) -> Self {
+            #set
+            self
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a set-style method for a field.
+fn create_push_field_method(field: &Field) -> TokenStream {
+    let Field { vis, ident, push_ident, name, ty, .. } = field;
+    let doc = format!("Push the [`{}`](Self::{}) field.", name, ident);
+    let set = if field.inherent() && !field.synthesized {
+        quote! { self.#ident = #ident; }
+    } else {
+        quote! { self.#ident = Some(#ident); }
+    };
+    quote! {
+        #[doc = #doc]
+        #vis fn #push_ident(&mut self, #ident: #ty) {
+            #set
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a setter method for a field.
+fn create_set_field_method(element: &Elem, field: &Field) -> TokenStream {
+    let model = quote! { ::typst::model };
+    let elem = &element.ident;
+    let Field { vis, ident, set_ident, enum_ident, ty, name, .. } = field;
+    let doc = format!("Create a style property for the `{}` field.", name);
+    quote! {
+        #[doc = #doc]
+        #vis fn #set_ident(#ident: #ty) -> ::typst::model::Style {
+            ::typst::model::Style::Property(::typst::model::Property::new(
+                <Self as ::typst::model::NativeElement>::elem(),
+                <#elem as #model::ElementFields>::Fields::#enum_ident as u8,
+                #ident,
             ))
-            #(#builder_calls)*
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a style chain access method for a field.
+fn create_field_in_method(element: &Elem, field: &Field) -> TokenStream {
+    let Field { vis, ident_in, name, output, .. } = field;
+    let doc = format!("Access the `{}` field in the given style chain.", name);
+    let access = create_style_chain_access(element, field, quote! { None });
+
+    let output = if field.borrowed {
+        quote! { &#output }
+    } else {
+        quote! { #output }
+    };
+
+    quote! {
+        #[doc = #doc]
+        #vis fn #ident_in(styles: ::typst::model::StyleChain) -> #output {
+            #access
         }
     }
 }
 
 /// Create an accessor methods for a field.
-fn create_field_method(field: &Field) -> TokenStream {
-    let Field { vis, docs, ident, name, output, .. } = field;
-    if field.inherent() || field.synthesized {
+fn create_field_method(element: &Elem, field: &Field) -> TokenStream {
+    let Field { vis, docs, ident, output, .. } = field;
+    if field.inherent() && !field.synthesized {
         quote! {
             #[doc = #docs]
             #[track_caller]
-            #vis fn #ident(&self) -> #output {
-                self.0.expect_field(#name)
+            #vis fn #ident(&self) -> &#output {
+                &self.#ident
+            }
+        }
+    } else if field.synthesized {
+        quote! {
+            #[doc = #docs]
+            #[track_caller]
+            #vis fn #ident(&self) -> &#output {
+                self.#ident.as_ref().unwrap()
+            }
+        }
+    } else if field.borrowed {
+        let access =
+            create_style_chain_access(element, field, quote! { self.#ident.as_ref() });
+
+        quote! {
+            #[doc = #docs]
+            #vis fn #ident<'a>(&'a self, styles: ::typst::model::StyleChain<'a>) -> &'a #output {
+                #access
             }
         }
     } else {
-        let access = create_style_chain_access(field, quote! { self.0.field(#name) });
+        let access =
+            create_style_chain_access(element, field, quote! { self.#ident.as_ref() });
+
         quote! {
             #[doc = #docs]
             #vis fn #ident(&self, styles: ::typst::model::StyleChain) -> #output {
@@ -284,84 +601,48 @@ fn create_field_method(field: &Field) -> TokenStream {
 }
 
 /// Create a style chain access method for a field.
-fn create_field_in_method(field: &Field) -> TokenStream {
-    let Field { vis, ident_in, name, output, .. } = field;
-    let doc = format!("Access the `{}` field in the given style chain.", name);
-    let access = create_style_chain_access(field, quote! { None });
-    quote! {
-        #[doc = #doc]
-        #vis fn #ident_in(styles: ::typst::model::StyleChain) -> #output {
-            #access
-        }
-    }
-}
+fn create_style_chain_access(
+    element: &Elem,
+    field: &Field,
+    inherent: TokenStream,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let model = quote! { ::typst::model };
+    let elem = &element.ident;
 
-/// Create a style chain access method for a field.
-fn create_style_chain_access(field: &Field, inherent: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-    let Field { name, ty, default, .. } = field;
-    let getter = match (field.fold, field.resolve) {
-        (false, false) => quote! { get },
-        (false, true) => quote! { get_resolve },
-        (true, false) => quote! { get_fold },
-        (true, true) => quote! { get_resolve_fold },
+    let Field { ty, default, enum_ident, .. } = field;
+    let getter = match (field.fold, field.resolve, field.borrowed) {
+        (false, false, false) => quote! { get },
+        (false, false, true) => quote! { get_borrowed },
+        (false, true, _) => quote! { get_resolve },
+        (true, false, _) => quote! { get_fold },
+        (true, true, _) => quote! { get_resolve_fold },
     };
 
+    let (init, default) = field.fold.then(|| (None, quote! { || #default })).unwrap_or_else(|| (
+        Some(quote! {
+            static DEFAULT: ::once_cell::sync::Lazy<#ty> = ::once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| #default);
+        }),
+        quote! { &DEFAULT },
+    ));
+
     quote! {
+        #init
         styles.#getter::<#ty>(
             <Self as ::typst::model::NativeElement>::elem(),
-            #name,
+            <#elem as #model::ElementFields>::Fields::#enum_ident as u8,
             #inherent,
-            || #default,
+            #default,
         )
     }
 }
 
-/// Create a builder pattern method for a field.
-fn create_with_field_method(field: &Field) -> TokenStream {
-    let Field { vis, ident, with_ident, name, ty, .. } = field;
-    let doc = format!("Set the [`{}`](Self::{}) field.", name, ident);
-    quote! {
-        #[doc = #doc]
-        #vis fn #with_ident(mut self, #ident: #ty) -> Self {
-            Self(self.0.with_field(#name, #ident))
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Create a set-style method for a field.
-fn create_push_field_method(field: &Field) -> TokenStream {
-    let Field { vis, ident, push_ident, name, ty, .. } = field;
-    let doc = format!("Push the [`{}`](Self::{}) field.", name, ident);
-    quote! {
-        #[doc = #doc]
-        #vis fn #push_ident(&mut self, #ident: #ty) {
-            self.0.push_field(#name, #ident);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Create a setter method for a field.
-fn create_set_field_method(field: &Field) -> TokenStream {
-    let Field { vis, ident, set_ident, name, ty, .. } = field;
-    let doc = format!("Create a style property for the `{}` field.", name);
-    quote! {
-        #[doc = #doc]
-        #vis fn #set_ident(#ident: #ty) -> ::typst::model::Style {
-            ::typst::model::Style::Property(::typst::model::Property::new(
-                <Self as ::typst::model::NativeElement>::elem(),
-                #name,
-                #ident,
-            ))
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Create the element's `Pack` implementation.
-fn create_pack_impl(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
+/// Creates the element's `Pack` implementation.
+fn create_native_elem_impl(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
     let eval = quote! { ::typst::eval };
     let model = quote! { ::typst::model };
 
     let Elem { name, ident, title, scope, keywords, docs, .. } = element;
+
     let vtable_func = create_vtable_func(element);
     let params = element
         .fields
@@ -375,6 +656,184 @@ fn create_pack_impl(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
         quote! { #eval::Scope::new() }
     };
 
+    // Fields that can be accessed using the `field` method.
+    let field_matches = element.visible_fields().map(|field| {
+        let elem = &element.ident;
+        let name = &field.enum_ident;
+        let field_ident = &field.ident;
+
+        quote! {
+            <#elem as #model::ElementFields>::Fields::#name => Some(
+                ::typst::eval::IntoValue::into_value(self.#field_ident.clone())
+            ),
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Fields that can be set using the `set_field` method.
+    let field_set_matches = element.visible_fields()
+        .filter(|field| field.settable() && !field.synthesized).map(|field| {
+        let elem = &element.ident;
+        let name = &field.enum_ident;
+        let field_ident = &field.ident;
+
+        quote! {
+            <#elem as #model::ElementFields>::Fields::#name => {
+                self.#field_ident = Some(::typst::eval::FromValue::from_value(value)?);
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Fields that are inherent.
+    let field_inherent_matches = element
+        .visible_fields()
+        .filter(|field| field.inherent())
+        .map(|field| {
+            let elem = &element.ident;
+            let name = &field.enum_ident;
+            let field_ident = &field.ident;
+
+            quote! {
+                <#elem as #model::ElementFields>::Fields::#name => {
+                    self.#field_ident = ::typst::eval::FromValue::from_value(value)?;
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+    // Fields that cannot be set or are internal create an error.
+    let field_not_set_matches = element
+        .real_fields()
+        .filter(|field| field.internal || field.synthesized)
+        .map(|field| {
+            let elem = &element.ident;
+            let ident = &field.enum_ident;
+            let field_name = &field.name;
+            if field.internal {
+                // Internal fields create an error that they are unknown.
+                let unknown_field = format!("unknown field `{field_name}` on `{name}`");
+                quote! {
+                    <#elem as #model::ElementFields>::Fields::#ident => ::typst::diag::bail!(#unknown_field),
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Fields that cannot be set create an error that they are not settable.
+                let not_settable = format!("cannot set `{field_name}` on `{name}`");
+                quote! {
+                    <#elem as #model::ElementFields>::Fields::#ident => ::typst::diag::bail!(#not_settable),
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+    // Statistically compute whether we need preparation or not.
+    let needs_preparation = element
+        .unless_capability("Unlabellable", || {
+            element
+                .capabilities
+                .iter()
+                .any(|capability| capability == "Locatable" || capability == "Synthesize")
+                .then(|| quote! { !self.prepared })
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| quote! { self.label().is_some() && !self.prepared })
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            assert!(element.capabilities.iter().all(|capability| capability
+                != "Locatable"
+                && capability != "Synthesize"));
+            quote! { false }
+        });
+
+    // Creation of the fields dictionary for inherent fields.
+    let field_dict = element.inherent_fields().clone().map(|field| {
+        let name = &field.name;
+        let field_ident = &field.ident;
+
+        let field_call = if name.len() > 15 {
+            quote! { EcoString::from(#name).into() }
+        } else {
+            quote! { EcoString::inline(#name).into() }
+        };
+
+        quote! {
+            fields.insert(
+                #field_call,
+                ::typst::eval::IntoValue::into_value(self.#field_ident.clone())
+            );
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Creation of the fields dictionary for optional fields.
+    let field_opt_dict = element
+        .visible_fields()
+        .filter(|field| !field.inherent())
+        .clone()
+        .map(|field| {
+            let name = &field.name;
+            let field_ident = &field.ident;
+
+            let field_call = if name.len() > 15 {
+                quote! { EcoString::from(#name).into() }
+            } else {
+                quote! { EcoString::inline(#name).into() }
+            };
+
+            quote! {
+                if let Some(value) = &self.#field_ident {
+                    fields.insert(
+                        #field_call,
+                        ::typst::eval::IntoValue::into_value(value.clone())
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+    let location = element
+        .unless_capability("Unlabellable", || quote! { self.location })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| quote! { None });
+
+    let set_location = element
+        .unless_capability("Unlabellable", || {
+            quote! {
+                self.location = Some(location);
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| quote! { drop(location) });
+
+    let label = element
+        .unless_capability("Unlabellable", || quote! { self.label })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| quote! { None });
+
+    let set_label = element
+        .unless_capability("Unlabellable", || {
+            quote! {
+                self.label = Some(label);
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| quote! { drop(label) });
+
+    let label_field = element
+        .unless_capability("Unlabellable", || {
+            quote! {
+                self.label().map(::typst::eval::Value::Label)
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| quote! { None });
+
+    let mark_prepared = element
+        .unless_capability("Unlabellable", || quote! { self.prepared = true; })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| quote! {});
+
+    let prepared = element
+        .unless_capability("Unlabellable", || quote! { self.prepared })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| quote! { true });
+
+    let local_name = element
+        .if_capability(
+            "LocalName",
+            || quote! { Some(<#ident as ::typst::model::LocalName>::local_name) },
+        )
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| quote! { None });
+
+    let unknown_field = format!("unknown field {{}} on {}", name);
+    let label_error = format!("cannot set label on {}", name);
     let data = quote! {
         #model::NativeElementData {
             name: #name,
@@ -384,6 +843,15 @@ fn create_pack_impl(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
             construct: <#ident as #model::Construct>::construct,
             set: <#ident as #model::Set>::set,
             vtable: #vtable_func,
+            field_id: |name|
+                <
+                    <#ident as #model::ElementFields>::Fields as ::std::str::FromStr
+                >::from_str(name).ok().map(|id| id as u8),
+            field_name: |id|
+                <
+                    <#ident as #model::ElementFields>::Fields as ::std::convert::TryFrom<u8>
+                >::try_from(id).ok().map(<#ident as #model::ElementFields>::Fields::to_str),
+            local_name: #local_name,
             scope: #eval::Lazy::new(|| #scope),
             params: #eval::Lazy::new(|| ::std::vec![#(#params),*])
         }
@@ -396,46 +864,266 @@ fn create_pack_impl(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
                 &DATA
             }
 
-            fn pack(self) -> #model::Content {
-                self.0
+            fn dyn_elem(&self) -> #model::Element {
+                #model::Element::of::<Self>()
             }
 
-            fn unpack(content: &#model::Content) -> ::std::option::Option<&Self> {
-                // Safety: Elements are #[repr(transparent)].
-                content.is::<Self>().then(|| unsafe {
-                    ::std::mem::transmute(content)
-                })
+            fn dyn_hash(&self, mut hasher: &mut dyn ::std::hash::Hasher) {
+                <Self as ::std::hash::Hash>::hash(self, &mut hasher);
+            }
+
+            fn dyn_eq(&self, other: &#model::Content) -> bool {
+                if let Some(other) = other.to::<Self>() {
+                    <Self as ::std::cmp::PartialEq>::eq(self, other)
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            }
+
+            fn dyn_clone(&self) -> ::std::sync::Arc<dyn #model::NativeElement> {
+                ::std::sync::Arc::new(Clone::clone(self))
+            }
+
+            fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn ::std::any::Any {
+                self
+            }
+
+            fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn ::std::any::Any {
+                self
+            }
+
+            fn into_any(self: ::std::sync::Arc<Self>) -> ::std::sync::Arc<dyn ::std::any::Any + Send + Sync> {
+                self
+            }
+
+            fn span(&self) -> ::typst::syntax::Span {
+                self.span
+            }
+
+            fn set_span(&mut self, span: ::typst::syntax::Span) {
+                if self.span().is_detached() {
+                    self.span = span;
+                }
+            }
+
+            fn label(&self) -> Option<#model::Label> {
+                #label
+            }
+
+            fn set_label(&mut self, label: #model::Label) {
+                #set_label
+            }
+
+            fn location(&self) -> Option<#model::Location> {
+                #location
+            }
+
+            fn set_location(&mut self, location: #model::Location) {
+                #set_location
+            }
+
+            fn push_guard(&mut self, guard: #model::Guard) {
+                self.guards.push(guard);
+            }
+
+            fn is_guarded(&self, guard: #model::Guard) -> bool {
+                self.guards.contains(&guard)
+            }
+
+            fn is_pristine(&self) -> bool {
+                self.guards.is_empty()
+            }
+
+            fn mark_prepared(&mut self) {
+                #mark_prepared
+            }
+
+            fn needs_preparation(&self) -> bool {
+                #needs_preparation
+            }
+
+            fn is_prepared(&self) -> bool {
+                #prepared
+            }
+
+            fn field(&self, id: u8) -> Option<::typst::eval::Value> {
+                let id = <#ident as #model::ElementFields>::Fields::try_from(id).ok()?;
+                match id {
+                    <#ident as #model::ElementFields>::Fields::Label => #label_field,
+                    #(#field_matches)*
+                    _ => None,
+                }
+            }
+
+            fn fields(&self) -> Dict {
+                let mut fields = Dict::new();
+                #(#field_dict)*
+                #(#field_opt_dict)*
+                fields
+            }
+
+            fn set_field(&mut self, id: u8, value: Value) -> ::typst::diag::StrResult<()> {
+                let id = <#ident as #model::ElementFields>::Fields::try_from(id)
+                    .map_err(|_| ::ecow::eco_format!(#unknown_field, id))?;
+                match id {
+                    #(#field_set_matches)*
+                    #(#field_inherent_matches)*
+                    #(#field_not_set_matches)*
+                    <#ident as #model::ElementFields>::Fields::Label => {
+                        ::typst::diag::bail!(#label_error);
+                    }
+                }
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-/// Create the element's casting vtable.
-fn create_vtable_func(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
+/// Creates the element's `Construct` implementation.
+fn create_construct_impl(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
     let ident = &element.ident;
-    let relevant = element.capabilities.iter().filter(|&ident| ident != "Construct");
+    let pre = element.construct_fields().map(|field| {
+        let (prefix, value) = create_field_parser(field);
+        let ident = &field.ident;
+        quote! {
+            #prefix
+            let #ident = #value;
+        }
+    });
+
+    let handlers =
+        element
+            .construct_fields()
+            .filter(|field| field.settable())
+            .map(|field| {
+                let push_ident = &field.push_ident;
+                let ident = &field.ident;
+                quote! {
+                    if let Some(value) = #ident {
+                        element.#push_ident(value);
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+
+    let defaults = element
+        .construct_fields()
+        .filter(|field| !field.settable())
+        .map(|field| &field.ident);
+
+    quote! {
+        impl ::typst::model::Construct for #ident {
+            fn construct(
+                vm: &mut ::typst::eval::Vm,
+                args: &mut ::typst::eval::Args,
+            ) -> ::typst::diag::SourceResult<::typst::model::Content> {
+                #(#pre)*
+
+                let mut element = Self::new(#(#defaults),*);
+
+                #(#handlers)*
+
+                Ok(::typst::model::Content::new(element))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates the element's `Set` implementation.
+fn create_set_impl(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
+    let ident = &element.ident;
+    let handlers = element.settable_fields().map(|field| {
+        let set_ident = &field.set_ident;
+        let (prefix, value) = create_field_parser(field);
+        quote! {
+            #prefix
+            if let Some(value) = #value {
+                styles.set(Self::#set_ident(value));
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    quote! {
+        impl ::typst::model::Set for #ident {
+            fn set(
+                vm: &mut Vm,
+                args: &mut ::typst::eval::Args,
+            ) -> ::typst::diag::SourceResult<::typst::model::Styles> {
+                let mut styles = ::typst::model::Styles::new();
+                #(#handlers)*
+                Ok(styles)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates the element's `Locatable` implementation.
+fn create_locatable_impl(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
+    let ident = &element.ident;
+    quote! { impl ::typst::model::Locatable for #ident {} }
+}
+
+/// Creates the element's `PartialEq` implementation.
+fn create_partial_eq_impl(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
+    let ident = &element.ident;
+    let all = element.eq_fields().map(|field| &field.ident).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let empty = all.is_empty().then(|| quote! { true });
+    quote! {
+        impl PartialEq for #ident {
+            fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+                #empty
+                #(self.#all == other.#all)&&*
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates the element's `Repr` implementation.
+fn create_repr_impl(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
+    let ident = &element.ident;
+    let repr_format = format!("{}{{}}", element.name);
+    quote! {
+        impl ::typst::eval::Repr for #ident {
+            fn repr(&self) -> ::ecow::EcoString {
+                let fields = self.fields().into_iter()
+                    .map(|(name, value)| eco_format!("{}: {}", name, value.repr()))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                ::ecow::eco_format!(#repr_format, ::typst::util::pretty_array_like(&fields, false))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates the element's casting vtable.
+fn create_vtable_func(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
+    // Forbidden capabilities (i.e capabilities that are not object safe).
+    const FORBIDDEN: &[&str] = &["Construct", "PartialEq", "Hash", "LocalName"];
+
+    let ident = &element.ident;
+    let relevant = element
+        .capabilities
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|&ident| !FORBIDDEN.contains(&(&ident.to_string() as &str)));
     let checks = relevant.map(|capability| {
         quote! {
             if id == ::std::any::TypeId::of::<dyn #capability>() {
-                return Some(unsafe {
-                    ::typst::util::fat::vtable(&null as &dyn #capability)
-                });
+                let vtable = unsafe {
+                    let dangling = ::std::ptr::NonNull::<#ident>::dangling().as_ptr() as *const dyn #capability;
+                    ::typst::util::fat::vtable(dangling)
+                };
+                return Some(vtable);
             }
         }
     });
 
     quote! {
         |id| {
-            let null = Self(::typst::model::Content::new(
-                <#ident as ::typst::model::NativeElement>::elem()
-            ));
             #(#checks)*
             None
         }
     }
 }
 
-/// Create a parameter info for a field.
+/// Creates a parameter info for a field.
 fn create_param_info(field: &Field) -> TokenStream {
     let Field {
         name,
@@ -480,88 +1168,6 @@ fn create_param_info(field: &Field) -> TokenStream {
     }
 }
 
-/// Create the element's `Construct` implementation.
-fn create_construct_impl(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
-    let ident = &element.ident;
-    let handlers = element
-        .fields
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|field| {
-            !field.external
-                && !field.synthesized
-                && (!field.internal || field.parse.is_some())
-        })
-        .map(|field| {
-            let push_ident = &field.push_ident;
-            let (prefix, value) = create_field_parser(field);
-            if field.settable() {
-                quote! {
-                    #prefix
-                    if let Some(value) = #value {
-                        element.#push_ident(value);
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                quote! {
-                    #prefix
-                    element.#push_ident(#value);
-                }
-            }
-        });
-
-    quote! {
-        impl ::typst::model::Construct for #ident {
-            fn construct(
-                vm: &mut ::typst::eval::Vm,
-                args: &mut ::typst::eval::Args,
-            ) -> ::typst::diag::SourceResult<::typst::model::Content> {
-                let mut element = Self(::typst::model::Content::new(
-                    <Self as ::typst::model::NativeElement>::elem()
-                ));
-                #(#handlers)*
-                Ok(element.0)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Create the element's `Set` implementation.
-fn create_set_impl(element: &Elem) -> TokenStream {
-    let ident = &element.ident;
-    let handlers = element
-        .fields
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|field| {
-            !field.external
-                && !field.synthesized
-                && field.settable()
-                && (!field.internal || field.parse.is_some())
-        })
-        .map(|field| {
-            let set_ident = &field.set_ident;
-            let (prefix, value) = create_field_parser(field);
-            quote! {
-                #prefix
-                if let Some(value) = #value {
-                    styles.set(Self::#set_ident(value));
-                }
-            }
-        });
-
-    quote! {
-        impl ::typst::model::Set for #ident {
-            fn set(
-                vm: &mut Vm,
-                args: &mut ::typst::eval::Args,
-            ) -> ::typst::diag::SourceResult<::typst::model::Styles> {
-                let mut styles = ::typst::model::Styles::new();
-                #(#handlers)*
-                Ok(styles)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Create argument parsing code for a field.
 fn create_field_parser(field: &Field) -> (TokenStream, TokenStream) {
     if let Some(BlockWithReturn { prefix, expr }) = &field.parse {
diff --git a/crates/typst-macros/src/lib.rs b/crates/typst-macros/src/lib.rs
index 52f3e237e..cbeb4ba14 100644
--- a/crates/typst-macros/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-macros/src/lib.rs
@@ -189,6 +189,9 @@ pub fn ty(stream: BoundaryStream, item: BoundaryStream) -> BoundaryStream {
 /// - `#[synthesized]`: The field cannot be specified in a constructor or set
 ///   rule. Instead, it is added to an element before its show rule runs
 ///   through the `Synthesize` trait.
+/// - `#[variant]`: Allows setting the ID of a field's variant. This is used
+///   for fields that are accessed in `typst` and not `typst-library`. It gives
+///   the field a stable ID that can be used to access it.
 #[proc_macro_attribute]
 pub fn elem(stream: BoundaryStream, item: BoundaryStream) -> BoundaryStream {
     let item = syn::parse_macro_input!(item as syn::ItemStruct);
diff --git a/crates/typst/Cargo.toml b/crates/typst/Cargo.toml
index c6c973982..1e05a2d7f 100644
--- a/crates/typst/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/typst/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ fontdb = { version = "0.15", default-features = false }
 image = { version = "0.24", default-features = false, features = ["png", "jpeg", "gif"] }
 indexmap = { version = "2", features = ["serde"] }
 kurbo = "0.9"
+lasso = { version = "0.7.2", features = ["ahasher", "multi-threaded"] }
 log = "0.4"
 miniz_oxide = "0.7"
 once_cell = "1"
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ xmp-writer = "0.2"
 time = { version = "0.3.20", features = ["std", "formatting", "macros", "parsing"] }
 wasmi = "0.31.0"
 xmlparser = "0.13.5"
+smallvec = { version = "1.11.1", features = ["union", "const_generics", "const_new"] }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
 stacker = "0.1.15"
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/doc.rs b/crates/typst/src/doc.rs
index 1c23fd756..742c6245a 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/doc.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/doc.rs
@@ -190,13 +190,13 @@ impl Frame {
     ///
     /// This panics if the layer is greater than the number of layers present.
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, layer: usize, pos: Point, items: FrameItem) {
-        Arc::make_mut(&mut self.items).insert(layer, (pos, items));
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, layer: usize, pos: Point, item: FrameItem) {
+        Arc::make_mut(&mut self.items).insert(layer, (pos, item));
     }
 
     /// Add an item at a position in the background.
     pub fn prepend(&mut self, pos: Point, item: FrameItem) {
-        Arc::make_mut(&mut self.items).insert(0, (pos, item));
+        self.insert(0, pos, item);
     }
 
     /// Add multiple items at a position in the background.
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/eval/array.rs b/crates/typst/src/eval/array.rs
index d5757d04b..772db535a 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/eval/array.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/eval/array.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use std::ops::{Add, AddAssign};
 
 use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString, EcoVec};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
 
 use super::{
     cast, func, ops, scope, ty, Args, Bytes, CastInfo, FromValue, Func, IntoValue,
@@ -907,18 +908,44 @@ impl<T> Reflect for Vec<T> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: Reflect, const N: usize> Reflect for SmallVec<[T; N]> {
+    fn input() -> CastInfo {
+        Array::input()
+    }
+
+    fn output() -> CastInfo {
+        Array::output()
+    }
+
+    fn castable(value: &Value) -> bool {
+        Array::castable(value)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: IntoValue> IntoValue for Vec<T> {
     fn into_value(self) -> Value {
         Value::Array(self.into_iter().map(IntoValue::into_value).collect())
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: IntoValue, const N: usize> IntoValue for SmallVec<[T; N]> {
+    fn into_value(self) -> Value {
+        Value::Array(self.into_iter().map(IntoValue::into_value).collect())
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: FromValue> FromValue for Vec<T> {
     fn from_value(value: Value) -> StrResult<Self> {
         value.cast::<Array>()?.into_iter().map(Value::cast).collect()
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: FromValue, const N: usize> FromValue for SmallVec<[T; N]> {
+    fn from_value(value: Value) -> StrResult<Self> {
+        value.cast::<Array>()?.into_iter().map(Value::cast).collect()
+    }
+}
+
 /// The error message when the array is empty.
 #[cold]
 fn array_is_empty() -> EcoString {
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/eval/cast.rs b/crates/typst/src/eval/cast.rs
index 0965c8fae..eeb632f9f 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/eval/cast.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/eval/cast.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 pub use typst_macros::{cast, Cast};
-use unicode_math_class::MathClass;
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::fmt::Write;
+use std::hash::Hash;
 use std::ops::Add;
 
+use comemo::Prehashed;
 use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
+use unicode_math_class::MathClass;
 
 use super::{Repr, Type, Value};
 use crate::diag::{At, SourceResult, StrResult};
@@ -80,6 +84,20 @@ impl<T: Reflect> Reflect for Spanned<T> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: Reflect> Reflect for Prehashed<T> {
+    fn input() -> CastInfo {
+        T::input()
+    }
+
+    fn output() -> CastInfo {
+        T::output()
+    }
+
+    fn castable(value: &Value) -> bool {
+        T::castable(value)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: Reflect> Reflect for StrResult<T> {
     fn input() -> CastInfo {
         T::input()
@@ -150,12 +168,24 @@ impl IntoValue for Value {
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: IntoValue + Clone> IntoValue for Cow<'_, T> {
+    fn into_value(self) -> Value {
+        self.into_owned().into_value()
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: IntoValue> IntoValue for Spanned<T> {
     fn into_value(self) -> Value {
         self.v.into_value()
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: IntoValue + Hash + 'static> IntoValue for Prehashed<T> {
+    fn into_value(self) -> Value {
+        self.into_inner().into_value()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Cast a Rust type or result into a [`SourceResult<Value>`].
 ///
 /// Converts `T`, [`StrResult<T>`], or [`SourceResult<T>`] into
@@ -203,6 +233,12 @@ impl FromValue for Value {
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: FromValue + Hash + 'static> FromValue for Prehashed<T> {
+    fn from_value(value: Value) -> StrResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self::new(T::from_value(value)?))
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: FromValue> FromValue<Spanned<Value>> for T {
     fn from_value(value: Spanned<Value>) -> StrResult<Self> {
         T::from_value(value.v)
@@ -217,7 +253,7 @@ impl<T: FromValue> FromValue<Spanned<Value>> for Spanned<T> {
 }
 
 /// Describes a possible value for a cast.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash, PartialOrd)]
 pub enum CastInfo {
     /// Any value is okay.
     Any,
@@ -335,7 +371,12 @@ impl<T> Container for Vec<T> {
     type Inner = T;
 }
 
+impl<T, const N: usize> Container for SmallVec<[T; N]> {
+    type Inner = T;
+}
+
 /// An uninhabitable type.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum Never {}
 
 impl Reflect for Never {
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/eval/func.rs b/crates/typst/src/eval/func.rs
index f24b714b2..8660abacb 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/eval/func.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/eval/func.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use comemo::{Prehashed, Tracked, TrackedMut};
-use ecow::EcoString;
+use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 
 use super::{
@@ -368,10 +368,25 @@ impl Func {
     ) -> StrResult<Selector> {
         let fields = args.to_named();
         args.items.retain(|arg| arg.name.is_none());
-        Ok(self
+
+        let element = self
             .element()
-            .ok_or("`where()` can only be called on element functions")?
-            .where_(fields))
+            .ok_or("`where()` can only be called on element functions")?;
+
+        let fields = fields
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, value)| {
+                element.field_id(&key).map(|id| (id, value)).ok_or_else(|| {
+                    eco_format!(
+                        "element `{}` does not have field `{}`",
+                        element.name(),
+                        key
+                    )
+                })
+            })
+            .collect::<StrResult<smallvec::SmallVec<_>>>()?;
+
+        Ok(element.where_(fields))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/eval/library.rs b/crates/typst/src/eval/library.rs
index 5d65e1937..c712adaee 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/eval/library.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/eval/library.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub struct LangItems {
     /// The text element.
     pub text_elem: Element,
     /// Get the string if this is a text element.
-    pub text_str: fn(&Content) -> Option<EcoString>,
+    pub text_str: fn(&Content) -> Option<&EcoString>,
     /// A smart quote: `'` or `"`.
     pub smart_quote: fn(double: bool) -> Content,
     /// A paragraph break.
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/eval/mod.rs b/crates/typst/src/eval/mod.rs
index ede21c528..8ac2c40bc 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/eval/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/eval/mod.rs
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ impl Eval for ast::Label<'_> {
 
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "Label::eval", skip_all)]
     fn eval(self, _: &mut Vm) -> SourceResult<Self::Output> {
-        Ok(Value::Label(Label(self.get().into())))
+        Ok(Value::Label(Label::new(self.get())))
     }
 }
 
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ impl Eval for ast::Ref<'_> {
 
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "Ref::eval", skip_all)]
     fn eval(self, vm: &mut Vm) -> SourceResult<Self::Output> {
-        let label = Label(self.target().into());
+        let label = Label::new(self.target());
         let supplement = self.supplement().map(|block| block.eval(vm)).transpose()?;
         Ok((vm.items.reference)(label, supplement))
     }
@@ -1295,7 +1295,7 @@ impl Eval for ast::Args<'_> {
     type Output = Args;
 
     fn eval(self, vm: &mut Vm) -> SourceResult<Self::Output> {
-        let mut items = EcoVec::new();
+        let mut items = EcoVec::with_capacity(self.items().count());
 
         for arg in self.items() {
             let span = arg.span();
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/eval/str.rs b/crates/typst/src/eval/str.rs
index 3bbfcc0ba..97d158704 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/eval/str.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/eval/str.rs
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ cast! {
             .map_err(|_| "bytes are not valid utf-8")?
             .into()
     ),
-    v: Label => Self::Str(v.0.into()),
+    v: Label => Self::Str(v.as_str().into()),
     v: Type => Self::Str(v.long_name().into()),
     v: Str => Self::Str(v),
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/eval/value.rs b/crates/typst/src/eval/value.rs
index 19a5610a5..b87c85924 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/eval/value.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/eval/value.rs
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ impl Value {
             Self::Symbol(symbol) => symbol.clone().modified(field).map(Self::Symbol),
             Self::Version(version) => version.component(field).map(Self::Int),
             Self::Dict(dict) => dict.get(field).cloned(),
-            Self::Content(content) => content.get(field),
+            Self::Content(content) => content.field_by_name(field),
             Self::Type(ty) => ty.field(field).cloned(),
             Self::Func(func) => func.field(field).cloned(),
             Self::Module(module) => module.field(field).cloned(),
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/export/pdf/outline.rs b/crates/typst/src/export/pdf/outline.rs
index d29852fd9..f6f9f09d8 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/export/pdf/outline.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/export/pdf/outline.rs
@@ -113,11 +113,11 @@ struct HeadingNode {
 impl HeadingNode {
     fn leaf(element: Content) -> Self {
         HeadingNode {
-            level: element.expect_field::<NonZeroUsize>("level"),
+            level: element.expect_field_by_name::<NonZeroUsize>("level"),
             // 'bookmarked' set to 'auto' falls back to the value of 'outlined'.
             bookmarked: element
-                .expect_field::<Smart<bool>>("bookmarked")
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| element.expect_field::<bool>("outlined")),
+                .expect_field_by_name::<Smart<bool>>("bookmarked")
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| element.expect_field_by_name::<bool>("outlined")),
             element,
             children: Vec::new(),
         }
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ fn write_outline_item(
         outline.count(-(node.children.len() as i32));
     }
 
-    let body = node.element.expect_field::<Content>("body");
+    let body = node.element.expect_field_by_name::<Content>("body");
     outline.title(TextStr(body.plain_text().trim()));
 
     let loc = node.element.location().unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/block.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/block.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92e2a18e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/block.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+use std::any::Any;
+use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+
+/// A block storage for storing stylechain values either on the stack (if they
+/// fit) or on the heap.
+///
+/// We're using a `Box` since values will either be contained in an `Arc` and
+/// therefore already on the heap or they will be small enough that we can just
+/// clone them.
+pub struct Block(Box<dyn Blockable>);
+
+impl Block {
+    /// Creates a new block.
+    pub fn new<T: Blockable>(value: T) -> Self {
+        Self(Box::new(value))
+    }
+
+    /// Downcasts the block to the specified type.
+    pub fn downcast<T: Blockable>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.0.as_any().downcast_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Downcasts mutably the block to the specified type.
+    pub fn downcast_mut<T: Blockable>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        self.0.as_any_mut().downcast_mut()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Hash for Block {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.0.dyn_hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Clone for Block {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        self.0.dyn_clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Block {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.0.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A value that can be stored in a block.
+///
+/// Auto derived for all types that implement [`Any`], [`Clone`], [`Hash`],
+/// [`Debug`], [`Send`] and [`Sync`].
+pub trait Blockable: Debug + Send + Sync + 'static {
+    /// Equivalent to `downcast_ref` for the block.
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
+
+    /// Equivalent to `downcast_mut` for the block.
+    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
+
+    /// Equivalent to [`Hash`] for the block.
+    fn dyn_hash(&self, state: &mut dyn Hasher);
+
+    /// Equivalent to [`Clone`] for the block.
+    fn dyn_clone(&self) -> Block;
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + Hash + Debug + Send + Sync + 'static> Blockable for T {
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn dyn_hash(&self, mut state: &mut dyn Hasher) {
+        self.hash(&mut state);
+    }
+
+    fn dyn_clone(&self) -> Block {
+        Block(Box::new(self.clone()))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/content.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/content.rs
index c5aa4e58a..f853fc51d 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/content.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/content.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,17 @@ use std::any::TypeId;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::iter::{self, Sum};
 use std::ops::{Add, AddAssign};
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use comemo::Prehashed;
-use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString, EcoVec};
+use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
 use serde::{Serialize, Serializer};
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
+use typst_macros::elem;
 
 use super::{
-    elem, Behave, Behaviour, Element, Guard, Label, Locatable, Location, NativeElement,
-    Recipe, Selector, Style, Styles, Synthesize,
+    Behave, Behaviour, Element, Guard, Label, Location, NativeElement, Recipe, Selector,
+    Style, Styles,
 };
 use crate::diag::{SourceResult, StrResult};
 use crate::doc::Meta;
@@ -61,35 +64,146 @@ use crate::util::pretty_array_like;
 /// elements the content is composed of and what fields they have.
 /// Alternatively, you can inspect the output of the [`repr`]($repr) function.
 #[ty(scope)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
-#[allow(clippy::derived_hash_with_manual_eq)]
-pub struct Content {
-    elem: Element,
-    attrs: EcoVec<Attr>,
-}
-
-/// Attributes that can be attached to content.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
-enum Attr {
-    Span(Span),
-    Field(EcoString),
-    Value(Prehashed<Value>),
-    Child(Prehashed<Content>),
-    Styles(Styles),
-    Prepared,
-    Guard(Guard),
-    Location(Location),
-}
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Content(Arc<dyn NativeElement>);
 
 impl Content {
-    /// Create an empty element.
-    pub fn new(elem: Element) -> Self {
-        Self { elem, attrs: EcoVec::new() }
+    /// Creates a new content from an element.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new<E: NativeElement>(elem: E) -> Self {
+        Self(Arc::new(elem))
     }
 
-    /// Create empty content.
+    /// Creates a new empty sequence content.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        Self::new(SequenceElem::elem())
+        Self::new(SequenceElem::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the element of this content.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn elem(&self) -> Element {
+        self.0.dyn_elem()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the span of the content.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        self.0.span()
+    }
+
+    /// Set the span of the content.
+    pub fn spanned(mut self, span: Span) -> Self {
+        self.make_mut().set_span(span);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Get the label of the content.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn label(&self) -> Option<Label> {
+        self.0.label()
+    }
+
+    /// Set the label of the content.
+    pub fn labelled(mut self, label: Label) -> Self {
+        self.make_mut().set_label(label);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the location of the content.
+    pub fn set_location(&mut self, location: Location) {
+        self.make_mut().set_location(location);
+    }
+
+    /// Disable a show rule recipe.
+    pub fn guarded(mut self, guard: Guard) -> Self {
+        self.make_mut().push_guard(guard);
+        self.0.into()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the content needs to be realized specially.
+    pub fn needs_preparation(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.needs_preparation()
+    }
+
+    /// Check whether a show rule recipe is disabled.
+    pub fn is_guarded(&self, guard: Guard) -> bool {
+        self.0.is_guarded(guard)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether no show rule was executed for this content so far.
+    pub fn is_pristine(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.is_pristine()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether this content has already been prepared.
+    pub fn is_prepared(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.is_prepared()
+    }
+
+    /// Mark this content as prepared.
+    pub fn mark_prepared(&mut self) {
+        self.make_mut().mark_prepared();
+    }
+
+    /// Get a field by ID.
+    ///
+    /// This is the preferred way to access fields. However, you can only use it
+    /// if you have set the field IDs yourself or are using the field IDs
+    /// generated by the `#[elem]` macro.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get(&self, id: u8) -> Option<Value> {
+        self.0.field(id)
+    }
+
+    /// Get a field by name.
+    ///
+    /// If you have access to the field IDs of the element, use [`Self::get`]
+    /// instead.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_by_name(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Value> {
+        let id = self.elem().field_id(name)?;
+        self.get(id)
+    }
+
+    /// Get a field by ID, returning a missing field error if it does not exist.
+    ///
+    /// This is the preferred way to access fields. However, you can only use it
+    /// if you have set the field IDs yourself or are using the field IDs
+    /// generated by the `#[elem]` macro.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn field(&self, id: u8) -> StrResult<Value> {
+        self.get(id)
+            .ok_or_else(|| missing_field(self.elem().field_name(id).unwrap()))
+    }
+
+    /// Get a field by name, returning a missing field error if it does not
+    /// exist.
+    ///
+    /// If you have access to the field IDs of the element, use [`Self::field`]
+    /// instead.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn field_by_name(&self, name: &str) -> StrResult<Value> {
+        let id = self.elem().field_id(name).ok_or_else(|| missing_field(name))?;
+        self.field(id)
+    }
+
+    /// Expect a field on the content to exist as a specified type.
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn expect_field<T: FromValue>(&self, id: u8) -> T {
+        self.field(id).unwrap().cast().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Expect a field on the content to exist as a specified type.
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn expect_field_by_name<T: FromValue>(&self, name: &str) -> T {
+        self.field_by_name(name).unwrap().cast().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Set a field to the content.
+    pub fn with_field(mut self, id: u8, value: impl IntoValue) -> Self {
+        self.make_mut().set_field(id, value.into_value()).unwrap();
+        self
     }
 
     /// Create a new sequence element from multiples elements.
@@ -97,42 +211,80 @@ impl Content {
         let mut iter = iter.into_iter();
         let Some(first) = iter.next() else { return Self::empty() };
         let Some(second) = iter.next() else { return first };
-        let mut content = Content::empty();
-        content.attrs.push(Attr::Child(Prehashed::new(first)));
-        content.attrs.push(Attr::Child(Prehashed::new(second)));
-        content
-            .attrs
-            .extend(iter.map(|child| Attr::Child(Prehashed::new(child))));
-        content
+        SequenceElem::new(
+            std::iter::once(Prehashed::new(first))
+                .chain(std::iter::once(Prehashed::new(second)))
+                .chain(iter.map(Prehashed::new))
+                .collect(),
+        )
+        .into()
     }
 
-    /// Whether the content is an empty sequence.
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is::<SequenceElem>() && self.attrs.is_empty()
+    /// Access the children if this is a sequence.
+    pub fn to_sequence(&self) -> Option<impl Iterator<Item = &Prehashed<Content>>> {
+        let Some(sequence) = self.to::<SequenceElem>() else {
+            return None;
+        };
+
+        Some(sequence.children.iter())
     }
 
     /// Whether the contained element is of type `T`.
     pub fn is<T: NativeElement>(&self) -> bool {
-        self.elem == T::elem()
+        self.elem() == T::elem()
     }
 
-    /// Cast to `T` if the contained element is of type `T`.
-    pub fn to<T: NativeElement>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
-        T::unpack(self)
+    /// Whether the contained element has the given capability.
+    pub fn can<C>(&self) -> bool
+    where
+        C: ?Sized + 'static,
+    {
+        self.elem().can::<C>()
     }
 
-    /// Access the children if this is a sequence.
-    pub fn to_sequence(&self) -> Option<impl Iterator<Item = &Self>> {
-        if !self.is_sequence() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        Some(self.attrs.iter().filter_map(Attr::child))
+    /// Whether the contained element has the given capability where the
+    /// capability is given by a `TypeId`.
+    pub fn can_type_id(&self, type_id: TypeId) -> bool {
+        self.elem().can_type_id(type_id)
     }
 
+    /// Cast to a trait object if the contained element has the given
+    /// capability.
+    pub fn with<C>(&self) -> Option<&C>
+    where
+        C: ?Sized + 'static,
+    {
+        let vtable = self.elem().vtable()(TypeId::of::<C>())?;
+        let data = Arc::as_ptr(&self.0) as *const ();
+        Some(unsafe { &*crate::util::fat::from_raw_parts(data, vtable) })
+    }
+
+    /// Cast to a mutable trait object if the contained element has the given
+    /// capability.
+    pub fn with_mut<C>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut C>
+    where
+        C: ?Sized + 'static,
+    {
+        // Safety: We ensure the element is not shared.
+        let vtable = self.elem().vtable()(TypeId::of::<C>())?;
+        let data = self.make_mut() as *mut dyn NativeElement as *mut ();
+        Some(unsafe { &mut *crate::util::fat::from_raw_parts_mut(data, vtable) })
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the content is a sequence.
     pub fn is_sequence(&self) -> bool {
         self.is::<SequenceElem>()
     }
 
+    /// Whether the content is an empty sequence.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        let Some(sequence) = self.to::<SequenceElem>() else {
+            return false;
+        };
+
+        sequence.children.is_empty()
+    }
+
     /// Also auto expands sequence of sequences into flat sequence
     pub fn sequence_recursive_for_each(&self, f: &mut impl FnMut(&Self)) {
         if let Some(children) = self.to_sequence() {
@@ -144,183 +296,13 @@ impl Content {
 
     /// Access the child and styles.
     pub fn to_styled(&self) -> Option<(&Content, &Styles)> {
-        if !self.is::<StyledElem>() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let child = self.attrs.iter().find_map(Attr::child)?;
-        let styles = self.attrs.iter().find_map(Attr::styles)?;
+        let styled = self.to::<StyledElem>()?;
+
+        let child = styled.child();
+        let styles = styled.styles();
         Some((child, styles))
     }
 
-    /// Whether the contained element has the given capability.
-    pub fn can<C>(&self) -> bool
-    where
-        C: ?Sized + 'static,
-    {
-        self.elem.can::<C>()
-    }
-
-    /// Whether the contained element has the given capability where the
-    /// capability is given by a `TypeId`.
-    pub fn can_type_id(&self, type_id: TypeId) -> bool {
-        self.elem.can_type_id(type_id)
-    }
-
-    /// Cast to a trait object if the contained element has the given
-    /// capability.
-    pub fn with<C>(&self) -> Option<&C>
-    where
-        C: ?Sized + 'static,
-    {
-        let vtable = self.elem.vtable()(TypeId::of::<C>())?;
-        let data = self as *const Self as *const ();
-        Some(unsafe { &*crate::util::fat::from_raw_parts(data, vtable) })
-    }
-
-    /// Cast to a mutable trait object if the contained element has the given
-    /// capability.
-    pub fn with_mut<C>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut C>
-    where
-        C: ?Sized + 'static,
-    {
-        let vtable = self.elem.vtable()(TypeId::of::<C>())?;
-        let data = self as *mut Self as *mut ();
-        Some(unsafe { &mut *crate::util::fat::from_raw_parts_mut(data, vtable) })
-    }
-
-    /// The content's span.
-    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
-        self.attrs.iter().find_map(Attr::span).unwrap_or(Span::detached())
-    }
-
-    /// Attach a span to the content if it doesn't already have one.
-    pub fn spanned(mut self, span: Span) -> Self {
-        if self.span().is_detached() {
-            self.attrs.push(Attr::Span(span));
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Attach a field to the content.
-    pub fn with_field(
-        mut self,
-        name: impl Into<EcoString>,
-        value: impl IntoValue,
-    ) -> Self {
-        self.push_field(name, value);
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Attach a field to the content.
-    pub fn push_field(&mut self, name: impl Into<EcoString>, value: impl IntoValue) {
-        let name = name.into();
-        if let Some(i) = self.attrs.iter().position(|attr| match attr {
-            Attr::Field(field) => *field == name,
-            _ => false,
-        }) {
-            self.attrs.make_mut()[i + 1] =
-                Attr::Value(Prehashed::new(value.into_value()));
-        } else {
-            self.attrs.push(Attr::Field(name));
-            self.attrs.push(Attr::Value(Prehashed::new(value.into_value())));
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Access a field on the content.
-    pub fn field(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Value> {
-        if let (Some(iter), "children") = (self.to_sequence(), name) {
-            Some(Value::Array(iter.cloned().map(Value::Content).collect()))
-        } else if let (Some((child, _)), "child") = (self.to_styled(), name) {
-            Some(Value::Content(child.clone()))
-        } else {
-            self.field_ref(name).cloned()
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Access a field on the content by reference.
-    ///
-    /// Does not include synthesized fields for sequence and styled elements.
-    pub fn field_ref(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Value> {
-        self.fields_ref()
-            .find(|&(field, _)| field == name)
-            .map(|(_, value)| value)
-    }
-
-    /// Iter over all fields on the content.
-    ///
-    /// Does not include synthesized fields for sequence and styled elements.
-    pub fn fields_ref(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&EcoString, &Value)> {
-        let mut iter = self.attrs.iter();
-        std::iter::from_fn(move || {
-            let field = iter.find_map(Attr::field)?;
-            let value = iter.next()?.value()?;
-            Some((field, value))
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Borrow the value of the given field.
-    pub fn get(&self, key: &str) -> StrResult<Value> {
-        self.field(key).ok_or_else(|| missing_field(key))
-    }
-
-    /// Try to access a field on the content as a specified type.
-    pub fn cast_field<T: FromValue>(&self, name: &str) -> Option<T> {
-        match self.field(name) {
-            Some(value) => value.cast().ok(),
-            None => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Expect a field on the content to exist as a specified type.
-    #[track_caller]
-    pub fn expect_field<T: FromValue>(&self, name: &str) -> T {
-        self.field(name).unwrap().cast().unwrap()
-    }
-
-    /// The content's label.
-    pub fn label(&self) -> Option<&Label> {
-        match self.field_ref("label")? {
-            Value::Label(label) => Some(label),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Attach a label to the content.
-    pub fn labelled(self, label: Label) -> Self {
-        self.with_field("label", label)
-    }
-
-    /// Style this content with a style entry.
-    pub fn styled(mut self, style: impl Into<Style>) -> Self {
-        if self.is::<StyledElem>() {
-            let prev =
-                self.attrs.make_mut().iter_mut().find_map(Attr::styles_mut).unwrap();
-            prev.apply_one(style.into());
-            self
-        } else {
-            self.styled_with_map(style.into().into())
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Style this content with a full style map.
-    pub fn styled_with_map(mut self, styles: Styles) -> Self {
-        if styles.is_empty() {
-            return self;
-        }
-
-        if self.is::<StyledElem>() {
-            let prev =
-                self.attrs.make_mut().iter_mut().find_map(Attr::styles_mut).unwrap();
-            prev.apply(styles);
-            self
-        } else {
-            let mut content = Content::new(StyledElem::elem());
-            content.attrs.push(Attr::Child(Prehashed::new(self)));
-            content.attrs.push(Attr::Styles(styles));
-            content
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Style this content with a recipe, eagerly applying it if possible.
     pub fn styled_with_recipe(self, vm: &mut Vm, recipe: Recipe) -> SourceResult<Self> {
         if recipe.selector.is_none() {
@@ -332,56 +314,41 @@ impl Content {
 
     /// Repeat this content `count` times.
     pub fn repeat(&self, count: usize) -> Self {
-        Self::sequence(vec![self.clone(); count])
+        Self::sequence(std::iter::repeat_with(|| self.clone()).take(count))
     }
 
-    /// Disable a show rule recipe.
-    pub fn guarded(mut self, guard: Guard) -> Self {
-        self.attrs.push(Attr::Guard(guard));
-        self
+    /// Style this content with a style entry.
+    pub fn styled(mut self, style: impl Into<Style>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(style_elem) = self.to_mut::<StyledElem>() {
+            style_elem.styles.apply_one(style.into());
+            self
+        } else {
+            self.styled_with_map(style.into().into())
+        }
     }
 
-    /// Check whether a show rule recipe is disabled.
-    pub fn is_guarded(&self, guard: Guard) -> bool {
-        self.attrs.contains(&Attr::Guard(guard))
-    }
+    /// Style this content with a full style map.
+    pub fn styled_with_map(mut self, styles: Styles) -> Self {
+        if styles.is_empty() {
+            return self;
+        }
 
-    /// Whether no show rule was executed for this content so far.
-    pub fn is_pristine(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.attrs.iter().any(|modifier| matches!(modifier, Attr::Guard(_)))
-    }
-
-    /// Whether this content has already been prepared.
-    pub fn is_prepared(&self) -> bool {
-        self.attrs.contains(&Attr::Prepared)
-    }
-
-    /// Mark this content as prepared.
-    pub fn mark_prepared(&mut self) {
-        self.attrs.push(Attr::Prepared);
-    }
-
-    /// Whether the content needs to be realized specially.
-    pub fn needs_preparation(&self) -> bool {
-        (self.can::<dyn Locatable>()
-            || self.can::<dyn Synthesize>()
-            || self.label().is_some())
-            && !self.is_prepared()
-    }
-
-    /// Attach a location to this content.
-    pub fn set_location(&mut self, location: Location) {
-        self.attrs.push(Attr::Location(location));
+        if let Some(style_elem) = self.to_mut::<StyledElem>() {
+            style_elem.styles.apply(styles);
+            self
+        } else {
+            StyledElem::new(Prehashed::new(self), styles).into()
+        }
     }
 
     /// Queries the content tree for all elements that match the given selector.
     ///
     /// Elements produced in `show` rules will not be included in the results.
     #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
-    pub fn query(&self, selector: Selector) -> Vec<&Content> {
+    pub fn query(&self, selector: Selector) -> Vec<Content> {
         let mut results = Vec::new();
         self.traverse(&mut |element| {
-            if selector.matches(element) {
+            if selector.matches(&element) {
                 results.push(element);
             }
         });
@@ -393,10 +360,10 @@ impl Content {
     ///
     /// Elements produced in `show` rules will not be included in the results.
     #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
-    pub fn query_first(&self, selector: Selector) -> Option<&Content> {
+    pub fn query_first(&self, selector: Selector) -> Option<Content> {
         let mut result = None;
         self.traverse(&mut |element| {
-            if result.is_none() && selector.matches(element) {
+            if result.is_none() && selector.matches(&element) {
                 result = Some(element);
             }
         });
@@ -415,24 +382,21 @@ impl Content {
     }
 
     /// Traverse this content.
-    fn traverse<'a, F>(&'a self, f: &mut F)
+    fn traverse<F>(&self, f: &mut F)
     where
-        F: FnMut(&'a Content),
+        F: FnMut(Content),
     {
-        f(self);
+        f(self.clone());
 
-        for attr in &self.attrs {
-            match attr {
-                Attr::Child(child) => child.traverse(f),
-                Attr::Value(value) => walk_value(value, f),
-                _ => {}
-            }
-        }
+        self.0
+            .fields()
+            .into_iter()
+            .for_each(|(_, value)| walk_value(value, f));
 
         /// Walks a given value to find any content that matches the selector.
-        fn walk_value<'a, F>(value: &'a Value, f: &mut F)
+        fn walk_value<F>(value: Value, f: &mut F)
         where
-            F: FnMut(&'a Content),
+            F: FnMut(Content),
         {
             match value {
                 Value::Content(content) => content.traverse(f),
@@ -445,6 +409,51 @@ impl Content {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    /// Downcasts the element to the specified type.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to<T: NativeElement>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        // Early check for performance.
+        if !self.is::<T>() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        self.0.as_any().downcast_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Downcasts mutably the element to the specified type.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_mut<T: NativeElement>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        // Early check for performance.
+        if !self.is::<T>() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        self.make_mut().as_any_mut().downcast_mut()
+    }
+
+    /// Downcast the element into an owned value.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn unpack<T: NativeElement>(self) -> Option<Arc<T>> {
+        // Early check for performance.
+        if !self.is::<T>() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        Arc::downcast(self.0.into_any()).ok()
+    }
+
+    /// Makes sure the content is not shared and returns a mutable reference to
+    /// the inner element.
+    #[inline]
+    fn make_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn NativeElement {
+        let arc = &mut self.0;
+        if Arc::strong_count(arc) > 1 || Arc::weak_count(arc) > 0 {
+            *arc = arc.dyn_clone();
+        }
+
+        Arc::get_mut(arc).unwrap()
+    }
 }
 
 #[scope]
@@ -456,7 +465,7 @@ impl Content {
     /// kind of element.
     #[func]
     pub fn func(&self) -> Element {
-        self.elem
+        self.elem()
     }
 
     /// Whether the content has the specified field.
@@ -466,7 +475,11 @@ impl Content {
         /// The field to look for.
         field: Str,
     ) -> bool {
-        self.field(&field).is_some()
+        let Some(id) = self.elem().field_id(&field) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+
+        self.get(id).is_some()
     }
 
     /// Access the specified field on the content. Returns the default value if
@@ -481,7 +494,11 @@ impl Content {
         #[named]
         default: Option<Value>,
     ) -> StrResult<Value> {
-        self.field(&field)
+        let Some(id) = self.elem().field_id(&field) else {
+            return default.ok_or_else(|| missing_field_no_default(&field));
+        };
+
+        self.get(id)
             .or(default)
             .ok_or_else(|| missing_field_no_default(&field))
     }
@@ -496,22 +513,7 @@ impl Content {
     /// ```
     #[func]
     pub fn fields(&self) -> Dict {
-        static CHILD: EcoString = EcoString::inline("child");
-        static CHILDREN: EcoString = EcoString::inline("children");
-
-        let option = if let Some(iter) = self.to_sequence() {
-            Some((&CHILDREN, Value::Array(iter.cloned().map(Value::Content).collect())))
-        } else if let Some((child, _)) = self.to_styled() {
-            Some((&CHILD, Value::Content(child.clone())))
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-
-        self.fields_ref()
-            .map(|(name, value)| (name, value.clone()))
-            .chain(option)
-            .map(|(key, value)| (key.to_owned().into(), value))
-            .collect()
+        self.0.fields()
     }
 
     /// The location of the content. This is only available on content returned
@@ -521,33 +523,7 @@ impl Content {
     /// [counters]($counter), [state]($state) and [queries]($query).
     #[func]
     pub fn location(&self) -> Option<Location> {
-        self.attrs.iter().find_map(|modifier| match modifier {
-            Attr::Location(location) => Some(*location),
-            _ => None,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl Repr for Content {
-    fn repr(&self) -> EcoString {
-        let name = self.elem.name();
-        if let Some(text) = item!(text_str)(self) {
-            return eco_format!("[{}]", text);
-        } else if name == "space" {
-            return ("[ ]").into();
-        }
-
-        let mut pieces: Vec<_> = self
-            .fields()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|(name, value)| eco_format!("{}: {}", name, value.repr()))
-            .collect();
-
-        if self.is::<StyledElem>() {
-            pieces.push(EcoString::from(".."));
-        }
-
-        eco_format!("{}{}", name, pretty_array_like(&pieces, false))
+        self.0.location()
     }
 }
 
@@ -557,15 +533,34 @@ impl Default for Content {
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: NativeElement> From<T> for Content {
+    fn from(value: T) -> Self {
+        Self::new(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Arc<dyn NativeElement>> for Content {
+    fn from(value: Arc<dyn NativeElement>) -> Self {
+        Self(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::hash::Hash for Content {
+    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.0.dyn_hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
 impl PartialEq for Content {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        if let (Some(left), Some(right)) = (self.to_sequence(), other.to_sequence()) {
-            left.eq(right)
-        } else if let (Some(left), Some(right)) = (self.to_styled(), other.to_styled()) {
-            left == right
-        } else {
-            self.elem == other.elem && self.fields_ref().eq(other.fields_ref())
-        }
+        // Additional short circuit for different elements.
+        self.elem() == other.elem() && self.0.dyn_eq(other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Repr for Content {
+    fn repr(&self) -> EcoString {
+        self.0.repr()
     }
 }
 
@@ -574,20 +569,47 @@ impl Add for Content {
 
     fn add(self, mut rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
         let mut lhs = self;
-        match (lhs.is::<SequenceElem>(), rhs.is::<SequenceElem>()) {
-            (true, true) => {
-                lhs.attrs.extend(rhs.attrs);
+        match (lhs.to_mut::<SequenceElem>(), rhs.to_mut::<SequenceElem>()) {
+            (Some(seq_lhs), Some(rhs)) => {
+                seq_lhs.children.extend(rhs.children.iter().cloned());
                 lhs
             }
-            (true, false) => {
-                lhs.attrs.push(Attr::Child(Prehashed::new(rhs)));
+            (Some(seq_lhs), None) => {
+                seq_lhs.children.push(Prehashed::new(rhs));
                 lhs
             }
-            (false, true) => {
-                rhs.attrs.insert(0, Attr::Child(Prehashed::new(lhs)));
+            (None, Some(rhs_seq)) => {
+                rhs_seq.children.insert(0, Prehashed::new(lhs));
                 rhs
             }
-            (false, false) => Self::sequence([lhs, rhs]),
+            (None, None) => Self::sequence([lhs, rhs]),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Add<&'a Self> for Content {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn add(self, rhs: &'a Self) -> Self::Output {
+        let mut lhs = self;
+        match (lhs.to_mut::<SequenceElem>(), rhs.to::<SequenceElem>()) {
+            (Some(seq_lhs), Some(rhs)) => {
+                seq_lhs.children.extend(rhs.children.iter().cloned());
+                lhs
+            }
+            (Some(seq_lhs), None) => {
+                seq_lhs.children.push(Prehashed::new(rhs.clone()));
+                lhs
+            }
+            (None, Some(_)) => {
+                let mut rhs = rhs.clone();
+                rhs.to_mut::<SequenceElem>()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .children
+                    .insert(0, Prehashed::new(lhs));
+                rhs
+            }
+            (None, None) => Self::sequence([lhs, rhs.clone()]),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -598,6 +620,12 @@ impl AddAssign for Content {
     }
 }
 
+impl AddAssign<&Self> for Content {
+    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: &Self) {
+        *self = std::mem::take(self) + rhs;
+    }
+}
+
 impl Sum for Content {
     fn sum<I: Iterator<Item = Self>>(iter: I) -> Self {
         Self::sequence(iter)
@@ -610,63 +638,80 @@ impl Serialize for Content {
         S: Serializer,
     {
         serializer.collect_map(
-            iter::once((&"func".into(), &self.func().name().into_value()))
-                .chain(self.fields_ref()),
+            iter::once((
+                Str::from(EcoString::inline("func")),
+                self.func().name().into_value(),
+            ))
+            .chain(self.fields()),
         )
     }
 }
 
-impl Attr {
-    fn child(&self) -> Option<&Content> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Child(child) => Some(child),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
+/// Defines the `ElemFunc` for sequences.
+#[elem(Repr, PartialEq)]
+struct SequenceElem {
+    #[required]
+    children: Vec<Prehashed<Content>>,
+}
 
-    fn styles(&self) -> Option<&Styles> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Styles(styles) => Some(styles),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn styles_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut Styles> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Styles(styles) => Some(styles),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn field(&self) -> Option<&EcoString> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Field(field) => Some(field),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn value(&self) -> Option<&Value> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Value(value) => Some(value),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn span(&self) -> Option<Span> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Span(span) => Some(*span),
-            _ => None,
+impl Default for SequenceElem {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            span: Span::detached(),
+            location: Default::default(),
+            label: Default::default(),
+            prepared: Default::default(),
+            guards: Default::default(),
+            children: Default::default(),
         }
     }
 }
 
-/// Defines the `ElemFunc` for sequences.
-#[elem]
-struct SequenceElem {}
+impl PartialEq for SequenceElem {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.children
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| &**c)
+            .eq(other.children.iter().map(|c| &**c))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Repr for SequenceElem {
+    fn repr(&self) -> EcoString {
+        if self.children.is_empty() {
+            EcoString::inline("[]")
+        } else {
+            eco_format!(
+                "[{}]",
+                pretty_array_like(
+                    &self.children.iter().map(|c| c.0.repr()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                    false
+                )
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 /// Defines the `ElemFunc` for styled elements.
-#[elem]
-struct StyledElem {}
+#[elem(Repr, PartialEq)]
+struct StyledElem {
+    #[required]
+    child: Prehashed<Content>,
+    #[required]
+    styles: Styles,
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for StyledElem {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        *self.child == *other.child
+    }
+}
+
+impl Repr for StyledElem {
+    fn repr(&self) -> EcoString {
+        eco_format!("styled(child: {}, ..)", self.child.0.repr())
+    }
+}
 
 /// Hosts metadata and ensures metadata is produced even for empty elements.
 #[elem(Behave)]
@@ -674,7 +719,7 @@ pub struct MetaElem {
     /// Metadata that should be attached to all elements affected by this style
     /// property.
     #[fold]
-    pub data: Vec<Meta>,
+    pub data: SmallVec<[Meta; 1]>,
 }
 
 impl Behave for MetaElem {
@@ -691,7 +736,7 @@ pub trait PlainText {
 
 /// The missing field access error message.
 #[cold]
-fn missing_field(field: &str) -> EcoString {
+pub fn missing_field(field: &str) -> EcoString {
     eco_format!("content does not contain field {}", field.repr())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/element.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/element.rs
index d3b6bf1e9..4426ff319 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/element.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/element.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
-use ecow::EcoString;
-use std::any::TypeId;
+use std::any::{Any, TypeId};
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
-use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
+use std::fmt::{self, Debug};
+use std::hash::Hasher;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use ecow::EcoString;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
 
 use super::{Content, Selector, Styles};
-use crate::diag::SourceResult;
+use crate::diag::{SourceResult, StrResult};
+use crate::doc::{Lang, Region};
 use crate::eval::{cast, Args, Dict, Func, ParamInfo, Repr, Scope, Value, Vm};
+use crate::model::{Guard, Label, Location};
+use crate::syntax::Span;
 use crate::util::Static;
 
 /// A document element.
@@ -20,6 +26,16 @@ impl Element {
         T::elem()
     }
 
+    /// Extract the field ID for the given field name.
+    pub fn field_id(&self, name: &str) -> Option<u8> {
+        (self.0.field_id)(name)
+    }
+
+    /// Extract the field name for the given field ID.
+    pub fn field_name(&self, id: u8) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        (self.0.field_name)(id)
+    }
+
     /// The element's normal name (e.g. `enum`).
     pub fn name(self) -> &'static str {
         self.0.name
@@ -79,7 +95,7 @@ impl Element {
 
     /// Create a selector for this element, filtering for those
     /// that [fields](super::Content::field) match the given argument.
-    pub fn where_(self, fields: Dict) -> Selector {
+    pub fn where_(self, fields: SmallVec<[(u8, Value); 1]>) -> Selector {
         Selector::Elem(self, Some(fields))
     }
 
@@ -92,10 +108,15 @@ impl Element {
     pub fn params(&self) -> &'static [ParamInfo] {
         &(self.0).0.params
     }
+
+    /// The element's local name, if any.
+    pub fn local_name(&self, lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        (self.0).0.local_name.map(|f| f(lang, region))
+    }
 }
 
 impl Debug for Element {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         f.pad(self.name())
     }
 }
@@ -124,21 +145,120 @@ cast! {
     v: Func => v.element().ok_or("expected element")?,
 }
 
+/// Fields of an element.
+pub trait ElementFields {
+    /// The fields of the element.
+    type Fields;
+}
+
 /// A Typst element that is defined by a native Rust type.
-pub trait NativeElement: Construct + Set + Sized + 'static {
+pub trait NativeElement: Debug + Repr + Construct + Set + Send + Sync + 'static {
     /// Get the element for the native Rust element.
-    fn elem() -> Element {
+    fn elem() -> Element
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
         Element::from(Self::data())
     }
 
-    /// Get the element data for the native Rust element.
-    fn data() -> &'static NativeElementData;
-
     /// Pack the element into type-erased content.
-    fn pack(self) -> Content;
+    fn pack(self) -> Content
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        Content::new(self)
+    }
 
-    /// Extract this element from type-erased content.
-    fn unpack(content: &Content) -> Option<&Self>;
+    /// Get the element data for the native Rust element.
+    fn data() -> &'static NativeElementData
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+
+    /// Get the element data for the native Rust element.
+    fn dyn_elem(&self) -> Element;
+
+    /// Dynamically hash the element.
+    fn dyn_hash(&self, hasher: &mut dyn Hasher);
+
+    /// Dynamically compare the element.
+    fn dyn_eq(&self, other: &Content) -> bool;
+
+    /// Dynamically clone the element.
+    fn dyn_clone(&self) -> Arc<dyn NativeElement>;
+
+    /// Get the element as a dynamic value.
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
+
+    /// Get the element as a mutable dynamic value.
+    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
+
+    /// Get the element as a dynamic value.
+    fn into_any(self: Arc<Self>) -> Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync>;
+
+    /// Get the element's span.
+    ///
+    /// May be detached if it has not been set.
+    fn span(&self) -> Span;
+
+    /// Sets the span of this element.
+    fn set_span(&mut self, span: Span);
+
+    /// Set the element's span.
+    fn spanned(mut self, span: Span) -> Self
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.set_span(span);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Get the element's label.
+    fn label(&self) -> Option<Label>;
+
+    /// Sets the label of this element.
+    fn set_label(&mut self, label: Label);
+
+    /// Set the element's label.
+    fn labelled(mut self, label: ::typst::model::Label) -> Self
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.set_label(label);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Get the element's location.
+    fn location(&self) -> Option<Location>;
+
+    /// Sets the location of this element.
+    fn set_location(&mut self, location: Location);
+
+    /// Checks whether the element is guarded by the given guard.
+    fn is_guarded(&self, guard: Guard) -> bool;
+
+    /// Pushes a guard onto the element.
+    fn push_guard(&mut self, guard: Guard);
+
+    /// Whether the element is pristine.
+    fn is_pristine(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Mark the element as having been prepared.
+    fn mark_prepared(&mut self);
+
+    /// Whether this element needs preparations.
+    fn needs_preparation(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Whether this element has been prepared.
+    fn is_prepared(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Get the field with the given field ID.
+    fn field(&self, id: u8) -> Option<Value>;
+
+    /// Set the field with the given ID.
+    fn set_field(&mut self, id: u8, value: Value) -> StrResult<()>;
+
+    /// Get the fields of the element.
+    fn fields(&self) -> Dict;
 }
 
 /// An element's constructor function.
@@ -147,13 +267,17 @@ pub trait Construct {
     ///
     /// This is passed only the arguments that remain after execution of the
     /// element's set rule.
-    fn construct(vm: &mut Vm, args: &mut Args) -> SourceResult<Content>;
+    fn construct(vm: &mut Vm, args: &mut Args) -> SourceResult<Content>
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
 }
 
 /// An element's set rule.
 pub trait Set {
     /// Parse relevant arguments into style properties for this element.
-    fn set(vm: &mut Vm, args: &mut Args) -> SourceResult<Styles>;
+    fn set(vm: &mut Vm, args: &mut Args) -> SourceResult<Styles>
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
 }
 
 /// Defines a native element.
@@ -166,6 +290,9 @@ pub struct NativeElementData {
     pub construct: fn(&mut Vm, &mut Args) -> SourceResult<Content>,
     pub set: fn(&mut Vm, &mut Args) -> SourceResult<Styles>,
     pub vtable: fn(of: TypeId) -> Option<*const ()>,
+    pub field_id: fn(name: &str) -> Option<u8>,
+    pub field_name: fn(u8) -> Option<&'static str>,
+    pub local_name: Option<fn(Lang, Option<Region>) -> &'static str>,
     pub scope: Lazy<Scope>,
     pub params: Lazy<Vec<ParamInfo>>,
 }
@@ -180,3 +307,9 @@ cast! {
     &'static NativeElementData,
     self => Element::from(self).into_value(),
 }
+
+/// The named with which an element is referenced.
+pub trait LocalName {
+    /// Get the name in the given language and (optionally) region.
+    fn local_name(lang: Lang, region: Option<Region>) -> &'static str;
+}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/introspect.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/introspect.rs
index bd79e5ed2..ad7995cea 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/introspect.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/introspect.rs
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ impl Introspector {
     }
 
     /// Query for a unique element with the label.
-    pub fn query_label(&self, label: &Label) -> StrResult<Prehashed<Content>> {
+    pub fn query_label(&self, label: Label) -> StrResult<Prehashed<Content>> {
         let mut found = None;
         for elem in self.all().filter(|elem| elem.label() == Some(label)) {
             if found.is_some() {
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/label.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/label.rs
index 117a682ae..8886b3700 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/label.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/label.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use std::fmt::Debug;
 use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
 
 use crate::eval::{func, scope, ty, Repr};
+use crate::util::PicoStr;
 
 /// A label for an element.
 ///
@@ -29,8 +30,27 @@ use crate::eval::{func, scope, ty, Repr};
 /// Currently, labels can only be attached to elements in markup mode, not in
 /// code mode. This might change in the future.
 #[ty(scope)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
-pub struct Label(pub EcoString);
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
+pub struct Label(PicoStr);
+
+impl Label {
+    /// Creates a label from a string, interning it.
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<PicoStr>) -> Self {
+        Self(name.into())
+    }
+
+    /// Resolves the label to a string.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
+        self.0.resolve()
+    }
+
+    /// Turns this label into its inner interned string.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> PicoStr {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
 
 #[scope]
 impl Label {
@@ -38,7 +58,7 @@ impl Label {
     #[func(constructor)]
     pub fn construct(
         /// The name of the label.
-        name: EcoString,
+        name: PicoStr,
     ) -> Label {
         Self(name)
     }
@@ -46,7 +66,13 @@ impl Label {
 
 impl Repr for Label {
     fn repr(&self) -> EcoString {
-        eco_format!("<{}>", self.0)
+        eco_format!("<{}>", self.0.resolve())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Label> for PicoStr {
+    fn from(value: Label) -> Self {
+        value.into_inner()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/mod.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/mod.rs
index dcad87419..0c91f3867 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 //! The document model.
 
+mod block;
 mod content;
 mod element;
 mod introspect;
@@ -12,14 +13,17 @@ use ecow::EcoVec;
 #[doc(inline)]
 pub use typst_macros::elem;
 
+pub use self::block::{Block, Blockable};
 pub use self::content::{Content, MetaElem, PlainText};
-pub use self::element::{Construct, Element, NativeElement, NativeElementData, Set};
+pub use self::element::{
+    Construct, Element, ElementFields, LocalName, NativeElement, NativeElementData, Set,
+};
 pub use self::introspect::{Introspector, Location, Locator};
 pub use self::label::{Label, Unlabellable};
 pub use self::realize::{
     applicable, realize, Behave, Behaviour, Finalize, Guard, Locatable, Show, Synthesize,
 };
-pub use self::selector::{LocatableSelector, Selector, ShowableSelector};
+pub use self::selector::{select_where, LocatableSelector, Selector, ShowableSelector};
 pub use self::styles::{
     Fold, Property, Recipe, Resolve, Style, StyleChain, StyleVec, StyleVecBuilder,
     Styles, Transform,
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/realize.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/realize.rs
index 8edeb0e76..7e926b0f7 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/realize.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/realize.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
+use smallvec::smallvec;
+
 use super::{
     Content, Element, MetaElem, NativeElement, Recipe, Selector, StyleChain, Vt,
 };
@@ -54,7 +58,7 @@ pub fn realize(
             let meta = Meta::Elem(elem.clone());
             return Ok(Some(
                 (elem + MetaElem::new().pack().spanned(span))
-                    .styled(MetaElem::set_data(vec![meta])),
+                    .styled(MetaElem::set_data(smallvec![meta])),
             ));
         }
 
@@ -114,7 +118,7 @@ fn try_apply(
         }
 
         Some(Selector::Label(label)) => {
-            if target.label() != Some(label) {
+            if target.label() != Some(*label) {
                 return Ok(None);
             }
 
@@ -126,11 +130,12 @@ fn try_apply(
                 return Ok(None);
             };
 
-            let make = |s: &str| target.clone().with_field("text", s);
+            // We know we are on a `TextElem` and the `text` is always at ID = 0.
+            let make = |s: &str| target.clone().with_field(0, s);
             let mut result = vec![];
             let mut cursor = 0;
 
-            for m in regex.find_iter(&text) {
+            for m in regex.find_iter(text) {
                 let start = m.start();
                 if cursor < start {
                     result.push(make(&text[cursor..start]));
@@ -200,7 +205,7 @@ pub trait Behave {
     #[allow(unused_variables)]
     fn larger(
         &self,
-        prev: &(Content, Behaviour, StyleChain),
+        prev: &(Cow<Content>, Behaviour, StyleChain),
         styles: StyleChain,
     ) -> bool {
         false
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/selector.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/selector.rs
index ce0e62ccb..6d117acdf 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/selector.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/selector.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString, EcoVec};
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
 
 use super::{Content, Element, Label, Locatable, Location};
 use crate::diag::{bail, StrResult};
@@ -12,6 +13,33 @@ use crate::eval::{
 };
 use crate::util::pretty_array_like;
 
+/// A helper macro to create a field selector used in [`Selector::Elem`]
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// select_where!(SequenceElem, Children => vec![]);
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+macro_rules! __select_where {
+    ($ty:ty $(, $field:ident => $value:expr)* $(,)?) => {{
+        #[allow(unused_mut)]
+        let mut fields = ::smallvec::SmallVec::new();
+        $(
+            fields.push((
+                <$ty as ::typst::model::ElementFields>::Fields::$field as u8,
+                $crate::eval::IntoValue::into_value($value),
+            ));
+        )*
+        ::typst::model::Selector::Elem(
+            <$ty as ::typst::model::NativeElement>::elem(),
+            Some(fields),
+        )
+    }};
+}
+
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use crate::__select_where as select_where;
+
 /// A filter for selecting elements within the document.
 ///
 /// You can construct a selector in the following ways:
@@ -55,7 +83,7 @@ pub enum Selector {
     ///
     /// If there is a dictionary, only elements with the fields from the
     /// dictionary match.
-    Elem(Element, Option<Dict>),
+    Elem(Element, Option<SmallVec<[(u8, Value); 1]>>),
     /// Matches the element at the specified location.
     Location(Location),
     /// Matches elements with a specific label.
@@ -101,20 +129,21 @@ impl Selector {
 
     /// Whether the selector matches for the target.
     pub fn matches(&self, target: &Content) -> bool {
+        // TODO: optimize field access to not clone.
         match self {
             Self::Elem(element, dict) => {
                 target.func() == *element
                     && dict
                         .iter()
                         .flat_map(|dict| dict.iter())
-                        .all(|(name, value)| target.field_ref(name) == Some(value))
+                        .all(|(id, value)| target.get(*id).as_ref() == Some(value))
             }
-            Self::Label(label) => target.label() == Some(label),
+            Self::Label(label) => target.label() == Some(*label),
             Self::Regex(regex) => {
                 target.func() == item!(text_elem)
-                    && item!(text_str)(target).map_or(false, |text| regex.is_match(&text))
+                    && item!(text_str)(target).map_or(false, |text| regex.is_match(text))
             }
-            Self::Can(cap) => target.can_type_id(*cap),
+            Self::Can(cap) => target.func().can_type_id(*cap),
             Self::Or(selectors) => selectors.iter().any(move |sel| sel.matches(target)),
             Self::And(selectors) => selectors.iter().all(move |sel| sel.matches(target)),
             Self::Location(location) => target.location() == Some(*location),
@@ -214,6 +243,11 @@ impl Repr for Selector {
         match self {
             Self::Elem(elem, dict) => {
                 if let Some(dict) = dict {
+                    let dict = dict
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|(id, value)| (elem.field_name(*id).unwrap(), value.clone()))
+                        .map(|(name, value)| (EcoString::from(name).into(), value))
+                        .collect::<Dict>();
                     eco_format!("{}.where{}", elem.name(), dict.repr())
                 } else {
                     elem.name().into()
@@ -261,7 +295,7 @@ cast! {
 ///
 /// Hopefully, this is made obsolete by a more powerful query mechanism in the
 /// future.
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct LocatableSelector(pub Selector);
 
 impl Reflect for LocatableSelector {
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/styles.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/styles.rs
index 8429fecf3..394b96fed 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/styles.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/styles.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter, Write};
 use std::iter;
 use std::mem;
@@ -5,10 +6,12 @@ use std::ptr;
 
 use comemo::Prehashed;
 use ecow::{eco_vec, EcoString, EcoVec};
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
 
-use super::{Content, Element, NativeElement, Selector, Vt};
+use super::{Block, Blockable, Content, Element, NativeElement, Selector, Vt};
 use crate::diag::{SourceResult, Trace, Tracepoint};
-use crate::eval::{cast, ty, Args, FromValue, Func, IntoValue, Repr, Value, Vm};
+use crate::eval::{cast, ty, Args, Func, Repr, Value, Vm};
 use crate::syntax::Span;
 
 /// A list of style properties.
@@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ impl Repr for Styles {
 }
 
 /// A single style property or recipe.
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Clone, Hash)]
 pub enum Style {
     /// A style property originating from a set rule or constructor.
     Property(Property),
@@ -141,32 +144,27 @@ impl From<Recipe> for Style {
 }
 
 /// A style property originating from a set rule or constructor.
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Clone, Hash)]
 pub struct Property {
     /// The element the property belongs to.
     elem: Element,
-    /// The property's name.
-    name: EcoString,
+    /// The property's ID.
+    id: u8,
     /// The property's value.
-    value: Value,
+    value: Block,
     /// The span of the set rule the property stems from.
     span: Option<Span>,
 }
 
 impl Property {
     /// Create a new property from a key-value pair.
-    pub fn new(elem: Element, name: impl Into<EcoString>, value: impl IntoValue) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            elem,
-            name: name.into(),
-            value: value.into_value(),
-            span: None,
-        }
+    pub fn new<T: Blockable>(elem: Element, id: u8, value: T) -> Self {
+        Self { elem, id, value: Block::new(value), span: None }
     }
 
     /// Whether this property is the given one.
-    pub fn is(&self, elem: Element, name: &str) -> bool {
-        self.elem == elem && self.name == name
+    pub fn is(&self, elem: Element, id: u8) -> bool {
+        self.elem == elem && self.id == id
     }
 
     /// Whether this property belongs to the given element.
@@ -177,7 +175,7 @@ impl Property {
 
 impl Debug for Property {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "set {}({}: {:?})", self.elem.name(), self.name, self.value)?;
+        write!(f, "set {}({}: {:?})", self.elem.name(), self.id, self.value)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 }
@@ -317,61 +315,72 @@ impl<'a> StyleChain<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Cast the first value for the given property in the chain.
-    pub fn get<T: FromValue>(
+    /// Cast the first value for the given property in the chain,
+    /// returning a borrowed value if possible.
+    pub fn get_borrowed<T: Blockable + Clone>(
         self,
         func: Element,
-        name: &'a str,
-        inherent: Option<Value>,
-        default: impl Fn() -> T,
-    ) -> T {
-        self.properties::<T>(func, name, inherent)
+        id: u8,
+        inherent: Option<&'a T>,
+        default: &'static Lazy<T>,
+    ) -> &'a T {
+        self.properties::<T>(func, id, inherent)
             .next()
-            .unwrap_or_else(default)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| default)
     }
 
     /// Cast the first value for the given property in the chain.
-    pub fn get_resolve<T: FromValue + Resolve>(
+    pub fn get<T: Blockable + Clone>(
         self,
         func: Element,
-        name: &'a str,
-        inherent: Option<Value>,
-        default: impl Fn() -> T,
+        id: u8,
+        inherent: Option<&T>,
+        default: &'static Lazy<T>,
+    ) -> T {
+        self.get_borrowed(func, id, inherent, default).clone()
+    }
+
+    /// Cast the first value for the given property in the chain.
+    pub fn get_resolve<T: Blockable + Clone + Resolve>(
+        self,
+        func: Element,
+        id: u8,
+        inherent: Option<&T>,
+        default: &'static Lazy<T>,
     ) -> T::Output {
-        self.get(func, name, inherent, default).resolve(self)
+        self.get(func, id, inherent, default).resolve(self)
     }
 
     /// Cast the first value for the given property in the chain.
-    pub fn get_fold<T: FromValue + Fold>(
+    pub fn get_fold<T: Blockable + Clone + Fold>(
         self,
         func: Element,
-        name: &'a str,
-        inherent: Option<Value>,
+        id: u8,
+        inherent: Option<&T>,
         default: impl Fn() -> T::Output,
     ) -> T::Output {
         fn next<T: Fold>(
             mut values: impl Iterator<Item = T>,
-            _styles: StyleChain,
             default: &impl Fn() -> T::Output,
         ) -> T::Output {
             values
                 .next()
-                .map(|value| value.fold(next(values, _styles, default)))
+                .map(|value| value.fold(next(values, default)))
                 .unwrap_or_else(default)
         }
-        next(self.properties::<T>(func, name, inherent), self, &default)
+        next(self.properties::<T>(func, id, inherent).cloned(), &default)
     }
 
     /// Cast the first value for the given property in the chain.
     pub fn get_resolve_fold<T>(
         self,
         func: Element,
-        name: &'a str,
-        inherent: Option<Value>,
+        id: u8,
+        inherent: Option<&T>,
         default: impl Fn() -> <T::Output as Fold>::Output,
     ) -> <T::Output as Fold>::Output
     where
-        T: FromValue + Resolve,
+        T: Blockable + Clone + Resolve,
         T::Output: Fold,
     {
         fn next<T>(
@@ -380,7 +389,7 @@ impl<'a> StyleChain<'a> {
             default: &impl Fn() -> <T::Output as Fold>::Output,
         ) -> <T::Output as Fold>::Output
         where
-            T: Resolve,
+            T: Blockable + Resolve,
             T::Output: Fold,
         {
             values
@@ -388,7 +397,8 @@ impl<'a> StyleChain<'a> {
                 .map(|value| value.resolve(styles).fold(next(values, styles, default)))
                 .unwrap_or_else(default)
         }
-        next(self.properties::<T>(func, name, inherent), self, &default)
+
+        next(self.properties::<T>(func, id, inherent).cloned(), self, &default)
     }
 
     /// Iterate over all style recipes in the chain.
@@ -397,25 +407,28 @@ impl<'a> StyleChain<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Iterate over all values for the given property in the chain.
-    pub fn properties<T: FromValue + 'a>(
+    pub fn properties<T: Blockable>(
         self,
         func: Element,
-        name: &'a str,
-        inherent: Option<Value>,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = T> + '_ {
-        inherent
-            .into_iter()
-            .chain(
-                self.entries()
-                    .filter_map(Style::property)
-                    .filter(move |property| property.is(func, name))
-                    .map(|property| property.value.clone()),
-            )
-            .map(move |value| {
-                value.cast().unwrap_or_else(|err| {
-                    panic!("{} (for {}.{})", err, func.name(), name)
-                })
-            })
+        id: u8,
+        inherent: Option<&'a T>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a T> {
+        inherent.into_iter().chain(
+            self.entries()
+                .filter_map(Style::property)
+                .filter(move |property| property.is(func, id))
+                .map(|property| &property.value)
+                .map(move |value| {
+                    value.downcast().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        panic!(
+                            "attempted to read a value of a different type than was written {}.{}: {:?}",
+                            func.name(),
+                            func.field_name(id).unwrap(),
+                            value
+                        )
+                    })
+                }),
+        )
     }
 
     /// Convert to a style map.
@@ -579,8 +592,8 @@ impl<T> StyleVec<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl StyleVec<Content> {
-    pub fn to_vec(self) -> Vec<Content> {
+impl<'a> StyleVec<Cow<'a, Content>> {
+    pub fn to_vec(self) -> Vec<Prehashed<Content>> {
         self.items
             .into_iter()
             .zip(
@@ -588,7 +601,8 @@ impl StyleVec<Content> {
                     .iter()
                     .flat_map(|(map, count)| iter::repeat(map).take(*count)),
             )
-            .map(|(content, styles)| content.styled_with_map(styles.clone()))
+            .map(|(content, styles)| content.into_owned().styled_with_map(styles.clone()))
+            .map(Prehashed::new)
             .collect()
     }
 }
@@ -759,3 +773,12 @@ impl<T> Fold for Vec<T> {
         self
     }
 }
+
+impl<T, const N: usize> Fold for SmallVec<[T; N]> {
+    type Output = SmallVec<[T; N]>;
+
+    fn fold(mut self, outer: Self::Output) -> Self::Output {
+        self.extend(outer);
+        self
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/util/mod.rs b/crates/typst/src/util/mod.rs
index f5c205208..573d6b1c4 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@
 
 pub mod fat;
 pub mod fmt;
+mod str;
 
 pub use self::fmt::{pretty_array_like, pretty_comma_list, separated_list};
+pub use self::str::PicoStr;
 
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
 use std::hash::Hash;
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/util/str.rs b/crates/typst/src/util/str.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..398392f83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/typst/src/util/str.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
+
+use ecow::EcoString;
+use lasso::{Spur, ThreadedRodeo};
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use typst_macros::cast;
+
+/// The global string interner.
+static INTERNER: Lazy<ThreadedRodeo> = Lazy::new(ThreadedRodeo::new);
+
+/// An interned string.
+///
+/// The API is purposefully kept small. This is because it might be relatively
+/// slow to look up a string in the interner, so we want to avoid doing it
+/// unnecessarily. For this reason, the user should use the [`PicoStr::resolve`]
+/// method to get the underlying string, such that the lookup is done only once.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
+pub struct PicoStr(Spur);
+
+impl PicoStr {
+    /// Creates a new interned string.
+    pub fn new(s: impl AsRef<str>) -> Self {
+        Self(INTERNER.get_or_intern(s.as_ref()))
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new interned string from a static string.
+    pub fn static_(s: &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self(INTERNER.get_or_intern_static(s))
+    }
+
+    /// Resolves the interned string.
+    pub fn resolve(&self) -> &'static str {
+        INTERNER.resolve(&self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+cast! {
+    PicoStr,
+    self => self.resolve().into_value(),
+    v: EcoString => Self::new(&v),
+}
+
+impl Debug for PicoStr {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.resolve().fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<str> for PicoStr {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
+        self.resolve()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&str> for PicoStr {
+    fn from(value: &str) -> Self {
+        Self::new(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&EcoString> for PicoStr {
+    fn from(value: &EcoString) -> Self {
+        Self::new(value)
+    }
+}