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man: Minor clarifications and grammar corrections for lvmraid.7
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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ from the Linux kernel. DM is used to create and manage visible LVM
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devices, and MD is used to place data on physical devices.
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LVM creates hidden LVs (dm devices) layered between the visible LV and
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physical devices. LVs in that middle layers are called sub LVs.
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physical devices. LVs in the middle layers are called sub LVs.
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For LVM raid, a sub LV pair to store data and metadata (raid superblock
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and bitmap) is created per raid image/leg (see lvs command examples below).
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@ -74,7 +74,8 @@ data that is written to one device before moving to the next.
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.P
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\fIPVs\fP specifies the devices to use. If not specified, lvm will choose
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\fINumber\fP devices, one for each stripe.
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\fINumber\fP devices, one for each stripe based on the number of PVs
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available or supplied.
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.SS raid1
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@ -116,8 +117,9 @@ minimum number of devices required is 3.
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.HP
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.B \-\-stripes
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specifies the number of devices to use for LV data. This does not include
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the extra device lvm adds for storing parity blocks. \fINumber\fP stripes
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requires \fINumber\fP+1 devices. \fINumber\fP must be 2 or more.
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the extra device lvm adds for storing parity blocks. A raid4 LV with
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\fINumber\fP stripes requires \fINumber\fP+1 devices. \fINumber\fP must
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be 2 or more.
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.HP
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.B \-\-stripesize
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@ -149,8 +151,9 @@ from a single device. The minimum number of devices required is 3.
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.HP
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.B \-\-stripes
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specifies the number of devices to use for LV data. This does not include
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the extra device lvm adds for storing parity blocks. \fINumber\fP stripes
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requires \fINumber\fP+1 devices. \fINumber\fP must be 2 or more.
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the extra device lvm adds for storing parity blocks. A raid5 LV with
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\fINumber\fP stripes requires \fINumber\fP+1 devices. \fINumber\fP must
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be 2 or more.
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.HP
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.B \-\-stripesize
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@ -186,8 +189,9 @@ number of devices required is 5.
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.HP
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.B \-\-stripes
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specifies the number of devices to use for LV data. This does not include
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the extra two devices lvm adds for storing parity blocks. \fINumber\fP
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stripes requires \fINumber\fP+2 devices. \fINumber\fP must be 3 or more.
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the extra two devices lvm adds for storing parity blocks. A raid6 LV with
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\fINumber\fP stripes requires \fINumber\fP+2 devices. \fINumber\fP must be
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3 or more.
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.HP
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.B \-\-stripesize
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@ -252,8 +256,8 @@ less tolerant of device failures.
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.SH Synchronization
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Synchronization makes all the devices in a RAID LV consistent with each
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other.
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Synchronization is the process that makes all the devices in a RAID LV
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consistent with each other.
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In a RAID1 LV, all mirror images should have the same data. When a new
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mirror image is added, or a mirror image is missing data, then images need
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@ -285,7 +289,7 @@ following command, where "image synced" means sync is complete:
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.SS Scrubbing
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Scrubbing is a full scan/synchronization of the RAID LV requested by a user.
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Scrubbing is a full scan of the RAID LV requested by a user.
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Scrubbing can find problems that are missed by partial synchronization.
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Scrubbing assumes that RAID metadata and bitmaps may be inaccurate, so it
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@ -367,15 +371,15 @@ not know which data is correct. The result may be consistent but
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incorrect data. When two different blocks of data must be made
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consistent, it chooses the block from the device that would be used during
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RAID intialization. However, if the PV holding corrupt data is known,
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lvchange \-\-rebuild can be used to reconstruct the data on the bad
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device.
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lvchange \-\-rebuild can be used in place of scrubbing to reconstruct the
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data on the bad device.
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Future developments might include:
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Allowing a user to choose the correct version of data during repair.
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Using a majority of devices to determine the correct version of data to
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use in a three-way RAID1 or RAID6 LV.
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use in a 3-way RAID1 or RAID6 LV.
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Using a checksumming device to pin-point when and where an error occurs,
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allowing it to be rewritten.
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@ -387,7 +391,7 @@ An LV is often a combination of other hidden LVs called SubLVs. The
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SubLVs either use physical devices, or are built from other SubLVs
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themselves. SubLVs hold LV data blocks, RAID parity blocks, and RAID
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metadata. SubLVs are generally hidden, so the lvs \-a option is required
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display them:
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to display them:
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.B lvs -a -o name,segtype,devices
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@ -559,8 +563,8 @@ RAID6 LVs can tolerate losing two devices without LV data loss.
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.IP \[bu] 3
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RAID10 is variable, and depends on which devices are lost. It can
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tolerate losing all but one device in a single raid1 mirror without
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LV data loss.
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tolerate losing all but one device in a raid1 set, where each stripe
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is composed of a raid1 set, without LV data loss.
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.P
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@ -621,7 +625,7 @@ tolerate the number of missing devices without LV data loss.
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.br
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The LV is always activated, even if portions of the LV data are missing
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because of the missing device(s). This should only be used to perform
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recovery or repair operations.
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extreme recovery or repair operations.
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.BR lvm.conf (5)
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.B activation/activation_mode
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@ -635,7 +639,7 @@ lvmconfig --type default activation/activation_mode
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.SS Replacing Devices
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Devices in a RAID LV can be replaced with other devices in the VG. When
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Devices in a RAID LV can be replaced by other devices in the VG. When
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replacing devices that are no longer visible on the system, use lvconvert
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\-\-repair. When replacing devices that are still visible, use lvconvert
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\-\-replace. The repair command will attempt to restore the same number
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@ -709,8 +713,9 @@ replace failed devices.
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.B allocate
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.br
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dmeventd automatically attempts to repair the LV using spare devices
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in the VG. Note that even a transient failure is handled as a permanent
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failure; a new device is allocated and full synchronization is started.
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in the VG. Note that even a transient failure is treated as a permanent
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failure under this setting. A new device is allocated and full
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synchronization is started.
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The specific command run by dmeventd to warn or repair is:
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.br
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@ -720,8 +725,8 @@ The specific command run by dmeventd to warn or repair is:
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.SS Corrupted Data
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Data on a device can be corrupted due to hardware errors, without the
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device ever being disconnected, and without any fault in the software.
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Data on a device can be corrupted due to hardware errors without the
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device ever being disconnected or there being any fault in the software.
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This should be rare, and can be detected (see \fBScrubbing\fP).
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@ -1023,7 +1028,7 @@ stripes.
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When changing the RAID layout or stripe size, no new SubLVs (MetaLVs or
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DataLVs) need to be allocated, but DataLVs are extended by a small amount
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(typically 1 extent). The extra space allows blocks in a stripe to be
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updated safely, and not corrupted in case of a crash. If a crash occurs,
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updated safely, and not be corrupted in case of a crash. If a crash occurs,
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reshaping can just be restarted.
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(If blocks in a stripe were updated in place, a crash could leave them
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