lvm2/conf/example.conf.in

# This is an example configuration file for the LVM2 system.
# It contains the default settings that would be used if there was no
# @DEFAULT_SYS_DIR@/lvm.conf file.
#
# Refer to 'man lvm.conf' for further information including the file layout.
#
# To put this file in a different directory and override @DEFAULT_SYS_DIR@ set
# the environment variable LVM_SYSTEM_DIR before running the tools.
#
# N.B. Take care that each setting only appears once if uncommenting
# example settings in this file.

# This section allows you to set the way the configuration settings are handled.
config {

    # If enabled, any LVM2 configuration mismatch is reported.
    # This implies checking that the configuration key is understood
    # by LVM2 and that the value of the key is of a proper type.
    # If disabled, any configuration mismatch is ignored and default
    # value is used instead without any warning (a message about the
    # configuration key not being found is issued in verbose mode only).
    checks = 1

    # If enabled, any configuration mismatch aborts the LVM2 process.
    abort_on_errors = 0

    # Directory where LVM looks for configuration profiles.
    profile_dir = "@DEFAULT_SYS_DIR@/@DEFAULT_PROFILE_SUBDIR@"
}

# This section allows you to configure which block devices should
# be used by the LVM system.
devices {

    # Where do you want your volume groups to appear ?
    dir = "/dev"

    # An array of directories that contain the device nodes you wish
    # to use with LVM2.
    scan = [ "/dev" ]

    # If set, the cache of block device nodes with all associated symlinks
    # will be constructed out of the existing udev database content.
    # This avoids using and opening any inapplicable non-block devices or
    # subdirectories found in the device directory. This setting is applied
    # to udev-managed device directory only, other directories will be scanned
    # fully. LVM2 needs to be compiled with udev support for this setting to
    # take effect. N.B. Any device node or symlink not managed by udev in
    # udev directory will be ignored with this setting on.
    obtain_device_list_from_udev = 1

    # If several entries in the scanned directories correspond to the
    # same block device and the tools need to display a name for device,
    # all the pathnames are matched against each item in the following
    # list of regular expressions in turn and the first match is used.
    preferred_names = [ ]

    # Try to avoid using undescriptive /dev/dm-N names, if present.
    # preferred_names = [ "^/dev/mpath/", "^/dev/mapper/mpath", "^/dev/[hs]d" ]

    # A filter that tells LVM2 to only use a restricted set of devices.
    # The filter consists of an array of regular expressions.  These
    # expressions can be delimited by a character of your choice, and
    # prefixed with either an 'a' (for accept) or 'r' (for reject).
    # The first expression found to match a device name determines if
    # the device will be accepted or rejected (ignored).  Devices that
    # don't match any patterns are accepted.

    # Be careful if there there are symbolic links or multiple filesystem 
    # entries for the same device as each name is checked separately against
    # the list of patterns.  The effect is that if the first pattern in the 
    # list to match a name is an 'a' pattern for any of the names, the device
    # is accepted; otherwise if the first pattern in the list to match a name
    # is an 'r' pattern for any of the names it is rejected; otherwise it is
    # accepted.

    # Don't have more than one filter line active at once: only one gets used.

    # Run vgscan after you change this parameter to ensure that
    # the cache file gets regenerated (see below).
    # If it doesn't do what you expect, check the output of 'vgscan -vvvv'.

    # If lvmetad is used, then see "A note about device filtering while
    # lvmetad is used" comment that is attached to global/use_lvmetad setting.

    # By default we accept every block device:
    filter = [ "a/.*/" ]

    # Exclude the cdrom drive
    # filter = [ "r|/dev/cdrom|" ]

    # When testing I like to work with just loopback devices:
    # filter = [ "a/loop/", "r/.*/" ]

    # Or maybe all loops and ide drives except hdc:
    # filter =[ "a|loop|", "r|/dev/hdc|", "a|/dev/ide|", "r|.*|" ]

    # Use anchors if you want to be really specific
    # filter = [ "a|^/dev/hda8$|", "r/.*/" ]

    # Since "filter" is often overridden from command line, it is not suitable
    # for system-wide device filtering (udev rules, lvmetad). To hide devices
    # from LVM-specific udev processing and/or from lvmetad, you need to set
    # global_filter. The syntax is the same as for normal "filter"
    # above. Devices that fail the global_filter are not even opened by LVM.

    # global_filter = []

    # The results of the filtering are cached on disk to avoid
    # rescanning dud devices (which can take a very long time).
    # By default this cache is stored in the @DEFAULT_SYS_DIR@/@DEFAULT_CACHE_SUBDIR@ directory
    # in a file called '.cache'.
    # It is safe to delete the contents: the tools regenerate it.
    # (The old setting 'cache' is still respected if neither of
    # these new ones is present.)
    # N.B. If obtain_device_list_from_udev is set to 1 the list of
    # devices is instead obtained from udev and any existing .cache
    # file is removed.
    cache_dir = "@DEFAULT_SYS_DIR@/@DEFAULT_CACHE_SUBDIR@"
    cache_file_prefix = ""

    # You can turn off writing this cache file by setting this to 0.
    write_cache_state = 1

    # Advanced settings.

    # List of pairs of additional acceptable block device types found 
    # in /proc/devices with maximum (non-zero) number of partitions.
    # types = [ "fd", 16 ]

    # If sysfs is mounted (2.6 kernels) restrict device scanning to 
    # the block devices it believes are valid.
    # 1 enables; 0 disables.
    sysfs_scan = 1

    # By default, LVM2 will ignore devices used as component paths
    # of device-mapper multipath devices.
    # 1 enables; 0 disables.
    multipath_component_detection = 1

    # By default, LVM2 will ignore devices used as components of
    # software RAID (md) devices by looking for md superblocks.
    # 1 enables; 0 disables.
    md_component_detection = 1

    # By default, if a PV is placed directly upon an md device, LVM2
    # will align its data blocks with the md device's stripe-width.
    # 1 enables; 0 disables.
    md_chunk_alignment = 1

    # Default alignment of the start of a data area in MB.  If set to 0,
    # a value of 64KB will be used.  Set to 1 for 1MiB, 2 for 2MiB, etc.
    # default_data_alignment = @DEFAULT_DATA_ALIGNMENT@

    # By default, the start of a PV's data area will be a multiple of
    # the 'minimum_io_size' or 'optimal_io_size' exposed in sysfs.
    # - minimum_io_size - the smallest request the device can perform
    #   w/o incurring a read-modify-write penalty (e.g. MD's chunk size)
    # - optimal_io_size - the device's preferred unit of receiving I/O
    #   (e.g. MD's stripe width)
    # minimum_io_size is used if optimal_io_size is undefined (0).
    # If md_chunk_alignment is enabled, that detects the optimal_io_size.
    # This setting takes precedence over md_chunk_alignment.
    # 1 enables; 0 disables.
    data_alignment_detection = 1

    # Alignment (in KB) of start of data area when creating a new PV.
    # md_chunk_alignment and data_alignment_detection are disabled if set.
    # Set to 0 for the default alignment (see: data_alignment_default)
    # or page size, if larger.
    data_alignment = 0

    # By default, the start of the PV's aligned data area will be shifted by
    # the 'alignment_offset' exposed in sysfs.  This offset is often 0 but
    # may be non-zero; e.g.: certain 4KB sector drives that compensate for
    # windows partitioning will have an alignment_offset of 3584 bytes
    # (sector 7 is the lowest aligned logical block, the 4KB sectors start
    # at LBA -1, and consequently sector 63 is aligned on a 4KB boundary).
    # But note that pvcreate --dataalignmentoffset will skip this detection.
    # 1 enables; 0 disables.
    data_alignment_offset_detection = 1

    # If, while scanning the system for PVs, LVM2 encounters a device-mapper
    # device that has its I/O suspended, it waits for it to become accessible.
    # Set this to 1 to skip such devices.  This should only be needed
    # in recovery situations.
    ignore_suspended_devices = 0

    # ignore_lvm_mirrors:  Introduced in version 2.02.104
    # This setting determines whether logical volumes of "mirror" segment
    # type are scanned for LVM labels.  This affects the ability of
    # mirrors to be used as physical volumes.  If 'ignore_lvm_mirrors'
    # is set to '1', it becomes impossible to create volume groups on top
    # of mirror logical volumes - i.e. to stack volume groups on mirrors.
    #
    # Allowing mirror logical volumes to be scanned (setting the value to '0')
    # can potentially cause LVM processes and I/O to the mirror to become
    # blocked.  This is due to the way that the "mirror" segment type handles
    # failures.  In order for the hang to manifest itself, an LVM command must
    # be run just after a failure and before the automatic LVM repair process
    # takes place OR there must be failures in multiple mirrors in the same
    # volume group at the same time with write failures occurring moments
    # before a scan of the mirror's labels.
    #
    # Note that these scanning limitations do not apply to the LVM RAID
    # types, like "raid1".  The RAID segment types handle failures in a
    # different way and are not subject to possible process or I/O blocking.
    #
    # It is encouraged that users set 'ignore_lvm_mirrors' to 1 if they
    # are using the "mirror" segment type.  Users that require volume group
    # stacking on mirrored logical volumes should consider using the "raid1"
    # segment type.  The "raid1" segment type is not available for
    # active/active clustered volume groups.
    #
    # Set to 1 to disallow stacking and thereby avoid a possible deadlock.
    ignore_lvm_mirrors = 1

    # During each LVM operation errors received from each device are counted.
    # If the counter of a particular device exceeds the limit set here, no
    # further I/O is sent to that device for the remainder of the respective
    # operation. Setting the parameter to 0 disables the counters altogether.
    disable_after_error_count = 0

    # Allow use of pvcreate --uuid without requiring --restorefile.
    require_restorefile_with_uuid = 1

    # Minimum size (in KB) of block devices which can be used as PVs.
    # In a clustered environment all nodes must use the same value.
    # Any value smaller than 512KB is ignored.

    # Ignore devices smaller than 2MB such as floppy drives.
    pv_min_size = 2048

    # The original built-in setting was 512 up to and including version 2.02.84.
    # pv_min_size = 512

    # Issue discards to a logical volumes's underlying physical volume(s) when
    # the logical volume is no longer using the physical volumes' space (e.g.
    # lvremove, lvreduce, etc).  Discards inform the storage that a region is
    # no longer in use.  Storage that supports discards advertise the protocol
    # specific way discards should be issued by the kernel (TRIM, UNMAP, or
    # WRITE SAME with UNMAP bit set).  Not all storage will support or benefit
    # from discards but SSDs and thinly provisioned LUNs generally do.  If set
    # to 1, discards will only be issued if both the storage and kernel provide
    # support.
    # 1 enables; 0 disables.
    issue_discards = 0
}

# This section allows you to configure the way in which LVM selects
# free space for its Logical Volumes.
allocation {

    # When searching for free space to extend an LV, the "cling"
    # allocation policy will choose space on the same PVs as the last
    # segment of the existing LV.  If there is insufficient space and a
    # list of tags is defined here, it will check whether any of them are
    # attached to the PVs concerned and then seek to match those PV tags
    # between existing extents and new extents.
    # Use the special tag "@*" as a wildcard to match any PV tag.
 
    # Example: LVs are mirrored between two sites within a single VG.
    # PVs are tagged with either @site1 or @site2 to indicate where
    # they are situated.

    # cling_tag_list = [ "@site1", "@site2" ]
    # cling_tag_list = [ "@*" ]

    # Changes made in version 2.02.85 extended the reach of the 'cling'
    # policies to detect more situations where data can be grouped
    # onto the same disks.  Set this to 0 to revert to the previous
    # algorithm.
    maximise_cling = 1

    # Whether to use blkid library instead of native LVM2 code to detect
    # any existing signatures while creating new Physical Volumes and
    # Logical Volumes. LVM2 needs to be compiled with blkid wiping support
    # for this setting to take effect.
    #
    # LVM2 native detection code is currently able to recognize these signatures:
    #   - MD device signature
    #   - swap signature
    #   - LUKS signature
    # To see the list of signatures recognized by blkid, check the output
    # of 'blkid -k' command. The blkid can recognize more signatures than
    # LVM2 native detection code, but due to this higher number of signatures
    # to be recognized, it can take more time to complete the signature scan.
    use_blkid_wiping = 1

    # Whether do wipe any signatures found on newly created Logical Volumes
    # automatically in addition to zeroing of the first KB on the LV
    # (-Z/--zero y option) when running the LVM command without specifying
    # the -W/--wipesignatures option. If -W/--wipesignatures command line
    # option is specified, it always takes precedence over this setting.
    # Default is to wipe signatures when zeroing.
    #
    wipe_signatures_on_new_logical_volumes_when_zeroing = 1

    # Set to 1 to guarantee that mirror logs will always be placed on 
    # different PVs from the mirror images.  This was the default
    # until version 2.02.85.
    mirror_logs_require_separate_pvs = 0

    # Set to 1 to guarantee that thin pool metadata will always
    # be placed on different PVs from the pool data.
    thin_pool_metadata_require_separate_pvs = 0

    # Specify chunk size calculation policy for thin pool volumes.
    # Possible options are:
    # "generic"        - if thin_pool_chunk_size is defined, use it.
    #                    Otherwise, calculate the chunk size based on
    #                    estimation and device hints exposed in sysfs:
    #                    the minimum_io_size. The chunk size is always
    #                    at least 64KiB.
    #
    # "performance"    - if thin_pool_chunk_size is defined, use it.
    # 			 Otherwise, calculate the chunk size for
    # 			 performance based on device hints exposed in
    # 			 sysfs: the optimal_io_size. The chunk size is
    # 			 always at least 512KiB.
    # thin_pool_chunk_size_policy = "generic"

    # Specify the minimal chunk size (in KB) for thin pool volumes.
    # Use of the larger chunk size may improve perfomance for plain
    # thin volumes, however using them for snapshot volumes is less efficient,
    # as it consumes more space and takes extra time for copying.
    # When unset, lvm tries to estimate chunk size starting from 64KB
    # Supported values are in range from 64 to 1048576.
    # thin_pool_chunk_size = 64

    # Specify discards behavior of the thin pool volume.
    # Select one of  "ignore", "nopassdown", "passdown"
    # thin_pool_discards = "passdown"

    # Set to 0, to disable zeroing of thin pool data chunks before their
    # first use.
    # N.B. zeroing larger thin pool chunk size degrades performance.
    # thin_pool_zero = 1
}

# This section that allows you to configure the nature of the
# information that LVM2 reports.
log {

    # Controls the messages sent to stdout or stderr.
    # There are three levels of verbosity, 3 being the most verbose.
    verbose = 0

    # Set to 1 to suppress all non-essential messages from stdout.
    # This has the same effect as -qq.
    # When this is set, the following commands still produce output:
    # dumpconfig, lvdisplay, lvmdiskscan, lvs, pvck, pvdisplay, 
    # pvs, version, vgcfgrestore -l, vgdisplay, vgs.
    # Non-essential messages are shifted from log level 4 to log level 5
    # for syslog and lvm2_log_fn purposes.
    # Any 'yes' or 'no' questions not overridden by other arguments
    # are suppressed and default to 'no'.
    silent = 0

    # Should we send log messages through syslog?
    # 1 is yes; 0 is no.
    syslog = 1

    # Should we log error and debug messages to a file?
    # By default there is no log file.
    #file = "/var/log/lvm2.log"

    # Should we overwrite the log file each time the program is run?
    # By default we append.
    overwrite = 0

    # What level of log messages should we send to the log file and/or syslog?
    # There are 6 syslog-like log levels currently in use - 2 to 7 inclusive.
    # 7 is the most verbose (LOG_DEBUG).
    level = 0

    # Format of output messages
    # Whether or not (1 or 0) to indent messages according to their severity
    indent = 1

    # Whether or not (1 or 0) to display the command name on each line output
    command_names = 0

    # A prefix to use before the message text (but after the command name,
    # if selected).  Default is two spaces, so you can see/grep the severity
    # of each message.
    prefix = "  "

    # To make the messages look similar to the original LVM tools use:
    #   indent = 0
    #   command_names = 1
    #   prefix = " -- "

    # Set this if you want log messages during activation.
    # Don't use this in low memory situations (can deadlock).
    # activation = 0

    # Some debugging messages are assigned to a class and only appear
    # in debug output if the class is listed here.
    # Classes currently available:
    #   memory, devices, activation, allocation, lvmetad, metadata, cache,
    #   locking
    # Use "all" to see everything.
    debug_classes = [ "memory", "devices", "activation", "allocation",
		      "lvmetad", "metadata", "cache", "locking" ]
}

# Configuration of metadata backups and archiving.  In LVM2 when we
# talk about a 'backup' we mean making a copy of the metadata for the
# *current* system.  The 'archive' contains old metadata configurations.
# Backups are stored in a human readeable text format.
backup {

    # Should we maintain a backup of the current metadata configuration ?
    # Use 1 for Yes; 0 for No.
    # Think very hard before turning this off!
    backup = 1

    # Where shall we keep it ?
    # Remember to back up this directory regularly!
    backup_dir = "@DEFAULT_SYS_DIR@/@DEFAULT_BACKUP_SUBDIR@"

    # Should we maintain an archive of old metadata configurations.
    # Use 1 for Yes; 0 for No.
    # On by default.  Think very hard before turning this off.
    archive = 1

    # Where should archived files go ?
    # Remember to back up this directory regularly!
    archive_dir = "@DEFAULT_SYS_DIR@/@DEFAULT_ARCHIVE_SUBDIR@"

    # What is the minimum number of archive files you wish to keep ?
    retain_min = 10

    # What is the minimum time you wish to keep an archive file for ?
    retain_days = 30
}

# Settings for the running LVM2 in shell (readline) mode.
shell {

    # Number of lines of history to store in ~/.lvm_history
    history_size = 100
}


# Miscellaneous global LVM2 settings
global {
    # The file creation mask for any files and directories created.
    # Interpreted as octal if the first digit is zero.
    umask = 077

    # Allow other users to read the files
    #umask = 022

    # Enabling test mode means that no changes to the on disk metadata
    # will be made.  Equivalent to having the -t option on every
    # command.  Defaults to off.
    test = 0

    # Default value for --units argument
    units = "h"

    # Since version 2.02.54, the tools distinguish between powers of
    # 1024 bytes (e.g. KiB, MiB, GiB) and powers of 1000 bytes (e.g.
    # KB, MB, GB).
    # If you have scripts that depend on the old behaviour, set this to 0
    # temporarily until you update them.
    si_unit_consistency = 1

    # Whether or not to communicate with the kernel device-mapper.
    # Set to 0 if you want to use the tools to manipulate LVM metadata 
    # without activating any logical volumes.
    # If the device-mapper kernel driver is not present in your kernel
    # setting this to 0 should suppress the error messages.
    activation = 1

    # If we can't communicate with device-mapper, should we try running 
    # the LVM1 tools?
    # This option only applies to 2.4 kernels and is provided to help you
    # switch between device-mapper kernels and LVM1 kernels.
    # The LVM1 tools need to be installed with .lvm1 suffices
    # e.g. vgscan.lvm1 and they will stop working after you start using
    # the new lvm2 on-disk metadata format.
    # The default value is set when the tools are built.
    # fallback_to_lvm1 = 0

    # The default metadata format that commands should use - "lvm1" or "lvm2".
    # The command line override is -M1 or -M2.
    # Defaults to "lvm2".
    # format = "lvm2"

    # Location of proc filesystem
    proc = "/proc"

    # Type of locking to use. Defaults to local file-based locking (1).
    # Turn locking off by setting to 0 (dangerous: risks metadata corruption
    # if LVM2 commands get run concurrently).
    # Type 2 uses the external shared library locking_library.
    # Type 3 uses built-in clustered locking.
    # Type 4 uses read-only locking which forbids any operations that might 
    # change metadata.
    # N.B. Don't use lvmetad with locking type 3 as lvmetad is not yet
    # supported in clustered environment. If use_lvmetad=1 and locking_type=3
    # is set at the same time, LVM always issues a warning message about this
    # and then it automatically disables lvmetad use.
    locking_type = 1

    # Set to 0 to fail when a lock request cannot be satisfied immediately.
    wait_for_locks = 1

    # If using external locking (type 2) and initialisation fails,
    # with this set to 1 an attempt will be made to use the built-in
    # clustered locking.
    # If you are using a customised locking_library you should set this to 0.
    fallback_to_clustered_locking = 1

    # If an attempt to initialise type 2 or type 3 locking failed, perhaps
    # because cluster components such as clvmd are not running, with this set
    # to 1 an attempt will be made to use local file-based locking (type 1).
    # If this succeeds, only commands against local volume groups will proceed.
    # Volume Groups marked as clustered will be ignored.
    fallback_to_local_locking = 1

    # Local non-LV directory that holds file-based locks while commands are
    # in progress.  A directory like /tmp that may get wiped on reboot is OK.
    locking_dir = "@DEFAULT_LOCK_DIR@"

    # Whenever there are competing read-only and read-write access requests for
    # a volume group's metadata, instead of always granting the read-only
    # requests immediately, delay them to allow the read-write requests to be
    # serviced.  Without this setting, write access may be stalled by a high
    # volume of read-only requests.
    # NB. This option only affects locking_type = 1 viz. local file-based
    # locking.
    prioritise_write_locks = 1

    # Other entries can go here to allow you to load shared libraries
    # e.g. if support for LVM1 metadata was compiled as a shared library use
    #   format_libraries = "liblvm2format1.so" 
    # Full pathnames can be given.

    # Search this directory first for shared libraries.
    #   library_dir = "/lib"

    # The external locking library to load if locking_type is set to 2.
    #   locking_library = "liblvm2clusterlock.so"

    # Treat any internal errors as fatal errors, aborting the process that
    # encountered the internal error. Please only enable for debugging.
    abort_on_internal_errors = 0

    # Check whether CRC is matching when parsed VG is used multiple times.
    # This is useful to catch unexpected internal cached volume group
    # structure modification. Please only enable for debugging.
    detect_internal_vg_cache_corruption = 0

    # If set to 1, no operations that change on-disk metadata will be permitted.
    # Additionally, read-only commands that encounter metadata in need of repair
    # will still be allowed to proceed exactly as if the repair had been 
    # performed (except for the unchanged vg_seqno).
    # Inappropriate use could mess up your system, so seek advice first!
    metadata_read_only = 0

    # 'mirror_segtype_default' defines which segtype will be used when the
    # shorthand '-m' option is used for mirroring.  The possible options are:
    #
    # "mirror" - The original RAID1 implementation provided by LVM2/DM.  It is
    # 	         characterized by a flexible log solution (core, disk, mirrored)
    #		 and by the necessity to block I/O while reconfiguring in the
    #		 event of a failure.
    #
    #		 There is an inherent race in the dmeventd failure handling
    #		 logic with snapshots of devices using this type of RAID1 that
    #		 in the worst case could cause a deadlock.
    #		   Ref: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=817130#c10
    #
    # "raid1"  - This implementation leverages MD's RAID1 personality through
    # 	       	 device-mapper.  It is characterized by a lack of log options.
    #		 (A log is always allocated for every device and they are placed
    #		 on the same device as the image - no separate devices are
    #		 required.)  This mirror implementation does not require I/O
    #		 to be blocked in the kernel in the event of a failure.
    #		 This mirror implementation is not cluster-aware and cannot be
    #		 used in a shared (active/active) fashion in a cluster.
    #
    # Specify the '--type <mirror|raid1>' option to override this default
    # setting.
    mirror_segtype_default = "raid1"

    # 'raid10_segtype_default' determines the segment types used by default
    # when the '--stripes/-i' and '--mirrors/-m' arguments are both specified
    # during the creation of a logical volume.
    # Possible settings include:
    #
    # "raid10" - This implementation leverages MD's RAID10 personality through
    #            device-mapper.
    #
    # "mirror" - LVM will layer the 'mirror' and 'stripe' segment types.  It
    #            will do this by creating a mirror on top of striped sub-LVs;
    #            effectively creating a RAID 0+1 array.  This is suboptimal
    #            in terms of providing redunancy and performance.  Changing to
    #            this setting is not advised.
    # Specify the '--type <raid10|mirror>' option to override this default
    # setting.
    raid10_segtype_default = "raid10"

    # The default format for displaying LV names in lvdisplay was changed 
    # in version 2.02.89 to show the LV name and path separately.
    # Previously this was always shown as /dev/vgname/lvname even when that
    # was never a valid path in the /dev filesystem.
    # Set to 1 to reinstate the previous format.
    #
    # lvdisplay_shows_full_device_path = 0

    # Whether to use (trust) a running instance of lvmetad. If this is set to
    # 0, all commands fall back to the usual scanning mechanisms. When set to 1
    # *and* when lvmetad is running (automatically instantiated by making use of
    # systemd's socket-based service activation or run as an initscripts service
    # or run manually), the volume group metadata and PV state flags are obtained
    # from the lvmetad instance and no scanning is done by the individual
    # commands. In a setup with lvmetad, lvmetad udev rules *must* be set up for
    # LVM to work correctly. Without proper udev rules, all changes in block
    # device configuration will be *ignored* until a manual 'pvscan --cache'
    # is performed. These rules are installed by default.
    #
    # If lvmetad has been running while use_lvmetad was 0, it MUST be stopped
    # before changing use_lvmetad to 1 and started again afterwards.
    #
    # If using lvmetad, the volume activation is also switched to automatic
    # event-based mode. In this mode, the volumes are activated based on
    # incoming udev events that automatically inform lvmetad about new PVs
    # that appear in the system. Once the VG is complete (all the PVs are
    # present), it is auto-activated. The activation/auto_activation_volume_list
    # setting controls which volumes are auto-activated (all by default).
    #
    # A note about device filtering while lvmetad is used:
    # When lvmetad is updated (either automatically based on udev events
    # or directly by pvscan --cache <device> call), the devices/filter
    # is ignored and all devices are scanned by default. The lvmetad always
    # keeps unfiltered information which is then provided to LVM commands
    # and then each LVM command does the filtering based on devices/filter
    # setting itself.
    # To prevent scanning devices completely, even when using lvmetad,
    # the devices/global_filter must be used.
    # N.B. Don't use lvmetad with locking type 3 as lvmetad is not yet
    # supported in clustered environment. If use_lvmetad=1 and locking_type=3
    # is set at the same time, LVM always issues a warning message about this
    # and then it automatically disables lvmetad use.
    use_lvmetad = 0

    # Full path of the utility called to check that a thin metadata device
    # is in a state that allows it to be used.
    # Each time a thin pool needs to be activated or after it is deactivated
    # this utility is executed. The activation will only proceed if the utility
    # has an exit status of 0.
    # Set to "" to skip this check.  (Not recommended.)
    # The thin tools are available as part of the device-mapper-persistent-data
    # package from https://github.com/jthornber/thin-provisioning-tools.
    #
    # thin_check_executable = "@THIN_CHECK_CMD@"

    # Array of string options passed with thin_check command. By default,
    # option "-q" is for quiet output.
    # With thin_check version 2.1 or newer you can add "--ignore-non-fatal-errors"
    # to let it pass through ignoreable errors and fix them later.
    #
    # thin_check_options = [ "-q" ]

    # Full path of the utility called to repair a thin metadata device
    # is in a state that allows it to be used.
    # Each time a thin pool needs repair this utility is executed.
    # See thin_check_executable how to obtain binaries.
    #
    # thin_repair_executable = "@THIN_REPAIR_CMD@"

    # Array of extra string options passed with thin_repair command.
    # thin_repair_options = [ "" ]

    # Full path of the utility called to dump thin metadata content.
    # See thin_check_executable how to obtain binaries.
    #
    # thin_dump_executable = "@THIN_DUMP_CMD@"

    # If set, given features are not used by thin driver.
    # This can be helpful not just for testing, but i.e. allows to avoid
    # using problematic implementation of some thin feature.
    # Features:
    #   block_size
    #   discards
    #   discards_non_power_2
    #   external_origin
    #   metadata_resize
    #
    # thin_disabled_features = [ "discards", "block_size" ]
}

activation {
    # Set to 1 to perform internal checks on the operations issued to
    # libdevmapper.  Useful for debugging problems with activation.
    # Some of the checks may be expensive, so it's best to use this
    # only when there seems to be a problem.
    checks = 0

    # Set to 0 to disable udev synchronisation (if compiled into the binaries).
    # Processes will not wait for notification from udev.
    # They will continue irrespective of any possible udev processing
    # in the background.  You should only use this if udev is not running
    # or has rules that ignore the devices LVM2 creates.
    # The command line argument --nodevsync takes precedence over this setting.
    # If set to 1 when udev is not running, and there are LVM2 processes
    # waiting for udev, run 'dmsetup udevcomplete_all' manually to wake them up.
    udev_sync = 1

    # Set to 0 to disable the udev rules installed by LVM2 (if built with
    # --enable-udev_rules). LVM2 will then manage the /dev nodes and symlinks
    # for active logical volumes directly itself.
    # N.B. Manual intervention may be required if this setting is changed
    # while any logical volumes are active.
    udev_rules = 1

    # Set to 1 for LVM2 to verify operations performed by udev. This turns on
    # additional checks (and if necessary, repairs) on entries in the device
    # directory after udev has completed processing its events. 
    # Useful for diagnosing problems with LVM2/udev interactions.
    verify_udev_operations = 0

    # If set to 1 and if deactivation of an LV fails, perhaps because
    # a process run from a quick udev rule temporarily opened the device,
    # retry the operation for a few seconds before failing.
    retry_deactivation = 1

    # How to fill in missing stripes if activating an incomplete volume.
    # Using "error" will make inaccessible parts of the device return
    # I/O errors on access.  You can instead use a device path, in which 
    # case, that device will be used to in place of missing stripes.
    # But note that using anything other than "error" with mirrored 
    # or snapshotted volumes is likely to result in data corruption.
    missing_stripe_filler = "error"

    # The linear target is an optimised version of the striped target
    # that only handles a single stripe.  Set this to 0 to disable this
    # optimisation and always use the striped target.
    use_linear_target = 1

    # How much stack (in KB) to reserve for use while devices suspended
    # Prior to version 2.02.89 this used to be set to 256KB
    reserved_stack = 64

    # How much memory (in KB) to reserve for use while devices suspended
    reserved_memory = 8192

    # Nice value used while devices suspended
    process_priority = -18

    # If volume_list is defined, each LV is only activated if there is a
    # match against the list.
    #
    #   "vgname" and "vgname/lvname" are matched exactly.
    #   "@tag" matches any tag set in the LV or VG.
    #   "@*" matches if any tag defined on the host is also set in the LV or VG
    #
    # If any host tags exist but volume_list is not defined, a default
    # single-entry list containing "@*" is assumed.
    #
    # volume_list = [ "vg1", "vg2/lvol1", "@tag1", "@*" ]

    # If auto_activation_volume_list is defined, each LV that is to be
    # activated with the autoactivation option (--activate ay/-a ay) is
    # first checked against the list. There are two scenarios in which
    # the autoactivation option is used:
    #
    #   - automatic activation of volumes based on incoming PVs. If all the
    #     PVs making up a VG are present in the system, the autoactivation
    #     is triggered. This requires lvmetad (global/use_lvmetad=1) and udev
    #     to be running. In this case, "pvscan --cache -aay" is called
    #     automatically without any user intervention while processing
    #     udev events. Please, make sure you define auto_activation_volume_list
    #     properly so only the volumes you want and expect are autoactivated.
    #
    #   - direct activation on command line with the autoactivation option.
    #     In this case, the user calls "vgchange --activate ay/-a ay" or
    #     "lvchange --activate ay/-a ay" directly.
    #
    # By default, the auto_activation_volume_list is not defined and all
    # volumes will be activated either automatically or by using --activate ay/-a ay.
    #
    # N.B. The "activation/volume_list" is still honoured in all cases so even
    # if the VG/LV passes the auto_activation_volume_list, it still needs to
    # pass the volume_list for it to be activated in the end.

    # If auto_activation_volume_list is defined but empty, no volumes will be
    # activated automatically and --activate ay/-a ay will do nothing.
    #
    # auto_activation_volume_list = []

    # If auto_activation_volume_list is defined and it's not empty, only matching
    # volumes will be activated either automatically or by using --activate ay/-a ay.
    #
    #   "vgname" and "vgname/lvname" are matched exactly.
    #   "@tag" matches any tag set in the LV or VG.
    #   "@*" matches if any tag defined on the host is also set in the LV or VG
    #
    # auto_activation_volume_list = [ "vg1", "vg2/lvol1", "@tag1", "@*" ]

    # If read_only_volume_list is defined, each LV that is to be activated 
    # is checked against the list, and if it matches, it as activated
    # in read-only mode.  (This overrides '--permission rw' stored in the
    # metadata.)
    #
    #   "vgname" and "vgname/lvname" are matched exactly.
    #   "@tag" matches any tag set in the LV or VG.
    #   "@*" matches if any tag defined on the host is also set in the LV or VG
    #
    # read_only_volume_list = [ "vg1", "vg2/lvol1", "@tag1", "@*" ]

    # Each LV can have an 'activation skip' flag stored persistently against it.
    # During activation, this flag is used to decide whether such an LV is skipped.
    # The 'activation skip' flag can be set during LV creation and by default it
    # is automatically set for thin snapshot LVs. The 'auto_set_activation_skip'
    # enables or disables this automatic setting of the flag while LVs are created.
    # auto_set_activation_skip = 1

    # For RAID or 'mirror' segment types, 'raid_region_size' is the
    # size (in kiB) of each:
    # - synchronization operation when initializing
    # - each copy operation when performing a 'pvmove' (using 'mirror' segtype)
    # This setting has replaced 'mirror_region_size' since version 2.02.99
    raid_region_size = 512

    # Setting to use when there is no readahead value stored in the metadata.
    #
    # "none" - Disable readahead.
    # "auto" - Use default value chosen by kernel.
    readahead = "auto"

    # 'raid_fault_policy' defines how a device failure in a RAID logical
    # volume is handled.  This includes logical volumes that have the following
    # segment types: raid1, raid4, raid5*, and raid6*.
    #
    # In the event of a failure, the following policies will determine what
    # actions are performed during the automated response to failures (when
    # dmeventd is monitoring the RAID logical volume) and when 'lvconvert' is
    # called manually with the options '--repair' and '--use-policies'.
    #
    # "warn"	- Use the system log to warn the user that a device in the RAID
    # 		  logical volume has failed.  It is left to the user to run
    #		  'lvconvert --repair' manually to remove or replace the failed
    #		  device.  As long as the number of failed devices does not
    #		  exceed the redundancy of the logical volume (1 device for
    #		  raid4/5, 2 for raid6, etc) the logical volume will remain
    #		  usable.
    #
    # "allocate" - Attempt to use any extra physical volumes in the volume
    # 		  group as spares and replace faulty devices.
    #
    raid_fault_policy = "warn"

    # 'mirror_image_fault_policy' and 'mirror_log_fault_policy' define
    # how a device failure affecting a mirror (of "mirror" segment type) is
    # handled.  A mirror is composed of mirror images (copies) and a log.
    # A disk log ensures that a mirror does not need to be re-synced
    # (all copies made the same) every time a machine reboots or crashes.
    #
    # In the event of a failure, the specified policy will be used to determine
    # what happens. This applies to automatic repairs (when the mirror is being
    # monitored by dmeventd) and to manual lvconvert --repair when
    # --use-policies is given.
    #
    # "remove" - Simply remove the faulty device and run without it.  If
    #            the log device fails, the mirror would convert to using
    #            an in-memory log.  This means the mirror will not
    #            remember its sync status across crashes/reboots and
    #            the entire mirror will be re-synced.  If a
    #            mirror image fails, the mirror will convert to a
    #            non-mirrored device if there is only one remaining good
    #            copy.
    #
    # "allocate" - Remove the faulty device and try to allocate space on
    #            a new device to be a replacement for the failed device.
    #            Using this policy for the log is fast and maintains the
    #            ability to remember sync state through crashes/reboots.
    #            Using this policy for a mirror device is slow, as it
    #            requires the mirror to resynchronize the devices, but it
    #            will preserve the mirror characteristic of the device.
    #            This policy acts like "remove" if no suitable device and
    #            space can be allocated for the replacement.
    #
    # "allocate_anywhere" - Not yet implemented. Useful to place the log device
    #            temporarily on same physical volume as one of the mirror
    #            images. This policy is not recommended for mirror devices
    #            since it would break the redundant nature of the mirror. This
    #            policy acts like "remove" if no suitable device and space can
    #            be allocated for the replacement.

    mirror_log_fault_policy = "allocate"
    mirror_image_fault_policy = "remove"

    # 'snapshot_autoextend_threshold' and 'snapshot_autoextend_percent' define
    # how to handle automatic snapshot extension. The former defines when the
    # snapshot should be extended: when its space usage exceeds this many
    # percent. The latter defines how much extra space should be allocated for
    # the snapshot, in percent of its current size.
    #
    # For example, if you set snapshot_autoextend_threshold to 70 and
    # snapshot_autoextend_percent to 20, whenever a snapshot exceeds 70% usage,
    # it will be extended by another 20%. For a 1G snapshot, using up 700M will
    # trigger a resize to 1.2G. When the usage exceeds 840M, the snapshot will
    # be extended to 1.44G, and so on.
    #
    # Setting snapshot_autoextend_threshold to 100 disables automatic
    # extensions. The minimum value is 50 (A setting below 50 will be treated
    # as 50).

    snapshot_autoextend_threshold = 100
    snapshot_autoextend_percent = 20

    # 'thin_pool_autoextend_threshold' and 'thin_pool_autoextend_percent' define
    # how to handle automatic pool extension. The former defines when the
    # pool should be extended: when its space usage exceeds this many
    # percent. The latter defines how much extra space should be allocated for
    # the pool, in percent of its current size.
    #
    # For example, if you set thin_pool_autoextend_threshold to 70 and
    # thin_pool_autoextend_percent to 20, whenever a pool exceeds 70% usage,
    # it will be extended by another 20%. For a 1G pool, using up 700M will
    # trigger a resize to 1.2G. When the usage exceeds 840M, the pool will
    # be extended to 1.44G, and so on.
    #
    # Setting thin_pool_autoextend_threshold to 100 disables automatic
    # extensions. The minimum value is 50 (A setting below 50 will be treated
    # as 50).

    thin_pool_autoextend_threshold = 100
    thin_pool_autoextend_percent = 20

    # While activating devices, I/O to devices being (re)configured is
    # suspended, and as a precaution against deadlocks, LVM2 needs to pin
    # any memory it is using so it is not paged out.  Groups of pages that
    # are known not to be accessed during activation need not be pinned
    # into memory.  Each string listed in this setting is compared against
    # each line in /proc/self/maps, and the pages corresponding to any
    # lines that match are not pinned.  On some systems locale-archive was
    # found to make up over 80% of the memory used by the process.
    # mlock_filter = [ "locale/locale-archive", "gconv/gconv-modules.cache" ]

    # Set to 1 to revert to the default behaviour prior to version 2.02.62
    # which used mlockall() to pin the whole process's memory while activating
    # devices.
    use_mlockall = 0

    # Monitoring is enabled by default when activating logical volumes.
    # Set to 0 to disable monitoring or use the --ignoremonitoring option.
    monitoring = 1

    # When pvmove or lvconvert must wait for the kernel to finish
    # synchronising or merging data, they check and report progress
    # at intervals of this number of seconds.  The default is 15 seconds.
    # If this is set to 0 and there is only one thing to wait for, there
    # are no progress reports, but the process is awoken immediately the
    # operation is complete.
    polling_interval = 15
}


####################
# Advanced section #
####################

# Metadata settings
#
# metadata {
    # Default number of copies of metadata to hold on each PV.  0, 1 or 2.
    # You might want to override it from the command line with 0 
    # when running pvcreate on new PVs which are to be added to large VGs.

    # pvmetadatacopies = 1

    # Default number of copies of metadata to maintain for each VG.
    # If set to a non-zero value, LVM automatically chooses which of
    # the available metadata areas to use to achieve the requested
    # number of copies of the VG metadata.  If you set a value larger
    # than the the total number of metadata areas available then
    # metadata is stored in them all.
    # The default value of 0 ("unmanaged") disables this automatic
    # management and allows you to control which metadata areas
    # are used at the individual PV level using 'pvchange
    # --metadataignore y/n'.

    # vgmetadatacopies = 0

    # Approximate default size of on-disk metadata areas in sectors.
    # You should increase this if you have large volume groups or
    # you want to retain a large on-disk history of your metadata changes.

    # pvmetadatasize = 255

    # List of directories holding live copies of text format metadata.
    # These directories must not be on logical volumes!
    # It's possible to use LVM2 with a couple of directories here,
    # preferably on different (non-LV) filesystems, and with no other 
    # on-disk metadata (pvmetadatacopies = 0). Or this can be in
    # addition to on-disk metadata areas.
    # The feature was originally added to simplify testing and is not
    # supported under low memory situations - the machine could lock up.
    #
    # Never edit any files in these directories by hand unless you
    # you are absolutely sure you know what you are doing! Use
    # the supplied toolset to make changes (e.g. vgcfgrestore).

    # dirs = [ "/etc/lvm/metadata", "/mnt/disk2/lvm/metadata2" ]
#}

# Event daemon
#
dmeventd {
    # mirror_library is the library used when monitoring a mirror device.
    #
    # "libdevmapper-event-lvm2mirror.so" attempts to recover from
    # failures.  It removes failed devices from a volume group and
    # reconfigures a mirror as necessary. If no mirror library is
    # provided, mirrors are not monitored through dmeventd.

    mirror_library = "libdevmapper-event-lvm2mirror.so"

    # snapshot_library is the library used when monitoring a snapshot device.
    #
    # "libdevmapper-event-lvm2snapshot.so" monitors the filling of
    # snapshots and emits a warning through syslog when the use of
    # the snapshot exceeds 80%. The warning is repeated when 85%, 90% and
    # 95% of the snapshot is filled.

    snapshot_library = "libdevmapper-event-lvm2snapshot.so"

    # thin_library is the library used when monitoring a thin device.
    #
    # "libdevmapper-event-lvm2thin.so" monitors the filling of
    # pool and emits a warning through syslog when the use of
    # the pool exceeds 80%. The warning is repeated when 85%, 90% and
    # 95% of the pool is filled.

    thin_library = "libdevmapper-event-lvm2thin.so"

    # Full path of the dmeventd binary.
    #
    # executable = "@DMEVENTD_PATH@"
}