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man: cross-reference DeviceAllow= and PrivateDevices=
They are somewhat similar, but not easy to discover, esp. considering that they are described in different pages. For PrivateDevices=, split out the first paragraph that gives the high-level overview. (The giant second paragraph could also use some heavy editing to break it up into more digestible chunks, alas.)
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@ -1512,33 +1512,40 @@ BindReadOnlyPaths=/var/lib/systemd</programlisting>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>PrivateDevices=</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, sets up a new <filename>/dev/</filename> mount for the
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executed processes and only adds API pseudo devices such as <filename>/dev/null</filename>,
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<filename>/dev/zero</filename> or <filename>/dev/random</filename> (as well as the pseudo TTY subsystem) to it,
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but no physical devices such as <filename>/dev/sda</filename>, system memory <filename>/dev/mem</filename>,
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system ports <filename>/dev/port</filename> and others. This is useful to securely turn off physical device
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access by the executed process. Defaults to false. Enabling this option will install a system call filter to
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block low-level I/O system calls that are grouped in the <varname>@raw-io</varname> set, will also remove
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<constant>CAP_MKNOD</constant> and <constant>CAP_SYS_RAWIO</constant> from the capability bounding set for the
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unit (see above), and set <varname>DevicePolicy=closed</varname> (see
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<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, sets up a new <filename>/dev/</filename> mount for
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the executed processes and only adds API pseudo devices such as <filename>/dev/null</filename>,
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<filename>/dev/zero</filename> or <filename>/dev/random</filename> (as well as the pseudo TTY
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subsystem) to it, but no physical devices such as <filename>/dev/sda</filename>, system memory
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<filename>/dev/mem</filename>, system ports <filename>/dev/port</filename> and others. This is useful
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to turn off physical device access by the executed process. Defaults to false.</para>
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<para>Enabling this option will install a system call filter to block low-level I/O system calls that
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are grouped in the <varname>@raw-io</varname> set, remove <constant>CAP_MKNOD</constant> and
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<constant>CAP_SYS_RAWIO</constant> from the capability bounding set for the unit, and set
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<varname>DevicePolicy=closed</varname> (see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for details). Note that using this setting will disconnect propagation of mounts from the service to the host
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(propagation in the opposite direction continues to work). This means that this setting may not be used for
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services which shall be able to install mount points in the main mount namespace. The new
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<filename>/dev/</filename> will be mounted read-only and 'noexec'. The latter may break old programs which try
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to set up executable memory by using
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for details). Note that using this setting will disconnect propagation of mounts from the service to
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the host (propagation in the opposite direction continues to work). This means that this setting may
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not be used for services which shall be able to install mount points in the main mount namespace. The
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new <filename>/dev/</filename> will be mounted read-only and 'noexec'. The latter may break old
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programs which try to set up executable memory by using
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> of
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<filename>/dev/zero</filename> instead of using <constant>MAP_ANON</constant>. For this setting the same
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restrictions regarding mount propagation and privileges apply as for <varname>ReadOnlyPaths=</varname> and
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related calls, see above. If turned on and if running in user mode, or in system mode, but without the
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<constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant> capability (e.g. setting <varname>User=</varname>),
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<varname>NoNewPrivileges=yes</varname> is implied.</para>
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<filename>/dev/zero</filename> instead of using <constant>MAP_ANON</constant>. For this setting the
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same restrictions regarding mount propagation and privileges apply as for
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<varname>ReadOnlyPaths=</varname> and related calls, see above. If turned on and if running in user
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mode, or in system mode, but without the <constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant> capability (e.g. setting
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<varname>User=</varname>), <varname>NoNewPrivileges=yes</varname> is implied.</para>
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<para>Note that the implementation of this setting might be impossible (for example if mount namespaces are not
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available), and the unit should be written in a way that does not solely rely on this setting for
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security.</para>
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<para>Note that the implementation of this setting might be impossible (for example if mount
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namespaces are not available), and the unit should be written in a way that does not solely rely on
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this setting for security.</para>
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<xi:include href="system-only.xml" xpointer="singular"/></listitem>
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<xi:include href="system-only.xml" xpointer="singular"/>
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<para>When access to some but not all devices must be possible, the <varname>DeviceAllow=</varname>
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setting might be used instead. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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@ -928,6 +928,11 @@ RestrictNetworkInterfaces=~eth1</programlisting>
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url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/cgroup-v1/devices.html">Device Whitelist Controller</ulink>.
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In the unified cgroup hierarchy this functionality is implemented using eBPF filtering.</para>
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<para>When access to <emphasis>all</emphasis> physical devices should be disallowed,
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<varname>PrivateDevices=</varname> may be used instead. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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</para>
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<para>The device node specifier is either a path to a device node in the file system, starting with
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<filename>/dev/</filename>, or a string starting with either <literal>char-</literal> or
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<literal>block-</literal> followed by a device group name, as listed in
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