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--threshold option added to work with security verb and with the --offline option so that
users can determine what qualifies as a security threat. The threshold set by the user is
compared with the overall exposure level assigned to a unit file and if the exposure is
higher than the threshold, 'security' will return a non-zero exit status. The default value
of the --threshold option is 100.
Example Run:
1. testcase.service is a unit file created for testing the --threshold option
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ cat<<EOF>testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> EOF
For the purposes of this demo, the security table outputted below has been cut to show only the first two security settings.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
2. Next, we use the same testcase.service file but add an additional --threshold=60 parameter. We would expect 'security' to exit
with a non-zero status because the overall exposure level (= 96) is higher than the set threshold (= 60).
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true --threshold=60 testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 1
New option --offline which works with the 'security' command and takes in a boolean value. When set to true,
it performs an offline security review of the specified unit file(s). It does not rely on PID 1 to acquire
security information for the files like 'security' when used by itself does. It makes use of the refactored
security_info struct instead (commit #8cd669d3d3cf1b5e8667acc46ba290a9e8a8e529). This means that --offline can be
used with --image and --root as well. When used with --threshold, if a unit's overall exposure level is above
that set by the user, the default value being 100, --offline returns a non-zero exit status.
Example Run:
1. testcase.service is a unit file created for testing the --offline option
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ cat<<EOF>testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> EOF
For the purposes of this demo, the security table outputted below has been cut to show only the first two security settings.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
2. The testcase.service unit file is modified to set PrivateNetwork to "yes". This reduces the exposure level from 9.6 to 9.1.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ nano testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> EOF
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✓ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.1 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
3. Next, we use the same testcase.service unit file but add the additional --threshold=60 option to see how --threshold works with
--offline. Since the overall exposure level is 91 which is greater than the threshold value set by the user (= 60), we can expect
a non-zero exit status.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true --threshold=60 testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✓ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.1 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 1
Follow-up for 406041b7de.
Also, this makes
- the settings accept an empty string,
- if the specified value is too large, also use the advertised maximum
value.
- mention the range of the value in the man page.
"max" indicates the hardware advertised maximum queue buffer size
should be used.
The max sizes can be checked by running `ethtool -g <dev>` (Preset maximums).
Since the buffer sizes can't be set to 0 by users, internally we use 0 to
indicate that the hardware advertised maximum should be used.
Previously, when Priority= is unspecified, networkd configured the rule with
the highest (=0) priority. This commit makes networkd distinguish the case
the setting is unspecified and one explicitly specified as Priority=0.
Note.
1) If the priority is unspecified on configure, then kernel dynamically picks
a priority for the rule.
2) The new behavior is consistent with 'ip rule' command.
Replaces #15606.
Making keys case insensitive should help if caps lock is on.
We are not advertising them at runtime or in the manual to
reduce the noise.
This also hides the quit and version commands from the help
string. They are mostly for devs and otherwise have little
to no use to normal users. The latter overlaps with print
status which is still advertised.
Note that this slightly breaks backward compatibility when
Termination=1. Previously, this is handled as boolean true, then 120 ohm
was used. But now with this commit, it is handled as 1 ohm.
The commit introduces a callback invoked from log_syntax_internal.
Use it from systemd-analyze to gather a list of units that contain
syntax warnings. A new command line option is added to make use of this.
The new option --recursive-errors takes in three possible modes:
1. yes - which is the default. systemd-analyze exits with an error when syntax warnings arise during verification of the
specified units or any of their dependencies.
3. no - systemd-analyze exits with an error when syntax warnings arise during verification of only the selected unit.
Analyzing and loading any dependencies will be skipped.
4. one - systemd-analyze exits with an error when syntax warnings arise during verification
of only the selected units and their direct dependencies.
Below are two service unit files that I created for the purposes of testing:
1. First, we run the commands on a unit that does not have dependencies but has a non-existing key-value setting (i.e. foo = bar).
> cat <<EOF>testcase.service
[Unit]
foo = bar
[Service]
ExecStart = echo hello
EOF
OUTPUT:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=yes testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=no testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=one testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
2. Next, we run the commands on a unit that is syntactically valid but has a non-existing dependency (i.e. foo2.service)
> cat <<EOF>foobar.service
[Unit]
Requires = foo2.service
[Service]
ExecStart = echo hello
EOF
OUTPUT:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify foobar.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
foobar.service: Failed to create foobar.service/start: Unit foo2.service not found.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=yes foobar.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
foobar.service: Failed to create foobar.service/start: Unit foo2.service not found.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=no foobar.service
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
0
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=one foobar.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
foobar.service: Failed to create foobar.service/start: Unit foo2.service not found.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
systemd-socket-activate has supported such a mode since
5e65c93a43. '--setenv=FOO=$FOO' is a fairly
common use in scripts, and it's nicer to do this automatically without worrying
about quoting and whatnot.
https://github.com/systemd/mkosi/pull/765 added the same to 'mkosi --environment='.
Adding --image parameter for verify verb using the dissect image functionality
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example Run:
I created a unit service file testrun.service with an invalid key-value pairing
(foo = bar) and a squashfs image run.raw to test the code.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (img-support)$ cat <<EOF>img/usr/lib/systemd/system/testrun.service
> [Unit]
> foo = bar
>
> [Service]
> ExecStart = /opt/script0.sh
> EOF
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (img-support)$ mksquashfs img/ run.raw
Parallel mksquashfs: Using 4 processors
Creating 4.0 filesystem on run.raw, block size 131072.
[==============================================================================================================================|] 6/6 100%
Exportable Squashfs 4.0 filesystem, gzip compressed, data block size 131072
compressed data, compressed metadata, compressed fragments, compressed xattrs
duplicates are removed
Filesystem size 0.60 Kbytes (0.00 Mbytes)
52.32% of uncompressed filesystem size (1.14 Kbytes)
Inode table size 166 bytes (0.16 Kbytes)
43.01% of uncompressed inode table size (386 bytes)
Directory table size 153 bytes (0.15 Kbytes)
58.40% of uncompressed directory table size (262 bytes)
Number of duplicate files found 1
Number of inodes 12
Number of files 6
Number of fragments 1
Number of symbolic links 0
Number of device nodes 0
Number of fifo nodes 0
Number of socket nodes 0
Number of directories 6
Number of ids (unique uids + gids) 1
Number of uids 1
maanya-goenka (1000)
Number of gids 1
maanya-goenka (1000)
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (img-support)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --image=run.raw testrun.service
/tmp/.#systemd-analyzec71c7297a936b91c/usr/lib/systemd/system/testrun.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
testrun.service: Failed to create testrun.service/start: Unit sysinit.target not found.
The 'Unit sysinit.target not found' error that we see here is due to recursive dependency searching during
unit loading and has been addressed in a different PR:
systemd-analyze: add option to return an error value when unit verification fails #20233
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example Run:
foobar.service created below is a service unit file that has a non-existing key-value
pairing (foo = bar) and is thus, syntactically invalid.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (img-support)$ cat <<EOF>img/usr/lib/systemd/system/foobar.service
> [Unit]
> foo = bar
>
> [Service]
> ExecStart = /opt/script0.sh
> EOF
The failure to create foobar.service because of the recursive dependency searching and verification has been addressed
in a different PR: systemd-analyze: add option to return an error value when unit verification fails #20233
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (img-support)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --root=img/ foobar.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/img/usr/lib/systemd/system/foobar.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
foobar.service: Failed to create foobar.service/start: Unit sysinit.target not found.
