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1088 lines
46 KiB
XML
1088 lines
46 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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<!--
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This file is part of systemd.
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Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
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systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
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the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
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(at your option) any later version.
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systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
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WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
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Lesser General Public License for more details.
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You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
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along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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-->
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<refentry id="systemd"
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<refentryinfo>
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<title>systemd</title>
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<productname>systemd</productname>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<contrib>Developer</contrib>
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<firstname>Lennart</firstname>
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<surname>Poettering</surname>
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<email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>systemd</refname>
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<refname>init</refname>
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<refpurpose>systemd system and service manager</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg></command>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>init <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> <arg choice="req">COMMAND</arg></command>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para>systemd is a system and service manager for Linux operating
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systems. When run as first process on boot (as PID 1), it acts as
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init system that brings up and maintains userspace
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services.</para>
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<para>For compatibility with SysV, if systemd is called as
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<command>init</command> and a PID that is not 1, it will execute
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<command>telinit</command> and pass all command line arguments
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unmodified. That means <command>init</command> and
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<command>telinit</command> are mostly equivalent when invoked from
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normal login sessions. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>telinit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for more information.</para>
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<para>When run as a system instance, systemd interprets the
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configuration file <filename>system.conf</filename> and the files
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in <filename>system.conf.d</filename> directories; when run as a
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user instance, systemd interprets the configuration file
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<filename>user.conf</filename> and the files in
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<filename>user.conf.d</filename> directories. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for more information.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Options</title>
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<para>The following options are understood:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--test</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Determine startup sequence, dump it and exit.
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This is an option useful for debugging only.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--dump-configuration-items</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Dump understood unit configuration items. This
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outputs a terse but complete list of configuration items
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understood in unit definition files.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--unit=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Set default unit to activate on startup. If
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not specified, defaults to
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<filename>default.target</filename>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--system</option></term>
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<term><option>--user</option></term>
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<listitem><para>For <option>--system</option>, tell systemd to
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run a system instance, even if the process ID is not 1, i.e.
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systemd is not run as init process. <option>--user</option>
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does the opposite, running a user instance even if the process
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ID is 1. Normally it should not be necessary to pass these
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options, as systemd automatically detects the mode it is
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started in. These options are hence of little use except for
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debugging. Note that it is not supported booting and
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maintaining a full system with systemd running in
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<option>--system</option> mode, but PID not 1. In practice,
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passing <option>--system</option> explicitly is only useful in
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conjunction with <option>--test</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--dump-core</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Dump core on crash. This switch has no effect
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when run as user instance.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--crash-shell</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Run shell on
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crash. This switch has no effect when
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run as user
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instance.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--confirm-spawn</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Ask for confirmation when spawning processes.
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This switch has no effect when run as user
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instance.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--show-status=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Show terse service status information while
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booting. This switch has no effect when run as user instance.
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Takes a boolean argument which may be omitted which is
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interpreted as <option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--log-target=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Set log target. Argument must be one of
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<option>console</option>,
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<option>journal</option>,
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<option>kmsg</option>,
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<option>journal-or-kmsg</option>,
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<option>null</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--log-level=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Set log level. As
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argument this accepts a numerical log
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level or the well-known <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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symbolic names (lowercase):
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<option>emerg</option>,
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<option>alert</option>,
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<option>crit</option>,
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<option>err</option>,
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<option>warning</option>,
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<option>notice</option>,
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<option>info</option>,
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<option>debug</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--log-color=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Highlight important log messages. Argument is
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a boolean value. If the argument is omitted, it defaults to
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<option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--log-location=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Include code location in log messages. This is
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mostly relevant for debugging purposes. Argument is a boolean
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value. If the argument is omitted it defaults to
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<option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--default-standard-output=</option></term>
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<term><option>--default-standard-error=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Sets the default output or error output for
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all services and sockets, respectively. That is, controls the
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default for <option>StandardOutput=</option> and
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<option>StandardError=</option> (see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for details). Takes one of
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<option>inherit</option>,
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<option>null</option>,
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<option>tty</option>,
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<option>journal</option>,
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<option>journal+console</option>,
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<option>syslog</option>,
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<option>syslog+console</option>,
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<option>kmsg</option>,
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<option>kmsg+console</option>. If the
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argument is omitted
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<option>--default-standard-output=</option> defaults to
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<option>journal</option> and
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<option>--default-standard-error=</option> to
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<option>inherit</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
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</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Concepts</title>
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<para>systemd provides a dependency system between various
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entities called "units" of 12 different types. Units encapsulate
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various objects that are relevant for system boot-up and
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maintenance. The majority of units are configured in unit
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configuration files, whose syntax and basic set of options is
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described in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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however some are created automatically from other configuration,
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dynamically from system state or programmatically at runtime.
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Units may be "active" (meaning started, bound, plugged in, ...,
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depending on the unit type, see below), or "inactive" (meaning
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stopped, unbound, unplugged, ...), as well as in the process of
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being activated or deactivated, i.e. between the two states (these
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states are called "activating", "deactivating"). A special
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"failed" state is available as well, which is very similar to
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"inactive" and is entered when the service failed in some way
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(process returned error code on exit, or crashed, or an operation
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timed out). If this state is entered, the cause will be logged,
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for later reference. Note that the various unit types may have a
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number of additional substates, which are mapped to the five
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generalized unit states described here.</para>
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<para>The following unit types are available:</para>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem><para>Service units, which start and control daemons
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and the processes they consist of. For details see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Socket units, which encapsulate local IPC or
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network sockets in the system, useful for socket-based
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activation. For details about socket units see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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for details on socket-based activation and other forms of
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activation, see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Target units are useful to group units, or
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provide well-known synchronization points during boot-up, see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Device units expose kernel devices in systemd
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and may be used to implement device-based activation. For
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details see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.device</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Mount units control mount points in the file
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system, for details see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Automount units provide automount capabilities,
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for on-demand mounting of file systems as well as parallelized
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boot-up. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.automount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Snapshot units can be used to temporarily save
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the state of the set of systemd units, which later may be
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restored by activating the saved snapshot unit. For more
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information see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.snapshot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Timer units are useful for triggering activation
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of other units based on timers. You may find details in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Swap units are very similar to mount units and
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encapsulate memory swap partitions or files of the operating
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system. They are described in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Path units may be used to activate other
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services when file system objects change or are modified. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Slice units may be used to group units which
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manage system processes (such as service and scope units) in a
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hierarchical tree for resource management purposes. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Scope units are similar to service units, but
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manage foreign processes instead of starting them as well. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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<para>Units are named as their configuration files. Some units
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have special semantics. A detailed list is available in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
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<para>systemd knows various kinds of dependencies, including
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positive and negative requirement dependencies (i.e.
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<varname>Requires=</varname> and <varname>Conflicts=</varname>) as
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well as ordering dependencies (<varname>After=</varname> and
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<varname>Before=</varname>). NB: ordering and requirement
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dependencies are orthogonal. If only a requirement dependency
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exists between two units (e.g. <filename>foo.service</filename>
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requires <filename>bar.service</filename>), but no ordering
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dependency (e.g. <filename>foo.service</filename> after
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<filename>bar.service</filename>) and both are requested to start,
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they will be started in parallel. It is a common pattern that both
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requirement and ordering dependencies are placed between two
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units. Also note that the majority of dependencies are implicitly
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created and maintained by systemd. In most cases, it should be
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unnecessary to declare additional dependencies manually, however
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it is possible to do this.</para>
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<para>Application programs and units (via dependencies) may
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request state changes of units. In systemd, these requests are
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encapsulated as 'jobs' and maintained in a job queue. Jobs may
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succeed or can fail, their execution is ordered based on the
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ordering dependencies of the units they have been scheduled
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for.</para>
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<para>On boot systemd activates the target unit
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<filename>default.target</filename> whose job is to activate
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on-boot services and other on-boot units by pulling them in via
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dependencies. Usually the unit name is just an alias (symlink) for
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either <filename>graphical.target</filename> (for fully-featured
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boots into the UI) or <filename>multi-user.target</filename> (for
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limited console-only boots for use in embedded or server
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environments, or similar; a subset of graphical.target). However,
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it is at the discretion of the administrator to configure it as an
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alias to any other target unit. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for details about these target units.</para>
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<para>Processes systemd spawns are placed in individual Linux
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control groups named after the unit which they belong to in the
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private systemd hierarchy. (see <ulink
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url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt">cgroups.txt</ulink>
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for more information about control groups, or short "cgroups").
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systemd uses this to effectively keep track of processes. Control
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group information is maintained in the kernel, and is accessible
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via the file system hierarchy (beneath
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<filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd/</filename>), or in tools such as
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>systemd-cgls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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or
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
(<command>ps xawf -eo pid,user,cgroup,args</command> is
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|
particularly useful to list all processes and the systemd units
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|
they belong to.).</para>
|
|
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|
<para>systemd is compatible with the SysV init system to a large
|
|
degree: SysV init scripts are supported and simply read as an
|
|
alternative (though limited) configuration file format. The SysV
|
|
<filename>/dev/initctl</filename> interface is provided, and
|
|
compatibility implementations of the various SysV client tools are
|
|
available. In addition to that, various established Unix
|
|
functionality such as <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> or the
|
|
<filename>utmp</filename> database are supported.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>systemd has a minimal transaction system: if a unit is
|
|
requested to start up or shut down it will add it and all its
|
|
dependencies to a temporary transaction. Then, it will verify if
|
|
the transaction is consistent (i.e. whether the ordering of all
|
|
units is cycle-free). If it is not, systemd will try to fix it up,
|
|
and removes non-essential jobs from the transaction that might
|
|
remove the loop. Also, systemd tries to suppress non-essential
|
|
jobs in the transaction that would stop a running service. Finally
|
|
it is checked whether the jobs of the transaction contradict jobs
|
|
that have already been queued, and optionally the transaction is
|
|
aborted then. If all worked out and the transaction is consistent
|
|
and minimized in its impact it is merged with all already
|
|
outstanding jobs and added to the run queue. Effectively this
|
|
means that before executing a requested operation, systemd will
|
|
verify that it makes sense, fixing it if possible, and only
|
|
failing if it really cannot work.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Systemd contains native implementations of various tasks
|
|
that need to be executed as part of the boot process. For example,
|
|
it sets the hostname or configures the loopback network device. It
|
|
also sets up and mounts various API file systems, such as
|
|
<filename>/sys</filename> or <filename>/proc</filename>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For more information about the concepts and
|
|
ideas behind systemd, please refer to the
|
|
<ulink url="http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html">Original Design Document</ulink>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that some but not all interfaces provided
|
|
by systemd are covered by the
|
|
<ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/InterfaceStabilityPromise">Interface
|
|
Stability Promise</ulink>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Units may be generated dynamically at boot and system
|
|
manager reload time, for example based on other configuration
|
|
files or parameters passed on the kernel command line. For details see
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Systems which invoke systemd in a container or initrd
|
|
environment should implement the
|
|
<ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ContainerInterface">Container Interface</ulink> or
|
|
<ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/InitrdInterface">initrd Interface</ulink>
|
|
specifications, respectively.</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Directories</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>System unit directories</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>The systemd system manager reads unit
|
|
configuration from various directories. Packages that want to
|
|
install unit files shall place them in the directory returned
|
|
by <command>pkg-config systemd
|
|
--variable=systemdsystemunitdir</command>. Other directories
|
|
checked are <filename>/usr/local/lib/systemd/system</filename>
|
|
and <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system</filename>. User
|
|
configuration always takes precedence. <command>pkg-config
|
|
systemd --variable=systemdsystemconfdir</command> returns the
|
|
path of the system configuration directory. Packages should
|
|
alter the content of these directories only with the
|
|
<command>enable</command> and <command>disable</command>
|
|
commands of the
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
tool. Full list of directories is provided in
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>User unit directories</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Similar rules apply for the user unit
|
|
directories. However, here the
|
|
<ulink url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html">XDG
|
|
Base Directory specification</ulink> is followed to find
|
|
units. Applications should place their unit files in the
|
|
directory returned by <command>pkg-config systemd
|
|
--variable=systemduserunitdir</command>. Global configuration
|
|
is done in the directory reported by <command>pkg-config
|
|
systemd --variable=systemduserconfdir</command>. The
|
|
<command>enable</command> and <command>disable</command>
|
|
commands of the
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
tool can handle both global (i.e. for all users) and private
|
|
(for one user) enabling/disabling of units. Full list of
|
|
directories is provided in
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>SysV init scripts directory</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>The location of the SysV init script directory
|
|
varies between distributions. If systemd cannot find a native
|
|
unit file for a requested service, it will look for a SysV
|
|
init script of the same name (with the
|
|
<filename>.service</filename> suffix
|
|
removed).</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>SysV runlevel link farm directory</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>The location of the SysV runlevel link farm
|
|
directory varies between distributions. systemd will take the
|
|
link farm into account when figuring out whether a service
|
|
shall be enabled. Note that a service unit with a native unit
|
|
configuration file cannot be started by activating it in the
|
|
SysV runlevel link farm.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Signals</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGTERM</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Upon receiving this signal the systemd system
|
|
manager serializes its state, reexecutes itself and
|
|
deserializes the saved state again. This is mostly equivalent
|
|
to <command>systemctl daemon-reexec</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>systemd user managers will start the
|
|
<filename>exit.target</filename> unit when this signal is
|
|
received. This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl
|
|
--user start exit.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGINT</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Upon receiving this signal the systemd system
|
|
manager will start the
|
|
<filename>ctrl-alt-del.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
ctl-alt-del.target</command>. If this signal is received more
|
|
often than 7 times per 2s an immediate reboot is triggered.
|
|
Note that pressing Ctrl-Alt-Del on the console will trigger
|
|
this signal. Hence, if a reboot is hanging pressing
|
|
Ctrl-Alt-Del more than 7 times in 2s is a relatively safe way
|
|
to trigger an immediate reboot.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>systemd user managers treat this signal the same way as
|
|
<constant>SIGTERM</constant>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGWINCH</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When this signal is received the systemd
|
|
system manager will start the
|
|
<filename>kbrequest.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
kbrequest.target</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>This signal is ignored by systemd user
|
|
managers.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGPWR</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When this signal is received the systemd
|
|
manager will start the <filename>sigpwr.target</filename>
|
|
unit. This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
sigpwr.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGUSR1</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When this signal is received the systemd
|
|
manager will try to reconnect to the D-Bus
|
|
bus.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGUSR2</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When this signal is received the systemd
|
|
manager will log its complete state in human readable form.
|
|
The data logged is the same as printed by
|
|
<command>systemd-analyze dump</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGHUP</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Reloads the complete daemon configuration.
|
|
This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl
|
|
daemon-reload</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+0</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Enters default mode, starts the
|
|
<filename>default.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
default.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+1</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Enters rescue mode, starts the
|
|
<filename>rescue.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate
|
|
rescue.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+2</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Enters emergency mode, starts the
|
|
<filename>emergency.service</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate
|
|
emergency.service</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+3</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Halts the machine, starts the
|
|
<filename>halt.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
halt.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+4</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Powers off the machine, starts the
|
|
<filename>poweroff.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
poweroff.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+5</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Reboots the machine, starts the
|
|
<filename>reboot.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
reboot.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+6</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Reboots the machine via kexec, starts the
|
|
<filename>kexec.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
kexec.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+13</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately halts the machine.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+14</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately powers off the machine.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+15</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately reboots the machine.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+16</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately reboots the machine with kexec.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+20</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Enables display of status messages on the
|
|
console, as controlled via
|
|
<varname>systemd.show_status=1</varname> on the kernel command
|
|
line.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+21</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Disables display of
|
|
status messages on the console, as
|
|
controlled via
|
|
<varname>systemd.show_status=0</varname>
|
|
on the kernel command
|
|
line.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+22</constant></term>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+23</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Sets the log level to <literal>debug</literal>
|
|
(or <literal>info</literal> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+23</constant>), as controlled via
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_level=debug</varname> (or
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_level=info</varname> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+23</constant>) on the kernel command
|
|
line.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+24</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately exits the manager (only available
|
|
for --user instances).</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+26</constant></term>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+27</constant></term>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+28</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Sets the log level to
|
|
<literal>journal-or-kmsg</literal> (or
|
|
<literal>console</literal> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+27</constant>, <literal>kmsg</literal> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+28</constant>), as controlled via
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_target=journal-or-kmsg</varname> (or
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_target=console</varname> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+27</constant> or
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_target=kmsg</varname> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+28</constant>) on the kernel command
|
|
line.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Environment</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist class='environment-variables'>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>systemd reads the log level from this
|
|
environment variable. This can be overridden with
|
|
<option>--log-level=</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>systemd reads the log target from this
|
|
environment variable. This can be overridden with
|
|
<option>--log-target=</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls whether systemd highlights important
|
|
log messages. This can be overridden with
|
|
<option>--log-color=</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls whether systemd prints the code
|
|
location along with log messages. This can be overridden with
|
|
<option>--log-location=</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>$XDG_DATA_HOME</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>The systemd user manager uses these variables
|
|
in accordance to the <ulink
|
|
url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html">XDG
|
|
Base Directory specification</ulink> to find its
|
|
configuration.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls where systemd looks for unit
|
|
files.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_SYSVINIT_PATH</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls where systemd looks for SysV init
|
|
scripts.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_SYSVRCND_PATH</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls where systemd looks for SysV init
|
|
script runlevel link farms.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$LISTEN_PID</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>$LISTEN_FDS</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Set by systemd for supervised processes during
|
|
socket-based activation. See
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_listen_fds</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
for more information. </para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$NOTIFY_SOCKET</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Set by systemd for supervised processes for
|
|
status and start-up completion notification. See
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
for more information. </para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Kernel Command Line</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>When run as system instance systemd parses a number of
|
|
kernel command line arguments<footnote><para>If run inside a Linux
|
|
container these arguments may be passed as command line arguments
|
|
to systemd itself, next to any of the command line options listed
|
|
in the Options section above. If run outside of Linux containers,
|
|
these arguments are parsed from <filename>/proc/cmdline</filename>
|
|
instead.</para></footnote>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist class='kernel-commandline-options'>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.unit=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>rd.systemd.unit=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Overrides the unit to activate on boot.
|
|
Defaults to <filename>default.target</filename>. This may be
|
|
used to temporarily boot into a different boot unit, for
|
|
example <filename>rescue.target</filename> or
|
|
<filename>emergency.service</filename>. See
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
for details about these units. The option prefixed with
|
|
<literal>rd.</literal> is honored only in the initial RAM disk
|
|
(initrd), while the one that is not prefixed only in the main
|
|
system.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.dump_core=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
|
|
<option>true</option>, systemd dumps core when it crashes.
|
|
Otherwise, no core dump is created. Defaults to
|
|
<option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.crash_shell=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
|
|
<option>true</option>, systemd spawns a shell when it crashes.
|
|
Otherwise, no shell is spawned. Defaults to
|
|
<option>false</option>, for security reasons, as the shell is
|
|
not protected by any password
|
|
authentication.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.crash_chvt=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes an integer argument. If positive systemd
|
|
activates the specified virtual terminal when it crashes.
|
|
Defaults to <constant>-1</constant>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.confirm_spawn=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
|
|
<option>true</option>, asks for confirmation when spawning
|
|
processes. Defaults to
|
|
<option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.show_status=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument or the constant
|
|
<constant>auto</constant>. If <option>true</option>, shows
|
|
terse service status updates on the console during bootup.
|
|
<constant>auto</constant> behaves like <option>false</option>
|
|
until a service fails or there is a significant delay in boot.
|
|
Defaults to <option>true</option>, unless
|
|
<option>quiet</option> is passed as kernel command line option
|
|
in which case it defaults to
|
|
<constant>auto</constant>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.log_target=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.log_level=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.log_color=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.log_location=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls log output, with the same effect as
|
|
the <varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET</varname>,
|
|
<varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL</varname>,
|
|
<varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR</varname>,
|
|
<varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION</varname> environment variables
|
|
described above.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.default_standard_output=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.default_standard_error=</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls default standard output and error
|
|
output for services, with the same effect as the
|
|
<option>--default-standard-output=</option> and
|
|
<option>--default-standard-error=</option> command line
|
|
arguments described above, respectively.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.setenv=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a string argument in the form
|
|
VARIABLE=VALUE. May be used to set default environment
|
|
variables to add to forked child processes. May be used more
|
|
than once to set multiple variables.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>quiet</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Turn off status output at boot, much like
|
|
<varname>systemd.show_status=false</varname> would. Note that
|
|
this option is also read by the kernel itself and disables
|
|
kernel log output. Passing this option hence turns off the
|
|
usual output from both the system manager and the kernel.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>debug</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Turn on debugging output. This is equivalent
|
|
to <varname>systemd.log_level=debug</varname>. Note that this
|
|
option is also read by the kernel itself and enables kernel
|
|
debug output. Passing this option hence turns on the debug
|
|
output from both the system manager and the
|
|
kernel.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>emergency</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>-b</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Boot into emergency mode. This is equivalent
|
|
to <varname>systemd.unit=emergency.target</varname> and
|
|
provided for compatibility reasons and to be easier to
|
|
type.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>rescue</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>single</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>s</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>S</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>1</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Boot into rescue mode. This is equivalent to
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=rescue.target</varname> and provided for
|
|
compatibility reasons and to be easier to
|
|
type.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>2</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>3</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>4</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>5</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Boot into the specified legacy SysV runlevel.
|
|
These are equivalent to
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=runlevel2.target</varname>,
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=runlevel3.target</varname>,
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=runlevel4.target</varname>, and
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=runlevel5.target</varname>,
|
|
respectively, and provided for compatibility reasons and to be
|
|
easier to type.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LANG=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LANGUAGE=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_CTYPE=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_NUMERIC=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_TIME=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_COLLATE=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_MONETARY=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_MESSAGES=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_PAPER=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_NAME=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_ADDRESS=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_TELEPHONE=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_MEASUREMENT=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_IDENTIFICATION=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Set the system locale to use. This overrides
|
|
the settings in <filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename>. For
|
|
more information see
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>locale.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
and
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>locale</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<para>For other kernel command line parameters understood by
|
|
components of the core OS, please refer to
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>kernel-command-line</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Sockets and FIFOs</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><filename>/run/systemd/notify</filename></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Daemon status notification socket. This is an
|
|
<constant>AF_UNIX</constant> datagram socket and is used to
|
|
implement the daemon notification logic as implemented by
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
|
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><filename>/run/systemd/private</filename></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Used internally as communication channel
|
|
between
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
and the systemd process. This is an
|
|
<constant>AF_UNIX</constant> stream socket. This interface is
|
|
private to systemd and should not be used in external
|
|
projects.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><filename>/dev/initctl</filename></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Limited compatibility support for the SysV
|
|
client interface, as implemented by the
|
|
<filename>systemd-initctl.service</filename> unit. This is a
|
|
named pipe in the file system. This interface is obsolete and
|
|
should not be used in new applications.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>See Also</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/">systemd Homepage</ulink>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>locale.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>pkg-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>kernel-command-line</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>bootup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
</refentry>
|