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347 lines
17 KiB
XML
347 lines
17 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0'?>
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
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<refentry id="userdbctl" conditional='ENABLE_USERDB'
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<refentryinfo>
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<title>userdbctl</title>
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<productname>systemd</productname>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>userdbctl</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>userdbctl</refname>
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<refpurpose>Inspect users, groups and group memberships</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>userdbctl</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="req">COMMAND</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">NAME</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para><command>userdbctl</command> may be used to inspect user and groups (as well as group memberships)
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of the system. This client utility inquires user/group information provided by various system services,
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both operating on JSON user/group records (as defined by the <ulink
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url="https://systemd.io/USER_RECORD">JSON User Records</ulink> and <ulink
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url="https://systemd.io/GROUP_RECORD">JSON Group Records</ulink> definitions), and classic UNIX NSS/glibc
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user and group records. This tool is primarily a client to the <ulink
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url="https://systemd.io/USER_GROUP_API">User/Group Record Lookup API via Varlink</ulink>, and may also
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pick up drop-in JSON user and group records from <filename>/etc/userdb/</filename>,
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<filename>/run/userdb/</filename>, <filename>/run/host/userdb/</filename>,
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<filename>/usr/lib/userdb/</filename>.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Options</title>
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<para>The following options are understood:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--output=</option><replaceable>MODE</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>Choose the output mode, takes one of <literal>classic</literal>,
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<literal>friendly</literal>, <literal>table</literal>, <literal>json</literal>. If
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<literal>classic</literal>, an output very close to the format of <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or
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<filename>/etc/group</filename> is generated. If <literal>friendly</literal> a more comprehensive and
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user friendly, human readable output is generated; if <literal>table</literal> a minimal, tabular
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output is generated; if <literal>json</literal> a JSON formatted output is generated. Defaults to
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<literal>friendly</literal> if a user/group is specified on the command line,
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<literal>table</literal> otherwise.</para>
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<para>Note that most output formats do not show all available information. In particular,
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<literal>classic</literal> and <literal>table</literal> show only the most important fields. Various
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modes also do not show password hashes. Use <literal>json</literal> to view all fields, including
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any authentication fields.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--json=</option><replaceable>FORMAT</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>Selects JSON output mode (like <option>--output=json</option>) and selects the
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precise display mode. Takes one of <literal>pretty</literal> or <literal>short</literal>. If
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<literal>pretty</literal>, human-friendly whitespace and newlines are inserted in the output to make
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the JSON data more readable. If <literal>short</literal>, all superfluous whitespace is
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suppressed.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--service=</option><replaceable>SERVICE</replaceable><optional>:<replaceable>SERVICE…</replaceable></optional></term>
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<term><option>-s</option> <replaceable>SERVICE</replaceable>:<replaceable>SERVICE…</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>Controls which services to query for users/groups. Takes a list of one or more
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service names, separated by <literal>:</literal>. See below for a list of well-known service
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names. If not specified all available services are queried at once.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--with-nss=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>Controls whether to include classic glibc/NSS user/group lookups in the output. If
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<option>--with-nss=no</option> is used any attempts to resolve or enumerate users/groups provided
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only via glibc NSS is suppressed. If <option>--with-nss=yes</option> is specified such users/groups
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are included in the output (which is the default).</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--with-varlink=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>Controls whether to include Varlink user/group lookups in the output, i.e. those done
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via the <ulink url="https://systemd.io/USER_GROUP_API">User/Group Record Lookup API via
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Varlink</ulink>. If <option>--with-varlink=no</option> is used any attempts to resolve or enumerate
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users/groups provided only via Varlink are suppressed. If <option>--with-varlink=yes</option> is
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specified such users/groups are included in the output (which is the default).</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--with-dropin=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>Controls whether to include user/group lookups in the output that are defined using
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drop-in files in <filename>/etc/userdb/</filename>, <filename>/run/userdb/</filename>,
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<filename>/run/host/userdb/</filename>, <filename>/usr/lib/userdb/</filename>. If
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<option>--with-dropin=no</option> is used these records are suppressed. If
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<option>--with-dropin=yes</option> is specified such users/groups are included in the output (which
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is the default).</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--synthesize=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>Controls whether to synthesize records for the root and nobody users/groups if they
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aren't defined otherwise. By default (or <literal>yes</literal>) such records are implicitly
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synthesized if otherwise missing since they have special significance to the OS. When
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<literal>no</literal> this synthesizing is turned off.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-N</option></term>
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<listitem><para>This option is short for <option>--with-nss=no</option>
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<option>--synthesize=no</option>. Use this option to show only records that are natively defined as
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JSON user or group records, with all NSS/glibc compatibility and all implicit synthesis turned
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off.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--multiplexer=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>Controls whether to do lookups via the multiplexer service (if specified as true, the
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default) or do lookups in the client (if specified as false). Using the multiplexer service is
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typically preferable, since it runs in a locked down sandbox.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--chain</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When used with the <command>ssh-authorized-keys</command> command, this will allow
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passing an additional command line after the user name that is chain executed after the lookup
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completed. This allows chaining multiple tools that show SSH authorized keys.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-legend" />
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
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</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Commands</title>
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<para>The following commands are understood:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>user</command> <optional><replaceable>USER</replaceable>…</optional></term>
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<listitem><para>List all known users records or show details of one or more specified user
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records. Use <option>--output=</option> to tweak output mode.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>group</command> <optional><replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>…</optional></term>
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<listitem><para>List all known group records or show details of one or more specified group
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records. Use <option>--output=</option> to tweak output mode.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>users-in-group</command> <optional><replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>…</optional></term>
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<listitem><para>List users that are members of the specified groups. If no groups are specified list
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all user/group memberships defined. Use <option>--output=</option> to tweak output
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mode.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>groups-of-user</command> <optional><replaceable>USER</replaceable>…</optional></term>
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<listitem><para>List groups that the specified users are members of. If no users are specified list
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all user/group memberships defined (in this case <command>groups-of-user</command> and
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<command>users-in-group</command> are equivalent). Use <option>--output=</option> to tweak output
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mode.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>services</command></term>
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<listitem><para>List all services currently providing user/group definitions to the system. See below
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for a list of well-known services providing user information.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>ssh-authorized-keys</command></term>
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<listitem><para>Show SSH authorized keys for this account. This command is intended to be used to
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allow the SSH daemon to pick up authorized keys from user records, see below.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Well-Known Services</title>
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<para>The <command>userdbctl services</command> command will list all currently running services that
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provide user or group definitions to the system. The following well-known services are shown among
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this list:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><constant>io.systemd.DynamicUser</constant></term>
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<listitem><para>This service is provided by the system service manager itself (i.e. PID 1) and
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makes all users (and their groups) synthesized through the <varname>DynamicUser=</varname> setting in
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service unit files available to the system (see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
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details about this setting).</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><constant>io.systemd.Home</constant></term>
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<listitem><para>This service is provided by
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-homed.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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and makes all users (and their groups) belonging to home directories managed by that service
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available to the system.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><constant>io.systemd.Machine</constant></term>
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<listitem><para>This service is provided by
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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and synthesizes records for all users/groups used by a container that employs user
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namespacing.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><constant>io.systemd.Multiplexer</constant></term>
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<listitem><para>This service is provided by
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-userdbd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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and multiplexes user/group look-ups to all other running lookup services. This is the primary entry point
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for user/group record clients, as it simplifies client side implementation substantially since they
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can ask a single service for lookups instead of asking all running services in parallel.
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<command>userdbctl</command> uses this service preferably, too, unless <option>--with-nss=</option>
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or <option>--service=</option> are used, in which case finer control over the services to talk to is
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required.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><constant>io.systemd.NameServiceSwitch</constant></term>
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<listitem><para>This service is (also) provided by
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-userdbd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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and converts classic NSS/glibc user and group records to JSON user/group records, providing full
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backwards compatibility. Use <option>--with-nss=no</option> to disable this compatibility, see
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above. Note that compatibility is actually provided in both directions:
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nss-systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> will
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automatically synthesize classic NSS/glibc user/group records from all JSON user/group records
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provided to the system, thus using both APIs is mostly equivalent and provides access to the same
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data, however the NSS/glibc APIs necessarily expose a more reduced set of fields
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only.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><constant>io.systemd.DropIn</constant></term>
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<listitem><para>This service is (also) provided by
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-userdbd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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and picks up JSON user/group records from <filename>/etc/userdb/</filename>,
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<filename>/run/userdb/</filename>, <filename>/run/host/userdb/</filename>,
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<filename>/usr/lib/userdb/</filename>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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<para>Note that <command>userdbctl</command> has internal support for NSS-based lookups too. This means
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that if neither <constant>io.systemd.Multiplexer</constant> nor
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<constant>io.systemd.NameServiceSwitch</constant> are running look-ups into the basic user/group
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databases will still work.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Integration with SSH</title>
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<para>The <command>userdbctl</command> tool may be used to make the list of SSH authorized keys possibly
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contained in a user record available to the SSH daemon for authentication. For that configure the
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following in <citerefentry
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project='die-net'><refentrytitle>sshd_config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>:</para>
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<programlisting>…
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AuthorizedKeysCommand /usr/bin/userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys %u
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AuthorizedKeysCommandUser root
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…</programlisting>
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<para>Sometimes it's useful to allow chain invocation of another program to list SSH authorized keys. By
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using the <option>--chain</option> such a tool may be chain executed by <command>userdbctl
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ssh-authorized-keys</command> once a lookup completes (regardless if an SSH key was found or
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not). Example:</para>
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<programlisting>…
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AuthorizedKeysCommand /usr/bin/userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys %u --chain /usr/bin/othertool %u
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AuthorizedKeysCommandUser root
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…</programlisting>
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<para>The above will first query the userdb database for SSH keys, and then chain execute
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<command>/usr/bin/othertool</command> to also be queried.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Exit status</title>
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<para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code otherwise.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" />
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<refsect1>
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<title>See Also</title>
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<para>
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-userdbd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-homed.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nss-systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>getent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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</refentry>
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