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1301 lines
69 KiB
XML
1301 lines
69 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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<!--
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This file is part of systemd.
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Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
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systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
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the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
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(at your option) any later version.
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systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
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WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
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Lesser General Public License for more details.
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You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
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along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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-->
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<refentry id="systemd">
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<refentryinfo>
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<title>systemd</title>
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<productname>systemd</productname>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<contrib>Developer</contrib>
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<firstname>Lennart</firstname>
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<surname>Poettering</surname>
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<email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>systemd</refname>
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<refname>init</refname>
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<refpurpose>systemd system and service manager</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg></command>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>init <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> <arg choice="req">COMMAND</arg></command>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para>systemd is a system and service manager for
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Linux operating systems. When run as first process on
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boot (as PID 1), it acts as init system that brings
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up and maintains userspace services.</para>
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<para>For compatibility with SysV, if systemd is called
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as <command>init</command> and a PID that is not
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1, it will execute <command>telinit</command> and pass
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all command line arguments unmodified. That means
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<command>init</command> and <command>telinit</command>
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are mostly equivalent when invoked from normal login sessions. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>telinit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for more information.</para>
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<para>When run as system instance, systemd interprets
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the configuration file
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<filename>system.conf</filename>, otherwise
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<filename>user.conf</filename>. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for more information.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Options</title>
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<para>The following options are understood:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-h</option></term>
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<term><option>--help</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Prints a short help
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text and exits.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--version</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Prints a systemd version
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identifier and exits.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--test</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Determine startup
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sequence, dump it and exit. This is an
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option useful for debugging
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only.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--dump-configuration-items</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Dump understood unit
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configuration items. This outputs a
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terse but complete list of
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configuration items understood in unit
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definition files.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--introspect=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Extract D-Bus
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interface introspection data. This is
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mostly useful at install time
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to generate data suitable for the
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D-Bus interfaces
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repository. Optionally the interface
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name for the introspection data may be
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specified. If omitted, the
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introspection data for all interfaces
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is dumped.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--unit=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Set default unit to
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activate on startup. If not specified,
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defaults to
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<filename>default.target</filename>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--system</option></term>
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<term><option>--user</option></term>
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<listitem><para>For <option>--system</option>,
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tell systemd to run a
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system instance, even if the process ID is
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not 1, i.e. systemd is not run as init process.
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<option>--user</option> does the opposite,
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running a user instance even if the process
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ID is 1.
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Normally it should not be necessary to
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pass these options, as systemd
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automatically detects the mode it is
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started in. These options are hence of
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little use except for debugging. Note
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that it is not supported booting and
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maintaining a full system with systemd
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running in <option>--system</option>
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mode, but PID not 1. In practice,
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passing <option>--system</option> explicitly is
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only useful in conjunction with
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<option>--test</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--dump-core</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Dump core on
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crash. This switch has no effect when
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run as user
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instance.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--crash-shell</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Run shell on
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crash. This switch has no effect when
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run as user
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instance.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--confirm-spawn</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Ask for confirmation
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when spawning processes. This switch
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has no effect when run as user
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instance.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--show-status=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Show terse service
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status information while booting. This
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switch has no effect when run as user
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instance. Takes a boolean argument
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which may be omitted which is
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interpreted as
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<option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--log-target=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Set log
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target. Argument must be one of
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<option>console</option>,
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<option>journal</option>,
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<option>syslog</option>,
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<option>kmsg</option>,
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<option>journal-or-kmsg</option>,
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<option>syslog-or-kmsg</option>,
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<option>null</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--log-level=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Set log level. As
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argument this accepts a numerical log
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level or the well-known <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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symbolic names (lowercase):
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<option>emerg</option>,
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<option>alert</option>,
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<option>crit</option>,
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<option>err</option>,
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<option>warning</option>,
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<option>notice</option>,
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<option>info</option>,
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<option>debug</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--log-color=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Highlight important
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log messages. Argument is a boolean
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value. If the argument is omitted, it
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defaults to
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<option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--log-location=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Include code location
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in log messages. This is mostly
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relevant for debugging
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purposes. Argument is a boolean
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value. If the argument is omitted
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it defaults to
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<option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--default-standard-output=</option></term>
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<term><option>--default-standard-error=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Sets the default
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output or error output for all
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services and sockets, respectively. That is, controls
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the default for
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<option>StandardOutput=</option>
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and <option>StandardError=</option>
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(see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for details). Takes one of
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<option>inherit</option>,
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<option>null</option>,
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<option>tty</option>,
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<option>journal</option>,
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<option>journal+console</option>,
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<option>syslog</option>,
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<option>syslog+console</option>,
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<option>kmsg</option>,
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<option>kmsg+console</option>. If the
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argument is omitted
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<option>--default-standard-output=</option>
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defaults to <option>journal</option>
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and
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<option>--default-standard-error=</option>
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to
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<option>inherit</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Concepts</title>
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<para>systemd provides a dependency system between
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various entities called "units" of 12 different
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types. Units encapsulate various objects that are
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relevant for system boot-up and maintenance. The
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majority of units are configured in unit configuration
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files, whose syntax and basic set of options is
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described in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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however some are created automatically from other
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configuration, dynamically from system state or
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programmatically at runtime. Units may be "active"
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(meaning started, bound, plugged in, ..., depending on
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the unit type, see below), or "inactive" (meaning
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stopped, unbound, unplugged, ...), as well as in the
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process of being activated or deactivated,
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i.e. between the two states (these states are called
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"activating", "deactivating"). A special "failed"
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state is available as well, which is very similar to
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"inactive" and is entered when the service failed in
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some way (process returned error code on exit, or
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crashed, or an operation timed out). If this state is
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entered, the cause will be logged, for later
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reference. Note that the various unit types may have a
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number of additional substates, which are mapped to
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the five generalized unit states described
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here.</para>
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<para>The following unit types are available:</para>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem><para>Service units, which start and control
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daemons and the processes they consist of. For
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details see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Socket units, which
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encapsulate local IPC or network sockets in
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the system, useful for socket-based
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activation. For details about socket units see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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for details on socket-based activation and
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other forms of activation, see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Target units are useful to
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group units, or provide well-known
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synchronization points during boot-up, see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Device units expose kernel
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devices in systemd and may be used to
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implement device-based activation. For details
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see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.device</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Mount units control mount
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points in the file system, for details see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Automount units provide
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automount capabilities, for on-demand mounting
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of file systems as well as parallelized
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boot-up. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.automount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Snapshot units can be used to
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temporarily save the state of the set of
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systemd units, which later may be restored by
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activating the saved snapshot unit. For more
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information see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.snapshot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Timer units are useful for
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triggering activation of other units based on
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timers. You may find details in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Swap units are very similar to
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mount units and encapsulate memory swap
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partitions or files of the operating
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system. They are described in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Path units may be used
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to activate other services when file system
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objects change or are modified. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Slice units may be used to
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group units which manage system processes
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(such as service and scope units) in a
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hierarchical tree for resource management
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purposes. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Scope units are similar to
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service units, but manage foreign processes
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instead of starting them as well. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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<para>Units are named as their configuration
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files. Some units have special semantics. A detailed
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list is available in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
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<para>systemd knows various kinds of dependencies,
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including positive and negative requirement
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dependencies (i.e. <varname>Requires=</varname> and
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<varname>Conflicts=</varname>) as well as ordering
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dependencies (<varname>After=</varname> and
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<varname>Before=</varname>). NB: ordering and
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requirement dependencies are orthogonal. If only a
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requirement dependency exists between two units
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(e.g. <filename>foo.service</filename> requires
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<filename>bar.service</filename>), but no ordering
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dependency (e.g. <filename>foo.service</filename>
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after <filename>bar.service</filename>) and both are
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requested to start, they will be started in
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parallel. It is a common pattern that both requirement
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and ordering dependencies are placed between two
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units. Also note that the majority of dependencies are
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implicitly created and maintained by systemd. In most
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cases it should be unnecessary to declare additional
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dependencies manually, however it is possible to do
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this.</para>
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<para>Application programs and units (via
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dependencies) may request state changes of units. In
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systemd, these requests are encapsulated as 'jobs' and
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maintained in a job queue. Jobs may succeed or can
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fail, their execution is ordered based on the ordering
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dependencies of the units they have been scheduled
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for.</para>
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<para>On boot systemd activates the target unit
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<filename>default.target</filename> whose job is to
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activate on-boot services and other on-boot units by
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pulling them in via dependencies. Usually the unit
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name is just an alias (symlink) for either
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<filename>graphical.target</filename> (for
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fully-featured boots into the UI) or
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<filename>multi-user.target</filename> (for limited
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console-only boots for use in embedded or server
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environments, or similar; a subset of
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graphical.target). However, it is at the discretion of
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the administrator to configure it as an alias to any
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other target unit. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for details about these target units.</para>
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<para>Processes systemd spawns are placed in
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individual Linux control groups named after the unit
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which they belong to in the private systemd
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hierarchy. (see <ulink
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url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt">cgroups.txt</ulink>
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|
for more information about control groups, or short
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"cgroups"). systemd uses this to effectively keep
|
|
track of processes. Control group information is
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maintained in the kernel, and is accessible via the
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file system hierarchy (beneath
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<filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd/</filename>), or in tools
|
|
such as
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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|
(<command>ps xawf -eo pid,user,cgroup,args</command>
|
|
is particularly useful to list all processes and the
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systemd units they belong to.).</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>systemd is compatible with the SysV init system
|
|
to a large degree: SysV init scripts are supported and
|
|
simply read as an alternative (though limited)
|
|
configuration file format. The SysV
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|
<filename>/dev/initctl</filename> interface is
|
|
provided, and compatibility implementations of the
|
|
various SysV client tools are available. In addition to
|
|
that, various established Unix functionality such as
|
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<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> or the
|
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<filename>utmp</filename> database are
|
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supported.</para>
|
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|
|
<para>systemd has a minimal transaction system: if a
|
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unit is requested to start up or shut down it will add
|
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it and all its dependencies to a temporary
|
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transaction. Then, it will verify if the transaction
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|
is consistent (i.e. whether the ordering of all units
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is cycle-free). If it is not, systemd will try to fix
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it up, and removes non-essential jobs from the
|
|
transaction that might remove the loop. Also, systemd
|
|
tries to suppress non-essential jobs in the
|
|
transaction that would stop a running service. Finally
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it is checked whether the jobs of the transaction
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|
contradict jobs that have already been queued, and
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|
optionally the transaction is aborted then. If all
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worked out and the transaction is consistent and
|
|
minimized in its impact it is merged with all already
|
|
outstanding jobs and added to the run
|
|
queue. Effectively this means that before executing a
|
|
requested operation, systemd will verify that it makes
|
|
sense, fixing it if possible, and only failing if it
|
|
really cannot work.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Systemd contains native implementations of
|
|
various tasks that need to be executed as part of the
|
|
boot process. For example, it sets the hostname or
|
|
configures the loopback network device. It also sets
|
|
up and mounts various API file systems, such as
|
|
<filename>/sys</filename> or
|
|
<filename>/proc</filename>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For more information about the concepts and
|
|
ideas behind systemd please refer to the <ulink
|
|
url="http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html">Original
|
|
Design Document</ulink>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that some but not all interfaces provided
|
|
by systemd are covered by the <ulink
|
|
url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/InterfaceStabilityPromise">Interface
|
|
Stability Promise</ulink>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Units may be generated dynamically at boot and
|
|
system manager reload time, for example based on other
|
|
configuration files or parameters passed on the kernel
|
|
command line. For details see the <ulink
|
|
url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/Generators">Generators
|
|
Specification</ulink>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Systems which invoke systemd in a container
|
|
or initrd environment should implement the
|
|
<ulink
|
|
url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ContainerInterface">Container
|
|
Interface</ulink> or <ulink
|
|
url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/InitrdInterface">initrd
|
|
Interface</ulink> specifications, respectively.</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Directories</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>System unit directories</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>The systemd system
|
|
manager reads unit configuration from
|
|
various directories. Packages that
|
|
want to install unit files shall place
|
|
them in the directory returned by
|
|
<command>pkg-config systemd
|
|
--variable=systemdsystemunitdir</command>. Other
|
|
directories checked are
|
|
<filename>/usr/local/lib/systemd/system</filename>
|
|
and
|
|
<filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system</filename>. User
|
|
configuration always takes
|
|
precedence. <command>pkg-config
|
|
systemd
|
|
--variable=systemdsystemconfdir</command>
|
|
returns the path of the system
|
|
configuration directory. Packages
|
|
should alter the content of these
|
|
directories only with the
|
|
<command>enable</command> and
|
|
<command>disable</command> commands of
|
|
the
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
tool. Full list of directories is provided in
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>User unit directories</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Similar rules apply
|
|
for the user unit
|
|
directories. However, here the <ulink
|
|
url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html">XDG
|
|
Base Directory specification</ulink>
|
|
is followed to find
|
|
units. Applications should place their
|
|
unit files in the directory returned
|
|
by <command>pkg-config systemd
|
|
--variable=systemduserunitdir</command>. Global
|
|
configuration is done in the directory
|
|
reported by <command>pkg-config
|
|
systemd
|
|
--variable=systemduserconfdir</command>. The
|
|
<command>enable</command> and
|
|
<command>disable</command> commands of
|
|
the
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
tool can handle both global (i.e. for
|
|
all users) and private (for one user)
|
|
enabling/disabling of
|
|
units. Full list of directories is provided in
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>SysV init scripts directory</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>The location of the
|
|
SysV init script directory varies
|
|
between distributions. If systemd
|
|
cannot find a native unit file for a
|
|
requested service, it will look for a
|
|
SysV init script of the same name
|
|
(with the
|
|
<filename>.service</filename> suffix
|
|
removed).</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>SysV runlevel link farm directory</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>The location of the
|
|
SysV runlevel link farm directory
|
|
varies between distributions. systemd
|
|
will take the link farm into account
|
|
when figuring out whether a service
|
|
shall be enabled. Note that a service
|
|
unit with a native unit configuration
|
|
file cannot be started by activating it
|
|
in the SysV runlevel link
|
|
farm.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Signals</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGTERM</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Upon receiving this
|
|
signal the systemd system manager
|
|
serializes its state, reexecutes
|
|
itself and deserializes the saved
|
|
state again. This is mostly equivalent
|
|
to <command>systemctl
|
|
daemon-reexec</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>systemd user managers will
|
|
start the
|
|
<filename>exit.target</filename> unit
|
|
when this signal is received. This is
|
|
mostly equivalent to
|
|
<command>systemctl --user start
|
|
exit.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGINT</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Upon receiving this
|
|
signal the systemd system manager will
|
|
start the
|
|
<filename>ctrl-alt-del.target</filename> unit. This
|
|
is mostly equivalent to
|
|
<command>systemctl start
|
|
ctl-alt-del.target</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>systemd user managers
|
|
treat this signal the same way as
|
|
<constant>SIGTERM</constant>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGWINCH</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When this signal is
|
|
received the systemd system manager
|
|
will start the
|
|
<filename>kbrequest.target</filename>
|
|
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
|
|
<command>systemctl start
|
|
kbrequest.target</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>This signal is ignored by
|
|
systemd user
|
|
managers.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGPWR</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When this signal is
|
|
received the systemd manager
|
|
will start the
|
|
<filename>sigpwr.target</filename>
|
|
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
|
|
<command>systemctl start
|
|
sigpwr.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGUSR1</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When this signal is
|
|
received the systemd manager will try
|
|
to reconnect to the D-Bus
|
|
bus.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGUSR2</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When this signal is
|
|
received the systemd manager will log
|
|
its complete state in human readable
|
|
form. The data logged is the same as
|
|
printed by <command>systemctl
|
|
dump</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGHUP</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Reloads the complete
|
|
daemon configuration. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl
|
|
daemon-reload</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+0</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Enters default mode, starts the
|
|
<filename>default.target</filename>
|
|
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
|
|
<command>systemctl start
|
|
default.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+1</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Enters rescue mode,
|
|
starts the
|
|
<filename>rescue.target</filename>
|
|
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
|
|
<command>systemctl isolate
|
|
rescue.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+2</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Enters emergency mode,
|
|
starts the
|
|
<filename>emergency.service</filename>
|
|
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
|
|
<command>systemctl isolate
|
|
emergency.service</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+3</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Halts the machine,
|
|
starts the
|
|
<filename>halt.target</filename>
|
|
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
|
|
<command>systemctl start
|
|
halt.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+4</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Powers off the machine,
|
|
starts the
|
|
<filename>poweroff.target</filename>
|
|
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
|
|
<command>systemctl start
|
|
poweroff.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+5</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Reboots the machine,
|
|
starts the
|
|
<filename>reboot.target</filename>
|
|
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
|
|
<command>systemctl start
|
|
reboot.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+6</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Reboots the machine via kexec,
|
|
starts the
|
|
<filename>kexec.target</filename>
|
|
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
|
|
<command>systemctl start
|
|
kexec.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+13</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately halts the machine.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+14</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately powers off the machine.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+15</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately reboots the machine.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+16</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately reboots the machine with kexec.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+20</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Enables display of
|
|
status messages on the console, as
|
|
controlled via
|
|
<varname>systemd.show_status=1</varname>
|
|
on the kernel command
|
|
line.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+21</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Disables display of
|
|
status messages on the console, as
|
|
controlled via
|
|
<varname>systemd.show_status=0</varname>
|
|
on the kernel command
|
|
line.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+22</constant></term>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+23</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Sets the log level to
|
|
<literal>debug</literal>
|
|
(or <literal>info</literal> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+23</constant>), as
|
|
controlled via
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_level=debug</varname>
|
|
(or <varname>systemd.log_level=info</varname>
|
|
on <constant>SIGRTMIN+23</constant>) on
|
|
the kernel command
|
|
line.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+24</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately exits the
|
|
manager (only available for --user
|
|
instances).</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+26</constant></term>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+27</constant></term>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+28</constant></term>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+29</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Sets the log level to
|
|
<literal>journal-or-kmsg</literal>
|
|
(or <literal>console</literal> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+27</constant>,
|
|
<literal>kmsg</literal> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+28</constant>,
|
|
or <literal>syslog-or-kmsg</literal>
|
|
on <constant>SIGRTMIN+29</constant>), as
|
|
controlled via
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_target=journal-or-kmsg</varname>
|
|
(or <varname>systemd.log_target=console</varname>
|
|
on <constant>SIGRTMIN+27</constant>,
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_target=kmsg</varname>
|
|
on <constant>SIGRTMIN+28</constant>,
|
|
or
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_target=syslog-or-kmsg</varname>
|
|
on <constant>SIGRTMIN+29</constant>) on
|
|
the kernel command
|
|
line.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Environment</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist class='environment-variables'>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>systemd reads the
|
|
log level from this environment
|
|
variable. This can be overridden with
|
|
<option>--log-level=</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>systemd reads the
|
|
log target from this environment
|
|
variable. This can be overridden with
|
|
<option>--log-target=</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls whether
|
|
systemd highlights important log
|
|
messages. This can be overridden with
|
|
<option>--log-color=</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls whether
|
|
systemd prints the code location along
|
|
with log messages. This can be
|
|
overridden with
|
|
<option>--log-location=</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>$XDG_DATA_HOME</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>The systemd user
|
|
manager uses these variables in
|
|
accordance to the <ulink
|
|
url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html">XDG
|
|
Base Directory specification</ulink>
|
|
to find its configuration.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls where systemd
|
|
looks for unit
|
|
files.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_SYSVINIT_PATH</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls where systemd
|
|
looks for SysV init scripts.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_SYSVRCND_PATH</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls where systemd
|
|
looks for SysV init script runlevel link
|
|
farms.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$LISTEN_PID</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>$LISTEN_FDS</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Set by systemd for
|
|
supervised processes during
|
|
socket-based activation. See
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_listen_fds</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
for more information.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$NOTIFY_SOCKET</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Set by systemd for
|
|
supervised processes for status and
|
|
start-up completion notification. See
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
for more information.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Kernel Command Line</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>When run as system instance systemd parses a
|
|
number of kernel command line
|
|
arguments<footnote><para>If run inside a Linux
|
|
container these arguments may be passed as command
|
|
line arguments to systemd itself, next to any of the
|
|
command line options listed in the Options section
|
|
above. If run outside of Linux containers, these
|
|
arguments are parsed from
|
|
<filename>/proc/cmdline</filename>
|
|
instead.</para></footnote>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist class='kernel-commandline-options'>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.unit=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>rd.systemd.unit=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Overrides the unit to
|
|
activate on boot. Defaults to
|
|
<filename>default.target</filename>. This
|
|
may be used to temporarily boot into a
|
|
different boot unit, for example
|
|
<filename>rescue.target</filename> or
|
|
<filename>emergency.service</filename>. See
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
for details about these units. The
|
|
option prefixed with
|
|
<literal>rd.</literal> is honored
|
|
only in the initial RAM disk (initrd),
|
|
while the one that is not prefixed only
|
|
in the main system.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.dump_core=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean
|
|
argument. If <option>true</option>,
|
|
systemd dumps core when it
|
|
crashes. Otherwise, no core dump is
|
|
created. Defaults to
|
|
<option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.crash_shell=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean
|
|
argument. If <option>true</option>,
|
|
systemd spawns a shell when it
|
|
crashes. Otherwise, no shell is
|
|
spawned. Defaults to
|
|
<option>false</option>, for security
|
|
reasons, as the shell is not protected
|
|
by any password
|
|
authentication.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.crash_chvt=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes an integer
|
|
argument. If positive systemd
|
|
activates the specified virtual
|
|
terminal when it crashes. Defaults to
|
|
<constant>-1</constant>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.confirm_spawn=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean
|
|
argument. If <option>true</option>,
|
|
asks for confirmation when spawning
|
|
processes. Defaults to
|
|
<option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.show_status=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean
|
|
argument. If <option>true</option>,
|
|
shows terse service status updates on
|
|
the console during bootup. Defaults to
|
|
<option>true</option>, unless
|
|
<option>quiet</option> is passed as
|
|
kernel command line option in which
|
|
case it defaults to
|
|
<option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.log_target=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.log_level=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.log_color=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.log_location=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls log output,
|
|
with the same effect as the
|
|
<varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET</varname>, <varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL</varname>, <varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR</varname>, <varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION</varname>
|
|
environment variables described above.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.default_standard_output=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.default_standard_error=</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls default
|
|
standard output and error output for
|
|
services, with the same effect as the
|
|
<option>--default-standard-output=</option>
|
|
and <option>--default-standard-error=</option>
|
|
command line arguments described
|
|
above, respectively.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.setenv=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a string
|
|
argument in the form VARIABLE=VALUE.
|
|
May be used to set default environment
|
|
variables to add to forked child processes.
|
|
May be used more than once to set multiple
|
|
variables.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>quiet</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Turn off
|
|
status output at boot, much like
|
|
<varname>systemd.show_status=false</varname>
|
|
would. Note that this option is also
|
|
read by the kernel itself and disables
|
|
kernel log output. Passing this option
|
|
hence turns off the usual output from
|
|
both the system manager and the kernel.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>debug</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Turn on debugging
|
|
output. This is equivalent to
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_level=debug</varname>.
|
|
Note that this option is also read by
|
|
the kernel itself and enables kernel
|
|
debug output. Passing this option
|
|
hence turns on the debug output from
|
|
both the system manager and the
|
|
kernel.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>emergency</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Boot into emergency
|
|
mode. This is equivalent to
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=emergency.target</varname>
|
|
and provided for compatibility
|
|
reasons and to be easier to type.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>single</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>s</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>S</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>1</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Boot into rescue
|
|
mode. This is equivalent to
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=rescue.target</varname>
|
|
and provided for compatibility reasons
|
|
and to be easier to
|
|
type.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>2</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>3</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>4</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>5</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Boot into the
|
|
specified legacy SysV runlevel. These
|
|
are equivalent to
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=runlevel2.target</varname>,
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=runlevel3.target</varname>,
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=runlevel4.target</varname>,
|
|
and <varname>systemd.unit=runlevel5.target</varname>, respectively,
|
|
and provided for compatibility reasons
|
|
and to be easier to
|
|
type.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LANG=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LANGUAGE=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_CTYPE=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_NUMERIC=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_TIME=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_COLLATE=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_MONETARY=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_MESSAGES=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_PAPER=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_NAME=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_ADDRESS=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_TELEPHONE=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_MEASUREMENT=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_IDENTIFICATION=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Set the system locale
|
|
to use. This overrides the settings in
|
|
<filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename>. For
|
|
more information see
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
and
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<para>For other kernel command line parameters
|
|
understood by components of the core OS, please refer
|
|
to
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>kernel-command-line</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Sockets and FIFOs</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><filename>/run/systemd/notify</filename></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Daemon status
|
|
notification socket. This is an
|
|
<constant>AF_UNIX</constant> datagram socket and is used to
|
|
implement the daemon notification
|
|
logic as implemented by
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
|
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><filename>/run/systemd/shutdownd</filename></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Used internally by the
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shutdown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
tool to implement delayed
|
|
shutdowns. This is an <constant>AF_UNIX</constant> datagram
|
|
socket.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><filename>/run/systemd/private</filename></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Used internally as
|
|
communication channel between
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
and the systemd process. This is an
|
|
<constant>AF_UNIX</constant> stream socket. This interface
|
|
is private to systemd and should not
|
|
be used in external
|
|
projects.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><filename>/dev/initctl</filename></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Limited compatibility
|
|
support for the SysV client interface,
|
|
as implemented by the
|
|
<filename>systemd-initctl.service</filename>
|
|
unit. This is a named pipe in the file
|
|
system. This interface is obsolete and
|
|
should not be used in new
|
|
applications.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>See Also</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/">systemd Homepage</ulink>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pkg-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>kernel-command-line</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
</refentry>
|