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186 lines
8.7 KiB
Markdown
186 lines
8.7 KiB
Markdown
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---
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title: Tips And Tricks
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category: Manuals and Documentation for Users and Administrators
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layout: default
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SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
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---
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# Tips & Tricks
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Also check out the [Frequently Asked Questions](http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/FrequentlyAskedQuestions)!
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## Listing running services
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```sh
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$ systemctl
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UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB JOB DESCRIPTION
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accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service
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atd.service loaded active running Job spooling tools
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avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack
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bluetooth.service loaded active running Bluetooth Manager
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colord-sane.service loaded active running Daemon for monitoring attached scanners and registering them with colord
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colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles
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crond.service loaded active running Command Scheduler
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cups.service loaded active running CUPS Printing Service
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dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
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...
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```
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## Showing runtime status
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```sh
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$ systemctl status udisks2.service
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udisks2.service - Storage Daemon
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Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/udisks2.service; static)
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Active: active (running) since Wed, 27 Jun 2012 20:49:25 +0200; 1 day and 1h ago
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Main PID: 615 (udisksd)
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CGroup: name=systemd:/system/udisks2.service
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└ 615 /usr/lib/udisks2/udisksd --no-debug
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Jun 27 20:49:25 epsilon udisksd[615]: udisks daemon version 1.94.0 starting
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Jun 27 20:49:25 epsilon udisksd[615]: Acquired the name org.freedesktop.UDisks2 on the system message bus
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```
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## cgroup tree
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```sh
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$ systemd-cgls
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└ system
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├ 1 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --system --deserialize 18
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├ ntpd.service
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│ └ 8471 /usr/sbin/ntpd -u ntp:ntp -g
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├ upower.service
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│ └ 798 /usr/libexec/upowerd
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├ wpa_supplicant.service
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│ └ 751 /usr/sbin/wpa_supplicant -u -f /var/log/wpa_supplicant.log -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf -u -f /var/log/wpa_supplicant.log -P /var/run/wpa_supplicant.pid
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├ nfs-idmap.service
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│ └ 731 /usr/sbin/rpc.idmapd
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├ nfs-rquotad.service
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│ └ 753 /usr/sbin/rpc.rquotad
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├ nfs-mountd.service
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│ └ 732 /usr/sbin/rpc.mountd
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├ nfs-lock.service
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│ └ 704 /sbin/rpc.statd
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├ rpcbind.service
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│ └ 680 /sbin/rpcbind -w
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├ postfix.service
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│ ├ 859 /usr/libexec/postfix/master
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│ ├ 877 qmgr -l -t fifo -u
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│ └ 32271 pickup -l -t fifo -u
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├ colord-sane.service
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│ └ 647 /usr/libexec/colord-sane
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├ udisks2.service
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│ └ 615 /usr/lib/udisks2/udisksd --no-debug
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├ colord.service
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│ └ 607 /usr/libexec/colord
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├ prefdm.service
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│ ├ 567 /usr/sbin/gdm-binary -nodaemon
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│ ├ 602 /usr/libexec/gdm-simple-slave --display-id /org/gnome/DisplayManager/Display1
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│ ├ 612 /usr/bin/Xorg :0 -br -verbose -auth /var/run/gdm/auth-for-gdm-O00GPA/database -seat seat0 -nolisten tcp
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│ └ 905 gdm-session-worker [pam/gdm-password]
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├ systemd-ask-password-wall.service
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│ └ 645 /usr/bin/systemd-tty-ask-password-agent --wall
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├ atd.service
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│ └ 544 /usr/sbin/atd -f
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├ ksmtuned.service
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│ ├ 548 /bin/bash /usr/sbin/ksmtuned
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│ └ 1092 sleep 60
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├ dbus.service
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│ ├ 586 /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --systemd-activation
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│ ├ 601 /usr/libexec/polkit-1/polkitd --no-debug
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│ └ 657 /usr/sbin/modem-manager
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├ cups.service
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│ └ 508 /usr/sbin/cupsd -f
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├ avahi-daemon.service
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│ ├ 506 avahi-daemon: running [epsilon.local]
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│ └ 516 avahi-daemon: chroot helper
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├ system-setup-keyboard.service
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│ └ 504 /usr/bin/system-setup-keyboard
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├ accounts-daemon.service
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│ └ 502 /usr/libexec/accounts-daemon
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├ systemd-logind.service
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│ └ 498 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind
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├ crond.service
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│ └ 486 /usr/sbin/crond -n
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├ NetworkManager.service
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│ ├ 484 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --no-daemon
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│ └ 8437 /sbin/dhclient -d -4 -sf /usr/libexec/nm-dhcp-client.action -pf /var/run/dhclient-wlan0.pid -lf /var/lib/dhclient/dhclient-903b6f6aa7a1-46c8-82a9-7f637dfbb3e4-wlan0.lease -cf /var/run/nm-d...
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├ libvirtd.service
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│ ├ 480 /usr/sbin/libvirtd
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│ └ 571 /sbin/dnsmasq --strict-order --bind-interfaces --pid-file=/var/run/libvirt/network/default.pid --conf-file= --except-interface lo --listenaddress 192.168.122.1 --dhcp-range 192.168.122.2,1...
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├ bluetooth.service
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│ └ 479 /usr/sbin/bluetoothd -n
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├ systemd-udev.service
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│ └ 287 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd
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└ systemd-journald.service
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└ 280 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald
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```
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### ps with cgroups
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```sh
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$ alias psc='ps xawf -eo pid,user,cgroup,args'
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$ psc
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PID USER CGROUP COMMAND
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...
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1 root name=systemd:/systemd-1 /bin/systemd systemd.log_target=kmsg systemd.log_level=debug selinux=0
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415 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/sysinit.service /sbin/udevd -d
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928 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/atd.service /usr/sbin/atd -f
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930 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/ntpd.service /usr/sbin/ntpd -n
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932 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/crond.service /usr/sbin/crond -n
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935 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/auditd.service /sbin/auditd -n
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943 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/auditd.service \_ /sbin/audispd
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964 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/auditd.service \_ /usr/sbin/sedispatch
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937 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/acpid.service /usr/sbin/acpid -f
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941 rpc name=systemd:/systemd-1/rpcbind.service /sbin/rpcbind -f
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944 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/rsyslog.service /sbin/rsyslogd -n -c 4
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947 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/systemd-logger.service /lib/systemd/systemd-logger
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950 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/cups.service /usr/sbin/cupsd -f
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955 dbus name=systemd:/systemd-1/messagebus.service /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --systemd-activation
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969 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/getty@.service/tty6 /sbin/mingetty tty6
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970 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/getty@.service/tty5 /sbin/mingetty tty5
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971 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/getty@.service/tty1 /sbin/mingetty tty1
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973 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/getty@.service/tty4 /sbin/mingetty tty4
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974 root name=systemd:/user/lennart/2 login -- lennart
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1824 lennart name=systemd:/user/lennart/2 \_ -bash
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975 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/getty@.service/tty3 /sbin/mingetty tty3
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988 root name=systemd:/systemd-1/polkitd.service /usr/libexec/polkit-1/polkitd
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994 rtkit name=systemd:/systemd-1/rtkit-daemon.service /usr/libexec/rtkit-daemon
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...
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```
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## Changing the Default Boot Target
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```sh
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$ ln -sf /usr/lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target
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```
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This line makes the multi user target (i.e. full system, but no graphical UI) the default target to boot into. This is kinda equivalent to setting runlevel 3 as the default runlevel on Fedora/sysvinit systems.
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```sh
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$ ln -sf /usr/lib/systemd/system/graphical.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target
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```
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This line makes the graphical target (i.e. full system, including graphical UI) the default target to boot into. Kinda equivalent to runlevel 5 on fedora/sysvinit systems. This is how things are shipped by default.
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## What other units does a unit depend on?
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For example, if you want to figure out which services a target like multi-user.target pulls in, use something like this:
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```sh
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$ systemctl show -p "Wants" multi-user.target
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Wants=rc-local.service avahi-daemon.service rpcbind.service NetworkManager.service acpid.service dbus.service atd.service crond.service auditd.service ntpd.service udisks.service bluetooth.service cups.service wpa_supplicant.service getty.target modem-manager.service portreserve.service abrtd.service yum-updatesd.service upowerd.service test-first.service pcscd.service rsyslog.service haldaemon.service remote-fs.target plymouth-quit.service systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service sendmail.service lvm2-monitor.service cpuspeed.service udev-post.service mdmonitor.service iscsid.service livesys.service livesys-late.service irqbalance.service iscsi.service netfs.service
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```
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Instead of "Wants" you might also try "WantedBy", "Requires", "RequiredBy", "Conflicts", "ConflictedBy", "Before", "After" for the respective types of dependencies and their inverse.
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## What would get started if I booted into a specific target?
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If you want systemd to calculate the "initial" transaction it would execute on boot, try something like this:
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```sh
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$ systemd --test --system --unit=foobar.target
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```
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for a boot target foobar.target. Note that this is mostly a debugging tool that actually does a lot more than just calculate the initial transaction, so don't build scripts based on this.
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