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Merge pull request #14779 from keszybz/news-v245

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Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek 2020-02-05 09:35:58 +01:00
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234
NEWS
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@ -3,29 +3,26 @@ systemd System and Service Manager
CHANGES WITH 245 in spe:
* A new tool "systemd-repart" has been added, that operates as an
idempotent, robust, incremental, elastic and declarative
repartitioner. It takes inspiration from
systemd-tmpfiles/systemd-sysusers but applies the algorithmic
concepts to GPT partition tables. Specifically, a set of partitions
that must or may exist can be configured via drop-in files, and
during every boot the partition table on disk is compared with these
files, creating missing partitions or growing existing ones based on
configurable relative and absolute size constraints. The tool is
strictly incremental, i.e. does not delete, shrink or move
partitions, but only adds and grows them. The primary use-case is OS
images that shall ship in minimized form, with only a minimal boot
and root partition, that on first boot is grown to the size of the
underlying block device or augmented with additional partitions. For
example, the root partition could be extended to cover the whole
disk, or a swap or /home partitions could be added implicitly on
first boot. It also has uses on systems that use an A/B update scheme
to allow shipping minimal images with just the A set of partition,
and with the B set added on first boot. The tool is primarily
intended to be run in the initrd, shortly before transitioning into
the host OS, but also can be run after the transition took place. It
automatically discovers the disk backing the root file system, and
should hence not require any additional configuration besides the
partition definition drop-ins.
idempotent declarative repartitioner for GPT partition tables.
Specifically, a set of partitions that must or may exist can be
configured via drop-in files, and during every boot the partition
table on disk is compared with these files, creating missing
partitions or growing existing ones based on configurable relative
and absolute size constraints. The tool is strictly incremental,
i.e. does not delete, shrink or move partitions, but only adds and
grows them. The primary use-case is OS images that ship in minimized
form, that on first boot are grown to the size of the underlying
block device or augmented with additional partitions. For example,
the root partition could be extended to cover the whole disk, or a
swap or /home partitions could be added on first boot. It can also be
used for systems that use an A/B update scheme but ship images with
just the A partition, with B added on first boot. The tool is
primarily intended to be run in the initrd, shortly before
transitioning into the host OS, but can also be run after the
transition took place. It automatically discovers the disk backing
the root file system, and should hence not require any additional
configuration besides the partition definition drop-ins. If no
configuration drop-ins are present, no action is taken.
* A new component "userdb" has been added, along with a small daemon
"systemd-userdb.service" and a client tool "userdbctl". The framework
@ -43,22 +40,21 @@ CHANGES WITH 245 in spe:
that for the first time resource management and various other
per-user settings can be configured in LDAP directories and then
provided to systemd (specifically to systemd-logind and pam-system)
to enforce on log-in. For further details see:
to apply on login. For further details see:
https://systemd.io/USER_RECORD
https://systemd.io/GROUP_RECORD
https://systemd.io/USER_GROUP_API
* A small new service systemd-homed.service has been added, that may be
used to securely manage home directories, with built-in encryption
and unifying the user's own home directory data together with
complete user record data in a single place, thus making home
directories naturally migratable. Its primary back-end is based on
LUKS volumes, but it also supports fscrypt, plain directories and
more. It solves a couple of problems we saw with traditional ways to
manage home directories, in particular when it comes to
encryption. For further discussion of this, see the video of
Lennart's talk at AllSystemsGo! 2019:
used to securely manage home directories with built-in encryption.
The complete user record data is unified with the home directory,
thus making home directories naturally migratable. Its primary
back-end is based on LUKS volumes, but fscrypt, plain directories,
and other storage schemes are also supported. This solves a couple of
problems we saw with traditional ways to manage home directories, in
particular when it comes to encryption. For further discussion of
this, see the video of Lennart's talk at AllSystemsGo! 2019:
https://media.ccc.de/v/ASG2019-164-reinventing-home-directories
@ -69,49 +65,49 @@ CHANGES WITH 245 in spe:
* systemd-journald is now multi-instantiable. In addition to the main
instance systemd-journald.service there's now a template unit
systemd-journald@.service that can be instantiated multiple times,
each time defining a new named log 'namespace' (whose name is
specified via the instance part of the instance unit name). A new
unit file setting LogNamespace= has been added, taking such a
namespace name, that allows assigning services to such log
namespaces. As each log namespace is serviced by its own, independent
journal daemon this functionality may be use to improve performance
and increase isolation of applications, at the price of losing global
message ordering. Each daemon may have a separate set of
configuration files, with possibly different disk space settings and
such. journalctl has been updated to take a new option --namespace=
which allows viewing logs from a specific log namespace. The
sd-journal.h API gained sd_journal_open_namespace() for opening the
log stream of a specific log namespace. systemd-journald also gained
the ability to exit on idle, which is useful in the context of log
namespaces, as this means log daemons for log namespaces can be
activated automatically on demand and stop automatically when no
longer used, minimizing resource usage.
systemd-journald@.service, with each instance defining a new named
log 'namespace' (whose name is specified via the instance part of the
unit name). A new unit file setting LogNamespace= has been added,
taking such a namespace name, that assigns services to the specified
log namespaces. As each log namespace is serviced by its own
independent journal daemon, this functionality may be used to improve
performance and increase isolation of applications, at the price of
losing global message ordering. Each instance of journald has a
separate set of configuration files, with possibly different disk
usage limitations and other settings.
journalctl now takes a new option --namespace= to show logs from a
specific log namespace. The sd-journal.h API gained
sd_journal_open_namespace() for opening the log stream of a specific
log namespace. systemd-journald also gained the ability to exit on
idle, which is useful in the context of log namespaces, as this means
log daemons for log namespaces can be activated automatically on
demand and will stop automatically when no longer used, minimizing
resource usage.
* When systemd-tmpfiles copies a file tree using the 'C' line type it
will now implicitly label every copied file matching the SELinux
database.
will now label every copied file according to the SELinux database.
* When systemd/PID 1 detects it is used in the initrd it will now boot
into initrd.target rather than default.target by default. This should
make it simpler to build initrds with systemd as for many cases the
only difference between a host OS image and an initrd image now is
the /etc/initrd-release file that identifies the initrd as one.
the presence of the /etc/initrd-release file.
* A new kernel command line option systemd.cpu_affinity= is now
understood. It's equivalent to the CPUAffinity= option in
/etc/systemd/system.conf and allows setting the CPU mask for PID 1
itself and the default for all forked off processes.
itself and the default for all other processes.
* When systemd/PID 1 is reloaded (with systemctl daemon-reload or an
equivalent tool) the SELinux database is now reloaded, ensuring that
* When systemd/PID 1 is reloaded (with systemctl daemon-reload or
equivalent), the SELinux database is now reloaded, ensuring that
sockets and other file system objects are generated taking the new
database into account.
* The sd-event.h API now has native support for the new Linux "pidfd"
* The sd-event.h API gained native support for the new Linux "pidfd"
concept. This permits watching processes using file descriptors
instead of PID numbers, which fixes a number of races and makes
process supervision more robust and more efficient. All of systemd's
process supervision more robust and efficient. All of systemd's
components will now use pidfds if the kernel supports it for process
watching, with the exception of PID 1 itself, unfortunately. We hope
to move PID 1 to exclusively using pidfds too eventually, but this
@ -122,13 +118,13 @@ CHANGES WITH 245 in spe:
* Closely related to this, the sd-event.h API gained two new calls
sd_event_source_send_child_signal() (for sending a signal to a
watched process) and sd_event_source_get_child_process_own() (for
marking a process so that it is killed implicitly whenever the event
source watching it is freed).
marking a process so that it is killed automatically whenever the
event source watching it is freed).
* systemd-networkd gained support for configuring Token Bucket Filter
(TBF) parameters in its qdisc configuration support. Similar, support
for Stochastic Fairness Queuing (SFQ), Controlled-Delay Active
Queue Management (CoDel), Fair Queueing (FQ) has been added.
(TBF) parameters in its qdisc configuration support. Similarly,
support for Stochastic Fairness Queuing (SFQ), Controlled-Delay
Active Queue Management (CoDel), and Fair Queue (FQ) has been added.
* systemd-networkd gained support for Intermediate Functional Block
(IFB) network devices.
@ -136,40 +132,39 @@ CHANGES WITH 245 in spe:
* systemd-networkd gained support for configuring multi-path IP routes,
using the new MultiPathRoute= setting in the [Route] section.
* systemd-networkd's DHCPv4 support has been updated to support a new
SendDecline= option. If enabled duplicate address detection is done
after a DHCP offer is received from a server. If a conflict is
detected the address is declined. The DHCPv4 support also gained
* systemd-networkd's DHCPv4 client has been updated to support a new
SendDecline= option. If enabled, duplicate address detection is done
after a DHCP offer is received from the server. If a conflict is
detected, the address is declined. The DHCPv4 client also gained
support for a new RouteMTUBytes= setting that allows to configure the
MTU size to be used for routes generated from DHCPv4 leases.
* The PrefixRoute= setting in systemd-networkd's [Address] section of
.network files has been deprecated, and replaced by AddPrefixRoute=,
with it's sense inverted.
with its sense inverted.
* The Gateway= setting of [Route] sections of .network files gained
support for a special new value "_dhcp". If set, the configured
static route uses the gateway host configured via DHCP.
* A new User= setting has been implemented for the [RoutingPolicyRule]
section of .network files for configuring source routing based on UID
section of .network files to configure source routing based on UID
ranges.
* sd-bus gained a new API call sd_bus_message_sensitive() for marking a
D-Bus message object as "sensitive". Objects that are marked that way
are erased from memory when they are freed. This concept is intended
to be used for messages that contain security sensitive data that
should be erased after use. A new flag SD_BUS_VTABLE_SENSITIVE has
been introduced as well that allows marking method calls in sd-bus
vtables like this, so that this new message flag is implicitly set
for incoming and outgoing messages of specific methods.
* sd-bus gained a new API call sd_bus_message_sensitive() that marks a
D-Bus message object as "sensitive". Those objects are erased from
memory when they are freed. This concept is intended to be used for
messages that contain security sensitive data. A new flag
SD_BUS_VTABLE_SENSITIVE has been introduced as well to mark methods
in sd-bus vtables, causing any incoming and outgoing messages of
those methods to be implicitly marked as "sensitive".
* sd-bus gained a new API call sd_bus_message_dump() for dumping the
contents of a message (or parts thereof) onto standard output, for
contents of a message (or parts thereof) to standard output for
debugging purposes.
* systemd-sysusers gained support for creating users with primary
groups named differently than the user itself.
* systemd-sysusers gained support for creating users with the primary
group named differently than the user.
* systemd-resolved's DNS-over-TLS support gained SNI validation.
@ -178,13 +173,13 @@ CHANGES WITH 245 in spe:
only ext4 and btrfs partitions.
* The support for /etc/crypttab gained a new x-initrd.attach option. If
set the specified encrypted volume is unlocked in the initrd
already. This concept corresponds to the x-initrd.mount option in
set, the specified encrypted volume is unlocked already in the
initrd. This concept corresponds to the x-initrd.mount option in
/etc/fstab.
* systemd-cryptsetup gained native support for unlocking encrypted
volumes utilizing PKCS#11 smartcards, i.e. for example to bind
encryption of volumes to YubiKeys.This is exposed in the new
encryption of volumes to YubiKeys. This is exposed in the new
pkcs11-uri= option in /etc/crypttab.
* The /etc/fstab support in systemd now supports two new mount options
@ -194,42 +189,41 @@ CHANGES WITH 245 in spe:
* The https://systemd.io/ web site has been relaunched, directly
populated with most of the documentation included in the systemd
repository. In particular, systemd acquired a new logo, thanks to
Tobias Bernard.
repository. systemd also acquired a new logo, thanks to Tobias
Bernard.
* systemd-udevd gained support for managing "alternative" network
interface names, as supported by new Linux kernels. For the first
time this permits assigning multiple (and longer!) names to a network
interface. systemd-udevd will now by default assign the names
generated via all supported naming schemes to each interface in
parallel. This may be further tweaked with .link drop-in files, and
the AlternativeName= and AlternativeNamesPolicy= settings. All other
components of systemd have been updated to support the new
alternative names too, wherever that is appropriate. For example,
systemd-nspawn will now generate alternative interface names for the
host-facing side of container veth links based on the full container
name without truncation.
generated via all supported naming schemes to each interface. This
may be further tweaked with .link files and the AlternativeName= and
AlternativeNamesPolicy= settings. Other components of systemd have
been updated to support the new alternative names wherever
appropriate. For example, systemd-nspawn will now generate
alternative interface names for the host-facing side of container
veth links based on the full container name without truncation.
* systemd-nspawn interface naming logic has been updated in another way
too: if the main interface name (i.e. as opposed to new-style
"alternative" names) is the truncated result of container name a
simple hashing scheme is used that ensures that multiple containers
whose name all begin the same are likely resulting in different
interface names. Since this changes the primary interface names
pointing to containers if truncation happens the old scheme may still
be requested by selecting a different naming scheme than the v245
one, via the net.naming-scheme= kernel command line option.
"alternative" names) based on the container name is truncated, a
simple hashing scheme is used to give different interface names to
multiple containers whose names all begin with the same prefix. Since
this changes the primary interface names pointing to containers if
truncation happens, the old scheme may still be requested by
selecting an older naming scheme, via the net.naming-scheme= kernel
command line option.
* PrivateUsers= in service files now works in services run by the
systemd --user per-user instance of the service manager.
* A new per-service sandboxing option ProtectClock= has been added that
locks down write access to the system clock. It takes away device
node access to /dev/rtc as well as the system calls that allow to set
the system clock. It also removes the CAP_SYS_TIME and CAP_WAKE_ALARM
capabilities. Note that this option does not affect access to
auxiliary services that allow changing the clock, for example access
to systemd-timedated.
node access to /dev/rtc as well as the system calls that set the
system clock and the CAP_SYS_TIME and CAP_WAKE_ALARM capabilities.
Note that this option does not affect access to auxiliary services
that allow changing the clock, for example access to
systemd-timedated.
* The systemd-id128 tool gained a new "show" verb for listing or
resolving a number of well-known UUIDs/128bit IDs, currently mostly
@ -257,13 +251,22 @@ CHANGES WITH 245 in spe:
permanent MAC address of a network device even if a randomized MAC
address is used.
* systemd-logind will now validate access to the operation for changing
virtual terminals via a PolicyKit action. By default only users with
at least one session on a local VT will get access to the method call.
* The [TrafficControlQueueingDiscipline] section in .network files has
been renamed to [NetworkEmulator] with the "NetworkEmulator" prefix
dropped from the individual setting names.
* When systemd sets up PAM sessions that invoked service processes shall
run in, the pam_setcred() API is now invoked, thus permitting PAM
modules to set additional credentials for the processes.
* Any .link and .network files that have an empty [Match] section (this
also includes empty and commented-out files) will now be
rejected. systemd-udev and systemd-networkd started warning about
such files in version 243.
* systemd-logind will now validate access to the operation of changing
the virtual terminal via a PolicyKit action. By default, only users
with at least one session on a local VT are granted permission.
* When systemd sets up PAM sessions that invoked service processes
shall run in, the pam_setcred() API is now invoked, thus permitting
PAM modules to set additional credentials for the processes.
…
@ -7181,10 +7184,9 @@ CHANGES WITH 213:
* A new fsck.repair= kernel option has been added to control
how fsck shall deal with unclean file systems at boot.
* The (.ini) configuration file parser will now silently
ignore sections whose name begins with "X-". This may be
used to maintain application-specific extension sections in unit
files.
* The (.ini) configuration file parser will now silently ignore
sections whose names begin with "X-". This may be used to maintain
application-specific extension sections in unit files.
* machined gained a new API to query the IP addresses of
registered containers. "machinectl status" has been updated

25
man/systemd.special.xml
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@ -848,20 +848,19 @@
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>blockdev@.target</filename></term>
<listitem><para>This template unit may be used to order mount units and other consumers of block
devices against services that synthesize these block devices. This is intended to be used to order
storage services (such as
<listitem><para>This template unit is used to order mount units and other consumers of block
devices after services that synthesize these block devices. In particular, this is intended to be
used with storage services (such as
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
that allocate and manage a virtual block device against mount units and other consumers of
it. Specifically, the storage services are supposed to be orderd before an instance of
<filename>blockdev@.target</filename>, and the mount unit (or other consuming unit, such as a swap
unit) after it. The ordering is particular relevant during shutdown, as it ensures that the mount
is deactivated first and the service backing the mount only deactivated after that completed. The
<filename>blockdev@.target</filename> instance should be pulled in via a <option>Wants=</option>
dependency of the storage daemon and thus generally not be part of any transaction unless a storage
daemon is used. The instance name for instances of this template unit is supposed to be the
properly escaped bock device node path, e.g. <filename>blockdev@dev-mapper-foobar.target</filename>
for a storage device <filename>/dev/mapper/foobar</filename>.</para></listitem>
that allocate and manage a virtual block device. Storage services are ordered before an instance of
<filename>blockdev@.target</filename>, and the consumer units after it. The ordering is
particularly relevant during shutdown, as it ensures that the mount is deactivated first and the
service backing the mount later. The <filename>blockdev@.target</filename> instance should be
pulled in via a <option>Wants=</option> dependency of the storage daemon and thus generally not be
part of any transaction unless a storage daemon is used. The instance name for instances of this
template unit must be a properly escaped block device node path, e.g.
<filename>blockdev@dev-mapper-foobar.target</filename> for the storage device
<filename>/dev/mapper/foobar</filename>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>cryptsetup-pre.target</filename></term>

20
man/sysusers.d.xml
View File

@ -25,6 +25,16 @@
<para><filename>/etc/sysusers.d/*.conf</filename></para>
<para><filename>/run/sysusers.d/*.conf</filename></para>
<para><filename>/usr/lib/sysusers.d/*.conf</filename></para>
<programlisting>
#Type Name ID GECOS Home directory Shell
u user_name uid "User Description" /path/to/shell
u user_name uid:gid - -
u user_name /file/owned/by/user - -
g group_name gid "Group Description"
g group_name /file/owned/by/group -
m user_name group_name
r - lowest-highest</programlisting>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1>
@ -81,11 +91,13 @@
<programlisting>#Type Name ID GECOS Home directory Shell
u httpd 404 "HTTP User"
u authd /usr/bin/authd "Authorization user"
u _authd /usr/bin/authd "Authorization user"
u postgres - "Postgresql Database" /var/lib/pgsql /usr/libexec/postgresdb
g input - -
m authd input
u root 0 "Superuser" /root /bin/zsh</programlisting>
m _authd input
u root 0 "Superuser" /root /bin/zsh
r - 500-900
</programlisting>
<para>Empty lines and lines beginning with the <literal>#</literal> character are ignored, and may be used for
commenting.</para>
@ -109,7 +121,7 @@ u root 0 "Superuser" /root /bin/zsh</pro
<term><varname>g</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Create a system group of the specified name
should it not exist yet. Note that <varname>u</varname>
implicitly create a matching group. The group will be
implicitly creates a matching group. The group will be
created with no password set.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>