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When using "capture : true" in custom_target()s the mode of the source
file is not preserved when the generated file is not installed and so
needs to be tweaked manually. Switch from output capture to creating the
target file and copy the permissions from the input file.
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <christian.brauner@ubuntu.com>
This introduces `ExitType=main|cgroup` for services.
Similar to how `Type` specifies the launch of a service, `ExitType` is
concerned with how systemd determines that a service exited.
- If set to `main` (the current behavior), the service manager will consider
the unit stopped when the main process exits.
- The `cgroup` exit type is meant for applications whose forking model is not
known ahead of time and which might not have a specific main process.
The service will stay running as long as at least one process in the cgroup
is running. This is intended for transient or automatically generated
services, such as graphical applications inside of a desktop environment.
Motivation for this is #16805. The original PR (#18782) was reverted (#20073)
after realizing that the exit status of "the last process in the cgroup" can't
reliably be known (#19385)
This version instead uses the main process exit status if there is one and just
listens to the cgroup empty event otherwise.
The advantages of a service with `ExitType=cgroup` over scopes are:
- Integrated logging / stdout redirection
- Avoids the race / synchronisation issue between launch and scope creation
- More extensive use of drop-ins and thus distro-level configuration:
by moving from scopes to services we can have drop ins that will affect
properties that can only be set during service creation,
like `OOMPolicy` and security-related properties
- It makes systemd-xdg-autostart-generator usable by fixing [1], as obviously
only services can be used in the generator, not scopes.
[1] https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=433299
In some cases an offline analysis should ignore some fields, for example
a portable service in an image will never list RootImage/RootDirectory, as
they are added at runtime, and thus can be skipped.
Let's document this for now. We should be able to lift these limitations
sooner or later, at which point we can drop this documentation again.
These two limitations are a pitfall that people should be aware of,
before going FIDO2-only.
See: #20230#19208
Those devices show up as /sys/devices/vif-N, let's use that number
to name them enXN.
Without this, all schemes fail and they keep the kernel names, which can
be racy.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
To prevent situations like in #17602 from happening, let's drop
direct recursive template dependencies. These will almost certainly
lead to infinite recursion so let's drop them immediately to avoid
instantiating potentially thousands of irrelevant units.
Example of a template that would lead to infinite recursion which
is caught by this check:
notify@.service:
```
[Unit]
Wants=notify@%n.service
```
When combined with a tmpfs on /run or /var/lib, allows to create
arbitrary and ephemeral symlinks for StateDirectory or RuntimeDirectory.
This is especially useful when sharing these directories between
different services, to make the same state/runtime directory 'backend'
appear as different names to each service, so that they can be added/removed
to a sharing agreement transparently, without code changes.
An example (simplified, but real) use case:
foo.service:
StateDirectory=foo
bar.service:
StateDirectory=bar
foo.service.d/shared.conf:
StateDirectory=
StateDirectory=shared:foo
bar.service.d/shared.conf:
StateDirectory=
StateDirectory=shared:bar
foo and bar use respectively /var/lib/foo and /var/lib/bar. Then
the orchestration layer decides to stop this sharing, the drop-in
can be removed. The services won't need any update and will keep
working and being able to store state, transparently.
To keep backward compatibility, new DBUS messages are added.
This is useful since certain shares can only be mounted with additional
mount flags. For example the SMB share in modern AVM Fritz!Boxes
requires "noserverino" to be set to work from Linux.
Allow specifying CIFS services in the format //host/service/subdir/… to
allow multiple homedirs on the same share, and not in the main dir of
the share.
All other backends allow placing the data store at arbitrary places,
let's allow this too for the CIFS backend. This is particularly useful
for testing.
The setting is completely meaningless, as WithoutRA= and UseDelegatedPrefix=
in [DHCPv6] section, and DHCPv6Client= in [IPv6AcceptRA] section control
the behavior.
Previously, the prefix delegation is enabled when at least one
downstream interfaces request it. But, when the DHCPv6 client on the
upstream interface is configured, some downstream interfaces may not
exist yet, nor have .network file assigned.
Also, if a system has thousands of interfaces, then the previous logic
introduce O(n^2) search.
This makes the prefix delegation is always enabled, except when it is
explicitly disabled. Hopefully, that should not break anything, as the
DHCPv6 server should ignore the prefix delegation request if the server
do not have any prefix to delegate.
This is useful if the auto-firmware setting has been disabled. The
keys used here are based on what the majority of firmware employ in
the wild.
This also ensures there's a chance for the user to discover this in
case they were too slow during POST or simply used the wrong ones.
This is supposed to be used by package/image builders such as mkosi to
speed up building, since it allows us to suppress sync() inside a
container.
This does what Debian's eatmydata tool does, but for a container, and
via seccomp (instead of LD_PRELOAD).
When Assign= in [DHCPv6PrefixDelegation] is enabled, then the kernel
will create the prefix route for the assigned address with metric 256.
When Assign= is disabled, then the kernel will create the route with
metric 1024.
For the default value, we should choose a smaller value (higher priority)
than 1024, as the unreachable routes for delegated prefix will be
configured with 1024.
This adds support for dm integrity targets and an associated
/etc/integritytab file which is required as the dm integrity device
super block doesn't include all of the required metadata to bring up
the device correctly. See integritytab man page for details.
This option has coredumpctl look at all journals instead of only the
local ones. This allows coredumpctl to show information about remote
coredumps if the coredumps are made available in /var/lib/systemd/coredump
and the corresponding journals are made available in /var/log/journal.
This is already possible using the --directory option but --all makes it
more user friendly since users don't have to enter the journal directory
anymore as long as it's available under /var/log/journal.
Let's make our service managers slightly less likely to be killed by the
OOM killer by adjusting our services' OOM score adjustment to 100 above
ours. Do this conservatively, i.e. only for regular user sessions.
All other examples were relicensed to CC0-1.0 since they are intended
to be copied and pasted anywhere without any restrictions.
Relicense the last one too.
Documentation is licensed under LGPL-2.1-or-later.
Scripts are MIT to facilitate reuse.
Examples are relicensed to CC0-1.0 to maximise copy-and-paste
for users, with permission from authors.
systemd-udevd.service listens to kernel uevents and is needed for device
units to be available.
systemd-udevd.service is misspelled as systemd-udev.service in a couple places.
Fixing typo.
It's not "const", it can change any time if people change the fs, and we
don#t send out notifications for it. Hence don't claim it was const.
(Otherwise clients might cache it, but they should not)
Prompted-by: #20792
Currently there does not exist a way to specify a path relative to which
all binaries executed by Exec should be found. The only way is to
specify the absolute path.
This change implements the functionality to specify a path relative to which
binaries executed by Exec*= can be found.
Closes#6308
For some unit types we have hundreds of options, and the reader may easily miss
that more options are described in other pages. We already mentioned this in
the introduction and then at the top of the option list, but it can't hurt to
repeat the information.
Also, add an (almost empty) Options section for the unit types which don't have
any custom options. It is nicer to have the same page structure in all cases,
so people can jump between pages for different types more easily.
The existing text must have been written before systemd-sysv-generator was
created. We don't create the wrappers dynamically since a long time.
Also add more links and make the description conditional on "if compat
is enabled".
They are somewhat similar, but not easy to discover, esp. considering that
they are described in different pages.
For PrivateDevices=, split out the first paragraph that gives the high-level
overview. (The giant second paragraph could also use some heavy editing to break
it up into more digestible chunks, alas.)
timedatectl(1) says the synchronization service list generation is
described "below", but in reality it is documented in
systemd-timedated.service(8).
Fix the sentence to reference the correct man page.
This is an effort to compile a somewhat complete list how PCRs are
actually used on Linux systems these days. It contains data from: the
UEFI PC spec, the shim, the IMA, grub documentation.
I validated these PCRs to some level in the sources.
The grub specific stuff I only added in comments, since I was too lazy
too validate it (also, meh, grub).
It also gives people a hint on which PCR to bind to (and maybe kind of
an explanation of our default choice).
In the past bridge devices used to be created with a generated MAC address
thwarting the inheritance of the first slave's MAC address. This has been
changed by commit [1] some time ago. Reflect that behavioral change in the
documentation.
[1] deb2cfa4c6 ("networkd: do not generate MAC for bridge device.")
The new option --json= works with the 'security' verb and takes in one of three format flags.
These are off which is the default, pretty and short which use JSON format flags for output.
When set to true, it generates a JSON formatted output of the security analysis table. The
format is a JSON array with objects containing the following fields: set which indicates if
the id has been set or not, name which is what is used to refer to the id, json_field
which is the equivalent JSON formatted id name only used for JSON outputs, description which
is an outline of the id state, and exposure which is an unsigned integer in the range 0.0..10.0,
where a higher value corresponds to a higher security threat. The JSON version of the table is
printed on the standard output file.
Example Run:
The unit file testfile.service was created to test the --json= option
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (json-security)$ cat <<EOF >testfile.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> PrivateMounts = yes
> PrivateDevices = yes
> EOF
Both the JSON output and the security analysis table below have been truncated to increase readability.
1. Testing for when --json=off
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (json-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --json=off --root= --offline=true
testfile.service --no-pager
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/foo.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✓ PrivateNetwork= Service has no access to the host's network
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet=~CAP_SET(UID|GID|PCAP) Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities 0.3
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet=~CAP_NET_ADMIN Service has administrator privileges 0.3
→ Overall exposure level for testfile.service: 8.3 EXPOSED 🙁
2. Testing for when --json=pretty
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (json-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --json=pretty --root= --offline=true
testfile.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/foo.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
[
{
"set" : true,
"name" : "PrivateNetwork=",
"json-field" : "PrivateNetwork",
"description" : "Service has no access to the host's network",
"exposure" : null
},
{
"set" : false,
"name" : "User=/DynamicUser=",
"json-field" : "UserOrDynamicUser",
"decsription" : "Service runs as root user",
"exposure" : "0.4"
},
{
"set" : false,
"name" : "CapabilityBoundingSet=~CAP_SET(UID|GID|PCAP)",
"json_field" : "CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP",
"description" : "Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities",
"exposure" : "0.3"
},
{
"set" : false,
"name" : "CapabilityBoundingSet=~CAP_NET_ADMIN",
"json_field" : "CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_ADMIN",
"description" : "Service has administrator privileges",
"exposure" : "0.3"
},
...
]
3. Testing for when --json=short
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (json-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --json=short --root= --offline=true
testfile.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/foo.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
[{"set":true,"name":"PrivateNetwork=", "json_field":"PrivateNetwork", "description":"Service has no access to the host's network","exposure":null}, ...]
For most fields, the text shown by `.id` is the value that should be set
in the unit file; however, for RestrictNamespaces, it is not. Changing
this to show the actual text makes it more clear to a user what the
actual change that needs to be made to the unit file is.
A new option --security-policy= is added to work with the 'security' verb in order to enable
users to create and pass in a JSON file consisting of user defined requirements
against which to compare the specified unit file(s). These requirements then serve
as the measure of security threats for the file instead of the initial hard coded set of
requirements that the 'security' verb of systemd-analyze relied on.
Example Run:
A snapshot of the user defined testfile.json file is shown below instead of the complete file
for readability purposes.
{
"PrivateDevices":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
"description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateMounts":
{"description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
"description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateTmp":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateUsers":
{"description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
}
}
1. I created the jsontest.service file in order to test the --security-policy= option as follows:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ cat<<EOF>jsontest.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> PrivateDevices = yes
> PrivateMounts = yes
> EOF
The security analysis table outputted below has been truncated to include only the first few lines for readability.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service has no access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 8.3 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
2. In order to ensure that the JSON data was actually being correctly parsed, I made some changes to the JSON
file, specifically to the id "PrivateNetwork" as follows:
Before:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
}
After:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service runs without access to host network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 6000,
"range": 1
}
As expected, the new description for the description_good field of the Private Network id was updated in
the analysis table outputted below and the overall exposure level of the unit file decreased because
the weight assigned to 'Private Network' (which is set to yes) increased from 2500 to 6000.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
3. When paired with security's --threshold= option, systemd-analyze exits with a non-zero error status indicating
that the overall exposure level for the unit file (=78) is greater than the set threshold (=70). The same
jsontest.service file is used for the demo run below:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json --threshold=70 jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to host network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 1
new option
Previously volatile-root was only checked if "/" wasn't backed by a
block device, but the block device isn't necessarily original root block
device (ex: if the rootfs is copied to a ext4 fs backed by zram in the
initramfs), so we always want volatile-root checked.
So shuffle the code around so volatile-root is checked first and
fallback to the automatic logic.
Fix#20557
The `sd_path_lookup(3)` man page states that the returned string shall be
`free(3)`'d but then doesn't do so in the example code.
Also add basic error handling as well.
--threshold option added to work with security verb and with the --offline option so that
users can determine what qualifies as a security threat. The threshold set by the user is
compared with the overall exposure level assigned to a unit file and if the exposure is
higher than the threshold, 'security' will return a non-zero exit status. The default value
of the --threshold option is 100.
Example Run:
1. testcase.service is a unit file created for testing the --threshold option
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ cat<<EOF>testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> EOF
For the purposes of this demo, the security table outputted below has been cut to show only the first two security settings.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
2. Next, we use the same testcase.service file but add an additional --threshold=60 parameter. We would expect 'security' to exit
with a non-zero status because the overall exposure level (= 96) is higher than the set threshold (= 60).
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true --threshold=60 testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 1
New option --offline which works with the 'security' command and takes in a boolean value. When set to true,
it performs an offline security review of the specified unit file(s). It does not rely on PID 1 to acquire
security information for the files like 'security' when used by itself does. It makes use of the refactored
security_info struct instead (commit #8cd669d3d3cf1b5e8667acc46ba290a9e8a8e529). This means that --offline can be
used with --image and --root as well. When used with --threshold, if a unit's overall exposure level is above
that set by the user, the default value being 100, --offline returns a non-zero exit status.
Example Run:
1. testcase.service is a unit file created for testing the --offline option
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ cat<<EOF>testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> EOF
For the purposes of this demo, the security table outputted below has been cut to show only the first two security settings.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
2. The testcase.service unit file is modified to set PrivateNetwork to "yes". This reduces the exposure level from 9.6 to 9.1.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ nano testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> EOF
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✓ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.1 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
3. Next, we use the same testcase.service unit file but add the additional --threshold=60 option to see how --threshold works with
--offline. Since the overall exposure level is 91 which is greater than the threshold value set by the user (= 60), we can expect
a non-zero exit status.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true --threshold=60 testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✓ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.1 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 1
Follow-up for 406041b7de.
Also, this makes
- the settings accept an empty string,
- if the specified value is too large, also use the advertised maximum
value.
- mention the range of the value in the man page.
"max" indicates the hardware advertised maximum queue buffer size
should be used.
The max sizes can be checked by running `ethtool -g <dev>` (Preset maximums).
Since the buffer sizes can't be set to 0 by users, internally we use 0 to
indicate that the hardware advertised maximum should be used.
Previously, when Priority= is unspecified, networkd configured the rule with
the highest (=0) priority. This commit makes networkd distinguish the case
the setting is unspecified and one explicitly specified as Priority=0.
Note.
1) If the priority is unspecified on configure, then kernel dynamically picks
a priority for the rule.
2) The new behavior is consistent with 'ip rule' command.
Replaces #15606.
Making keys case insensitive should help if caps lock is on.
We are not advertising them at runtime or in the manual to
reduce the noise.
This also hides the quit and version commands from the help
string. They are mostly for devs and otherwise have little
to no use to normal users. The latter overlaps with print
status which is still advertised.
Note that this slightly breaks backward compatibility when
Termination=1. Previously, this is handled as boolean true, then 120 ohm
was used. But now with this commit, it is handled as 1 ohm.
The commit introduces a callback invoked from log_syntax_internal.
Use it from systemd-analyze to gather a list of units that contain
syntax warnings. A new command line option is added to make use of this.
The new option --recursive-errors takes in three possible modes:
1. yes - which is the default. systemd-analyze exits with an error when syntax warnings arise during verification of the
specified units or any of their dependencies.
3. no - systemd-analyze exits with an error when syntax warnings arise during verification of only the selected unit.
Analyzing and loading any dependencies will be skipped.
4. one - systemd-analyze exits with an error when syntax warnings arise during verification
of only the selected units and their direct dependencies.
Below are two service unit files that I created for the purposes of testing:
1. First, we run the commands on a unit that does not have dependencies but has a non-existing key-value setting (i.e. foo = bar).
> cat <<EOF>testcase.service
[Unit]
foo = bar
[Service]
ExecStart = echo hello
EOF
OUTPUT:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=yes testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=no testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=one testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
2. Next, we run the commands on a unit that is syntactically valid but has a non-existing dependency (i.e. foo2.service)
> cat <<EOF>foobar.service
[Unit]
Requires = foo2.service
[Service]
ExecStart = echo hello
EOF
OUTPUT:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify foobar.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
foobar.service: Failed to create foobar.service/start: Unit foo2.service not found.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=yes foobar.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
foobar.service: Failed to create foobar.service/start: Unit foo2.service not found.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=no foobar.service
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
0
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=one foobar.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
foobar.service: Failed to create foobar.service/start: Unit foo2.service not found.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
systemd-socket-activate has supported such a mode since
5e65c93a43. '--setenv=FOO=$FOO' is a fairly
common use in scripts, and it's nicer to do this automatically without worrying
about quoting and whatnot.
https://github.com/systemd/mkosi/pull/765 added the same to 'mkosi --environment='.
Adding --image parameter for verify verb using the dissect image functionality
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example Run:
I created a unit service file testrun.service with an invalid key-value pairing
(foo = bar) and a squashfs image run.raw to test the code.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (img-support)$ cat <<EOF>img/usr/lib/systemd/system/testrun.service
> [Unit]
> foo = bar
>
> [Service]
> ExecStart = /opt/script0.sh
> EOF
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (img-support)$ mksquashfs img/ run.raw
Parallel mksquashfs: Using 4 processors
Creating 4.0 filesystem on run.raw, block size 131072.
[==============================================================================================================================|] 6/6 100%
Exportable Squashfs 4.0 filesystem, gzip compressed, data block size 131072
compressed data, compressed metadata, compressed fragments, compressed xattrs
duplicates are removed
Filesystem size 0.60 Kbytes (0.00 Mbytes)
52.32% of uncompressed filesystem size (1.14 Kbytes)
Inode table size 166 bytes (0.16 Kbytes)
43.01% of uncompressed inode table size (386 bytes)
Directory table size 153 bytes (0.15 Kbytes)
58.40% of uncompressed directory table size (262 bytes)
Number of duplicate files found 1
Number of inodes 12
Number of files 6
Number of fragments 1
Number of symbolic links 0
Number of device nodes 0
Number of fifo nodes 0
Number of socket nodes 0
Number of directories 6
Number of ids (unique uids + gids) 1
Number of uids 1
maanya-goenka (1000)
Number of gids 1
maanya-goenka (1000)
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (img-support)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --image=run.raw testrun.service
/tmp/.#systemd-analyzec71c7297a936b91c/usr/lib/systemd/system/testrun.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
testrun.service: Failed to create testrun.service/start: Unit sysinit.target not found.
The 'Unit sysinit.target not found' error that we see here is due to recursive dependency searching during
unit loading and has been addressed in a different PR:
systemd-analyze: add option to return an error value when unit verification fails #20233
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example Run:
foobar.service created below is a service unit file that has a non-existing key-value
pairing (foo = bar) and is thus, syntactically invalid.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (img-support)$ cat <<EOF>img/usr/lib/systemd/system/foobar.service
> [Unit]
> foo = bar
>
> [Service]
> ExecStart = /opt/script0.sh
> EOF
The failure to create foobar.service because of the recursive dependency searching and verification has been addressed
in a different PR: systemd-analyze: add option to return an error value when unit verification fails #20233
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (img-support)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --root=img/ foobar.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/img/usr/lib/systemd/system/foobar.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
foobar.service: Failed to create foobar.service/start: Unit sysinit.target not found.
Previously, the "bootctl update" logic would refrain from downrgading a
boot loader, but if the boot loader that is installed already matched
the version we could install we'd install it anyway, under the
assumption this was effectively without effect. This behaviour was handy
while developing boot loaders, since installing a modified boot loader
didn't require a version bump.
However, outside of the systems of boot loader developers I don't think
this behaviour makes much sense: we should always emphasize doing
minimal changes to the ESP, hence when an update is supposedly not
necessary, then don't do it. Only update if it really makes sense, to
minimize writes to the ESP. Updating the boot loader is a good thing
after all, but doing so redundantly is not.
Also, downgrade the message about this to LOG_NOTICE, given this
shouldn't be a reason to log.
Finally, exit cleanly in this cases (or if another boot loader is
detected)
Before this patch, there was no way to request all running user instances for
reexecuting. However this can be useful especially during package updates
otherwise user instances are never updated and keep running a potentially very
old version of the binaries.
Now assuming that we have enough priviledge, it's possible to request
reexecution of all user instances:
systemctl kill --signal=SIGRTMIN+25 "user@*.service"
Note that this request is obviously asynchronous as it relies on a
signal. Keeping "systemctl kill" as the only interface should be good enough to
make this obvious and that's the reason why another interface, such as
"systemctl --global daemon-reexec" has not been considered.
PID1 already uses SIGTERM for reexecuting hence sending it SIGRTMIN+25 is a
nop.
The text used "unit's view" to mean mount namespace. But we talk about
mount namespaces in the later part of the paragraph anyway, so trying to
use an "approachable term" only makes the whole thing harder to understand.
Let's use the precise term.
Some paragraph-breaking and re-indentation is done too.
This undoes part of 4c890ad3cc: the
implementations of update-dbus-docs and update-man-rules are moved back to
man/meson.build, and alias_target() is used to keep the visible target names
unchanged.
The rules for man pages are reworked so that it's possible to invoke the
targets even if xstlproc is not available. After all, xsltproc is only needed
for the final formatted output, and not other processing.
There is some inconsistency, partially caused by the awkward naming
of the docs/ pages. But let's be consistent and use the "official" title.
If we ever change plural↔singular, we should use the same form everywhere.
nss-resolve also looks in /etc/hosts, and has the same local hostname
resolving logic as nss-myhostname. We shouldn't recommend another order
than nss-resolve uses internally.
When nss-resolve is used, there's no possibility to override
nss-myhostname hosts via DNS *anyway*.
On top of that, it's not a good idea to allow DNS to override local
hostnames as all - at least not something we should advertise in the
docs.
Followup of f918c67d38 /
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/16754.
Updated manpage for sd_bus_set_property and sd_bus_set_propertyv. In the old manpage, these functions included the parameter sd_bus_message **reply when the actual function had no such argument.
* Fixed typo
Before, the file claimed that some systemd units are created "from other
configuration". It should have read "from other configuration files".
Co-authored-by: Nozz <nozolo90@gmail.com>
Since f4b2933ee7
if a description is not set, sd_bus_open_with_description returns -ENXIO, but the
documnetation stated that it returned successfully with a NULL string.
This reverts commit cb0e818f7c.
After this was merged, some design and implementation issues were discovered,
see the discussion in #18782 and #19385. They certainly can be fixed, but so
far nobody has stepped up, and we're nearing a release. Hopefully, this feature
can be merged again after a rework.
Fixes#19345.
The code to print unit status formats had a long history, and became a
hard-to-manage mess of duplicate code parts. We would use sprintf() to
format a string, and then call sprintf() again… The code is reworked
to avoid repeated formattings and to streamline printing to the log
and the console.
The approach used in this patch is a bit more complex then in patches by Colin
Walter and Paweł Marciniak, because an allocation is only done if "combined"
format is used. In other cases we return the existing ->id or ->description
strings. The caller can also control whether a shorter or longer status string
should be used. This way the caller can use a shorter format where it makes
sense, for example in the cylon eye output, where we don't have enough
horizontal space.
Patch is based on Colin Walters' https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/15957,
and Paweł Marciniak's patch posted on fedora-devel.
Note: for some reason, the functions for printing of start and stop messages
were sepearated by some unrelated functions. They are moved to be consecutive,
but this makes the much more verbose than it would be otherwise. I found it
useful to view in gitk's "new" mode.
Co-authored-by: Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org>
Co-authored-by: Paweł Marciniak <sunwire+git@gmail.com>
Output from a Fedora Rawhide container boot (w/ some follow-up patches to
tweak Descriptions):
Welcome to Fedora 35 (Rawhide Prerelease)!
Queued start job for default target graphical.target.
[ OK ] Created slice system-getty.slice - Slice /system/getty.
[ OK ] Created slice system-modprobe.slice - Slice /system/modprobe.
[ OK ] Created slice system-sshd\x2dkeygen.slice - Slice /system/sshd-keygen.
[ OK ] Created slice user.slice - User and Session Slice.
[ OK ] Started systemd-ask-password-console.path - Dispatch Password Requests to Console Directory Watch.
[ OK ] Started systemd-ask-password-wall.path - Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch.
[ OK ] Reached target cryptsetup.target - Local Encrypted Volumes.
[ OK ] Reached target paths.target - Path Units.
[ OK ] Reached target remote-cryptsetup.target - Remote Encrypted Volumes.
[ OK ] Reached target remote-fs.target - Remote File Systems.
[ OK ] Reached target slices.target - Slice Units.
[ OK ] Reached target swap.target - Swaps.
[ OK ] Reached target veritysetup.target - Local Verity Integrity Protected Volumes.
[ OK ] Listening on systemd-coredump.socket - Process Core Dump Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on systemd-initctl.socket - initctl Compatibility Named Pipe.
[ OK ] Listening on systemd-journald-dev-log.socket - Journal Socket (/dev/log).
[ OK ] Listening on systemd-journald.socket - Journal Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on systemd-networkd.socket - Network Service Netlink Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on systemd-userdbd.socket - User Database Manager Socket.
Mounting dev-hugepages.mount - Huge Pages File System...
Starting systemd-journald.service - Journal Service...
Starting systemd-remount-fs.service - Remount Root and Kernel File Systems...
Starting systemd-sysctl.service - Apply Kernel Variables...
[ OK ] Mounted dev-hugepages.mount - Huge Pages File System.
[ OK ] Finished systemd-remount-fs.service - Remount Root and Kernel File Systems.
Starting systemd-hwdb-update.service - Rebuild Hardware Database...
Starting systemd-sysusers.service - Create System Users...
[ OK ] Finished systemd-sysctl.service - Apply Kernel Variables.
[ OK ] Started systemd-journald.service - Journal Service.
Starting systemd-journal-flush.service - Flush Journal to Persistent Storage...
[ OK ] Finished systemd-sysusers.service - Create System Users.
Starting systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service - Create Static Device Nodes in /dev...
[ OK ] Finished systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service - Create Static Device Nodes in /dev.
[ OK ] Reached target local-fs-pre.target - Preparation for Local File Systems.
[ OK ] Reached target local-fs.target - Local File Systems.
[ OK ] Reached target machines.target - Containers.
Starting dracut-shutdown.service - Restore /run/initramfs on shutdown...
Starting ldconfig.service - Rebuild Dynamic Linker Cache...
[ OK ] Finished dracut-shutdown.service - Restore /run/initramfs on shutdown.
[ OK ] Finished ldconfig.service - Rebuild Dynamic Linker Cache.
[ OK ] Finished systemd-journal-flush.service - Flush Journal to Persistent Storage.
Starting systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service - Create Volatile Files and Directories...
[ OK ] Finished systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service - Create Volatile Files and Directories.
Starting systemd-journal-catalog-update.service - Rebuild Journal Catalog...
Starting systemd-oomd.service - Userspace Out-Of-Memory (OOM) Killer...
Starting systemd-update-utmp.service - Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown...
Starting systemd-userdbd.service - User Database Manager...
[ OK ] Finished systemd-update-utmp.service - Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown.
[ OK ] Finished systemd-journal-catalog-update.service - Rebuild Journal Catalog.
[ OK ] Started systemd-userdbd.service - User Database Manager.
[ OK ] Started systemd-oomd.service - Userspace Out-Of-Memory (OOM) Killer.
[ OK ] Finished systemd-hwdb-update.service - Rebuild Hardware Database.
Starting systemd-networkd.service - Network Configuration...
Starting systemd-update-done.service - Update is Completed...
[ OK ] Finished systemd-update-done.service - Update is Completed.
[ OK ] Reached target sysinit.target - System Initialization.
[ OK ] Started dnf-makecache.timer - dnf makecache --timer.
[ OK ] Started logrotate.timer - Daily rotation of log files.
[ OK ] Started systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer - Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories.
[ OK ] Reached target timers.target - Timer Units.
[ OK ] Listening on dbus.socket - D-Bus System Message Bus Socket.
[ OK ] Reached target sockets.target - Socket Units.
[ OK ] Reached target basic.target - Basic System.
[ OK ] Reached target sshd-keygen.target.
Starting sysstat.service - Resets System Activity Logs...
Starting systemd-homed.service - Home Area Manager...
Starting systemd-logind.service - User Login Management...
Starting dbus-broker.service - D-Bus System Message Bus...
[FAILED] Failed to start sysstat.service - Resets System Activity Logs.
See 'systemctl status sysstat.service' for details.
[ OK ] Started dbus-broker.service - D-Bus System Message Bus.
[ OK ] Started systemd-homed.service - Home Area Manager.
[ OK ] Finished systemd-homed-activate.service - Home Area Activation.
[ OK ] Started systemd-logind.service - User Login Management.
[ OK ] Started systemd-networkd.service - Network Configuration.
Starting systemd-networkd-wait-online.service - Wait for Network to be Configured...
Starting systemd-resolved.service - Network Name Resolution...
[ OK ] Started systemd-resolved.service - Network Name Resolution.
[ OK ] Reached target network.target - Network.
[ OK ] Reached target nss-lookup.target - Host and Network Name Lookups.
Starting sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon...
Starting systemd-user-sessions.service - Permit User Sessions...
[ OK ] Finished systemd-user-sessions.service - Permit User Sessions.
[ OK ] Started console-getty.service - Console Getty.
[ OK ] Reached target getty.target - Login Prompts.
[ OK ] Started sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon.
[ OK ] Reached target multi-user.target - Multi-User System.
[ OK ] Reached target graphical.target - Graphical Interface.
Starting systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service - Update UTMP about System Runlevel Changes...
[ OK ] Finished systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service - Update UTMP about System Runlevel Changes.
Fedora 35 (Rawhide Prerelease)
Kernel 5.12.12-300.fc34.x86_64 on an x86_64 (console)
rawhide login: [ OK ] Stopped session-24.scope - Session 24 of User zbyszek.
[ OK ] Removed slice system-getty.slice - Slice /system/getty.
[ OK ] Removed slice system-modprobe.slice - Slice /system/modprobe.
[ OK ] Removed slice system-sshd\x2dkeygen.slice - Slice /system/sshd-keygen.
[ OK ] Stopped target graphical.target - Graphical Interface.
[ OK ] Stopped target multi-user.target - Multi-User System.
[ OK ] Stopped target getty.target - Login Prompts.
[ OK ] Stopped target machines.target - Containers.
[ OK ] Stopped target nss-lookup.target - Host and Network Name Lookups.
[ OK ] Stopped target remote-cryptsetup.target - Remote Encrypted Volumes.
[ OK ] Stopped target timers.target - Timer Units.
[ OK ] Stopped dnf-makecache.timer - dnf makecache --timer.
[ OK ] Stopped logrotate.timer - Daily rotation of log files.
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer - Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories.
[ OK ] Closed systemd-coredump.socket - Process Core Dump Socket.
Stopping console-getty.service - Console Getty...
Stopping dracut-shutdown.service - Restore /run/initramfs on shutdown...
Stopping sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon...
Stopping systemd-logind.service - User Login Management...
Stopping systemd-oomd.service - Userspace Out-Of-Memory (OOM) Killer...
Stopping user@1000.service - User Manager for UID 1000...
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-oomd.service - Userspace Out-Of-Memory (OOM) Killer.
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-networkd-wait-online.service - Wait for Network to be Configured.
[ OK ] Stopped sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon.
[ OK ] Stopped console-getty.service - Console Getty.
[ OK ] Stopped dracut-shutdown.service - Restore /run/initramfs on shutdown.
[ OK ] Stopped target sshd-keygen.target.
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-logind.service - User Login Management.
[ OK ] Stopped user@1000.service - User Manager for UID 1000.
Stopping user-runtime-dir@1000.service - User Runtime Directory /run/user/1000...
[ OK ] Unmounted run-user-1000.mount - /run/user/1000.
[ OK ] Stopped user-runtime-dir@1000.service - User Runtime Directory /run/user/1000.
[ OK ] Removed slice user-1000.slice - User Slice of UID 1000.
Stopping systemd-user-sessions.service - Permit User Sessions...
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-user-sessions.service - Permit User Sessions.
[ OK ] Stopped target network.target - Network.
[ OK ] Stopped target remote-fs.target - Remote File Systems.
Stopping systemd-homed-activate.service - Home Area Activation...
Stopping systemd-resolved.service - Network Name Resolution...
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-resolved.service - Network Name Resolution.
Stopping systemd-networkd.service - Network Configuration...
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-homed-activate.service - Home Area Activation.
Stopping systemd-homed.service - Home Area Manager...
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-homed.service - Home Area Manager.
[ OK ] Stopped target basic.target - Basic System.
[ OK ] Stopped target paths.target - Path Units.
[ OK ] Stopped target slices.target - Slice Units.
[ OK ] Removed slice user.slice - User and Session Slice.
[ OK ] Stopped target sockets.target - Socket Units.
Stopping dbus-broker.service - D-Bus System Message Bus...
[ OK ] Stopped dbus-broker.service - D-Bus System Message Bus.
[ OK ] Closed dbus.socket - D-Bus System Message Bus Socket.
[ OK ] Stopped target sysinit.target - System Initialization.
[ OK ] Stopped target cryptsetup.target - Local Encrypted Volumes.
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-ask-password-console.path - Dispatch Password Requests to Console Directory Watch.
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-ask-password-wall.path - Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch.
[ OK ] Stopped target veritysetup.target - Local Verity Integrity Protected Volumes.
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-update-done.service - Update is Completed.
[ OK ] Stopped ldconfig.service - Rebuild Dynamic Linker Cache.
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-hwdb-update.service - Rebuild Hardware Database.
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-journal-catalog-update.service - Rebuild Journal Catalog.
Stopping systemd-update-utmp.service - Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown...
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-networkd.service - Network Configuration.
[ OK ] Closed systemd-networkd.socket - Network Service Netlink Socket.
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-sysctl.service - Apply Kernel Variables.
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-update-utmp.service - Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown.
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service - Create Volatile Files and Directories.
[ OK ] Stopped target local-fs.target - Local File Systems.
Unmounting home.mount - /home...
Unmounting run-credentials-systemd\x2dsysusers.se…e.mount - /run/credentials/systemd-sysusers.service...
Unmounting tmp.mount - Temporary Directory /tmp...
[ OK ] Unmounted home.mount - /home.
[ OK ] Unmounted tmp.mount - Temporary Directory /tmp.
[ OK ] Unmounted run-credentials-systemd\x2dsysusers.service.mount - /run/credentials/systemd-sysusers.service.
[ OK ] Stopped target local-fs-pre.target - Preparation for Local File Systems.
[ OK ] Stopped target swap.target - Swaps.
[ OK ] Reached target umount.target - Unmount All Filesystems.
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service - Create Static Device Nodes in /dev.
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-sysusers.service - Create System Users.
[ OK ] Stopped systemd-remount-fs.service - Remount Root and Kernel File Systems.
[ OK ] Reached target shutdown.target - System Shutdown.
[ OK ] Reached target final.target - Late Boot Services.
[ OK ] Finished systemd-poweroff.service - System Power Off.
[ OK ] Reached target poweroff.target - System Power Off.
Sending SIGTERM to remaining processes...
Sending SIGKILL to remaining processes...
All filesystems, swaps, loop devices, MD devices and DM devices detached.
Powering off.
