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See https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1893417 for the back story:
the fallback hostname matters a lot in certain environments. Right now the only
way to configure the fallback hostname is by recompiling systemd, which is
obviously problematic in case when the fallback hostname shall differ between
different editions of the same distro that share a single compiled rpm.
By making this overridable through an envvar, we're providing an escape hatch
without making this a top-level api. Later on a way to set this through
os-release is added, but I think the approach with the variable is still
useful. It it very convenient for testing, or to override settings only in a
particular service, etc.
This updates the docs about using fdisk/gdisk to make partitions with the right
partition type UUID as defined in the discoverable partitions spec.
Improve wording/grammar/formatting, and reflect that gdisk supports this as
well nowadays; see https://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/revisions.html
The wiki was slightly stale, and almost all the information there
was already present in the man page. I moved the remaing part (discussion)
into the man page and adjusted all links to point to the man page instead.
daemon(7) has a some examples of packaging scriptlets… I don't think it fits
there very well. Most likely they should be moved to systemd.preset(5) or maybe
even removed, but I'm leaving that for later.
Very old versions of meson did not include the subdirectory name in the
target name, so we started adding various "top-level" custom targets in
subdirectories. This was nice because the main meson.build file wasn't
as cluttered. But then meson started including the subdir name in the
target name. So let's move the definition to the root so we can have all
targets named uniformly.
While it's perfectly possible today to completely rely on mkosi for
building and testing systemd, to get code completion and other IDE
niceties to work properly, it's still necessary to build systemd
locally.
Recently, mkosi gained the ability to allow external programs to
communicate with the build script. We can use this feature to run
the clangd language server in the mkosi build image via a custom
build script to provide IDE features in editors without requiring
developers to build systemd on the host or install any of systemd's
build dependencies locally.
This commit adds the necessary information on how to set this up
to HACKING.md.
This adds the support for veritytab.
The veritytab file contains at most five fields, the first four are
mandatory, the last one is optional:
- The first field contains the name of the resulting verity volume; its
block device is set up /dev/mapper/</filename>.
- The second field contains a path to the underlying block data device,
or a specification of a block device via UUID= followed by the UUID.
- The third field contains a path to the underlying block hash device,
or a specification of a block device via UUID= followed by the UUID.
- The fourth field is the roothash in hexadecimal.
- The fifth field, if present, is a comma-delimited list of options.
The following options are recognized only: ignore-corruption,
restart-on-corruption, panic-on-corruption, ignore-zero-blocks,
check-at-most-once and root-hash-signature. The others options will
be implemented later.
Also, this adds support for the new kernel verity command line boolean
option "veritytab" which enables the read for veritytab, and the new
environment variable SYSTEMD_VERITYTAB which sets the path to the file
veritytab to read.
Sometimes, non-ramfs initrd root are useful. Eg, for kdump, because
initramfs is memory consuming, so mount a compressed image in earlier
initrd, chroot into it then let systemd do the rest of job is a good
solution.
But systemd doesn't recognize the initrd environment if rootfs is not a
temporary fs. This is a reasonable check, because switch-root in initrd
will wipe the whole rootfs, will be a disaster if there are any
misdetect.
So extend SYSTEMD_IN_INITRD environment variable, now it accepts boolean
value and two extra keyword, "auto" and "lenient". "auto" is same as
before, and it's the default value. "lenient" will let systemd bypass
the rootfs check.
The boot loader specification link points to the boot loader interface
documentation.
This fixes the link to point to BOOT_LOADER_SPECIFICATION instead of
BOOTLOADER_INTERFACE which is itself.
This only changes documentation. In various places we call "ninja"
directly. I figured it would be safer to leave those in place for now,
given the meson replacement commands lines appears to be supported in
newer meson versions only.
FixedRandomDelay=yes will use
`siphash24(sd_id128_get_machine() || MANAGER_IS_SYSTEM(m) || getuid() || u->id)`,
where || is concatenation, instead of a random number to choose a value between
0 and RandomizedDelaySec= as the timer delay.
This essentially sets up a fixed, but seemingly random, offset for each timer
iteration rather than having a random offset recalculated each time it fires.
Closes#10355
Co-author: Anita Zhang <the.anitazha@gmail.com>
Primarily:
1. Mention that we prefer if return parameters carry "ret_" as prefix in
their name
2. Clarify that debug-level logging is always OK, and irrelevant to when
deciding whether a function is logging or non-logging.
We have three somewhat separate ideas: what the directory is for, what $TMPDIR is for, and security considerations.
Let's use paragraphs.
Also, conjunctions in titles aren't capitalized usually.
It makes little sense to make the boundary between systemd and user guids
configurable. Nevertheless, a completely fixed compile-time define is not
enough in two scenarios:
- the systemd_uid_max boundary has moved over time. The default used to be
500 for a long time. Systems which are upgraded over time might have users
in the wrong range, but changing existing systems is complicated and
expensive (offline disks, backups, remote systems, read-only media, etc.)
- systems are used in a heterogenous enviornment, where some vendors pick
one value and others another.
So let's make this boundary overridable using /etc/login.defs.
Fixes#3855, #10184.
This means that the dbus doc consistency checks will be enabled by default,
including in the CI. I think that will work better than current state where
people do not enable them and them follow-up patches for the docs like the
parent commit must be had.
With new directive SystemCallLog= it's possible to list system calls to be
logged. This can be used for auditing or temporarily when constructing system
call filters.
---
v5: drop intermediary, update HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY() use
v4: skip useless debug messages, actually parse directive
v3: don't declare unused variables with old libseccomp
v2: fix build without seccomp or old libseccomp
Kernel 5.8 gained a hidepid= implementation that is truly per procfs,
which allows us to mount a distinct once into every unit, with
individual hidepid= settings. Let's expose this via two new settings:
ProtectProc= (wrapping hidpid=) and ProcSubset= (wrapping subset=).
Replaces: #11670
This specification is useful independently of UEFI, so avoid making assertions
about UEFI. Also reword the intro to say what this is about in the very first
sentence. Closes#16570.
Defaulting to fedora makes it a pain to override mkosi.default
point to one of the other mkosi settings files. Instead, have
every developer manually add the symlink to his distro
of choice and don't commit the symlink to the repository by
putting it in the .gitignore.
Now that we make the user/group name resolving available via userdb and
thus nss-systemd, we do not need the UID/GID resolving support in
nss-mymachines anymore. Let's drop it hence.
We keep the module around, since besides UID/GID resolving it also does
hostname resolving, which we care about. (One of those days we should
replace that by some Varlink logic between
nss-resolve/systemd-resolved.service too)
The hooks are kept in the NSS module, but they do not resolve anything
anymore, in order to keep compat at a maximum.
sssd people don't like enumeration and for some other cases it's not
nice to support either, in particular when synthesizing records for
container/userns UID/GID ranges.
Hence, let's make enumeration optional.
We'd like to use it for FIDO2 tokens too, and the concept is entirely
generic, hence let's just reuse the field, but rename it. Read the old
name for compatibility, and treat the old name and the new name as
identical for most purposes.
https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-knodel-terminology-02https://lwn.net/Articles/823224/
This gets rid of most but not occasions of these loaded terms:
1. scsi_id and friends are something that is supposed to be removed from
our tree (see #7594)
2. The test suite defines an API used by the ubuntu CI. We can remove
this too later, but this needs to be done in sync with the ubuntu CI.
3. In some cases the terms are part of APIs we call or where we expose
concepts the kernel names the way it names them. (In particular all
remaining uses of the word "slave" in our codebase are like this,
it's used by the POSIX PTY layer, by the network subsystem, the mount
API and the block device subsystem). Getting rid of the term in these
contexts would mean doing some major fixes of the kernel ABI first.
Regarding the replacements: when whitelist/blacklist is used as noun we
replace with with allow list/deny list, and when used as verb with
allow-list/deny-list.
In order to allow applications to detect the host OS version or other
metadata, ask container managers to expose the os-release files as
read-only bind mounts.
For systemd-nspawn, we will also expose ID, BUILD_ID, VERSION_ID and
VARIANT_ID as lowercase environment variables prefixed by the
container_host_ string.
One problem found with the current draft specification is we can't have
an application provide a non-transient systemd service file in a way
that is spec compliant as the service name currently needs to end in a
random token defined by the launcher.
This came up when trying to put DBus activated services into the correct
cgroup. There isn't enough metadata in the DBus service file to know the
correct application ID, and the most intuitive fix is for those
applications to just specify the SystemdService file in the existing
system. They're generally unique for a given user session anyway so
don't need a separate cgroup identifier.
This changes the spec for RANDOM to be optional for services.
It also changes the separator between in services to act like templates.
Ultimately that's what we're trying to recreate with the RANDOM token of
the systemd service and it's a better fit. It's needed as otherwise with
launcher and the random ident being both optional it would be impossible
to get the application ID reliably.
Scopes are unchanged as they don't support templates.
The old version of this command will delete everything under the new home directory (including `.identity`), rendering the directory unusable with homed.
We need both a slice name and a prefix for application units. For
consistency we tried to use the same name and ended up standardising on
"apps.slice" and and "apps-" prefix for the units.
However, "app-" would be a more natural prefix for applications. And it
is no problem to simply also name the slice "app.slice" for consistency
rather than keeping the current "apps.slice".
It's not that I think that "hostname" is vastly superior to "host name". Quite
the opposite — the difference is small, and in some context the two-word version
does fit better. But in the tree, there are ~200 occurrences of the first, and
>1600 of the other, and consistent spelling is more important than any particular
spelling choice.
This is work in progress and not finished yet. However, I hope to have
captured some of the key points that came up in previous discussions
with appropriate notes about things that still need to be defined.
I may revisit it later. Also, feel free to completely rewrite if the
format is not quite right.
I assume it’s supposed to be “see Home Directories for details” and not
“… and embeds these JSON records directly in the home directory images …
for details”, but the previous text suggested the latter reading to me.
According to the designer of the page layout a page only should have one
h1 header, and everything else should be h2, h3, … I think that makes a
ton of sense, hence let's downgrade some headers here.
This way we can use libxcrypt specific functionality such as
crypt_gensalt() and thus take benefit of the newer algorithms libxcrypt
implements. (Also adds support for a new env var $SYSTEMD_CRYPT_PREFIX
which may be used to select the hash algorithm to use for libxcrypt.)
Also, let's move the weird crypt.h inclusion into libcrypt.h so that
there's a single place for it.
I think it makes sense to keep the "The" in place for the actual page's
title, but let's drop it from the categorization header, to make it
easier to find stuff, as the "The" isn't helpful to that.
In particular as we sometimes do it this and sometimes the other way so
far, hence let's stick to one common rule.
In the wiki, this was a separate page. I don't think this split is useful,
since the information about what is stable and what not seems randomly split
between the two pages.
Links are adjusted for our own pages. Some external links to gentoo and other
projects seem to be broken, but it's a chore to fix them.
Instead of saying that patches for portability are not accepted, say that this
is decided case-by-case. This is what happens in practice, and we tend to
discuss each patch on its own merits.
Some sentences are reworded a bit where they sound awkward.
The only non-stylistic change is to replace descriptions of how we are
encouraging people to use PrivateTmp= and such, because now they are widely
used.
@bertob wants us to be strict here, and only have one "#" header per
markdown file, and use "##" (or "###", …) for all others. Interestingly,
we mostly got this right already, but this fixes a few cases where this
wasn't correct.
Let's use the rough categorization of the markdown pages to add basic
sections, via Jeykll templating. Also, add in a couple of additional
links via a JSON array that lists them.
So much web development, so much wow!
Doing this manually seem to work only so well, but it is indeed hard to generate
automatically. Let's add the stuff that is missing for now.
AddRef= is not a unit file setting, remove it from the list.
This makes the naming more consistent: we now have
bootctl systemd-efi-options,
$SYSTEMD_EFI_OPTIONS
and the SystemdOptions EFI variable.
(SystemdEFIOptions would be redundant, because it is only used in the context
of efivars, and users don't interact with that name directly.)
bootctl is adjusted to use 2sp indentation, similarly to systemctl and other
programs.
Remove the prefix with the old name from 'bootctl systemd-efi-options' output,
since it's redundant and we don't want the old name anyway.
I added a fairly vague entry to docs/ENVIRONMENT because I think it is worth
mentioning there (in case someone is looking for any environment variable that
might be relevant).
Device tree overlays are a convenient way to patch device trees, e.g.,
add new devices to a device tree or enable/disable devices. This is
useful for non-discoverable but configurable hardware. Device tree
overlays are commonly used for displays on the Raspberry Pi or for
describing the content of FPGA bitstreams.
Add the devicetree-overlay key to boot loader specification entries to
allow boot loaders to apply overlays.
See #13537
Just as `RuntimeMaxSec=` is supported for service units, add support for
it to scope units. This will gracefully kill a scope after the timeout
expires from the moment the scope enters the running state.
This could be used for time-limited login sessions, for example.
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <withnall@endlessm.com>
Fixes: #12035
We should never have used an unprefixed environment variable name.
All other systemd-nspawn variables have the "SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_" prefix,
and all other systemd variables have the "SYSTEMD_" prefix.
The new variable name takes precedence, but we fall back to checking the
old one. If only the old one is found, a warning is emitted.
In addition, SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_UNIFIED_HIERARCHY="" is accepted as an override
to avoid looking for the old variable name.
We have a variable with the same name ($UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY) in tests,
which governs both systemd-nspawn and qemu behaviour. It is not renamed.
Introduce support for configuring cpus and mems for processes using
cgroup v2 CPUSET controller. This allows users to limit which cpus
and memory NUMA nodes can be used by processes to better utilize
system resources.
The cgroup v2 interfaces to control it are cpuset.cpus and cpuset.mems
where the requested configuration is written. However, it doesn't mean
that the requested configuration will be actually used as parent cgroup
may limit the cpus or mems as well. In order to reflect the real
configuration cgroup v2 provides read-only files cpuset.cpus.effective
and cpuset.mems.effective which are exported to users as well.
In various circumstances, overriding the kernel commandline can be inconvenient.
People have different bootloaders, and e.g. the grub config can be pretty scary.
grubby helps, but it isn't always available.
This option adds an alternative mechanism that can quite convenient on EFI
systems. cmdline settings have higher priority, because they can be (usually)
changed on the bootloader prompt.
$SYSTEMD_EFI_OPTIONS can be used to override, same as $SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE.
In the past, we asked people to open a security bug on one of the "big"
distros. This worked OK as far as getting bugs reported and notifying some
upstream developers went. But we always had trouble getting information to
all the appropriate parties, because each time a bug was reported, a big
thread was created, with a growing CC list. People who were not CCed early
enough were missing some information, etc.
To clean this up, we decided to create a private mailing list. The natural
place would be freedesktop.org, but unfortunately the request to create a
mailing list wasn't handled
(https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/freedesktop/freedesktop/issues/134). And even
if it was, at this point, if there was ever another administrative issue, it
seems likely it could take months to resolve. So instead, we asked for a list
to be created on the redhat mailservers.
Please consider the previous security issue reporting mechanisms rescinded, and
send any senstive bugs to systemd-security@redhat.com.
Let's hide non-UTF-8 locales by default. It's 2019 after all.
Let's add an undocumented env var to reenable listing them though.
This should substantially shorten the list of choices we offer users,
and only show realistic choices.
note that only firstboot and localectl make use of this information, and
both allow configuration of values outside of these lists, hence all
this change does is hide legacy options, but they are still available if
you know what you do, and that's how it should be.
It was only used for exactly one thing: to substitute in the text in
/var/log/README. But it's use there was completely wrong, because the text
talks about "missing" log files from syslog, so even if we configured systemd
to log to a different directory, the "missing" log files would still be
"missing" from the old location.
Not everybody has those dirs in the filesystem (and they don't need to).
When creating an installation package using $DESTDIR, it is easy enough to
remove or ignore those directories, but if installing into a real root, it
is ugly to create and remove them. Let's add an option so people can skip
it if they want.
Inspired by #12930.
includes two travis ci steps:
1) Every pull-request/push all fuzzing targets will do a quick
sanity run on the generated corpus and crashes (via Fuzzit)
2) On a daily basis the fuzzing targets will be compiled (from
master) and will and their respectible fuzzing job on Fuzzit
will be updated to the new binary.
When shooting down a service with SIGABRT the user might want to have a
much longer stop timeout than on regular stops/shutdowns. Especially in
the face of short stop timeouts the time might not be sufficient to
write huge core dumps before the service is killed.
This commit adds a dedicated (Default)TimeoutAbortSec= timer that is
used when stopping a service via SIGABRT. In all other cases the
existing TimeoutStopSec= is used. The timer value is unset by default
to skip the special handling and use TimeoutStopSec= for state
'stop-watchdog' to keep the old behaviour.
If the service is in state 'stop-watchdog' and the service should be
stopped explicitly we still go to 'stop-sigterm' and re-apply the usual
TimeoutStopSec= timeout.
In cgroup v2 we have protection tunables -- currently MemoryLow and
MemoryMin (there will be more in future for other resources, too). The
design of these protection tunables requires not only intermediate
cgroups to propagate protections, but also the units at the leaf of that
resource's operation to accept it (by setting MemoryLow or MemoryMin).
This makes sense from an low-level API design perspective, but it's a
good idea to also have a higher-level abstraction that can, by default,
propagate these resources to children recursively. In this patch, this
happens by having descendants set memory.low to N if their ancestor has
DefaultMemoryLow=N -- assuming they don't set a separate MemoryLow
value.
Any affected unit can opt out of this propagation by manually setting
`MemoryLow` to some value in its unit configuration. A unit can also
stop further propagation by setting `DefaultMemoryLow=` with no
argument. This removes further propagation in the subtree, but has no
effect on the unit itself (for that, use `MemoryLow=0`).
Our use case in production is simplifying the configuration of machines
which heavily rely on memory protection tunables, but currently require
tweaking a huge number of unit files to make that a reality. This
directive makes that significantly less fragile, and decreases the risk
of misconfiguration.
After this patch is merged, I will implement DefaultMemoryMin= using the
same principles.
Cloudflare public DNS service is currently the fastest one according to
https://www.dnsperf.com/#!dns-resolvers. Why not improve the experience for
systemd users using this as a default fallback nameserver?
This new setting allows configuration of CFS period on the CPU cgroup, instead
of using a hardcoded default of 100ms.
Tested:
- Legacy cgroup + Unified cgroup
- systemctl set-property
- systemctl show
- Confirmed that the cgroup settings (such as cpu.cfs_period_ns) were set
appropriately, including updating the CPU quota (cpu.cfs_quota_ns) when
CPUQuotaPeriodSec= is updated.
- Checked that clamping works properly when either period or (quota * period)
are below the resolution of 1ms, or if period is above the max of 1s.
… requirement for portable service images.
systemd will mount the host machine-id and resolv.conf at these
locations, so for read-only images these must exist in the image,
because they can't be created.
Nitpicky, but we've used a lot of random spacings and names in the past,
but we're trying to be completely consistent on "cgroup vN" now.
Generated by `fd -0 | xargs -0 -n1 sed -ri --follow-symlinks 's/cgroups? ?v?([0-9])/cgroup v\1/gI'`.
I manually ignored places where it's not appropriate to replace (eg.
"cgroup2" fstype and in src/shared/linux).
This uses a {% for %} loop in Jekyll to render the page, from the "title"
information in the Front Matter of the actual page files.
This also makes `make-index-md` build rule unnecessary, since generation is
done by the template engine itself.
Tested this by running Jekyll locally.
It turns out Jekyll (the engine behind GitHub Pages) requires that pages
include a "Front Matter" snippet of YAML at the top for proper rendering.
Omitting it will still render the pages, but including it opens up new
possibilities, such as using a {% for %} loop to generate index.md instead of
requiring a separate script.
I'm hoping this will also fix the issue with some of the pages (notably
CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html) not being available under systemd.io
Tested locally by rendering the website with Jekyll. Before this change, the
*.md files were kept unchanged (so not sure how that even works?!), after this
commit, proper *.html files were generated from it.
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
time-out
n 1: a brief suspension of play; "each team has two time-outs left"
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (18 March 2015) [foldoc]:
timeout
A period of time after which an error condition is raised if
some event has not occured. A common example is sending a
message. If the receiver does not acknowledge the message
within some preset timeout period, a transmission error is
assumed to have occured.
This is useful for distributions, where the stability of interface names should
be preseved after an upgrade of systemd. So when some specific release of the
distro is made available, systemd defaults to the latest & greatest naming
scheme, and subsequent updates set the same default. This default may still
be overriden through the kernel and env var options.
A special value "latest" is also allowed. Without a specific name, it is harder
to verride from meson. In case of 'combo' options, meson reads the default
during the initial configuration, and "remembers" this choice. When systemd is
updated, old build/ directories could keep the old default, which would be
annoying. Hence, "latest" is introduced to make it explicit, yet follow the
upstream. This is actually useful for the user too, because it may be used
as an override, without having to actually specify a version.
With this we can stabilize how naming works for network interfaces. A
user can request through a kernel cmdline option or an env var which
scheme to follow. The idea is that installers use this to set into stone
(a very soft stone though) the scheme used during installation so that
interface naming doesn't change afterwards anymore.
Why use env vars and kernel cmdline options, and not a config file of
its own?
Well, first of all there's no obvious existing one to use. But more
importantly: I have the feeling that this logic is kind of an incomplete
hack, and I simply don't want to do advertise this as a perfectly
working solution. So far we used env vars for the non-so-official
options and proper config files for the official stuff. Given how
incomplete this logic is (i.e. the big variable for naming remains the
kernel, which might expose sysfs attributes in newer versions that we
check for and didn't exist in older versions — and other problems like
this), I am simply not confident in giving this first-class exposure in
a primary configuration file.
Fixes: #10448
This imports the wiki page for predictable interface names. I think it's
useful to preserve history here because it's a contentious subject, and
it's useful to know when what happened.
