Merge 02b65ffc78 into ccaa76ac48

image-discovery: add per-user scope (#35510 )
pid1: complete per-user credentials support (#35536 )
2024-12-22 17:35:35 +03:00 · 2024-12-20 23:53:08 +01:00 · 2024-12-20 22:12:35 +01:00 · 2024-12-20 22:12:08 +01:00 · 2024-12-20 22:11:39 +01:00 · 2024-12-20 21:24:51 +01:00
71 changed files with 1582 additions and 428 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
@ -7,6 +7,14 @@ on:
    # Calculate coverage daily at midnight
    - cron:  '0 0 * * *'

+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - main
+      - v[0-9]+-stable
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/coverage.yml
+      - test/integration-test-wrapper.py
+
 permissions:
  contents: read

@ -16,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683
-      - uses: systemd/mkosi@07ef37c4c0dad5dfc6cec86c967a7600df1cd88c
+      - uses: systemd/mkosi@ba07d53000b6c560ad0b9f07550aca93c0284e88

      # Freeing up disk space with rm -rf can take multiple minutes. Since we don't need the extra free space
      # immediately, we remove the files in the background. However, we first move them to a different location
@ -49,7 +57,6 @@ jobs:
          Distribution=arch

          [Build]
-          ToolsTree=default
          ToolsTreeDistribution=arch
          UseSubvolumes=yes
          WithTests=no
@ -64,7 +71,7 @@ jobs:
                  MESON_OPTIONS=--werror
                  COVERAGE=1

-          [Host]
+          [Runtime]
          QemuMem=4G
          EOF

--- a/.github/workflows/mkosi.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/mkosi.yml
@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683
-      - uses: systemd/mkosi@c4bbf3b71a3e2cf947995caedf10f69da3c4957a
+      - uses: systemd/mkosi@ba07d53000b6c560ad0b9f07550aca93c0284e88

      # Freeing up disk space with rm -rf can take multiple minutes. Since we don't need the extra free space
      # immediately, we remove the files in the background. However, we first move them to a different location
@ -152,7 +152,6 @@ jobs:

          [Build]
          UseSubvolumes=yes
-          ToolsTree=default
          ToolsTreeDistribution=fedora
          ToolsTreeRelease=rawhide

@ -171,7 +170,7 @@ jobs:
          [Content]
          SELinuxRelabel=${{ matrix.relabel }}

-          [Host]
+          [Runtime]
          QemuMem=4G
          EOF

--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 .config.args
 .gdb_history
 .deps/
+.venv/
 .mypy_cache/
 __pycache__/
 /*.gcda
--- a/18
+++ b/18
@ -122,6 +122,18 @@ Deprecations and removals:

 Features:

+* importd: introduce a per-user instance, that downloads into per-user DDI dirs
+
+* sysupdated: similar
+
+* portabled: similar
+
+* machined: implement a per-user instance, that manages per-user DDI dirs for
+  images. systemd-nspawn/systemd-vmspawn should probably register with both the
+  system and the user scoped machined instance. The former to get the machine
+  name registered as hostname, and the latter so that the image stuff is nicely
+  per-user managed.
+
 * resolved: make resolved process DNR DHCP info

 * Teach systemd-ssh-generator to generated an /run/issue.d/ drop-in telling
@ -391,8 +403,6 @@ Features:
  the bg via vmspawn/nspawn if not done so yet and then requests a shell inside
  it for the invoking user.

-* importd/…: define per-user dirs for container/VM images too.
-
 * add a new specifier to unit files that figures out the DDI the unit file is
  from, tracing through overlayfs, DM, loopback block device.

@ -446,10 +456,6 @@ Features:
 * credentials: add a flag to the scoped credentials that if set require PK
  reauthentication when unlocking a secret.

-* teach systemd --user to properly load credentials off disk, with
-  /etc/credstore equivalent and similar. Make sure that $CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY=
-  actually works too when run with user privs.
-
 * extend the smbios11 logic for passing credentials so that instead of passing
  the credential data literally it can also just reference an AF_VSOCK CID/port
  to read them from. This way the data doesn't remain in the SMBIOS blob during
--- a/docs/HACKING.md
+++ b/docs/HACKING.md
@ -7,94 +7,97 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later

 # Hacking on systemd

-We welcome all contributions to systemd.
-If you notice a bug or a missing feature, please feel invited to fix it, and submit your work as a
+We welcome all contributions to systemd. If you notice a bug or a missing
+feature, please feel invited to fix it, and submit your work as a
 [GitHub Pull Request (PR)](https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/new).

-Please make sure to follow our [Coding Style](/CODING_STYLE) when submitting patches.
-Also have a look at our [Contribution Guidelines](/CONTRIBUTING).
+Please make sure to follow our [Coding Style](/CODING_STYLE) when submitting
+patches. Also have a look at our [Contribution Guidelines](/CONTRIBUTING).

-When adding new functionality, tests should be added.
-For shared functionality (in `src/basic/` and `src/shared/`) unit tests should be sufficient.
-The general policy is to keep tests in matching files underneath `src/test/`,
-e.g. `src/test/test-path-util.c` contains tests for any functions in `src/basic/path-util.c`.
-If adding a new source file, consider adding a matching test executable.
-For features at a higher level, tests in `src/test/` are very strongly recommended.
-If that is not possible, integration tests in `test/` are encouraged.
+When adding new functionality, tests should be added. For shared functionality
+(in `src/basic/` and `src/shared/`) unit tests should be sufficient. The general
+policy is to keep tests in matching files underneath `src/test/`, e.g.
+`src/test/test-path-util.c` contains tests for any functions in
+`src/basic/path-util.c`. If adding a new source file, consider adding a matching
+test executable. For features at a higher level, tests in `src/test/` are very
+strongly recommended. If that is not possible, integration tests in `test/` are
+encouraged. Please always test your work before submitting a PR.

-Please always test your work before submitting a PR.
-For many of the components of systemd testing is straightforward as you can simply compile systemd and run the relevant tool from the build directory.
+## Hacking on systemd with mkosi

-For some components (most importantly, systemd/PID 1 itself) this is not possible, however.
-In order to simplify testing for cases like this we provide a set of `mkosi` config files directly in the source tree.
-[mkosi](https://mkosi.systemd.io/)
-is a tool for building clean OS images from an upstream distribution in combination with a fresh build of the project in the local working directory.
-To make use of this, please install `mkosi` from the [GitHub repository](https://github.com/systemd/mkosi#running-mkosi-from-the-repository).
-`mkosi` will build an image for the host distro by default.
-First, run `mkosi genkey` to generate a key and certificate to be used for secure boot and verity signing.
-After that is done, it is sufficient to type `mkosi` in the systemd project directory to generate a disk image you can boot either in `systemd-nspawn` or in a UEFI-capable VM:
+[mkosi](https://mkosi.systemd.io/) is our swiss army knife for hacking on
+systemd. It makes sure all necessary dependencies are available to build systemd
+and allows building and booting an OS image with the latest systemd installed
+for testing purposes.
+
+First, install `mkosi` from the
+[GitHub repository](https://github.com/systemd/mkosi#running-mkosi-from-the-repository).
+Note that it's not possible to use your distribution's packaged version of mkosi
+as mkosi has to be installed outside of `/usr` for the following steps to work.
+
+Then, you can build and run systemd executables as follows:

 ```sh
-$ sudo mkosi boot # nspawn still needs sudo for now
+$ mkosi -f sandbox meson setup build
+$ mkosi -f sandbox ninja -C build
+$ mkosi -f sandbox build/systemctl --version
 ```

-or:
+To build and boot an OS image with the latest systemd installed:

 ```sh
-$ mkosi qemu
+$ mkosi -f genkey                       # Generate signing keys once.
+$ mkosi -f sandbox ninja -C build mkosi # (re-)build the OS image
+$ sudo mkosi boot                       # Boot the image with systemd-nspawn.
+$ mkosi qemu                            # Boot the image with qemu.
 ```

-By default, the tools from your host system are used to build the image.
-Sometimes we start using mkosi features that rely on functionality in systemd
-tools that's not in an official release yet. In that case, you'll need to build
-systemd from source on the host and configure mkosi to use the tools from the
-systemd build directory.
-
-To do a local build, most distributions provide very simple and convenient ways
-to install most development packages necessary to build systemd:
+Putting this all together, here's a series of commands for preparing a patch for
+systemd:

 ```sh
-# Fedora
-$ sudo dnf builddep systemd
-# Debian/Ubuntu
-$ sudo apt-get build-dep systemd
-# Arch
-$ sudo pacman -S devtools
-$ pkgctl repo clone --protocol=https systemd
+$ git clone https://github.com/systemd/mkosi.git
+$ ln -s $PWD/mkosi/bin/mkosi ~/.local/bin/mkosi # Make sure ~/.local/bin is in $PATH.
+$ git clone https://github.com/systemd/systemd.git
 $ cd systemd
-$ makepkg -seoc
+$ git checkout -b <BRANCH>              # where BRANCH is the name of the branch
+$ $EDITOR src/core/main.c               # or wherever you'd like to make your changes
+$ mkosi -f sandbox meson setup build    # Set up meson
+$ mkosi -f genkey                       # Generate signing keys once.
+$ mkosi -f sandbox ninja -C build mkosi # (re-)build the test image
+$ mkosi qemu                            # Boot the image in qemu
+$ git add -p                            # interactively put together your patch
+$ git commit                            # commit it
+$ git push -u <REMOTE>                  # where REMOTE is your "fork" on GitHub
 ```

-After installing the development packages, systemd can be built from source as follows:
+And after that, head over to your repo on GitHub and click "Compare & pull
+request"

-```sh
-$ meson setup build <options>
-$ ninja -C build
-$ meson test -C build
-```
+Happy hacking!

-To have `mkosi` use the systemd tools from the `build/` directory, add the
-following to `mkosi.local.conf`:
+The following sections contain advanced topics on how to speed up development or
+streamline debugging. Feel free to read them if you're interested but they're
+not required to write basic patches.
+
+## Building the OS image without a tools tree
+
+By default, `mkosi` will first build a tools tree and use it build the image and
+provide the environment for `mkosi sandbox`. To disable the tools tree and use
+binaries from your host instead, write the following to `mkosi.local.conf`:

 ```conf
-[Host]
-ExtraSearchPaths=build/
+[Build]
+ToolsTree=
 ```

-And if you want `mkosi` to build a tools image and use the tools from there
-instead of looking for tools on the host, add the following to
-`mkosi.local.conf`:
+## Rebuilding systemd without rebuilding the OS image

-```conf
-[Host]
-ToolsTree=default
-```
-
-Every time you rerun the `mkosi` command a fresh image is built, incorporating
-all current changes you made to the project tree. To build the latest changes
-and re-install after booting the image, run one of the following commands in
-another terminal on your host (choose the right one depending on the
-distribution of the container or virtual machine):
+Every time the `mkosi` target is built, a fresh image is built. To build the
+latest changes and re-install systemd without rebuilding the image, run one of
+the following commands in another terminal on your host after booting the image
+(choose the right one depending on the distribution of the container or virtual
+machine):

 ```sh
 mkosi -t none && mkosi ssh dnf upgrade --disablerepo="*" --assumeyes "/work/build/*.rpm"             # CentOS/Fedora
@ -107,26 +110,6 @@ and optionally restart the daemon(s) you're working on using
 `systemctl restart <units>` or `systemctl daemon-reexec` if you're working on
 pid1 or `systemctl soft-reboot` to restart everything.

-Putting this all together, here's a series of commands for preparing a patch for systemd:
-
-```sh
-$ git clone https://github.com/systemd/mkosi.git
-$ ln -s $PWD/mkosi/bin/mkosi /usr/local/bin/mkosi
-$ git clone https://github.com/systemd/systemd.git
-$ cd systemd
-$ git checkout -b <BRANCH>        # where BRANCH is the name of the branch
-$ vim src/core/main.c             # or wherever you'd like to make your changes
-$ mkosi -f qemu                   # (re-)build and boot up the test image in qemu
-$ mkosi -t none                   # Build new packages without rebuilding the image
-$ git add -p                      # interactively put together your patch
-$ git commit                      # commit it
-$ git push -u <REMOTE>            # where REMOTE is your "fork" on GitHub
-```
-
-And after that, head over to your repo on GitHub and click "Compare & pull request"
-
-Happy hacking!
-
 ## Building distribution packages with mkosi

 To build distribution packages for a specific distribution and release without
@ -201,67 +184,6 @@ Those are not useful when compiling for distribution and can be disabled by sett

 See [Testing systemd using sanitizers](/TESTING_WITH_SANITIZERS) for more information on how to build with sanitizers enabled in mkosi.

-## Fuzzers
-
-systemd includes fuzzers in `src/fuzz/` that use libFuzzer and are automatically run by [OSS-Fuzz](https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz) with sanitizers.
-To add a fuzz target, create a new `src/fuzz/fuzz-foo.c` file with a `LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput` function and add it to the list in `src/fuzz/meson.build`.
-
-Whenever possible, a seed corpus and a dictionary should also be added with new fuzz targets.
-The dictionary should be named `src/fuzz/fuzz-foo.dict` and the seed corpus should be built and exported as `$OUT/fuzz-foo_seed_corpus.zip` in `tools/oss-fuzz.sh`.
-
-The fuzzers can be built locally if you have libFuzzer installed by running `tools/oss-fuzz.sh`, or by running:
-
-```sh
-CC=clang CXX=clang++ \
-meson setup build-libfuzz -Dllvm-fuzz=true -Db_sanitize=address,undefined -Db_lundef=false \
-Dc_args='-fno-omit-frame-pointer -DFUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION'
-ninja -C build-libfuzz fuzzers
-```
-
-Each fuzzer then can be then run manually together with a directory containing the initial corpus:
-
-```
-export UBSAN_OPTIONS=print_stacktrace=1:print_summary=1:halt_on_error=1
-build-libfuzz/fuzz-varlink-idl test/fuzz/fuzz-varlink-idl/
-```
-
-Note: the `halt_on_error=1` UBSan option is especially important,
-otherwise the fuzzer won't crash when undefined behavior is triggered.
-
-You should also confirm that the fuzzers can be built and run using
-[the OSS-Fuzz toolchain](https://google.github.io/oss-fuzz/advanced-topics/reproducing/#building-using-docker):
-
-```sh
-path_to_systemd=...
-
-git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz
-cd oss-fuzz
-
-for sanitizer in address undefined memory; do
-for engine in libfuzzer afl honggfuzz; do
-./infra/helper.py build_fuzzers --sanitizer "$sanitizer" --engine "$engine" \
--clean systemd "$path_to_systemd"
-
-./infra/helper.py check_build --sanitizer "$sanitizer" --engine "$engine" \
-e ALLOWED_BROKEN_TARGETS_PERCENTAGE=0 systemd
-done
-done
-
-./infra/helper.py build_fuzzers --clean --architecture i386 systemd "$path_to_systemd"
-./infra/helper.py check_build --architecture i386 -e ALLOWED_BROKEN_TARGETS_PERCENTAGE=0 systemd
-
-./infra/helper.py build_fuzzers --clean --sanitizer coverage systemd "$path_to_systemd"
-./infra/helper.py coverage --no-corpus-download systemd
-```
-
-If you find a bug that impacts the security of systemd,
-please follow the guidance in [CONTRIBUTING.md](/CONTRIBUTING) on how to report a security vulnerability.
-
-For more details on building fuzzers and integrating with OSS-Fuzz, visit:
-
- [Setting up a new project - OSS-Fuzz](https://google.github.io/oss-fuzz/getting-started/new-project-guide/)
- [Tutorials - OSS-Fuzz](https://google.github.io/oss-fuzz/reference/useful-links/#tutorials)
-
 ## Debugging binaries that need to run as root in vscode

 When trying to debug binaries that need to run as root,
--- a/hwdb.d/20-net-ifname.hwdb
+++ b/hwdb.d/20-net-ifname.hwdb
@ -3,3 +3,7 @@
 # Dell iDRAC Virtual USB NIC
 usb:v413CpA102*
 ID_NET_NAME_FROM_DATABASE=idrac
+
+# Disable inclusion of PCI domain in interface names on Azure MANA
+pci:v00001414d000000BA*
+ ID_NET_NAME_INCLUDE_DOMAIN=0
--- a/man/kernel-command-line.xml
+++ b/man/kernel-command-line.xml
@ -97,6 +97,18 @@
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>systemd.break=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.systemd.break=</varname></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Parameters understood by
+          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-debug-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+          to pause the boot process at a certain point and spawn a debug shell.</para>
+
+          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v258"/>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>systemd.run=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>systemd.run_success_action=</varname></term>
--- a/man/systemd-debug-generator.xml
+++ b/man/systemd-debug-generator.xml
@ -31,45 +31,131 @@
  <refsect1>
    <title>Description</title>

-    <para><filename>systemd-debug-generator</filename> is a generator
-    that reads the kernel command line and understands three
-    options:</para>
+    <para><command>systemd-debug-generator</command> is a generator that provides some debugging
+    functionality.</para>

-    <para>If the <option>systemd.mask=</option> or <option>rd.systemd.mask=</option>
-    option is specified and followed by a unit name, this unit is
-    masked for the runtime (i.e. for this session — from boot to shutdown), similarly to the effect of
-    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
-    <command>mask</command> command. This is useful to boot with
-    certain units removed from the initial boot transaction for
-    debugging system startup. May be specified more than once.
-    <option>rd.systemd.mask=</option> is honored only by initial
-    RAM disk (initrd) while <option>systemd.mask=</option> is
-    honored only in the main system.</para>
-
-    <para>If the <option>systemd.wants=</option> or
-    <option>rd.systemd.wants=</option> option is specified
-    and followed by a unit name, a start job for this unit is added to
-    the initial transaction. This is useful to start one or more
-    additional units at boot. May be specified more than once.
-    <option>rd.systemd.wants=</option> is honored only by initial
-    RAM disk (initrd) while <option>systemd.wants=</option> is
-    honored only in the main system.</para>
-
-    <para>If the <option>systemd.debug_shell</option> or <option>rd.systemd.debug_shell</option> option is
-    specified, the debug shell service <literal>debug-shell.service</literal> is pulled into the boot
-    transaction and a debug shell will be spawned during early boot. By default,
-    <filename>&DEBUGTTY;</filename> is used, but a specific tty can also be specified, either with or without
-    the <filename>/dev/</filename> prefix. To set the tty to use without enabling the debug shell, the
-    <option>systemd.default_debug_tty=</option> option can be used which also takes a tty with or without the
-    <filename>/dev/</filename> prefix. Note that the shell may also be turned on persistently by enabling it
-    with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
-    <command>enable</command> command. <option>rd.systemd.debug_shell</option> is honored only by initial
-    RAM disk (initrd) while <option>systemd.debug_shell</option> is honored only in the main system.</para>
-
-    <para><filename>systemd-debug-generator</filename> implements
+    <para><command>systemd-debug-generator</command> implements
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
  </refsect1>

+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Kernel Command Line</title>
+
+    <para><command>systemd-debug-generator</command> understands the following kernel command line
+    parameters:</para>
+
+    <variablelist class='kernel-commandline-options'>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>systemd.mask=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.systemd.mask=</varname></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>These options take a unit name as argument. The unit specified is masked for the
+        runtime (i.e. for this session — from boot to shutdown), similarly to the effect of
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
+        <command>mask</command> command. This is useful to boot with certain units removed from the initial
+        boot transaction for debugging system startup. May be specified more than once. The option prefixed
+        with <literal>rd.</literal> is honored only in the initrd, while the one without prefix is only
+        honored in the main system.</para>
+
+        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v215"/></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>systemd.wants=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.systemd.wants=</varname></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>These options take a unit name as argument. A start job for this unit is added to the
+        initial transaction. This is useful to start one or more additional units at boot. May be specified
+        more than once. The option prefixed with <literal>rd.</literal> is honored only in the initrd, while
+        the one that is not prefixed only in the main system.</para>
+
+        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v215"/></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>systemd.debug_shell</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.systemd.debug_shell</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>systemd.default_debug_tty=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.systemd.default_debug_tty=</varname></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>If the <option>systemd.debug_shell</option> or
+        <option>rd.systemd.debug_shell</option> option is specified, the debug shell service
+        <literal>debug-shell.service</literal> is pulled into the boot transaction and a debug shell will be
+        spawned during early boot. By default, <filename>&DEBUGTTY;</filename> is used, but a specific tty
+        can also be specified, either with or without the <filename>/dev/</filename> prefix. To set the tty
+        to use without enabling the debug shell, the <option>systemd.default_debug_tty=</option> option can
+        be used which also takes a tty with or without the <filename>/dev/</filename> prefix. Note that the
+        shell may also be turned on persistently by enabling it with
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
+        <command>enable</command> command. The options prefixed with <literal>rd.</literal> are honored only
+        in the initrd, while the ones without prefix are only honored in the main system.</para>
+
+        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v215"/></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>systemd.break=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.systemd.break=</varname></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Takes one of <option>pre-udev</option>, <option>pre-basic</option>,
+        <option>pre-mount</option>, or <option>pre-switch-root</option> (the default for the
+        <literal>rd.</literal> option). It also accepts multiple values separated by comma
+        (<literal>,</literal>). These options allow to pause the boot process at a certain point and spawn a
+        debug shell. After exiting this shell, the system will resume booting. The option prefixed with
+        <literal>rd.</literal> is honored only in the initrd, while the one without prefix is only honored in
+        the main system.</para>
+
+        <table>
+          <title>Available breakpoints</title>
+
+          <tgroup cols='4'>
+            <colspec colname='breakpoint' />
+            <colspec colname='description' />
+            <colspec colname='initrd' />
+            <colspec colname='main' />
+            <thead>
+              <row>
+                <entry>Breakpoints</entry>
+                <entry>Description</entry>
+                <entry>Can be used in the initrd</entry>
+                <entry>Can be used in the main system</entry>
+              </row>
+            </thead>
+            <tbody>
+              <row>
+                <entry><option>pre-udev</option></entry>
+                <entry>Before starting to process kernel uevents, i.e., before <filename>systemd-udevd.service</filename> starts.</entry>
+                <entry>✓</entry>
+                <entry>✓</entry>
+              </row>
+              <row>
+                <entry><option>pre-basic</option></entry>
+                <entry>Before leaving early boot and regular services start, i.e., before <filename>basic.target</filename> is reached.</entry>
+                <entry>✓</entry>
+                <entry>✓</entry>
+              </row>
+              <row>
+                <entry><option>pre-mount</option></entry>
+                <entry>Before the root filesystem is mounted, i.e., before <filename>sysroot.mount</filename> starts.</entry>
+                <entry>✓</entry>
+                <entry>✗</entry>
+              </row>
+              <row>
+                <entry><option>pre-switch-root</option></entry>
+                <entry>Before switching from the initrd to the real root.</entry>
+                <entry>✓</entry>
+                <entry>✗</entry>
+              </row>
+            </tbody>
+          </tgroup>
+        </table>
+
+        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v258"/></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
  <refsect1>
    <title>System Credentials</title>

@ -108,6 +194,8 @@
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>kernel-command-line</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
+      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.system-credentials</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
+      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
    </simplelist></para>
  </refsect1>

--- a/man/systemd-dissect.xml
+++ b/man/systemd-dissect.xml
@ -503,6 +503,17 @@
        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--system</option></term>
+        <term><option>--user</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>When used together with <option>--discover</option> controls whether to search for
+        images installed system-wide or in the user's directories in <varname>$HOME</varname>. If neither
+        switch is specified, will search within both scopes.</para>
+
+        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v258"/></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="image-policy-open" />
      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-legend" />
--- a/man/systemd.exec.xml
+++ b/man/systemd.exec.xml
@ -3468,37 +3468,43 @@ StandardInputData=V2XigLJyZSBubyBzdHJhbmdlcnMgdG8gbG92ZQpZb3Uga25vdyB0aGUgcnVsZX
        <term><varname>LoadCredentialEncrypted=</varname><replaceable>ID</replaceable><optional>:<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></optional></term>

        <listitem><para>Pass a credential to the unit. Credentials are limited-size binary or textual objects
-        that may be passed to unit processes. They are primarily used for passing cryptographic keys (both
-        public and private) or certificates, user account information or identity information from host to
-        services. The data is accessible from the unit's processes via the file system, at a read-only
-        location that (if possible and permitted) is backed by non-swappable memory. The data is only
-        accessible to the user associated with the unit, via the
-        <varname>User=</varname>/<varname>DynamicUser=</varname> settings (as well as the superuser). When
-        available, the location of credentials is exported as the <varname>$CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY</varname>
-        environment variable to the unit's processes.</para>
+        that may be passed to unit processes. They are primarily intended for passing cryptographic keys
+        (both public and private) or certificates, user account information or identity information from host
+        to services, but can be freely used to pass any kind of limited-size information to a service. The
+        data is accessible from the unit's processes via the file system, at a read-only location that (if
+        possible and permitted) is backed by non-swappable memory. The data is only accessible to the user
+        associated with the unit, via the <varname>User=</varname>/<varname>DynamicUser=</varname> settings
+        (as well as the superuser). When available, the location of credentials is exported as the
+        <varname>$CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY</varname> environment variable to the unit's processes.</para>

        <para>The <varname>LoadCredential=</varname> setting takes a textual ID to use as name for a
        credential plus a file system path, separated by a colon. The ID must be a short ASCII string
        suitable as filename in the filesystem, and may be chosen freely by the user. If the specified path
        is absolute it is opened as regular file and the credential data is read from it. If the absolute
        path refers to an <constant>AF_UNIX</constant> stream socket in the file system a connection is made
-        to it (only once at unit start-up) and the credential data read from the connection, providing an
+        to it (once at process invocation) and the credential data read from the connection, providing an
        easy IPC integration point for dynamically transferring credentials from other services.</para>

        <para>If the specified path is not absolute and itself qualifies as valid credential identifier it is
        attempted to find a credential that the service manager itself received under the specified name —
        which may be used to propagate credentials from an invoking environment (e.g. a container manager
-        that invoked the service manager) into a service. If no matching system credential is found, the
-        directories <filename>/etc/credstore/</filename>, <filename>/run/credstore/</filename> and
-        <filename>/usr/lib/credstore/</filename> are searched for files under the credential's name — which
-        hence are recommended locations for credential data on disk. If
+        that invoked the service manager) into a service. If no matching passed credential is found, the
+        system service manager will search the directories <filename>/etc/credstore/</filename>,
+        <filename>/run/credstore/</filename> and <filename>/usr/lib/credstore/</filename> for files under the
+        credential's name — which hence are recommended locations for credential data on disk. If
        <varname>LoadCredentialEncrypted=</varname> is used <filename>/run/credstore.encrypted/</filename>,
        <filename>/etc/credstore.encrypted/</filename>, and
-        <filename>/usr/lib/credstore.encrypted/</filename> are searched as well.</para>
+        <filename>/usr/lib/credstore.encrypted/</filename> are searched as well. The per-user service manager
+        will search <filename>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/credstore/</filename>,
+        <filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/credstore/</filename>, <filename>$HOME/.local/lib/credstore/</filename>
+        (and the counterparts ending with <filename>…/credstore.encrypted/</filename>) instead. The
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> tool
+        may be used to query the precise credential store search path.</para>

        <para>If the file system path is omitted it is chosen identical to the credential name, i.e. this is
-        a terse way to declare credentials to inherit from the service manager into a service. This option
-        may be used multiple times, each time defining an additional credential to pass to the unit.</para>
+        a terse way to declare credentials to inherit from the service manager or credstore directories into
+        a service. This option may be used multiple times, each time defining an additional credential to
+        pass to the unit.</para>

        <para>Note that if the path is not specified or a valid credential identifier is given, i.e.
        in the above two cases, a missing credential is not considered fatal.</para>
--- a/mkosi.clangd
+++ b/mkosi.clangd
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -e

 if command -v flatpak-spawn >/dev/null; then
    SPAWN=(flatpak-spawn --host)
@ -7,7 +8,7 @@ else
    SPAWN=()
 fi

-MKOSI_CONFIG="$("${SPAWN[@]}" --host mkosi --json summary | jq -r .Images[-1])"
+MKOSI_CONFIG="$("${SPAWN[@]}" mkosi --json summary | jq -r .Images[-1])"
 DISTRIBUTION="$(jq -r .Distribution <<< "$MKOSI_CONFIG")"
 RELEASE="$(jq -r .Release <<< "$MKOSI_CONFIG")"
 ARCH="$(jq -r .Architecture <<< "$MKOSI_CONFIG")"
--- a/mkosi.conf
+++ b/mkosi.conf
@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ RepartDirectories=mkosi.repart
 OutputDirectory=build/mkosi.output

 [Build]
+ToolsTree=default
 BuildDirectory=build/mkosi.builddir
 CacheDirectory=build/mkosi.cache
 BuildSourcesEphemeral=yes
@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ Packages=
        zsh
        zstd

-[Host]
+[Runtime]
 Credentials=
        journal.storage=persistent
        tty.serial.hvc0.agetty.autologin=root
--- a/mkosi.conf.d/05-tools/mkosi.conf
+++ b/mkosi.conf.d/05-tools/mkosi.conf
@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 [Build]
 ToolsTreePackages=
        gcc
+        gdb
        gperf
        lcov
        llvm
--- a/mkosi.conf.d/05-tools/mkosi.conf.d/centos.conf
+++ b/mkosi.conf.d/05-tools/mkosi.conf.d/centos.conf
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+
+[Match]
+ToolsTreeDistribution=centos
+
+[Build]
+ToolsTreeRepositories=epel,epel-next
--- a/mkosi.conf.d/05-tools/mkosi.conf.d/opensuse.conf
+++ b/mkosi.conf.d/05-tools/mkosi.conf.d/opensuse.conf
@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ ToolsTreeDistribution=opensuse

 [Build]
 ToolsTreePackages=
+        libz1
        gh
        mypy
        pkgconfig(blkid)
--- a/mkosi.conf.d/20-extra-search-path.conf
+++ b/mkosi.conf.d/20-extra-search-path.conf
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+
+[Match]
+PathExists=build/
+
+[Build]
+ExtraSearchPaths=build/
--- a/po/fi.po
+++ b/po/fi.po
@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
 "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-11-28 18:16+0900\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2024-11-20 19:13+0000\n"
-"Last-Translator: Jiri Grönroos <jiri.gronroos@iki.fi>\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2024-12-20 15:38+0000\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ricky Tigg <ricky.tigg@gmail.com>\n"
 "Language-Team: Finnish <https://translate.fedoraproject.org/projects/systemd/"
 "main/fi/>\n"
 "Language: fi\n"
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ msgstr ""
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
 "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n"
-"X-Generator: Weblate 5.8.2\n"
+"X-Generator: Weblate 5.9.1\n"

 #: src/core/org.freedesktop.systemd1.policy.in:22
 msgid "Send passphrase back to system"
@ -1176,9 +1176,8 @@ msgid "Manage optional features"
 msgstr "Hallitse valinnaisia ominaisuuksia"

 #: src/sysupdate/org.freedesktop.sysupdate1.policy:76
-#, fuzzy
 msgid "Authentication is required to manage optional features."
-msgstr "Todennus vaaditaan valinnaisten ominaisuuksien hallintaan"
+msgstr "Todennus vaaditaan valinnaisten ominaisuuksien hallintaan."

 #: src/timedate/org.freedesktop.timedate1.policy:22
 msgid "Set system time"
--- a/shell-completion/bash/systemd-dissect
+++ b/shell-completion/bash/systemd-dissect
@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ _systemd_dissect() {
    local cur=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]} prev_1=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]} prev_2=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-2]} words cword
    local -A OPTS=(
        [STANDALONE]='-h --help --version
+                     --user
+                     --system
                     --discover
                     --no-pager
                     --no-legend
--- a/src/analyze/analyze-chid.c
+++ b/src/analyze/analyze-chid.c
@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include "analyze-chid.h"
 #include "chid-fundamental.h"
 #include "efi-api.h"
+#include "escape.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
 #include "format-table.h"
@ -30,6 +31,20 @@ static int parse_chid_type(const char *s, size_t *ret) {
        return 0;
 }

+static const char *const chid_smbios_friendly[_CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX] = {
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_MANUFACTURER]           = "manufacturer",
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_FAMILY]                 = "family",
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_PRODUCT_NAME]           = "product-name",
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_PRODUCT_SKU]            = "product-sku",
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_BASEBOARD_MANUFACTURER] = "baseboard-manufacturer",
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_BASEBOARD_PRODUCT]      = "baseboard-product",
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_VENDOR]            = "bios-vendor",
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_VERSION]           = "bios-version",
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MAJOR]             = "bios-major",
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MINOR]             = "bios-minor",
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_ENCLOSURE_TYPE]         = "enclosure-type",
+};
+
 static const char chid_smbios_fields_char[_CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX] = {
        [CHID_SMBIOS_MANUFACTURER]           = 'M',
        [CHID_SMBIOS_FAMILY]                 = 'F',
@ -37,6 +52,11 @@ static const char chid_smbios_fields_char[_CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX] = {
        [CHID_SMBIOS_PRODUCT_SKU]            = 'S',
        [CHID_SMBIOS_BASEBOARD_MANUFACTURER] = 'm',
        [CHID_SMBIOS_BASEBOARD_PRODUCT]      = 'p',
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_VENDOR]            = 'B',
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_VERSION]           = 'v',
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MAJOR]             = 'R',
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MINOR]             = 'r',
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_ENCLOSURE_TYPE]         = 'e',
 };

 static char *chid_smbios_fields_string(uint32_t combination) {
@ -87,7 +107,7 @@ static void smbios_fields_free(char16_t *(*fields)[_CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX]) {
                free(*i);
 }

-int verb_chid(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+static int smbios_fields_acquire(char16_t *fields[static _CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX]) {

        static const char *const smbios_files[_CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX] = {
                [CHID_SMBIOS_MANUFACTURER]           = "sys_vendor",
@ -96,8 +116,115 @@ int verb_chid(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
                [CHID_SMBIOS_PRODUCT_SKU]            = "product_sku",
                [CHID_SMBIOS_BASEBOARD_MANUFACTURER] = "board_vendor",
                [CHID_SMBIOS_BASEBOARD_PRODUCT]      = "board_name",
+                [CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_VENDOR]            = "bios_vendor",
+                [CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_VERSION]           = "bios_version",
+                [CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MAJOR]             = "bios_release",
+                [CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MINOR]             = "bios_release",
+                [CHID_SMBIOS_ENCLOSURE_TYPE]         = "chassis_type",
        };

+        int r;
+
+        _cleanup_close_ int smbios_fd = open("/sys/class/dmi/id", O_RDONLY|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (smbios_fd < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open SMBIOS sysfs object: %m");
+
+        for (ChidSmbiosFields f = 0; f < _CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX; f++) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+                size_t size;
+
+                /* According to the CHID spec we should not generate CHIDs for SMBIOS fields that aren't set
+                 * or are set to an empty string. Hence leave them NULL here. */
+
+                if (!smbios_files[f])
+                        continue;
+
+                r = read_virtual_file_at(smbios_fd, smbios_files[f], SIZE_MAX, &buf, &size);
+                if (r == -ENOENT) {
+                        log_debug_errno(r, "SMBIOS field '%s' not set, skipping.", smbios_files[f]);
+                        continue;
+                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to read SMBIOS field '%s': %m", smbios_files[f]);
+
+                if (size == 0 || (size == 1 && buf[0] == '\n')) {
+                        log_debug("SMBIOS field '%s' is empty, skipping.", smbios_files[f]);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (buf[size-1] != '\n')
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Expected SMBIOS field '%s' to end in newline, but it doesn't, refusing.", smbios_files[f]);
+
+                buf[size-1] = 0;
+                size--;
+
+                switch (f) {
+
+                case CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MAJOR:
+                case CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MINOR: {
+                        /* The kernel exposes this a string <major>.<minor>, split them apart again. */
+                        char *dot = memchr(buf, '.', size);
+                        if (!dot)
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "BIOS release field '%s' contains no dot?", smbios_files[f]);
+
+                        const char *p;
+                        if (f == CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MAJOR) {
+                                *dot = 0;
+                                p = buf;
+                        } else {
+                                assert(f == CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MINOR);
+                                p = dot + 1;
+                        }
+
+                        /* The kernel exports the enclosure in decimal, we need it in hex (zero left-padded) */
+
+                        uint8_t u;
+                        r = safe_atou8(p, &u);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse BIOS release: %s", p);
+
+                        buf = mfree(buf);
+                        if (asprintf(&buf, "%02x", u) < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        size = strlen(buf);
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case CHID_SMBIOS_ENCLOSURE_TYPE: {
+                        /* The kernel exports the enclosure in decimal, we need it in hex (no padding!) */
+
+                        uint8_t u;
+                        r = safe_atou8(buf, &u);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse enclosure type: %s", buf);
+
+                        buf = mfree(buf);
+                        if (u == 0)
+                                buf = strdup(""); /* zero is mapped to empty string */
+                        else
+                                (void) asprintf(&buf, "%x", u);
+                        if (!buf)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        size = strlen(buf);
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                default:
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                fields[f] = utf8_to_utf16(buf, size);
+                if (!fields[f])
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int verb_chid(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+
        _cleanup_(table_unrefp) Table *table = NULL;
        int r;

@ -111,28 +238,10 @@ int verb_chid(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
        (void) table_set_align_percent(table, table_get_cell(table, 0, 0), 100);
        (void) table_set_align_percent(table, table_get_cell(table, 0, 1), 50);

-        _cleanup_close_ int smbios_fd = open("/sys/class/dmi/id", O_RDONLY|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC);
-        if (smbios_fd < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open SMBIOS sysfs object: %m");
-
        _cleanup_(smbios_fields_free) char16_t* smbios_fields[_CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX] = {};
-        for (ChidSmbiosFields f = 0; f < _CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX; f++) {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
-                size_t size;
-
-                r = read_virtual_file_at(smbios_fd, smbios_files[f], SIZE_MAX, &buf, &size);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to read SMBIOS field '%s': %m", smbios_files[f]);
-
-                if (size < 1 || buf[size-1] != '\n')
-                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Expected SMBIOS field '%s' to end in newline, but it doesn't, refusing.", smbios_files[f]);
-
-                size--;
-
-                smbios_fields[f] = utf8_to_utf16(buf, size);
-                if (!smbios_fields[f])
-                        return log_oom();
-        }
+        r = smbios_fields_acquire(smbios_fields);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;

        EFI_GUID chids[CHID_TYPES_MAX] = {};
        chid_calculate((const char16_t* const*) smbios_fields, chids);
@ -172,9 +281,19 @@ int verb_chid(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
                        return log_oom();

                for (ChidSmbiosFields f = 0; f < _CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX; f++) {
-                        _cleanup_free_ char *c = utf16_to_utf8(smbios_fields[f], SIZE_MAX);
-                        if (!c)
-                                return log_oom();
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *c = NULL;
+
+                        if (smbios_fields[f]) {
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *u = NULL;
+
+                                u = utf16_to_utf8(smbios_fields[f], SIZE_MAX);
+                                if (!u)
+                                        return log_oom();
+
+                                c = cescape(u);
+                                if (!c)
+                                        return log_oom();
+                        }

                        if (!strextend(&legend,
                                       ansi_grey(),
@ -188,11 +307,11 @@ int verb_chid(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
                                       special_glyph(SPECIAL_GLYPH_ARROW_RIGHT),
                                       " ",
                                       ansi_normal(),
-                                       smbios_files[f],
+                                       chid_smbios_friendly[f],
                                       ansi_grey(),
                                       " (",
-                                       ansi_highlight(),
-                                       c,
+                                       c ? ansi_highlight() : ansi_grey(),
+                                       strna(c),
                                       ansi_grey(),
                                       ")",
                                       ansi_normal()))
@ -200,9 +319,9 @@ int verb_chid(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {

                        w += separator * 3 +
                                4 +
-                                utf8_console_width(smbios_files[f]) +
+                                utf8_console_width(chid_smbios_friendly[f]) +
                                2 +
-                                utf8_console_width(c) +
+                                utf8_console_width(strna(c)) +
                                1;

                        if (w > 79) {
--- a/src/basic/audit-util.h
+++ b/src/basic/audit-util.h
@ -9,8 +9,8 @@

 #define AUDIT_SESSION_INVALID UINT32_MAX

-int audit_session_from_pid(const PidRef *pid, uint32_t *id);
-int audit_loginuid_from_pid(const PidRef *pid, uid_t *uid);
+int audit_session_from_pid(const PidRef *pid, uint32_t *ret_id);
+int audit_loginuid_from_pid(const PidRef *pid, uid_t *ret_uid);

 bool use_audit(void);

--- a/src/core/device.c
+++ b/src/core/device.c
@ -85,7 +85,9 @@ static int device_set_sysfs(Device *d, const char *sysfs) {
        Unit *u = UNIT(ASSERT_PTR(d));
        int r;

-        if (streq_ptr(d->sysfs, sysfs))
+        assert(sysfs);
+
+        if (path_equal(d->sysfs, sysfs))
                return 0;

        Hashmap **devices = &u->manager->devices_by_sysfs;
@ -332,6 +334,20 @@ static void device_catchup(Unit *u) {
        Device *d = ASSERT_PTR(DEVICE(u));

        /* Second, let's update the state with the enumerated state */
+
+        /* If Device.found (set from Device.deserialized_found) does not have DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV, and the
+         * device has not been processed by udevd while enumeration, it indicates the unit was never active
+         * before reexecution, hence we can safely drop the flag from Device.enumerated_found. The device
+         * will be set up later when udev finishes processing (see also comment in
+         * device_setup_devlink_unit_one()).
+         *
+         * NB: 💣💣💣 If Device.found already contains udev, i.e. the unit was fully ready before
+         * reexecution, do not unset the flag. Otherwise, e.g. if systemd-udev-trigger.service is started
+         * just before reexec, reload, and so on, devices being reprocessed (carrying ID_PROCESSING=1
+         * property) on enumeration and will enter dead state. See issue #35329. */
+        if (!FLAGS_SET(d->found, DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV) && !d->processed)
+                d->enumerated_found &= ~DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV;
+
        device_update_found_one(d, d->enumerated_found, _DEVICE_FOUND_MASK);
 }

@ -777,8 +793,16 @@ static int device_setup_devlink_unit_one(Manager *m, const char *devlink, Set **
        assert(ready_units);
        assert(not_ready_units);

-        if (sd_device_new_from_devname(&dev, devlink) >= 0 && device_is_ready(dev))
+        if (sd_device_new_from_devname(&dev, devlink) >= 0 && device_is_ready(dev)) {
+                if (MANAGER_IS_RUNNING(m) && device_is_processed(dev) <= 0)
+                        /* The device is being processed by udevd. We will receive relevant uevent for the
+                         * device later when completed. Let's ignore the device now. */
+                        return 0;
+
+                /* Note, even if the device is being processed by udevd, setup the unit on enumerate.
+                 * See also the comments in device_catchup(). */
                return device_setup_unit(m, dev, devlink, /* main = */ false, ready_units);
+        }

        /* the devlink is already removed or not ready */
        if (device_by_path(m, devlink, &u) < 0)
@ -874,14 +898,15 @@ static int device_setup_extra_units(Manager *m, sd_device *dev, Set **ready_unit
        return 0;
 }

-static int device_setup_units(Manager *m, sd_device *dev, Set **ready_units, Set **not_ready_units) {
+static int device_setup_units(Manager *m, sd_device *dev, Set **ret_ready_units, Set **ret_not_ready_units) {
+        _cleanup_set_free_ Set *ready_units = NULL, *not_ready_units = NULL;
        const char *syspath, *devname = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(m);
        assert(dev);
-        assert(ready_units);
-        assert(not_ready_units);
+        assert(ret_ready_units);
+        assert(ret_not_ready_units);

        r = sd_device_get_syspath(dev, &syspath);
        if (r < 0)
@ -901,13 +926,13 @@ static int device_setup_units(Manager *m, sd_device *dev, Set **ready_units, Set
                /* Add the main unit named after the syspath. If this one fails, don't bother with the rest,
                 * as this one shall be the main device unit the others just follow. (Compare with how
                 * device_following() is implemented, see below, which looks for the sysfs device.) */
-                r = device_setup_unit(m, dev, syspath, /* main = */ true, ready_units);
+                r = device_setup_unit(m, dev, syspath, /* main = */ true, &ready_units);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                /* Add an additional unit for the device node */
                if (sd_device_get_devname(dev, &devname) >= 0)
-                        (void) device_setup_unit(m, dev, devname, /* main = */ false, ready_units);
+                        (void) device_setup_unit(m, dev, devname, /* main = */ false, &ready_units);

        } else {
                Unit *u;
@ -915,28 +940,30 @@ static int device_setup_units(Manager *m, sd_device *dev, Set **ready_units, Set
                /* If the device exists but not ready, then save the units and unset udev bits later. */

                if (device_by_path(m, syspath, &u) >= 0) {
-                        r = set_ensure_put(not_ready_units, NULL, DEVICE(u));
+                        r = set_ensure_put(&not_ready_units, NULL, DEVICE(u));
                        if (r < 0)
                                log_unit_debug_errno(u, r, "Failed to store unit, ignoring: %m");
                }

                if (sd_device_get_devname(dev, &devname) >= 0 &&
                    device_by_path(m, devname, &u) >= 0) {
-                        r = set_ensure_put(not_ready_units, NULL, DEVICE(u));
+                        r = set_ensure_put(&not_ready_units, NULL, DEVICE(u));
                        if (r < 0)
                                log_unit_debug_errno(u, r, "Failed to store unit, ignoring: %m");
                }
        }

        /* Next, add/update additional .device units point to aliases and symlinks. */
-        (void) device_setup_extra_units(m, dev, ready_units, not_ready_units);
+        (void) device_setup_extra_units(m, dev, &ready_units, &not_ready_units);

        /* Safety check: no unit should be in ready_units and not_ready_units simultaneously. */
        Unit *u;
-        SET_FOREACH(u, *not_ready_units)
-                if (set_remove(*ready_units, u))
+        SET_FOREACH(u, not_ready_units)
+                if (set_remove(ready_units, u))
                        log_unit_error(u, "Cannot activate and deactivate the unit simultaneously. Deactivating.");

+        *ret_ready_units = TAKE_PTR(ready_units);
+        *ret_not_ready_units = TAKE_PTR(not_ready_units);
        return 0;
 }

@ -1046,13 +1073,32 @@ static void device_enumerate(Manager *m) {

        FOREACH_DEVICE(e, dev) {
                _cleanup_set_free_ Set *ready_units = NULL, *not_ready_units = NULL;
+                const char *syspath;
+                bool processed;
                Device *d;

+                r = sd_device_get_syspath(dev, &syspath);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_device_debug_errno(dev, r, "Failed to get syspath of enumerated device, ignoring: %m");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = device_is_processed(dev);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_device_debug_errno(dev, r, "Failed to check if device is processed by udevd, assuming not: %m");
+                processed = r > 0;
+
                if (device_setup_units(m, dev, &ready_units, &not_ready_units) < 0)
                        continue;

-                SET_FOREACH(d, ready_units)
+                SET_FOREACH(d, ready_units) {
                        device_update_found_one(d, DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV, DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV);
+
+                        /* Why we need to check the syspath here? Because the device unit may be generated by
+                         * a devlink, and the syspath may be different from the one of the original device. */
+                        if (path_equal(d->sysfs, syspath))
+                                d->processed = processed;
+                }
                SET_FOREACH(d, not_ready_units)
                        device_update_found_one(d, DEVICE_NOT_FOUND, DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV);
        }
@ -1097,7 +1143,6 @@ static void device_remove_old_on_move(Manager *m, sd_device *dev) {
 }

 static int device_dispatch_io(sd_device_monitor *monitor, sd_device *dev, void *userdata) {
-        _cleanup_set_free_ Set *ready_units = NULL, *not_ready_units = NULL;
        Manager *m = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
        sd_device_action_t action;
        const char *sysfs;
@ -1150,6 +1195,7 @@ static int device_dispatch_io(sd_device_monitor *monitor, sd_device *dev, void *
         * change events */
        ready = device_is_ready(dev);

+        _cleanup_set_free_ Set *ready_units = NULL, *not_ready_units = NULL;
        (void) device_setup_units(m, dev, &ready_units, &not_ready_units);

        if (action == SD_DEVICE_REMOVE) {
--- a/src/core/device.h
+++ b/src/core/device.h
@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ struct Device {

        DeviceState state, deserialized_state;
        DeviceFound found, deserialized_found, enumerated_found;
-
+        bool processed; /* Whether udevd has done processing the device, i.e. the device has database and
+                         * ID_PROCESSING=1 udev property is not set. This is used only by enumeration and
+                         * subsequent catchup process. */
        bool bind_mounts;

        /* The SYSTEMD_WANTS udev property for this device the last time we saw it */
--- a/src/core/exec-credential.c
+++ b/src/core/exec-credential.c
@ -117,10 +117,9 @@ int exec_context_put_load_credential(ExecContext *c, const char *id, const char
                        return -ENOMEM;

                r = hashmap_ensure_put(&c->load_credentials, &exec_load_credential_hash_ops, lc->id, lc);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        assert(r != -EEXIST);
+                assert(r != -EEXIST);
+                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
-                }

                TAKE_PTR(lc);
        }
@ -167,10 +166,9 @@ int exec_context_put_set_credential(
                        return -ENOMEM;

                r = hashmap_ensure_put(&c->set_credentials, &exec_set_credential_hash_ops, sc->id, sc);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        assert(r != -EEXIST);
+                assert(r != -EEXIST);
+                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
-                }

                TAKE_PTR(sc);
        }
@ -193,19 +191,22 @@ int exec_context_put_import_credential(ExecContext *c, const char *glob, const c

        *ic = (ExecImportCredential) {
                .glob = strdup(glob),
-                .rename = rename ? strdup(rename) : NULL,
        };
-        if (!ic->glob || (rename && !ic->rename))
+        if (!ic->glob)
                return -ENOMEM;
+        if (rename) {
+                ic->rename = strdup(rename);
+                if (!ic->rename)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }

        if (ordered_set_contains(c->import_credentials, ic))
                return 0;

        r = ordered_set_ensure_put(&c->import_credentials, &exec_import_credential_hash_ops, ic);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                assert(r != -EEXIST);
+        assert(r != -EEXIST);
+        if (r < 0)
                return r;
-        }

        TAKE_PTR(ic);

@ -383,30 +384,46 @@ typedef enum CredentialSearchPath {
        _CREDENTIAL_SEARCH_PATH_INVALID = -EINVAL,
 } CredentialSearchPath;

-static char** credential_search_path(const ExecParameters *params, CredentialSearchPath path) {
+static int credential_search_path(const ExecParameters *params, CredentialSearchPath path, char ***ret) {
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        int r;

        assert(params);
        assert(path >= 0 && path < _CREDENTIAL_SEARCH_PATH_MAX);
+        assert(ret);

        /* Assemble a search path to find credentials in. For non-encrypted credentials, We'll look in
         * /etc/credstore/ (and similar directories in /usr/lib/ + /run/). If we're looking for encrypted
         * credentials, we'll look in /etc/credstore.encrypted/ (and similar dirs). */

        if (IN_SET(path, CREDENTIAL_SEARCH_PATH_ENCRYPTED, CREDENTIAL_SEARCH_PATH_ALL)) {
-                if (strv_extend(&l, params->received_encrypted_credentials_directory) < 0)
-                        return NULL;
+                r = strv_extend(&l, params->received_encrypted_credentials_directory);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;

-                if (strv_extend_strv(&l, CONF_PATHS_STRV("credstore.encrypted"), /* filter_duplicates= */ true) < 0)
-                        return NULL;
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **add = NULL;
+                r = credential_store_path_encrypted(params->runtime_scope, &add);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = strv_extend_strv_consume(&l, TAKE_PTR(add), /* filter_duplicates= */ false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
        }

        if (IN_SET(path, CREDENTIAL_SEARCH_PATH_TRUSTED, CREDENTIAL_SEARCH_PATH_ALL)) {
-                if (strv_extend(&l, params->received_credentials_directory) < 0)
-                        return NULL;
+                r = strv_extend(&l, params->received_credentials_directory);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;

-                if (strv_extend_strv(&l, CONF_PATHS_STRV("credstore"), /* filter_duplicates= */ true) < 0)
-                        return NULL;
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **add = NULL;
+                r = credential_store_path(params->runtime_scope, &add);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = strv_extend_strv_consume(&l, TAKE_PTR(add), /* filter_duplicates= */ false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
        }

        if (DEBUG_LOGGING) {
@ -414,7 +431,8 @@ static char** credential_search_path(const ExecParameters *params, CredentialSea
                log_debug("Credential search path is: %s", strempty(t));
        }

-        return TAKE_PTR(l);
+        *ret = TAKE_PTR(l);
+        return 0;
 }

 struct load_cred_args {
@ -445,15 +463,38 @@ static int maybe_decrypt_and_write_credential(
        assert(data || size == 0);

        if (args->encrypted) {
-                r = decrypt_credential_and_warn(
-                                id,
-                                now(CLOCK_REALTIME),
-                                /* tpm2_device= */ NULL,
-                                /* tpm2_signature_path= */ NULL,
-                                getuid(),
-                                &IOVEC_MAKE(data, size),
-                                CREDENTIAL_ANY_SCOPE,
-                                &plaintext);
+                switch (args->params->runtime_scope) {
+
+                case RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM:
+                        /* In system mode talk directly to the TPM */
+                        r = decrypt_credential_and_warn(
+                                        id,
+                                        now(CLOCK_REALTIME),
+                                        /* tpm2_device= */ NULL,
+                                        /* tpm2_signature_path= */ NULL,
+                                        getuid(),
+                                        &IOVEC_MAKE(data, size),
+                                        CREDENTIAL_ANY_SCOPE,
+                                        &plaintext);
+                        break;
+
+                case RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER:
+                        /* In per user mode we'll not have access to the machine secret, nor to the TPM (most
+                         * likely), hence go via the IPC service instead. Do this if we are run in root's
+                         * per-user invocation too, to minimize differences and because isolating this logic
+                         * into a separate process is generally a good thing anyway. */
+                        r = ipc_decrypt_credential(
+                                        id,
+                                        now(CLOCK_REALTIME),
+                                        getuid(),
+                                        &IOVEC_MAKE(data, size),
+                                        /* flags= */ 0, /* only allow user creds in user scope */
+                                        &plaintext);
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached();
+                }
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

@ -611,9 +652,9 @@ static int load_credential(
                 * directory we received ourselves. We don't support the AF_UNIX stuff in this mode, since we
                 * are operating on a credential store, i.e. this is guaranteed to be regular files. */

-                search_path = credential_search_path(args->params, CREDENTIAL_SEARCH_PATH_ALL);
-                if (!search_path)
-                        return -ENOMEM;
+                r = credential_search_path(args->params, CREDENTIAL_SEARCH_PATH_ALL, &search_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;

                missing_ok = true;
        } else
@ -797,9 +838,9 @@ static int acquire_credentials(
        ORDERED_SET_FOREACH(ic, context->import_credentials) {
                _cleanup_free_ char **search_path = NULL;

-                search_path = credential_search_path(params, CREDENTIAL_SEARCH_PATH_TRUSTED);
-                if (!search_path)
-                        return -ENOMEM;
+                r = credential_search_path(params, CREDENTIAL_SEARCH_PATH_TRUSTED, &search_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;

                args.encrypted = false;

@ -811,9 +852,10 @@ static int acquire_credentials(
                        return r;

                search_path = strv_free(search_path);
-                search_path = credential_search_path(params, CREDENTIAL_SEARCH_PATH_ENCRYPTED);
-                if (!search_path)
-                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = credential_search_path(params, CREDENTIAL_SEARCH_PATH_ENCRYPTED, &search_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;

                args.encrypted = true;

--- a/src/debug-generator/debug-generator.c
+++ b/src/debug-generator/debug-generator.c
@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 #include <unistd.h>

 #include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bitfield.h"
 #include "creds-util.h"
 #include "dropin.h"
 #include "errno-util.h"
+#include "extract-word.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
 #include "generator.h"
@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ static char **arg_wants = NULL;
 static bool arg_debug_shell = false;
 static char *arg_debug_tty = NULL;
 static char *arg_default_debug_tty = NULL;
+static uint32_t arg_breakpoints = 0;

 STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_default_unit, freep);
 STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_mask, strv_freep);
@ -34,6 +37,91 @@ STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_wants, strv_freep);
 STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_debug_tty, freep);
 STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_default_debug_tty, freep);

+typedef enum BreakpointType {
+        BREAKPOINT_PRE_UDEV,
+        BREAKPOINT_PRE_BASIC,
+        BREAKPOINT_PRE_SYSROOT_MOUNT,
+        BREAKPOINT_PRE_SWITCH_ROOT,
+        _BREAKPOINT_TYPE_MAX,
+        _BREAKPOINT_TYPE_INVALID = -EINVAL,
+} BreakpointType;
+
+typedef enum BreakpointValidity {
+        BREAKPOINT_DEFAULT   = 1 << 0,
+        BREAKPOINT_IN_INITRD = 1 << 1,
+        BREAKPOINT_ON_HOST   = 1 << 2,
+} BreakpointValidity;
+
+typedef struct BreakpointInfo {
+        BreakpointType type;
+        const char *name;
+        const char *unit;
+        BreakpointValidity validity;
+} BreakpointInfo;
+
+static const struct BreakpointInfo breakpoint_info_table[_BREAKPOINT_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        { BREAKPOINT_PRE_UDEV,          "pre-udev",        "breakpoint-pre-udev.service",        BREAKPOINT_IN_INITRD | BREAKPOINT_ON_HOST },
+        { BREAKPOINT_PRE_BASIC,         "pre-basic",       "breakpoint-pre-basic.service",       BREAKPOINT_IN_INITRD | BREAKPOINT_ON_HOST },
+        { BREAKPOINT_PRE_SYSROOT_MOUNT, "pre-mount",       "breakpoint-pre-mount.service",       BREAKPOINT_IN_INITRD                      },
+        { BREAKPOINT_PRE_SWITCH_ROOT,   "pre-switch-root", "breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service", BREAKPOINT_IN_INITRD | BREAKPOINT_DEFAULT },
+};
+
+static BreakpointType parse_breakpoint_from_string_one(const char *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        FOREACH_ARRAY(i, breakpoint_info_table, ELEMENTSOF(breakpoint_info_table))
+                if (streq(i->name, s))
+                        return i->type;
+
+        return _BREAKPOINT_TYPE_INVALID;
+}
+
+static int parse_breakpoint_from_string(const char *s, uint32_t *ret_breakpoints) {
+        uint32_t breakpoints = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret_breakpoints);
+
+        /* Empty value? set default breakpoint */
+        if (isempty(s)) {
+                if (in_initrd()) {
+                        FOREACH_ARRAY(i, breakpoint_info_table, ELEMENTSOF(breakpoint_info_table))
+                                if (i->validity & BREAKPOINT_DEFAULT) {
+                                        breakpoints |= 1 << i->type;
+                                        break;
+                                }
+                } else
+                        log_warning("No default breakpoint defined on the host, ignoring breakpoint request from kernel command line.");
+        } else
+                for (;;) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+                        BreakpointType tt;
+
+                        r = extract_first_word(&s, &t, ",", EXTRACT_DONT_COALESCE_SEPARATORS);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                break;
+
+                        tt = parse_breakpoint_from_string_one(t);
+                        if (tt < 0) {
+                                log_warning("Invalid breakpoint value '%s', ignoring.", t);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (in_initrd() && !FLAGS_SET(breakpoint_info_table[tt].validity, BREAKPOINT_IN_INITRD))
+                                log_warning("Breakpoint '%s' not valid in the initrd, ignoring.", t);
+                        else if (!in_initrd() && !FLAGS_SET(breakpoint_info_table[tt].validity, BREAKPOINT_ON_HOST))
+                                log_warning("Breakpoint '%s' not valid on the host, ignoring.", t);
+                        else
+                                breakpoints |= 1 << tt;
+                }
+
+        *ret_breakpoints = breakpoints;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
 static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *data) {
        int r;

@ -88,6 +176,15 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat

                return free_and_strdup_warn(&arg_default_unit, value);

+        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.break")) {
+                uint32_t breakpoints = 0;
+
+                r = parse_breakpoint_from_string(value, &breakpoints);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse breakpoint value '%s': %m", value);
+
+                arg_breakpoints |= breakpoints;
+
        } else if (!value) {
                const char *target;

@ -269,6 +366,10 @@ static int run(const char *dest, const char *dest_early, const char *dest_late)
                RET_GATHER(r, install_debug_shell_dropin());
        }

+        BIT_FOREACH(i, arg_breakpoints)
+                if (strv_extend(&arg_wants, breakpoint_info_table[i].unit) < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
        if (get_credentials_dir(&credentials_dir) >= 0)
                RET_GATHER(r, process_unit_credentials(credentials_dir));

--- a/src/dissect/dissect.c
+++ b/src/dissect/dissect.c
@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ static char *arg_loop_ref = NULL;
 static ImagePolicy *arg_image_policy = NULL;
 static bool arg_mtree_hash = true;
 static bool arg_via_service = false;
+static RuntimeScope arg_runtime_scope = _RUNTIME_SCOPE_INVALID;

 STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_image, freep);
 STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_root, freep);
@ -151,6 +152,8 @@ static int help(void) {
               "                          Generate JSON output\n"
               "     --loop-ref=NAME      Set reference string for loopback device\n"
               "     --mtree-hash=BOOL    Whether to include SHA256 hash in the mtree output\n"
+               "     --user               Discover user images\n"
+               "     --system             Discover system images\n"
               "\n%3$sCommands:%4$s\n"
               "  -h --help               Show this help\n"
               "     --version            Show package version\n"
@ -274,6 +277,8 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                ARG_VALIDATE,
                ARG_MTREE_HASH,
                ARG_MAKE_ARCHIVE,
+                ARG_SYSTEM,
+                ARG_USER,
        };

        static const struct option options[] = {
@ -307,10 +312,13 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                { "validate",      no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VALIDATE      },
                { "mtree-hash",    required_argument, NULL, ARG_MTREE_HASH    },
                { "make-archive",  no_argument,       NULL, ARG_MAKE_ARCHIVE  },
+                { "system",        no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SYSTEM        },
+                { "user",          no_argument,       NULL, ARG_USER          },
                {}
        };

        _cleanup_free_ char **buf = NULL; /* we use free(), not strv_free() here, as we don't copy the strings here */
+        bool system_scope_requested = false, user_scope_requested = false;
        int c, r;

        assert(argc >= 0);
@ -531,7 +539,6 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                        break;

                case ARG_MAKE_ARCHIVE:
-
                        r = dlopen_libarchive();
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "Archive support not available (compiled without libarchive, or libarchive not installed?).");
@ -539,6 +546,14 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                        arg_action = ACTION_MAKE_ARCHIVE;
                        break;

+                case ARG_SYSTEM:
+                        system_scope_requested = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_USER:
+                        user_scope_requested = true;
+                        break;
+
                case '?':
                        return -EINVAL;

@ -547,6 +562,10 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                }
        }

+        if (system_scope_requested || user_scope_requested)
+                arg_runtime_scope = system_scope_requested && user_scope_requested ? _RUNTIME_SCOPE_INVALID :
+                        system_scope_requested ? RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM : RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER;
+
        switch (arg_action) {

        case ACTION_DISSECT:
@ -1851,7 +1870,7 @@ static int action_discover(void) {
                return log_oom();

        for (ImageClass cl = 0; cl < _IMAGE_CLASS_MAX; cl++) {
-                r = image_discover(cl, NULL, images);
+                r = image_discover(arg_runtime_scope, cl, NULL, images);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to discover images: %m");
        }
--- a/src/fundamental/chid-fundamental.c
+++ b/src/fundamental/chid-fundamental.c
@ -28,23 +28,36 @@
 #include "memory-util-fundamental.h"
 #include "sha1-fundamental.h"

-static void get_chid(const char16_t *const smbios_fields[static _CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX], uint32_t mask, EFI_GUID *ret_chid) {
+static void get_chid(
+                const char16_t *const smbios_fields[static _CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX],
+                uint32_t mask,
+                EFI_GUID *ret_chid) {
+
        assert(mask != 0);
        assert(ret_chid);
-        const EFI_GUID namespace = { UINT32_C(0x12d8ff70), UINT16_C(0x7f4c), UINT16_C(0x7d4c), {} }; /* Swapped to BE */

        struct sha1_ctx ctx = {};
        sha1_init_ctx(&ctx);

+        static const EFI_GUID namespace = { UINT32_C(0x12d8ff70), UINT16_C(0x7f4c), UINT16_C(0x7d4c), {} }; /* Swapped to BE */
        sha1_process_bytes(&namespace, sizeof(namespace), &ctx);

-        for (unsigned i = 0; i < _CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX; i++)
-                if ((mask >> i) & 1) {
-                        if (i > 0)
-                                sha1_process_bytes(L"&", 2, &ctx);
-                        sha1_process_bytes(smbios_fields[i], strlen16(smbios_fields[i]) * sizeof(char16_t), &ctx);
+        for (ChidSmbiosFields i = 0; i < _CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX; i++) {
+                if (!FLAGS_SET(mask, UINT32_C(1) << i))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!smbios_fields[i]) {
+                        /* If some SMBIOS field is missing, don't generate the CHID, as per spec */
+                        memzero(ret_chid, sizeof(EFI_GUID));
+                        return;
                }

+                if (i > 0)
+                        sha1_process_bytes(L"&", 2, &ctx);
+
+                sha1_process_bytes(smbios_fields[i], strlen16(smbios_fields[i]) * sizeof(char16_t), &ctx);
+        }
+
        uint8_t hash[SHA1_DIGEST_SIZE];
        sha1_finish_ctx(&ctx, hash);

@ -62,6 +75,30 @@ static void get_chid(const char16_t *const smbios_fields[static _CHID_SMBIOS_FIE
 }

 const uint32_t chid_smbios_table[CHID_TYPES_MAX] = {
+        [0] = (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_MANUFACTURER) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_FAMILY) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_PRODUCT_NAME) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_PRODUCT_SKU) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_VENDOR) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_VERSION) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MAJOR) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MINOR),
+
+        [1] = (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_MANUFACTURER) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_FAMILY) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_PRODUCT_NAME) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_VENDOR) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_VERSION) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MAJOR) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MINOR),
+
+        [2] = (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_MANUFACTURER) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_PRODUCT_NAME) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_VENDOR) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_VERSION) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MAJOR) |
+              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MINOR),
+
        [3] = (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_MANUFACTURER) |
              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_FAMILY) |
              (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_PRODUCT_NAME) |
@ -102,18 +139,26 @@ const uint32_t chid_smbios_table[CHID_TYPES_MAX] = {
        [11] = (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_MANUFACTURER) |
               (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_FAMILY),

+        [12] = (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_MANUFACTURER) |
+               (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_ENCLOSURE_TYPE),
+
        [13] = (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_MANUFACTURER) |
               (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_BASEBOARD_MANUFACTURER) |
               (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_BASEBOARD_PRODUCT),
+
+        [14] = (UINT32_C(1) << CHID_SMBIOS_MANUFACTURER),
 };

 void chid_calculate(const char16_t *const smbios_fields[static _CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX], EFI_GUID ret_chids[static CHID_TYPES_MAX]) {
        assert(smbios_fields);
        assert(ret_chids);

-        for (size_t i = 0; i < CHID_TYPES_MAX; i++)
-                if (chid_smbios_table[i] != 0)
-                        get_chid(smbios_fields, chid_smbios_table[i], &ret_chids[i]);
-                else
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < CHID_TYPES_MAX; i++) {
+                if (chid_smbios_table[i] == 0) {
                        memzero(&ret_chids[i], sizeof(EFI_GUID));
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                get_chid(smbios_fields, chid_smbios_table[i], &ret_chids[i]);
+        }
 }
--- a/src/fundamental/chid-fundamental.h
+++ b/src/fundamental/chid-fundamental.h
@ -20,6 +20,11 @@ typedef enum ChidSmbiosFields {
        CHID_SMBIOS_PRODUCT_SKU,
        CHID_SMBIOS_BASEBOARD_MANUFACTURER,
        CHID_SMBIOS_BASEBOARD_PRODUCT,
+        CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_VENDOR,
+        CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_VERSION,
+        CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MAJOR,
+        CHID_SMBIOS_BIOS_MINOR,
+        CHID_SMBIOS_ENCLOSURE_TYPE,
        _CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX,
 } ChidSmbiosFields;

--- a/src/import/export.c
+++ b/src/import/export.c
@ -25,6 +25,7 @@

 static ImportCompressType arg_compress = IMPORT_COMPRESS_UNKNOWN;
 static ImageClass arg_class = IMAGE_MACHINE;
+static RuntimeScope arg_runtime_scope = _RUNTIME_SCOPE_INVALID;

 static void determine_compression_from_filename(const char *p) {

@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ static int export_tar(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {

        local = argv[1];
        if (image_name_is_valid(local)) {
-                r = image_find(arg_class, local, NULL, &image);
+                r = image_find(arg_runtime_scope, arg_class, local, NULL, &image);
                if (r == -ENOENT)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Image %s not found.", local);
                if (r < 0)
@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ static int export_raw(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {

        local = argv[1];
        if (image_name_is_valid(local)) {
-                r = image_find(arg_class, local, NULL, &image);
+                r = image_find(arg_runtime_scope, arg_class, local, NULL, &image);
                if (r == -ENOENT)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Image %s not found.", local);
                if (r < 0)
--- a/src/import/import-fs.c
+++ b/src/import/import-fs.c
@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ static bool arg_sync = true;
 static bool arg_direct = false;
 static const char *arg_image_root = NULL;
 static ImageClass arg_class = IMAGE_MACHINE;
+static RuntimeScope arg_runtime_scope = _RUNTIME_SCOPE_INVALID;

 typedef struct ProgressInfo {
        RateLimit limit;
@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ static int import_fs(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
                        return log_oom();

                if (!arg_force) {
-                        r = image_find(arg_class, local, NULL, NULL);
+                        r = image_find(arg_runtime_scope, arg_class, local, NULL, NULL);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                if (r != -ENOENT)
                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to check whether image '%s' exists: %m", local);
--- a/src/import/import.c
+++ b/src/import/import.c
@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ static const char *arg_image_root = NULL;
 static ImportFlags arg_import_flags = IMPORT_BTRFS_SUBVOL | IMPORT_BTRFS_QUOTA | IMPORT_CONVERT_QCOW2 | IMPORT_SYNC;
 static uint64_t arg_offset = UINT64_MAX, arg_size_max = UINT64_MAX;
 static ImageClass arg_class = IMAGE_MACHINE;
+static RuntimeScope arg_runtime_scope = _RUNTIME_SCOPE_INVALID;

 static int normalize_local(const char *local, char **ret) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *ll = NULL;
@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ static int normalize_local(const char *local, char **ret) {
                        local = "imported";

                if (!FLAGS_SET(arg_import_flags, IMPORT_FORCE)) {
-                        r = image_find(arg_class, local, NULL, NULL);
+                        r = image_find(arg_runtime_scope, arg_class, local, NULL, NULL);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                if (r != -ENOENT)
                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to check whether image '%s' exists: %m", local);
--- a/src/import/importd.c
+++ b/src/import/importd.c
@ -111,6 +111,8 @@ struct Manager {

        bool use_btrfs_subvol;
        bool use_btrfs_quota;
+
+        RuntimeScope runtime_scope; /* for now: always RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM */
 };

 #define TRANSFERS_MAX 64
@ -721,6 +723,7 @@ static int manager_new(Manager **ret) {
        *m = (Manager) {
                .use_btrfs_subvol = true,
                .use_btrfs_quota = true,
+                .runtime_scope = RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM,
        };

        r = sd_event_default(&m->event);
@ -1332,6 +1335,7 @@ static int method_cancel_transfer(sd_bus_message *msg, void *userdata, sd_bus_er
 static int method_list_images(sd_bus_message *msg, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        ImageClass class = _IMAGE_CLASS_INVALID;
+        Manager *m = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
        int r;

        assert(msg);
@ -1372,7 +1376,7 @@ static int method_list_images(sd_bus_message *msg, void *userdata, sd_bus_error
                if (!h)
                        return -ENOMEM;

-                r = image_discover(c, /* root= */ NULL, h);
+                r = image_discover(m->runtime_scope, c, /* root= */ NULL, h);
                if (r < 0) {
                        if (class >= 0)
                                return r;
--- a/src/import/pull.c
+++ b/src/import/pull.c
@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ static ImportFlags arg_import_flags = IMPORT_PULL_SETTINGS | IMPORT_PULL_ROOTHAS
 static uint64_t arg_offset = UINT64_MAX, arg_size_max = UINT64_MAX;
 static char *arg_checksum = NULL;
 static ImageClass arg_class = IMAGE_MACHINE;
+static RuntimeScope arg_runtime_scope = _RUNTIME_SCOPE_INVALID;

 STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_checksum, freep);

@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ static int normalize_local(const char *local, const char *url, char **ret) {
                                               local);

                if (!FLAGS_SET(arg_import_flags, IMPORT_FORCE)) {
-                        r = image_find(arg_class, local, NULL, NULL);
+                        r = image_find(arg_runtime_scope, arg_class, local, NULL, NULL);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                if (r != -ENOENT)
                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to check whether image '%s' exists: %m", local);
--- a/src/libsystemd/sd-path/path-lookup.h
+++ b/src/libsystemd/sd-path/path-lookup.h
@ -84,3 +84,19 @@ static inline char** generator_binary_paths(RuntimeScope runtime_scope) {
 static inline char** env_generator_binary_paths(RuntimeScope runtime_scope) {
        return generator_binary_paths_internal(runtime_scope, true);
 }
+
+static inline int credential_store_path(RuntimeScope runtime_scope, char ***ret) {
+        return sd_path_lookup_strv(
+                        runtime_scope == RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM ?
+                        SD_PATH_SYSTEM_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE : SD_PATH_USER_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE,
+                        /* suffix= */ NULL,
+                        ret);
+}
+
+static inline int credential_store_path_encrypted(RuntimeScope runtime_scope, char ***ret) {
+        return sd_path_lookup_strv(
+                        runtime_scope == RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM ?
+                        SD_PATH_SYSTEM_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED : SD_PATH_USER_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED,
+                        /* suffix= */ NULL,
+                        ret);
+}
--- a/src/libsystemd/sd-path/sd-path.c
+++ b/src/libsystemd/sd-path/sd-path.c
@ -36,7 +36,12 @@ static int from_environment(const char *envname, const char *fallback, const cha
        return -ENXIO;
 }

-static int from_home_dir(const char *envname, const char *suffix, char **buffer, const char **ret) {
+static int from_home_dir(
+                const char *envname,
+                const char *suffix,
+                char **buffer,
+                const char **ret) {
+
        _cleanup_free_ char *h = NULL;
        int r;

@ -350,6 +355,30 @@ static int get_path(uint64_t type, char **buffer, const char **ret) {
        case SD_PATH_SYSTEMD_USER_ENVIRONMENT_GENERATOR:
                *ret = USER_ENV_GENERATOR_DIR;
                return 0;
+
+        case SD_PATH_SYSTEM_CREDENTIAL_STORE:
+                *ret = "/etc/credstore";
+                return 0;
+
+        case SD_PATH_SYSTEM_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED:
+                *ret = "/etc/credstore.encrypted";
+                return 0;
+
+        case SD_PATH_USER_CREDENTIAL_STORE:
+                r = xdg_user_config_dir("credstore", buffer);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                *ret = *buffer;
+                return 0;
+
+        case SD_PATH_USER_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED:
+                r = xdg_user_config_dir("credstore.encrypted", buffer);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                *ret = *buffer;
+                return 0;
        }

        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
@ -366,12 +395,12 @@ static int get_path_alloc(uint64_t type, const char *suffix, char **ret) {
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

-        if (suffix) {
+        if (!isempty(suffix)) {
                char *suffixed = path_join(p, suffix);
                if (!suffixed)
                        return -ENOMEM;

-                path_simplify(suffixed);
+                path_simplify_full(suffixed, PATH_SIMPLIFY_KEEP_TRAILING_SLASH);

                free_and_replace(buffer, suffixed);
        } else if (!buffer) {
@ -601,8 +630,55 @@ static int get_search(uint64_t type, char ***ret) {
        case SD_PATH_SYSTEMD_SEARCH_NETWORK:
                return strv_from_nulstr(ret, NETWORK_DIRS_NULSTR);

+        case SD_PATH_SYSTEM_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE:
+        case SD_PATH_SYSTEM_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED: {
+                const char *suffix =
+                        type == SD_PATH_SYSTEM_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED ? "credstore.encrypted" : "credstore";
+
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+                FOREACH_STRING(d, CONF_PATHS("")) {
+                        char *j = path_join(d, suffix);
+                        if (!j)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        r = strv_consume(&l, TAKE_PTR(j));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                *ret = TAKE_PTR(l);
+                return 0;
        }

+        case SD_PATH_USER_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE:
+        case SD_PATH_USER_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED: {
+                const char *suffix =
+                        type == SD_PATH_USER_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED ? "credstore.encrypted" : "credstore";
+
+                static const uint64_t dirs[] = {
+                        SD_PATH_USER_CONFIGURATION,
+                        SD_PATH_USER_RUNTIME,
+                        SD_PATH_USER_LIBRARY_PRIVATE,
+                };
+
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+                FOREACH_ELEMENT(d, dirs) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+                        r = sd_path_lookup(*d, suffix, &p);
+                        if (r == -ENXIO)
+                                continue;
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = strv_consume(&l, TAKE_PTR(p));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                *ret = TAKE_PTR(l);
+                return 0;
+        }}
+
        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
 }

@ -637,7 +713,7 @@ _public_ int sd_path_lookup_strv(uint64_t type, const char *suffix, char ***ret)
                        if (!path_extend(i, suffix))
                                return -ENOMEM;

-                        path_simplify(*i);
+                        path_simplify_full(*i, PATH_SIMPLIFY_KEEP_TRAILING_SLASH);
                }

        *ret = TAKE_PTR(l);
--- a/src/machine/image-dbus.c
+++ b/src/machine/image-dbus.c
@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ int bus_image_method_clone(
                return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, r, "Failed to fork(): %m");
        if (r == 0) {
                errno_pipe_fd[0] = safe_close(errno_pipe_fd[0]);
-                r = image_clone(image, new_name, read_only);
+                r = image_clone(image, new_name, read_only, m->runtime_scope);
                report_errno_and_exit(errno_pipe_fd[1], r);
        }

@ -402,6 +402,7 @@ char* image_bus_path(const char *name) {
 static int image_node_enumerator(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, void *userdata, char ***nodes, sd_bus_error *error) {
        _cleanup_hashmap_free_ Hashmap *images = NULL;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        Manager *m = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
        Image *image;
        int r;

@ -413,7 +414,7 @@ static int image_node_enumerator(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, void *userdata,
        if (!images)
                return -ENOMEM;

-        r = image_discover(IMAGE_MACHINE, NULL, images);
+        r = image_discover(m->runtime_scope, IMAGE_MACHINE, NULL, images);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

--- a/src/machine/image-varlink.c
+++ b/src/machine/image-varlink.c
@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ int vl_method_clone_image(sd_varlink *link, sd_json_variant *parameters, sd_varl
                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to fork: %m");
        if (r == 0) {
                errno_pipe_fd[0] = safe_close(errno_pipe_fd[0]);
-                r = image_clone(image, p.new_name, p.read_only > 0);
+                r = image_clone(image, p.new_name, p.read_only > 0, manager->runtime_scope);
                report_errno_and_exit(errno_pipe_fd[1], r);
        }

--- a/src/machine/machined-core.c
+++ b/src/machine/machined-core.c
@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ int manager_acquire_image(Manager *m, const char *name, Image **ret) {
                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to enable source: %m") ;

        _cleanup_(image_unrefp) Image *image = NULL;
-        r = image_find(IMAGE_MACHINE, name, NULL, &image);
+        r = image_find(m->runtime_scope, IMAGE_MACHINE, name, NULL, &image);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to find image: %m");

@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ int rename_image_and_update_cache(Manager *m, Image *image, const char* new_name
        /* The image is cached with its name, hence it is necessary to remove from the cache before renaming. */
        assert_se(hashmap_remove_value(m->image_cache, image->name, image));

-        r = image_rename(image, new_name);
+        r = image_rename(image, new_name, m->runtime_scope);
        if (r < 0) {
                image = image_unref(image);
                return r;
--- a/src/machine/machined-dbus.c
+++ b/src/machine/machined-dbus.c
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ static int method_get_image(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_erro
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

-        r = image_find(IMAGE_MACHINE, name, NULL, NULL);
+        r = image_find(m->runtime_scope, IMAGE_MACHINE, name, NULL, NULL);
        if (r == -ENOENT)
                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_IMAGE, "No image '%s' known", name);
        if (r < 0)
@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ static int method_list_images(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_er
        if (!images)
                return -ENOMEM;

-        r = image_discover(IMAGE_MACHINE, NULL, images);
+        r = image_discover(m->runtime_scope, IMAGE_MACHINE, NULL, images);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ static int method_clean_pool(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_err
                        goto child_fail;
                }

-                r = image_discover(IMAGE_MACHINE, NULL, images);
+                r = image_discover(m->runtime_scope, IMAGE_MACHINE, NULL, images);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto child_fail;

--- a/src/machine/machined-varlink.c
+++ b/src/machine/machined-varlink.c
@ -641,6 +641,7 @@ static int list_image_one_and_maybe_read_metadata(sd_varlink *link, Image *image
 }

 static int vl_method_list_images(sd_varlink *link, sd_json_variant *parameters, sd_varlink_method_flags_t flags, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
        struct params {
                const char *image_name;
                AcquireMetadata acquire_metadata;
@ -667,7 +668,7 @@ static int vl_method_list_images(sd_varlink *link, sd_json_variant *parameters,
                if (!image_name_is_valid(p.image_name))
                        return sd_varlink_error_invalid_parameter_name(link, "name");

-                r = image_find(IMAGE_MACHINE, p.image_name, /* root = */ NULL, &found);
+                r = image_find(m->runtime_scope, IMAGE_MACHINE, p.image_name, /* root = */ NULL, &found);
                if (r == -ENOENT)
                        return sd_varlink_error(link, "io.systemd.MachineImage.NoSuchImage", NULL);
                if (r < 0)
@ -683,7 +684,7 @@ static int vl_method_list_images(sd_varlink *link, sd_json_variant *parameters,
        if (!images)
                return -ENOMEM;

-        r = image_discover(IMAGE_MACHINE, /* root = */ NULL, images);
+        r = image_discover(m->runtime_scope, IMAGE_MACHINE, /* root = */ NULL, images);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to discover images: %m");

--- a/src/machine/machined.c
+++ b/src/machine/machined.c
@ -40,10 +40,14 @@ static int manager_new(Manager **ret) {

        assert(ret);

-        m = new0(Manager, 1);
+        m = new(Manager, 1);
        if (!m)
                return -ENOMEM;

+        *m = (Manager) {
+                .runtime_scope = RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM,
+        };
+
        m->machines = hashmap_new(&machine_hash_ops);
        if (!m->machines)
                return -ENOMEM;
--- a/src/machine/machined.h
+++ b/src/machine/machined.h
@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ struct Manager {

        sd_varlink_server *varlink_userdb_server;
        sd_varlink_server *varlink_machine_server;
+
+        RuntimeScope runtime_scope; /* for now: always RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM */
 };

 int manager_add_machine(Manager *m, const char *name, Machine **ret);
--- a/src/nspawn/nspawn.c
+++ b/src/nspawn/nspawn.c
@ -3167,7 +3167,8 @@ static int determine_names(void) {
                if (arg_machine) {
                        _cleanup_(image_unrefp) Image *i = NULL;

-                        r = image_find(IMAGE_MACHINE, arg_machine, NULL, &i);
+                        r = image_find(arg_privileged ? RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM : RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER,
+                                       IMAGE_MACHINE, arg_machine, NULL, &i);
                        if (r == -ENOENT)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "No image for machine '%s'.", arg_machine);
                        if (r < 0)
--- a/src/path/path.c
+++ b/src/path/path.c
@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "main-func.h"
 #include "pager.h"
 #include "pretty-print.h"
+#include "sort-util.h"
 #include "string-util.h"

 static const char *arg_suffix = NULL;
@ -101,27 +102,50 @@ static const char* const path_table[_SD_PATH_MAX] = {
        [SD_PATH_SYSTEMD_USER_ENVIRONMENT_GENERATOR]          = "systemd-user-environment-generator",
        [SD_PATH_SYSTEMD_SEARCH_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_GENERATOR] = "systemd-search-system-environment-generator",
        [SD_PATH_SYSTEMD_SEARCH_USER_ENVIRONMENT_GENERATOR]   = "systemd-search-user-environment-generator",
+
+        [SD_PATH_SYSTEM_CREDENTIAL_STORE]                     = "system-credential-store",
+        [SD_PATH_SYSTEM_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE]              = "system-search-credential-store",
+        [SD_PATH_SYSTEM_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED]           = "system-credential-store-encrypted",
+        [SD_PATH_SYSTEM_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED]    = "system-search-credential-store-encrypted",
+        [SD_PATH_USER_CREDENTIAL_STORE]                       = "user-credential-store",
+        [SD_PATH_USER_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE]                = "user-search-credential-store",
+        [SD_PATH_USER_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED]             = "user-credential-store-encrypted",
+        [SD_PATH_USER_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED]      = "user-search-credential-store-encrypted",
+
 };

+static int order_cmp(const size_t *a, const size_t *b) {
+        assert(*a < ELEMENTSOF(path_table));
+        assert(*b < ELEMENTSOF(path_table));
+        return strcmp(path_table[*a], path_table[*b]);
+}
+
 static int list_paths(void) {
-        int r = 0;
+        int ret = 0, r;

        pager_open(arg_pager_flags);

-        for (size_t i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(path_table); i++) {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
-                int q;
+        size_t order[ELEMENTSOF(path_table)];

-                q = sd_path_lookup(i, arg_suffix, &p);
-                if (q < 0) {
-                        log_full_errno(q == -ENXIO ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR,
-                                       q, "Failed to query %s: %m", path_table[i]);
-                        if (q != -ENXIO)
-                                RET_GATHER(r, q);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(order); i++)
+                order[i] = i;
+
+        typesafe_qsort(order, ELEMENTSOF(order), order_cmp);
+
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(order); i++) {
+                size_t j = order[i];
+                const char *t = ASSERT_PTR(path_table[j]);
+
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+                r = sd_path_lookup(j, arg_suffix, &p);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_full_errno(r == -ENXIO ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR, r, "Failed to query %s, proceeding: %m", t);
+                        if (r != -ENXIO)
+                                RET_GATHER(ret, r);
                        continue;
                }

-                printf("%s%s:%s %s\n", ansi_highlight(), path_table[i], ansi_normal(), p);
+                printf("%s%s:%s %s\n", ansi_highlight(), t, ansi_normal(), p);
        }

        return r;
@ -154,14 +178,16 @@ static int help(void) {
        if (r < 0)
                return log_oom();

-        printf("%s [OPTIONS...] [NAME...]\n\n"
-               "Show system and user paths.\n\n"
+        printf("%s [OPTIONS...] [NAME...]\n"
+               "\n%sShow system and user paths.%s\n\n"
               "  -h --help             Show this help\n"
               "     --version          Show package version\n"
               "     --suffix=SUFFIX    Suffix to append to paths\n"
               "     --no-pager         Do not pipe output into a pager\n"
               "\nSee the %s for details.\n",
               program_invocation_short_name,
+               ansi_highlight(),
+               ansi_normal(),
               link);

        return 0;
@ -224,10 +250,11 @@ static int run(int argc, char* argv[]) {
        if (r <= 0)
                return r;

-        if (argc > optind)
+        if (argc > optind) {
+                r = 0;
                for (int i = optind; i < argc; i++)
                        RET_GATHER(r, print_path(argv[i]));
-        else
+        } else
                r = list_paths();

        return r;
--- a/src/portable/portable.c
+++ b/src/portable/portable.c
@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ DEFINE_PRIVATE_HASH_OPS_WITH_VALUE_DESTRUCTOR(portable_metadata_hash_ops, char,
                                              PortableMetadata, portable_metadata_unref);

 static int extract_now(
+                RuntimeScope scope,
                const char *where,
                char **matches,
                const char *image_name,
@ -199,6 +200,7 @@ static int extract_now(
         * parent. To handle both cases in one call this function also gets a 'socket_fd' parameter, which when >= 0 is
         * used to send the data to the parent. */

+        assert(scope < _RUNTIME_SCOPE_MAX);
        assert(where);

        /* First, find os-release/extension-release and send it upstream (or just save it). */
@ -248,7 +250,7 @@ static int extract_now(
        /* Then, send unit file data to the parent (or/and add it to the hashmap). For that we use our usual unit
         * discovery logic. Note that we force looking inside of /lib/systemd/system/ for units too, as the
         * image might have a legacy split-usr layout. */
-        r = lookup_paths_init(&paths, RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM, LOOKUP_PATHS_SPLIT_USR, where);
+        r = lookup_paths_init(&paths, scope, LOOKUP_PATHS_SPLIT_USR, where);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to acquire lookup paths: %m");

@ -348,6 +350,7 @@ static int extract_now(
 }

 static int portable_extract_by_path(
+                RuntimeScope scope,
                const char *path,
                bool path_is_extension,
                bool relax_extension_release_check,
@ -381,7 +384,7 @@ static int portable_extract_by_path(
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to extract image name from path '%s': %m", path);

-                r = extract_now(path, matches, image_name, path_is_extension, /* relax_extension_release_check= */ false, -1, &os_release, &unit_files);
+                r = extract_now(scope, path, matches, image_name, path_is_extension, /* relax_extension_release_check= */ false, -1, &os_release, &unit_files);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

@ -458,7 +461,7 @@ static int portable_extract_by_path(
                                goto child_finish;
                        }

-                        r = extract_now(tmpdir, matches, m->image_name, path_is_extension, relax_extension_release_check, seq[1], NULL, NULL);
+                        r = extract_now(scope, tmpdir, matches, m->image_name, path_is_extension, relax_extension_release_check, seq[1], NULL, NULL);

                child_finish:
                        _exit(r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS);
@ -549,6 +552,7 @@ static int portable_extract_by_path(
 }

 static int extract_image_and_extensions(
+                RuntimeScope scope,
                const char *name_or_path,
                char **matches,
                char **extension_image_paths,
@ -595,7 +599,7 @@ static int extract_image_and_extensions(
                name_or_path = result.path;
        }

-        r = image_find_harder(IMAGE_PORTABLE, name_or_path, /* root= */ NULL, &image);
+        r = image_find_harder(scope, IMAGE_PORTABLE, name_or_path, /* root= */ NULL, &image);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

@ -633,7 +637,7 @@ static int extract_image_and_extensions(
                                path = ext_result.path;
                        }

-                        r = image_find_harder(IMAGE_PORTABLE, path, NULL, &new);
+                        r = image_find_harder(scope, IMAGE_PORTABLE, path, NULL, &new);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

@ -645,6 +649,7 @@ static int extract_image_and_extensions(
        }

        r = portable_extract_by_path(
+                        scope,
                        image->path,
                        /* path_is_extension= */ false,
                        /* relax_extension_release_check= */ false,
@ -687,6 +692,7 @@ static int extract_image_and_extensions(
                const char *e;

                r = portable_extract_by_path(
+                                scope,
                                ext->path,
                                /* path_is_extension= */ true,
                                relax_extension_release_check,
@ -754,6 +760,7 @@ static int extract_image_and_extensions(
 }

 int portable_extract(
+                RuntimeScope scope,
                const char *name_or_path,
                char **matches,
                char **extension_image_paths,
@ -775,6 +782,7 @@ int portable_extract(
        assert(name_or_path);

        r = extract_image_and_extensions(
+                        scope,
                        name_or_path,
                        matches,
                        extension_image_paths,
@ -1426,6 +1434,7 @@ static int image_target_path(
 }

 static int install_image(
+                RuntimeScope scope,
                const char *image_path,
                PortableFlags flags,
                PortableChange **changes,
@ -1434,13 +1443,14 @@ static int install_image(
        _cleanup_free_ char *target = NULL;
        int r;

+        assert(scope < _RUNTIME_SCOPE_MAX);
        assert(image_path);

        /* If the image is outside of the image search also link it into it, so that it can be found with
         * short image names and is listed among the images. If we are operating in mixed mode, the image is
         * copied instead. */

-        if (image_in_search_path(IMAGE_PORTABLE, NULL, image_path))
+        if (image_in_search_path(scope, IMAGE_PORTABLE, NULL, image_path))
                return 0;

        r = image_target_path(image_path, flags, &target);
@ -1485,6 +1495,7 @@ static int install_image(
 }

 static int install_image_and_extensions(
+                RuntimeScope scope,
                const Image *image,
                OrderedHashmap *extension_images,
                PortableFlags flags,
@ -1497,12 +1508,12 @@ static int install_image_and_extensions(
        assert(image);

        ORDERED_HASHMAP_FOREACH(ext, extension_images) {
-                r = install_image(ext->path, flags, changes, n_changes);
+                r = install_image(scope, ext->path, flags, changes, n_changes);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

-        r = install_image(image->path, flags, changes, n_changes);
+        r = install_image(scope, image->path, flags, changes, n_changes);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

@ -1595,6 +1606,7 @@ static void log_portable_verb(
 }

 int portable_attach(
+                RuntimeScope scope,
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *name_or_path,
                char **matches,
@ -1615,7 +1627,10 @@ int portable_attach(
        PortableMetadata *item;
        int r;

+        assert(scope < _RUNTIME_SCOPE_MAX);
+
        r = extract_image_and_extensions(
+                        scope,
                        name_or_path,
                        matches,
                        extension_image_paths,
@ -1672,13 +1687,13 @@ int portable_attach(
                                strempty(extensions_joined));
        }

-        r = lookup_paths_init(&paths, RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM, /* flags= */ 0, NULL);
+        r = lookup_paths_init(&paths, scope, /* flags= */ 0, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (!FLAGS_SET(flags, PORTABLE_REATTACH) && !FLAGS_SET(flags, PORTABLE_FORCE_ATTACH))
                HASHMAP_FOREACH(item, unit_files) {
-                        r = unit_file_exists(RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM, &paths, item->name);
+                        r = unit_file_exists(scope, &paths, item->name);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, r, "Failed to determine whether unit '%s' exists on the host: %m", item->name);
                        if (r > 0)
@ -1700,7 +1715,7 @@ int portable_attach(

        /* We don't care too much for the image symlink/copy, it's just a convenience thing, it's not necessary for
         * proper operation otherwise. */
-        (void) install_image_and_extensions(image, extension_images, flags, changes, n_changes);
+        (void) install_image_and_extensions(scope, image, extension_images, flags, changes, n_changes);

        log_portable_verb(
                        "attached",
@ -1844,6 +1859,7 @@ static int test_chroot_dropin(
 }

 int portable_detach(
+                RuntimeScope scope,
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *name_or_path,
                char **extension_image_paths,
@ -1857,12 +1873,12 @@ int portable_detach(
        _cleanup_free_ char *extensions = NULL;
        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
        const char *where, *item;
-        int ret = 0;
-        int r;
+        int r, ret = 0;

+        assert(scope < _RUNTIME_SCOPE_MAX);
        assert(name_or_path);

-        r = lookup_paths_init(&paths, RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM, /* flags= */ 0, NULL);
+        r = lookup_paths_init(&paths, scope, /* flags= */ 0, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

@ -1930,7 +1946,7 @@ int portable_detach(
                        if (r == 0)
                                break;

-                        if (path_is_absolute(image) && !image_in_search_path(IMAGE_PORTABLE, NULL, image)) {
+                        if (path_is_absolute(image) && !image_in_search_path(scope, IMAGE_PORTABLE, NULL, image)) {
                                r = set_ensure_consume(&markers, &path_hash_ops_free, TAKE_PTR(image));
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;
@ -2031,6 +2047,7 @@ not_found:
 }

 static int portable_get_state_internal(
+                RuntimeScope scope,
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *name_or_path,
                char **extension_image_paths,
@ -2045,10 +2062,11 @@ static int portable_get_state_internal(
        const char *where;
        int r;

+        assert(scope < _RUNTIME_SCOPE_MAX);
        assert(name_or_path);
        assert(ret);

-        r = lookup_paths_init(&paths, RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM, /* flags= */ 0, NULL);
+        r = lookup_paths_init(&paths, scope, /* flags= */ 0, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

@ -2084,7 +2102,7 @@ static int portable_get_state_internal(
                if (r == 0)
                        continue;

-                r = unit_file_lookup_state(RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM, &paths, de->d_name, &state);
+                r = unit_file_lookup_state(scope, &paths, de->d_name, &state);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to determine unit file state of '%s': %m", de->d_name);
                if (!IN_SET(state, UNIT_FILE_STATIC, UNIT_FILE_DISABLED, UNIT_FILE_LINKED, UNIT_FILE_LINKED_RUNTIME))
@ -2109,6 +2127,7 @@ static int portable_get_state_internal(
 }

 int portable_get_state(
+                RuntimeScope scope,
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *name_or_path,
                char **extension_image_paths,
@ -2125,12 +2144,19 @@ int portable_get_state(
        /* We look for matching units twice: once in the regular directories, and once in the runtime directories — but
         * the latter only if we didn't find anything in the former. */

-        r = portable_get_state_internal(bus, name_or_path, extension_image_paths, flags & ~PORTABLE_RUNTIME, &state, error);
+        r = portable_get_state_internal(
+                        scope,
+                        bus,
+                        name_or_path,
+                        extension_image_paths,
+                        flags & ~PORTABLE_RUNTIME,
+                        &state,
+                        error);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (state == PORTABLE_DETACHED) {
-                r = portable_get_state_internal(bus, name_or_path, extension_image_paths, flags | PORTABLE_RUNTIME, &state, error);
+                r = portable_get_state_internal(scope, bus, name_or_path, extension_image_paths, flags | PORTABLE_RUNTIME, &state, error);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }
--- a/src/portable/portable.h
+++ b/src/portable/portable.h
@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "dissect-image.h"
 #include "hashmap.h"
 #include "macro.h"
+#include "runtime-scope.h"
 #include "set.h"
 #include "string-util.h"

@ -69,12 +70,12 @@ DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(PortableMetadata*, portable_metadata_unref);

 int portable_metadata_hashmap_to_sorted_array(Hashmap *unit_files, PortableMetadata ***ret);

-int portable_extract(const char *image, char **matches, char **extension_image_paths, const ImagePolicy *image_policy, PortableFlags flags, PortableMetadata **ret_os_release, OrderedHashmap **ret_extension_releases, Hashmap **ret_unit_files, char ***ret_valid_prefixes, sd_bus_error *error);
+int portable_extract(RuntimeScope scope, const char *image, char **matches, char **extension_image_paths, const ImagePolicy *image_policy, PortableFlags flags, PortableMetadata **ret_os_release, OrderedHashmap **ret_extension_releases, Hashmap **ret_unit_files, char ***ret_valid_prefixes, sd_bus_error *error);

-int portable_attach(sd_bus *bus, const char *name_or_path, char **matches, const char *profile, char **extension_images, const ImagePolicy* image_policy, PortableFlags flags, PortableChange **changes, size_t *n_changes, sd_bus_error *error);
-int portable_detach(sd_bus *bus, const char *name_or_path, char **extension_image_paths, PortableFlags flags, PortableChange **changes, size_t *n_changes, sd_bus_error *error);
+int portable_attach(RuntimeScope scope, sd_bus *bus, const char *name_or_path, char **matches, const char *profile, char **extension_images, const ImagePolicy* image_policy, PortableFlags flags, PortableChange **changes, size_t *n_changes, sd_bus_error *error);
+int portable_detach(RuntimeScope scope, sd_bus *bus, const char *name_or_path, char **extension_image_paths, PortableFlags flags, PortableChange **changes, size_t *n_changes, sd_bus_error *error);

-int portable_get_state(sd_bus *bus, const char *name_or_path, char **extension_image_paths, PortableFlags flags, PortableState *ret, sd_bus_error *error);
+int portable_get_state(RuntimeScope scope, sd_bus *bus, const char *name_or_path, char **extension_image_paths, PortableFlags flags, PortableState *ret, sd_bus_error *error);

 int portable_get_profiles(char ***ret);

--- a/src/portable/portabled-bus.c
+++ b/src/portable/portabled-bus.c
@ -165,6 +165,7 @@ static int method_list_images(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_er
                        return r;

                r = portable_get_state(
+                                m->runtime_scope,
                                sd_bus_message_get_bus(message),
                                image->path,
                                NULL,
@ -225,6 +226,7 @@ static int method_get_image_metadata(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd

 static int method_get_image_state(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **extension_images = NULL;
+        Manager *m = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
        const char *name_or_path;
        PortableState state;
        int r;
@ -254,6 +256,7 @@ static int method_get_image_state(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bu
        }

        r = portable_get_state(
+                        m->runtime_scope,
                        sd_bus_message_get_bus(message),
                        name_or_path,
                        extension_images,
@ -330,6 +333,7 @@ static int method_detach_image(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_e
                return 1; /* Will call us back */

        r = portable_detach(
+                        m->runtime_scope,
                        sd_bus_message_get_bus(message),
                        name_or_path,
                        extension_images,
--- a/src/portable/portabled-image-bus.c
+++ b/src/portable/portabled-image-bus.c
@ -114,10 +114,8 @@ int bus_image_common_get_metadata(
        assert(name_or_path || image);
        assert(message);

-        if (!m) {
-                assert(image);
-                m = image->userdata;
-        }
+        if (!m)
+                m = ASSERT_PTR(ASSERT_PTR(image)->userdata);

        bool have_exti = sd_bus_message_is_method_call(message, NULL, "GetImageMetadataWithExtensions") ||
                         sd_bus_message_is_method_call(message, NULL, "GetMetadataWithExtensions");
@ -160,6 +158,7 @@ int bus_image_common_get_metadata(
                return 1;

        r = portable_extract(
+                        m->runtime_scope,
                        image->path,
                        matches,
                        extension_images,
@ -264,6 +263,7 @@ static int bus_image_method_get_state(

        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **extension_images = NULL;
        Image *image = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        Manager *m = ASSERT_PTR(image->userdata);
        PortableState state;
        int r;

@ -288,6 +288,7 @@ static int bus_image_method_get_state(
        }

        r = portable_get_state(
+                        m->runtime_scope,
                        sd_bus_message_get_bus(message),
                        image->path,
                        extension_images,
@ -385,6 +386,7 @@ int bus_image_common_attach(
                return 1;

        r = portable_attach(
+                        m->runtime_scope,
                        sd_bus_message_get_bus(message),
                        image->path,
                        matches,
@ -463,6 +465,7 @@ static int bus_image_method_detach(
                return 1; /* Will call us back */

        r = portable_detach(
+                        m->runtime_scope,
                        sd_bus_message_get_bus(message),
                        image->path,
                        extension_images,
@ -513,6 +516,7 @@ int bus_image_common_remove(
                return 1; /* Will call us back */

        r = portable_get_state(
+                        m->runtime_scope,
                        sd_bus_message_get_bus(message),
                        image->path,
                        NULL,
@ -716,6 +720,7 @@ int bus_image_common_reattach(
                return 1;

        r = portable_detach(
+                        m->runtime_scope,
                        sd_bus_message_get_bus(message),
                        image->path,
                        extension_images,
@ -727,6 +732,7 @@ int bus_image_common_reattach(
                return r;

        r = portable_attach(
+                        m->runtime_scope,
                        sd_bus_message_get_bus(message),
                        image->path,
                        matches,
@ -1039,7 +1045,7 @@ int bus_image_acquire(
        if (image_name_is_valid(name_or_path)) {

                /* If it's a short name, let's search for it */
-                r = image_find(IMAGE_PORTABLE, name_or_path, NULL, &loaded);
+                r = image_find(m->runtime_scope, IMAGE_PORTABLE, name_or_path, NULL, &loaded);
                if (r == -ENOENT)
                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_PORTABLE_IMAGE,
                                                 "No image '%s' found.", name_or_path);
--- a/src/portable/portabled-image.c
+++ b/src/portable/portabled-image.c
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ int manager_image_cache_discover(Manager *m, Hashmap *images, sd_bus_error *erro
        /* A wrapper around image_discover() (for finding images in search path) and portable_discover_attached() (for
         * finding attached images). */

-        r = image_discover(IMAGE_PORTABLE, NULL, images);
+        r = image_discover(m->runtime_scope, IMAGE_PORTABLE, NULL, images);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

--- a/src/portable/portabled.c
+++ b/src/portable/portabled.c
@ -28,10 +28,14 @@ static int manager_new(Manager **ret) {

        assert(ret);

-        m = new0(Manager, 1);
+        m = new(Manager, 1);
        if (!m)
                return -ENOMEM;

+        *m = (Manager) {
+                .runtime_scope = RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM,
+        };
+
        r = sd_event_default(&m->event);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
--- a/src/portable/portabled.h
+++ b/src/portable/portabled.h
@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "bus-object.h"
 #include "hashmap.h"
 #include "list.h"
+#include "runtime-scope.h"

 typedef struct Manager Manager;

@ -23,6 +24,8 @@ struct Manager {

        LIST_HEAD(Operation, operations);
        unsigned n_operations;
+
+        RuntimeScope runtime_scope; /* for now always RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM */
 };

 extern const BusObjectImplementation manager_object;
--- a/src/shared/discover-image.c
+++ b/src/shared/discover-image.c
@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <unistd.h>

+#include "sd-path.h"
+
 #include "alloc-util.h"
 #include "blockdev-util.h"
 #include "btrfs-util.h"
@ -553,12 +555,95 @@ static int image_make(
        return -EMEDIUMTYPE;
 }

-static const char *pick_image_search_path(ImageClass class) {
-        if (class < 0 || class >= _IMAGE_CLASS_MAX)
-                return NULL;
+static int pick_image_search_path(
+                RuntimeScope scope,
+                ImageClass class,
+                char ***ret) {

-        /* Use the initrd search path if there is one, otherwise use the common one */
-        return in_initrd() && image_search_path_initrd[class] ? image_search_path_initrd[class] : image_search_path[class];
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope < _RUNTIME_SCOPE_MAX && scope != RUNTIME_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
+        assert(class < _IMAGE_CLASS_MAX);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (class < 0) {
+                *ret = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (scope < 0) {
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **a = NULL, **b = NULL;
+
+                r = pick_image_search_path(RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER, class, &a);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = pick_image_search_path(RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM, class, &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = strv_extend_strv(&a, b, /* filter_duplicates= */ false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                *ret = TAKE_PTR(a);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        switch (scope) {
+
+        case RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM: {
+                const char *ns;
+                /* Use the initrd search path if there is one, otherwise use the common one */
+                ns = in_initrd() && image_search_path_initrd[class] ?
+                        image_search_path_initrd[class] :
+                        image_search_path[class];
+                if (!ns)
+                        break;
+
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **search = strv_split_nulstr(ns);
+                if (!search)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *ret = TAKE_PTR(search);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        case RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER: {
+                if (class != IMAGE_MACHINE)
+                        break;
+
+                static const uint64_t dirs[] = {
+                        SD_PATH_USER_RUNTIME,
+                        SD_PATH_USER_STATE_PRIVATE,
+                        SD_PATH_USER_LIBRARY_PRIVATE,
+                };
+
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **search = NULL;
+                FOREACH_ELEMENT(d, dirs) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                        r = sd_path_lookup(*d, "machines", &p);
+                        if (r == -ENXIO) /* No XDG_RUNTIME_DIR set */
+                                continue;
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = strv_consume(&search, TAKE_PTR(p));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                *ret = TAKE_PTR(search);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached();
+        }
+
+        *ret = NULL;
+        return 0;
 }

 static char **make_possible_filenames(ImageClass class, const char *image_name) {
@ -592,7 +677,8 @@ static char **make_possible_filenames(ImageClass class, const char *image_name)
        return TAKE_PTR(l);
 }

-int image_find(ImageClass class,
+int image_find(RuntimeScope scope,
+               ImageClass class,
               const char *name,
               const char *root,
               Image **ret) {
@ -602,6 +688,7 @@ int image_find(ImageClass class,
         * some root directory.) */
        int open_flags = root ? O_NOFOLLOW : 0, r;

+        assert(scope < _RUNTIME_SCOPE_MAX && scope != RUNTIME_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
        assert(class >= 0);
        assert(class < _IMAGE_CLASS_MAX);
        assert(name);
@ -614,11 +701,16 @@ int image_find(ImageClass class,
        if (!names)
                return -ENOMEM;

-        NULSTR_FOREACH(path, pick_image_search_path(class)) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **search = NULL;
+        r = pick_image_search_path(scope, class, &search);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(path, search) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *resolved = NULL;
                _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;

-                r = chase_and_opendir(path, root, CHASE_PREFIX_ROOT, &resolved, &d);
+                r = chase_and_opendir(*path, root, CHASE_PREFIX_ROOT, &resolved, &d);
                if (r == -ENOENT)
                        continue;
                if (r < 0)
@ -722,7 +814,7 @@ int image_find(ImageClass class,
                }
        }

-        if (class == IMAGE_MACHINE && streq(name, ".host")) {
+        if (scope == RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM && class == IMAGE_MACHINE && streq(name, ".host")) {
                r = image_make(class,
                               ".host",
                               /* dir_fd= */ AT_FDCWD,
@ -771,14 +863,21 @@ int image_from_path(const char *path, Image **ret) {
                        ret);
 }

-int image_find_harder(ImageClass class, const char *name_or_path, const char *root, Image **ret) {
+int image_find_harder(
+                RuntimeScope scope,
+                ImageClass class,
+                const char *name_or_path,
+                const char *root,
+                Image **ret) {
+
        if (image_name_is_valid(name_or_path))
-                return image_find(class, name_or_path, root, ret);
+                return image_find(scope, class, name_or_path, root, ret);

        return image_from_path(name_or_path, ret);
 }

 int image_discover(
+                RuntimeScope scope,
                ImageClass class,
                const char *root,
                Hashmap *h) {
@ -788,15 +887,21 @@ int image_discover(
         * some root directory.) */
        int open_flags = root ? O_NOFOLLOW : 0, r;

+        assert(scope < _RUNTIME_SCOPE_MAX && scope != RUNTIME_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
        assert(class >= 0);
        assert(class < _IMAGE_CLASS_MAX);
        assert(h);

-        NULSTR_FOREACH(path, pick_image_search_path(class)) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **search = NULL;
+        r = pick_image_search_path(scope, class, &search);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(path, search) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *resolved = NULL;
                _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;

-                r = chase_and_opendir(path, root, CHASE_PREFIX_ROOT, &resolved, &d);
+                r = chase_and_opendir(*path, root, CHASE_PREFIX_ROOT, &resolved, &d);
                if (r == -ENOENT)
                        continue;
                if (r < 0)
@ -946,7 +1051,7 @@ int image_discover(
                }
        }

-        if (class == IMAGE_MACHINE && !hashmap_contains(h, ".host")) {
+        if (scope == RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM && class == IMAGE_MACHINE && !hashmap_contains(h, ".host")) {
                _cleanup_(image_unrefp) Image *image = NULL;

                r = image_make(IMAGE_MACHINE,
@ -1063,7 +1168,7 @@ static int rename_auxiliary_file(const char *path, const char *new_name, const c
        return rename_noreplace(AT_FDCWD, path, AT_FDCWD, rs);
 }

-int image_rename(Image *i, const char *new_name) {
+int image_rename(Image *i, const char *new_name, RuntimeScope scope) {
        _cleanup_(release_lock_file) LockFile global_lock = LOCK_FILE_INIT, local_lock = LOCK_FILE_INIT, name_lock = LOCK_FILE_INIT;
        _cleanup_free_ char *new_path = NULL, *nn = NULL, *roothash = NULL;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **settings = NULL;
@ -1098,7 +1203,7 @@ int image_rename(Image *i, const char *new_name) {
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

-        r = image_find(IMAGE_MACHINE, new_name, NULL, NULL);
+        r = image_find(scope, IMAGE_MACHINE, new_name, NULL, NULL);
        if (r >= 0)
                return -EEXIST;
        if (r != -ENOENT)
@ -1185,7 +1290,7 @@ static int clone_auxiliary_file(const char *path, const char *new_name, const ch
        return copy_file_atomic(path, rs, 0664, COPY_REFLINK);
 }

-int image_clone(Image *i, const char *new_name, bool read_only) {
+int image_clone(Image *i, const char *new_name, bool read_only, RuntimeScope scope) {
        _cleanup_(release_lock_file) LockFile name_lock = LOCK_FILE_INIT;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **settings = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *roothash = NULL;
@ -1212,7 +1317,7 @@ int image_clone(Image *i, const char *new_name, bool read_only) {
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

-        r = image_find(IMAGE_MACHINE, new_name, NULL, NULL);
+        r = image_find(scope, IMAGE_MACHINE, new_name, NULL, NULL);
        if (r >= 0)
                return -EEXIST;
        if (r != -ENOENT)
@ -1646,24 +1751,35 @@ int image_name_lock(const char *name, int operation, LockFile *ret) {
 }

 bool image_in_search_path(
+                RuntimeScope scope,
                ImageClass class,
                const char *root,
                const char *image) {

+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope < _RUNTIME_SCOPE_MAX && scope != RUNTIME_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
+        assert(class >= 0);
+        assert(class < _IMAGE_CLASS_MAX);
        assert(image);

-        NULSTR_FOREACH(path, pick_image_search_path(class)) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **search = NULL;
+        r = pick_image_search_path(scope, class, &search);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(path, search) {
                const char *p, *q;
                size_t k;

                if (!empty_or_root(root)) {
-                        q = path_startswith(path, root);
+                        q = path_startswith(*path, root);
                        if (!q)
                                continue;
                } else
-                        q = path;
+                        q = *path;

-                p = path_startswith(q, path);
+                p = path_startswith(q, *path);
                if (!p)
                        continue;

--- a/src/shared/discover-image.h
+++ b/src/shared/discover-image.h
@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include "macro.h"
 #include "os-util.h"
 #include "path-util.h"
+#include "runtime-scope.h"
 #include "string-util.h"
 #include "time-util.h"

@ -60,14 +61,14 @@ Image *image_ref(Image *i);

 DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(Image*, image_unref);

-int image_find(ImageClass class, const char *name, const char *root, Image **ret);
+int image_find(RuntimeScope scope, ImageClass class, const char *name, const char *root, Image **ret);
 int image_from_path(const char *path, Image **ret);
-int image_find_harder(ImageClass class, const char *name_or_path, const char *root, Image **ret);
-int image_discover(ImageClass class, const char *root, Hashmap *map);
+int image_find_harder(RuntimeScope scope, ImageClass class, const char *name_or_path, const char *root, Image **ret);
+int image_discover(RuntimeScope scope, ImageClass class, const char *root, Hashmap *map);

 int image_remove(Image *i);
-int image_rename(Image *i, const char *new_name);
-int image_clone(Image *i, const char *new_name, bool read_only);
+int image_rename(Image *i, const char *new_name, RuntimeScope scope);
+int image_clone(Image *i, const char *new_name, bool read_only, RuntimeScope scope);
 int image_read_only(Image *i, bool b);

 const char* image_type_to_string(ImageType t) _const_;
@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ int image_set_limit(Image *i, uint64_t referenced_max);

 int image_read_metadata(Image *i, const ImagePolicy *image_policy);

-bool image_in_search_path(ImageClass class, const char *root, const char *image);
+bool image_in_search_path(RuntimeScope scope, ImageClass class, const char *root, const char *image);

 static inline char **image_extension_release(Image *image, ImageClass class) {
        assert(image);
--- a/src/sysext/sysext.c
+++ b/src/sysext/sysext.c
@ -2031,7 +2031,7 @@ static int image_discover_and_read_metadata(
        if (!images)
                return log_oom();

-        r = image_discover(image_class, arg_root, images);
+        r = image_discover(RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM, image_class, arg_root, images);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to discover images: %m");

@ -2278,7 +2278,7 @@ static int verb_list(int argc, char **argv, void *userdata) {
        if (!images)
                return log_oom();

-        r = image_discover(arg_image_class, arg_root, images);
+        r = image_discover(RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM, arg_image_class, arg_root, images);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to discover images: %m");

@ -2339,7 +2339,7 @@ static int vl_method_list(sd_varlink *link, sd_json_variant *parameters, sd_varl
        if (!images)
                return -ENOMEM;

-        r = image_discover(image_class, arg_root, images);
+        r = image_discover(RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM, image_class, arg_root, images);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

--- a/src/systemd/sd-path.h
+++ b/src/systemd/sd-path.h
@ -120,6 +120,16 @@ enum {

        SD_PATH_USER_STATE_PRIVATE,

+        /* credential store */
+        SD_PATH_SYSTEM_CREDENTIAL_STORE,
+        SD_PATH_SYSTEM_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE,
+        SD_PATH_SYSTEM_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED,
+        SD_PATH_SYSTEM_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED,
+        SD_PATH_USER_CREDENTIAL_STORE,
+        SD_PATH_USER_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE,
+        SD_PATH_USER_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED,
+        SD_PATH_USER_SEARCH_CREDENTIAL_STORE_ENCRYPTED,
+
        _SD_PATH_MAX
 };

--- a/src/sysupdate/sysupdated.c
+++ b/src/sysupdate/sysupdated.c
@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ typedef struct Manager {
        Hashmap *polkit_registry;

        sd_event_source *notify_event;
+
+        RuntimeScope runtime_scope; /* For now only RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM */
 } Manager;

 /* Forward declare so that jobs can call it on exit */
@ -1730,10 +1732,14 @@ static int manager_new(Manager **ret) {

        assert(ret);

-        m = new0(Manager, 1);
+        m = new(Manager, 1);
        if (!m)
                return -ENOMEM;

+        *m = (Manager) {
+                .runtime_scope = RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM,
+        };
+
        r = sd_event_default(&m->event);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
@ -1795,7 +1801,7 @@ static int manager_enumerate_image_class(Manager *m, TargetClass class) {
        if (!images)
                return -ENOMEM;

-        r = image_discover((ImageClass) class, NULL, images);
+        r = image_discover(m->runtime_scope, (ImageClass) class, NULL, images);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

--- a/src/test/test-chid.c
+++ b/src/test/test-chid.c
@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ const char16_t *const test_fields[_CHID_SMBIOS_FIELDS_MAX] = {
        [CHID_SMBIOS_FAMILY]                 = u"To be filled by O.E.M.",
        [CHID_SMBIOS_BASEBOARD_PRODUCT]      = u"MPG X670E CARBON WIFI (MS-7D70)",
        [CHID_SMBIOS_BASEBOARD_MANUFACTURER] = u"Micro-Star International Co., Ltd.",
+        [CHID_SMBIOS_ENCLOSURE_TYPE]         = u"3",
 };

 /* Actual output of `fwupdtool hwids`:
@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ Extra Hardware IDs
 {7b3d90ce-ed79-5951-a48a-764ea9f11146}   <- Manufacturer + BiosVendor
 */

-static const EFI_GUID actual_chids[] = {
+static const EFI_GUID actual_chids[CHID_TYPES_MAX] = {
        {0x00000000, 0x0000, 0x0000, {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}},
        {0x00000000, 0x0000, 0x0000, {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}},
        {0x00000000, 0x0000, 0x0000, {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}},
@ -64,9 +65,9 @@ static const EFI_GUID actual_chids[] = {
        {0xc12c1f4a, 0x332d, 0x5d72, {0xaa, 0x36, 0x7a, 0x3d, 0x41, 0x3b, 0x47, 0x9a}},
        {0x28ac9cf2, 0x5bde, 0x59f7, {0xae, 0xbe, 0x4b, 0x3d, 0x00, 0x80, 0x90, 0xfe}},
        {0xe821e0e2, 0xe11a, 0x5e94, {0xbf, 0x5d, 0xff, 0xe5, 0x3c, 0x5e, 0x50, 0x48}},
-        {0x00000000, 0x0000, 0x0000, {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}},
+        {0xbdd76d3e, 0x147f, 0x58a9, {0xa0, 0xb2, 0x42, 0x13, 0x64, 0x54, 0xed, 0x07}},
        {0xb2e58e8b, 0xfb10, 0x5cd0, {0x8f, 0xb0, 0x5b, 0xd9, 0x31, 0xf1, 0x87, 0x1a}},
-        {0x00000000, 0x0000, 0x0000, {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}},
+        {0x50af5797, 0xa2f2, 0x58b1, {0x9a, 0x1a, 0x45, 0x3b, 0xcb, 0xb2, 0xe0, 0x25}},
 };

 TEST(chid) {
--- a/src/test/test-execute.c
+++ b/src/test/test-execute.c
@ -1398,6 +1398,10 @@ static void run_tests(RuntimeScope scope, char **patterns) {
        ASSERT_NOT_NULL(unit_paths = strjoin(PRIVATE_UNIT_DIR, ":", user_runtime_unit_dir));
        ASSERT_OK(setenv_unit_path(unit_paths));

+        /* Write credential for test-execute-load-credential to the fake runtime dir, too */
+        _cleanup_free_ char *j = ASSERT_PTR(path_join(runtime_dir, "credstore/test-execute.load-credential"));
+        ASSERT_OK(write_string_file(j, "foo", WRITE_STRING_FILE_CREATE|WRITE_STRING_FILE_MKDIR_0755));
+
        r = manager_new(scope, MANAGER_TEST_RUN_BASIC, &m);
        if (manager_errno_skip_test(r))
                return (void) log_tests_skipped_errno(r, "manager_new");
--- a/src/udev/udev-builtin-net_id.c
+++ b/src/udev/udev-builtin-net_id.c
@ -650,7 +650,16 @@ static int get_pci_slot_specifiers(
                 * where the slot makes up the upper 5 bits. */
                func += slot * 8;

-        if (domain > 0 && asprintf(&domain_spec, "P%u", domain) < 0)
+        /* Include the PCI domain in the name if the ID_NET_NAME_INCLUDE_DOMAIN property says so, if it is
+         * set. If it is not set, include it if the domain is non-zero. */
+        r = device_get_property_bool(dev, "ID_NET_NAME_INCLUDE_DOMAIN");
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (r != -ENOENT)
+                        log_device_warning_errno(dev, r, "Failed to read property \"ID_NET_NAME_INCLUDE_DOMAIN\", ignoring: %m");
+
+                r = domain > 0;
+        }
+        if (r > 0 && asprintf(&domain_spec, "P%u", domain) < 0)
                return log_oom_debug();

        if (asprintf(&bus_and_slot_spec, "p%us%u", bus, slot) < 0)
--- a/src/vmspawn/vmspawn.c
+++ b/src/vmspawn/vmspawn.c
@ -2236,7 +2236,8 @@ static int determine_names(void) {
                if (arg_machine) {
                        _cleanup_(image_unrefp) Image *i = NULL;

-                        r = image_find(IMAGE_MACHINE, arg_machine, NULL, &i);
+                        r = image_find(arg_privileged ? RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM : RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER,
+                                       IMAGE_MACHINE, arg_machine, NULL, &i);
                        if (r == -ENOENT)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "No image for machine '%s'.", arg_machine);
                        if (r < 0)
--- a/test/README.md
+++ b/test/README.md
@ -459,3 +459,72 @@ test unit (be it a static one or a transient one created via systemd-run), with
 main mount namespace - in that case use `IGNORE_MISSING_COVERAGE=yes` in the
 test definition (i.e. `TEST-*-NAME/test.sh`), which will skip the post-test
 check for missing coverage for the respective test.
+
+## Fuzzers
+
+systemd includes fuzzers in `src/fuzz/` that use libFuzzer and are automatically
+run by [OSS-Fuzz](https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz) with sanitizers. To add a
+fuzz target, create a new `src/fuzz/fuzz-foo.c` file with a
+`LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput` function and add it to the list in
+`src/fuzz/meson.build`.
+
+Whenever possible, a seed corpus and a dictionary should also be added with new
+fuzz targets. The dictionary should be named `src/fuzz/fuzz-foo.dict` and the
+seed corpus should be built and exported as `$OUT/fuzz-foo_seed_corpus.zip` in
+`tools/oss-fuzz.sh`.
+
+The fuzzers can be built locally if you have libFuzzer installed by running
+`tools/oss-fuzz.sh`, or by running:
+
+```sh
+CC=clang CXX=clang++ \
+meson setup build-libfuzz -Dllvm-fuzz=true -Db_sanitize=address,undefined -Db_lundef=false \
+-Dc_args='-fno-omit-frame-pointer -DFUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION'
+ninja -C build-libfuzz fuzzers
+```
+
+Each fuzzer then can be then run manually together with a directory containing
+the initial corpus:
+
+```
+export UBSAN_OPTIONS=print_stacktrace=1:print_summary=1:halt_on_error=1
+build-libfuzz/fuzz-varlink-idl test/fuzz/fuzz-varlink-idl/
+```
+
+Note: the `halt_on_error=1` UBSan option is especially important, otherwise the
+fuzzer won't crash when undefined behavior is triggered.
+
+You should also confirm that the fuzzers can be built and run using
+[the OSS-Fuzz toolchain](https://google.github.io/oss-fuzz/advanced-topics/reproducing/#building-using-docker):
+
+```sh
+path_to_systemd=...
+
+git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz
+cd oss-fuzz
+
+for sanitizer in address undefined memory; do
+for engine in libfuzzer afl honggfuzz; do
+./infra/helper.py build_fuzzers --sanitizer "$sanitizer" --engine "$engine" \
+--clean systemd "$path_to_systemd"
+
+./infra/helper.py check_build --sanitizer "$sanitizer" --engine "$engine" \
+-e ALLOWED_BROKEN_TARGETS_PERCENTAGE=0 systemd
+done
+done
+
+./infra/helper.py build_fuzzers --clean --architecture i386 systemd "$path_to_systemd"
+./infra/helper.py check_build --architecture i386 -e ALLOWED_BROKEN_TARGETS_PERCENTAGE=0 systemd
+
+./infra/helper.py build_fuzzers --clean --sanitizer coverage systemd "$path_to_systemd"
+./infra/helper.py coverage --no-corpus-download systemd
+```
+
+If you find a bug that impacts the security of systemd, please follow the
+guidance in [CONTRIBUTING.md](/CONTRIBUTING) on how to report a security
+vulnerability.
+
+For more details on building fuzzers and integrating with OSS-Fuzz, visit:
+
+- [Setting up a new project - OSS-Fuzz](https://google.github.io/oss-fuzz/getting-started/new-project-guide/)
+- [Tutorials - OSS-Fuzz](https://google.github.io/oss-fuzz/reference/useful-links/#tutorials)
--- a/test/TEST-71-HOSTNAME/meson.build
+++ b/test/TEST-71-HOSTNAME/meson.build
@ -3,5 +3,11 @@
 integration_tests += [
        integration_test_template + {
                'name' : fs.name(meson.current_source_dir()),
+                'configuration' : integration_test_template['configuration'] + {
+                        # Do not request user session, as it may trigger to start
+                        # hostnamed in an unexpected timing, and the test may fail.
+                        'wants' : 'multi-user.target',
+                        'after' : 'multi-user.target',
+                },
        },
 ]
--- a/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.nspawn.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.nspawn.sh
@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ testcase_unpriv() {

    local tmpdir name
    tmpdir="$(mktemp -d /var/tmp/TEST-13-NSPAWN.unpriv.XXX)"
-    name="unpriv-${tmpdir##*.}"
+    name="unprv-${tmpdir##*.}"
    trap 'rm -fr ${tmpdir@Q} || true; rm -f /run/verity.d/test-13-nspawn-${name@Q} || true' RETURN ERR
    create_dummy_ddi "$tmpdir" "$name"
    chown --recursive testuser: "$tmpdir"
@ -1141,6 +1141,17 @@ testcase_unpriv() {
        -- \
        systemd-nspawn --pipe --private-network --register=no --keep-unit --image="$tmpdir/$name.raw" echo hello >"$tmpdir/stdout.txt"
    echo hello | cmp "$tmpdir/stdout.txt" -
+
+    # Make sure per-user search path logic works
+    systemd-run --pipe --uid=testuser mkdir -p /home/testuser/.local/state/machines
+    systemd-run --pipe --uid=testuser ln -s "$tmpdir/$name.raw" /home/testuser/.local/state/machines/"x$name.raw"
+    systemd-run \
+        --pipe \
+        --uid=testuser \
+        --property=Delegate=yes \
+        -- \
+        systemd-nspawn --pipe --private-network --register=no --keep-unit --machine="x$name" echo hello >"$tmpdir/stdout.txt"
+    echo hello | cmp "$tmpdir/stdout.txt" -
 }

 testcase_fuse() {
--- a/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.device_is_processing.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.device_is_processing.sh
@ -31,18 +31,50 @@ cat >/run/udev/udev.conf.d/timeout.conf <<EOF
 event_timeout=1h
 EOF

+# First, test 'add' event.
 mkdir -p /run/udev/rules.d/
 cat >/run/udev/rules.d/99-testsuite.rules <<EOF
-SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION=="change", KERNEL=="${IFNAME}", OPTIONS="log_level=debug", RUN+="/usr/bin/sleep 1000"
+SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION=="add", KERNEL=="${IFNAME}", OPTIONS="log_level=debug", RUN+="/usr/bin/sleep 1000"
 EOF

 udevadm control --reload

 ip link add "$IFNAME" type dummy
 IFINDEX=$(ip -json link show "$IFNAME" | jq '.[].ifindex')
-udevadm wait --timeout 10 "/sys/class/net/${IFNAME}"
-# Check if the database file is created.
-[[ -e "/run/udev/data/n${IFINDEX}" ]]
+timeout 30 bash -c "until [[ -e /run/udev/data/n${IFINDEX} ]] && grep -q -F 'ID_PROCESSING=1' /run/udev/data/n${IFINDEX}; do sleep .5; done"
+
+(! systemctl is-active "sys-devices-virtual-net-${IFNAME}.device")
+(! systemctl is-active "sys-subsystem-net-devices-${IFNAME}.device")
+
+for _ in {1..3}; do
+    systemctl daemon-reexec
+    (! systemctl is-active "sys-devices-virtual-net-${IFNAME}.device")
+    (! systemctl is-active "sys-subsystem-net-devices-${IFNAME}.device")
+done
+
+for _ in {1..3}; do
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+    (! systemctl is-active "sys-devices-virtual-net-${IFNAME}.device")
+    (! systemctl is-active "sys-subsystem-net-devices-${IFNAME}.device")
+done
+
+# Check if the reexec and reload have finished during processing the event.
+grep -q -F 'ID_PROCESSING=1' "/run/udev/data/n${IFINDEX}"
+
+# Forcibly kill sleep command ivoked by the udev rule to finish processing the add event.
+killall sleep
+udevadm settle --timeout=20
+
+# Check if ID_PROCESSING flag is unset, and the device units are active.
+(! grep -q -F 'ID_PROCESSING=1' "/run/udev/data/n${IFINDEX}")
+systemctl is-active "sys-devices-virtual-net-${IFNAME}.device"
+systemctl is-active "sys-subsystem-net-devices-${IFNAME}.device"
+
+# Next, test 'change' event.
+cat >/run/udev/rules.d/99-testsuite.rules <<EOF
+SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION=="change", KERNEL=="${IFNAME}", OPTIONS="log_level=debug", RUN+="/usr/bin/sleep 1000"
+EOF
+udevadm control --reload

 systemd-run \
    -p After="sys-subsystem-net-devices-${IFNAME}.device" \
@ -50,22 +82,29 @@ systemd-run \
    -u testsleep.service \
    sleep 1h

-timeout 10 bash -c 'until systemctl is-active testsleep.service; do sleep .5; done'
-
 udevadm trigger "/sys/class/net/${IFNAME}"
-timeout 30 bash -c "until grep -F 'ID_PROCESSING=1' /run/udev/data/n${IFINDEX}; do sleep .5; done"
+timeout 30 bash -c "until grep -q -F 'ID_PROCESSING=1' /run/udev/data/n${IFINDEX}; do sleep .5; done"
+
+# Check if the service and device units are still active even ID_PROCESSING flag is set.
+systemctl is-active testsleep.service
+systemctl is-active "sys-devices-virtual-net-${IFNAME}.device"
+systemctl is-active "sys-subsystem-net-devices-${IFNAME}.device"

 for _ in {1..3}; do
    systemctl daemon-reexec
    systemctl is-active testsleep.service
+    systemctl is-active "sys-devices-virtual-net-${IFNAME}.device"
+    systemctl is-active "sys-subsystem-net-devices-${IFNAME}.device"
 done

 for _ in {1..3}; do
    systemctl daemon-reload
    systemctl is-active testsleep.service
+    systemctl is-active "sys-devices-virtual-net-${IFNAME}.device"
+    systemctl is-active "sys-subsystem-net-devices-${IFNAME}.device"
 done

 # Check if the reexec and reload have finished during processing the event.
-grep -F 'ID_PROCESSING=1' "/run/udev/data/n${IFINDEX}"
+grep -q -F 'ID_PROCESSING=1' "/run/udev/data/n${IFINDEX}"

 exit 0
--- a/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.dissect.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.dissect.sh
@ -615,6 +615,10 @@ grep -q -F '{"name":"b","type":"raw","class":"portable","ro":false,"path":"/run/
 grep -q -F '{"name":"c","type":"raw","class":"sysext","ro":false,"path":"/run/extensions/c.raw"' /tmp/discover.json
 rm /tmp/discover.json /run/machines/a.raw /run/portables/b.raw /run/extensions/c.raw

+systemd-dissect --discover --system
+systemd-dissect --discover --user
+systemd-dissect --discover --system --user
+
 LOOP="$(systemd-dissect --attach --loop-ref=waldo "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw")"

 # Wait until the symlinks we want to test are established
--- a/test/units/TEST-54-CREDS.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-54-CREDS.sh
@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ cmp /tmp/vlcredsdata /tmp/vlcredsdata2
 rm /tmp/vlcredsdata /tmp/vlcredsdata2

 clean_usertest() {
-    rm -f /tmp/usertest.data /tmp/usertest.data
+    rm -f /tmp/usertest.data /tmp/usertest.data /tmp/brummbaer.data
 }

 trap clean_usertest EXIT
@ -520,6 +520,12 @@ XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/0 systemd-run --pipe --user --unit=waldi.service -p Lo
 # Test mount unit with credential
 test_mount_with_credential

+# Fully unpriv operation
+dd if=/dev/urandom of=/tmp/brummbaer.data bs=4096 count=1
+run0 -u testuser --pipe mkdir -p /home/testuser/.config/credstore.encrypted
+run0 -u testuser --pipe systemd-creds encrypt --user --name=brummbaer - /home/testuser/.config/credstore.encrypted/brummbaer < /tmp/brummbaer.data
+run0 -u testuser --pipe systemd-run --user --pipe -p ImportCredential=brummbaer systemd-creds cat brummbaer | cmp /tmp/brummbaer.data
+
 systemd-analyze log-level info

 touch /testok
--- a/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.debug-generator.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.debug-generator.sh
@ -69,6 +69,51 @@ SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
 link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/debug-shell.service" /lib/systemd/system/debug-shell.service
 grep -F "/dev/tty666" "$OUT_DIR/early/debug-shell.service.d/50-tty.conf"

+# systemd.break (default)
+: "debug-shell: regular + systemd.break"
+CMDLINE="$CMDLINE systemd.break"
+SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
+test ! -h "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-udev.service"
+test ! -h "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-mount.service"
+test ! -h "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service"
+
+# systemd.break=pre-switch-root
+: "debug-shell: regular + systemd.break=pre-switch-root"
+CMDLINE="$CMDLINE systemd.break=pre-switch-root"
+SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
+test ! -h "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-udev.service"
+test ! -h "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-mount.service"
+test ! -h "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service"
+
+# systemd.break=pre-mount
+: "debug-shell: regular + systemd.break=pre-mount"
+CMDLINE="$CMDLINE systemd.break=pre-mount"
+SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
+test ! -h "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-udev.service"
+test ! -h "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-mount.service"
+test ! -h "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service"
+
+# systemd.break=pre-basic
+: "debug-shell: regular + systemd.break=pre-basic"
+CMDLINE="$CMDLINE systemd.break=pre-basic"
+SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
+link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-basic.service" /lib/systemd/system/breakpoint-pre-basic.service
+
+# systemd.break=pre-udev
+: "debug-shell: regular + systemd.break=pre-udev"
+CMDLINE="$CMDLINE systemd.break=pre-udev"
+SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
+link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-udev.service" /lib/systemd/system/breakpoint-pre-udev.service
+
+# systemd.break=pre-udev,pre-basic,pre-mount,pre-switch-root
+: "debug-shell: regular + systemd.break=pre-udev,pre-basic,pre-mount,pre-switch-root"
+rm -f "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-udev.service"
+rm -f "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-basic.service"
+CMDLINE="$CMDLINE systemd.break=pre-udev,pre-basic,pre-mount,pre-switch-root"
+SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
+link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-udev.service" /lib/systemd/system/breakpoint-pre-udev.service
+link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-basic.service" /lib/systemd/system/breakpoint-pre-basic.service
+
 # Now override the default target via systemd.unit=
 : "debug-shell: regular + systemd.unit="
 CMDLINE="$CMDLINE systemd.unit=my-fancy.target"
@ -103,6 +148,50 @@ CMDLINE="$CMDLINE rd.systemd.debug_shell"
 SYSTEMD_IN_INITRD=1 SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
 link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/debug-shell.service" /lib/systemd/system/debug-shell.service

+# rd.systemd.break (default)
+: "debug-shell: initrd + rd.systemd.break"
+CMDLINE="$CMDLINE rd.systemd.break"
+SYSTEMD_IN_INITRD=1 SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
+link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service" /lib/systemd/system/breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service
+
+# rd.systemd.break=pre-udev
+: "debug-shell: initrd + rd.systemd.break=pre-udev"
+CMDLINE="$CMDLINE rd.systemd.break=pre-udev"
+SYSTEMD_IN_INITRD=1 SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
+link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-udev.service" /lib/systemd/system/breakpoint-pre-udev.service
+
+# rd.systemd.break=pre-basic
+: "debug-shell: initrd + rd.systemd.break=pre-basic"
+CMDLINE="$CMDLINE rd.systemd.break=pre-basic"
+SYSTEMD_IN_INITRD=1 SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
+link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-basic.service" /lib/systemd/system/breakpoint-pre-basic.service
+
+# rd.systemd.break=pre-mount
+: "debug-shell: initrd + rd.systemd.break=pre-mount"
+CMDLINE="$CMDLINE rd.systemd.break=pre-mount"
+SYSTEMD_IN_INITRD=1 SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
+link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-mount.service" /lib/systemd/system/breakpoint-pre-mount.service
+
+# rd.systemd.break=pre-switch-root
+: "debug-shell: initrd + rd.systemd.break=pre-switch-root"
+rm -f "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service"
+CMDLINE="$CMDLINE rd.systemd.break=pre-switch-root"
+SYSTEMD_IN_INITRD=1 SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
+link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service" /lib/systemd/system/breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service
+
+# rd.systemd.break=pre-udev,pre-basic,pre-mount,pre-switch-root
+: "debug-shell: initrd + rd.systemd.break=pre-udev,pre-mount,pre-switch-root"
+rm -f "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-udev.service"
+rm -f "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-basic.service"
+rm -f "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-mount.service"
+rm -f "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service"
+CMDLINE="$CMDLINE rd.systemd.break=pre-udev,pre-basic,pre-mount,pre-switch-root"
+SYSTEMD_IN_INITRD=1 SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
+link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-udev.service" /lib/systemd/system/breakpoint-pre-udev.service
+link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-basic.service" /lib/systemd/system/breakpoint-pre-basic.service
+link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-mount.service" /lib/systemd/system/breakpoint-pre-mount.service
+link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/initrd.target.wants/breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service" /lib/systemd/system/breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service
+
 # Override the default target
 : "debug-shell: initrd + rd.systemd.unit"
 CMDLINE="$CMDLINE rd.systemd.unit=my-fancy-initrd.target"
--- a/units/breakpoint-pre-basic.service.in
+++ b/units/breakpoint-pre-basic.service.in
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#  SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+#
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Breakpoint Before Basic System
+Documentation=man:systemd-debug-generator(8)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+Conflicts=shutdown.target emergency.target
+After=sysinit.target sockets.target paths.target slices.target tmp.mount systemd-vconsole-setup.service
+Before=basic.target
+
+[Service]
+Environment=SHELL_PROMPT_PREFIX="pre-basic "
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStartPre=-plymouth --wait quit
+# Execute shell with "-" prefix to not consider the unit failed if it exits with
+# a non-zero value
+ExecStart=-{{SUSHELL}}
+StandardInput=tty-force
+StandardOutput=inherit
+StandardError=inherit
+KillMode=process
+IgnoreSIGPIPE=no
+# bash ignores SIGTERM
+KillSignal=SIGHUP
+
+# Unset locale for the console getty since the console has problems
+# displaying some internationalized messages.
+UnsetEnvironment=LANG LANGUAGE LC_CTYPE LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME LC_COLLATE LC_MONETARY LC_MESSAGES LC_PAPER LC_NAME LC_ADDRESS LC_TELEPHONE LC_MEASUREMENT LC_IDENTIFICATION
--- a/units/breakpoint-pre-mount.service.in
+++ b/units/breakpoint-pre-mount.service.in
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#  SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+#
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Breakpoint Before Mounting the Root Filesystem on /sysroot
+Documentation=man:systemd-debug-generator(8)
+AssertPathExists=/etc/initrd-release
+DefaultDependencies=no
+Conflicts=shutdown.target emergency.target
+After=basic.target systemd-vconsole-setup.service
+Before=initrd-root-fs.target sysroot.mount systemd-fsck-root.service
+
+[Service]
+Environment=SHELL_PROMPT_PREFIX="pre-mount "
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStartPre=-plymouth --wait quit
+# Execute shell with "-" prefix to not consider the unit failed if it exits with
+# a non-zero value
+ExecStart=-{{SUSHELL}}
+StandardInput=tty-force
+StandardOutput=inherit
+StandardError=inherit
+KillMode=process
+IgnoreSIGPIPE=no
+# bash ignores SIGTERM
+KillSignal=SIGHUP
+
+# Unset locale for the console getty since the console has problems
+# displaying some internationalized messages.
+UnsetEnvironment=LANG LANGUAGE LC_CTYPE LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME LC_COLLATE LC_MONETARY LC_MESSAGES LC_PAPER LC_NAME LC_ADDRESS LC_TELEPHONE LC_MEASUREMENT LC_IDENTIFICATION
--- a/units/breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service.in
+++ b/units/breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service.in
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#  SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+#
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Breakpoint Before Switching Root
+Documentation=man:systemd-debug-generator(8)
+AssertPathExists=/etc/initrd-release
+DefaultDependencies=no
+Conflicts=shutdown.target emergency.target
+Wants=remote-fs.target
+After=initrd.target initrd-parse-etc.service sysroot.mount remote-fs.target systemd-vconsole-setup.service
+Before=initrd-cleanup.service
+
+[Service]
+Environment=SHELL_PROMPT_PREFIX="pre-switch-root "
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStartPre=-plymouth --wait quit
+# Execute shell with "-" prefix to not consider the unit failed if it exits with
+# a non-zero value
+ExecStart=-{{SUSHELL}}
+StandardInput=tty-force
+StandardOutput=inherit
+StandardError=inherit
+KillMode=process
+IgnoreSIGPIPE=no
+# bash ignores SIGTERM
+KillSignal=SIGHUP
+
+# Unset locale for the console getty since the console has problems
+# displaying some internationalized messages.
+UnsetEnvironment=LANG LANGUAGE LC_CTYPE LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME LC_COLLATE LC_MONETARY LC_MESSAGES LC_PAPER LC_NAME LC_ADDRESS LC_TELEPHONE LC_MEASUREMENT LC_IDENTIFICATION
--- a/units/breakpoint-pre-udev.service.in
+++ b/units/breakpoint-pre-udev.service.in
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#  SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+#
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Breakpoint Before Starting to Process Kernel uevents
+Documentation=man:systemd-debug-generator(8)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+Conflicts=shutdown.target emergency.target
+Wants=systemd-journald.socket
+After=systemd-journald.socket systemd-vconsole-setup.service
+Before=systemd-udevd.service systemd-udev-trigger.service
+
+[Service]
+Environment=SHELL_PROMPT_PREFIX="pre-udev "
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStartPre=-plymouth --wait quit
+# Execute shell with "-" prefix to not consider the unit failed if it exits with
+# a non-zero value
+ExecStart=-{{SUSHELL}}
+StandardInput=tty-force
+StandardOutput=inherit
+StandardError=inherit
+KillMode=process
+IgnoreSIGPIPE=no
+# bash ignores SIGTERM
+KillSignal=SIGHUP
+
+# Unset locale for the console getty since the console has problems
+# displaying some internationalized messages.
+UnsetEnvironment=LANG LANGUAGE LC_CTYPE LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME LC_COLLATE LC_MONETARY LC_MESSAGES LC_PAPER LC_NAME LC_ADDRESS LC_TELEPHONE LC_MEASUREMENT LC_IDENTIFICATION
--- a/units/meson.build
+++ b/units/meson.build
@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ units = [
        { 'file' : 'blockdev@.target' },
        { 'file' : 'bluetooth.target' },
        { 'file' : 'boot-complete.target' },
+        { 'file' : 'breakpoint-pre-basic.service.in' },
+        { 'file' : 'breakpoint-pre-mount.service.in' },
+        { 'file' : 'breakpoint-pre-switch-root.service.in' },
+        { 'file' : 'breakpoint-pre-udev.service.in' },
        { 'file' : 'capsule@.service.in' },
        { 'file' : 'capsule.slice' },
        { 'file' : 'console-getty.service.in' },
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Daan De Meyer	099df0aa5a	Merge `02b65ffc78` into `ccaa76ac48`	2024-12-20 23:53:08 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	ccaa76ac48	image-discovery: add per-user scope (#35510 )	2024-12-20 22:12:35 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	2232038187	pid1: complete per-user credentials support (#35536 ) Fixes: #33887 #33796 #33318	2024-12-20 22:12:08 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	1563404159	analyze: extend CHID support to more types (#35699 ) Let's implement the spec more comprehensively. This is piece by piece work, There's more to do on the EFI side before all CHID types are supported, but in userspace it should be reasonably complete now.	2024-12-20 22:11:39 +01:00
Daan De Meyer	2138278d25	Various mkosi improvements (#35684 )	2024-12-20 21:24:51 +01:00
Daan De Meyer	34b5a27b0b	docs: Simplify hacking documentation Let's use "mkosi sandbox" in the docs so that users can build systemd without having to install anything except mkosi. Using mkosi sandbox will use tools and dependencies from the tools tree which is also used in CI and thus has a higher chance of working from the first try compared to whatever tools might be installed on the host system of a new contributor.	2024-12-20 20:09:36 +01:00
Daan De Meyer	ba3f148307	mkosi.clangd: Fail on command errors	2024-12-20 20:09:36 +01:00
Daan De Meyer	b133f57544	mkosi.clangd: Don't pass --host if we're not using flatpak-spawn	2024-12-20 20:09:36 +01:00
Daan De Meyer	8c5b4df543	mkosi: Use build/ as extra search path by default Building systemd with mkosi generally requires a very recent version of systemd which might not be installed on the host. Let's configure mkosi to look for extra executables in the build/ directory by default so that we prefer systemd executables from the build directory over those on the host as those on the host are likely to be too old.	2024-12-20 20:09:36 +01:00
Daan De Meyer	1995084a9e	mkosi: Use tools tree by default Let's enable usage of a tools tree by default to simplify the setup for new contributors and save them from having to install or upgrade a bunch of extra tools to get mkosi working as expected.	2024-12-20 20:09:35 +01:00
Daan De Meyer	ac1a711d9a	mkosi: Enable EPEL for CentOS Stream tools tree We need packages from EPEL to be able to build CentOS Stream images with a CentOS Stream tools tree so enable it. This is broken on CentOS Stream 10 but given using a CentOS Stream tools tree is broken without EPEL as well, we might as well enable it and just wait until the packages are added to EPEL 10.	2024-12-20 20:09:35 +01:00
Daan De Meyer	d4dda34854	mkosi: Add libz1 to opensuse tools tree Without meson fails to configure properly.	2024-12-20 20:09:35 +01:00
Daan De Meyer	7337f4b197	mkosi: Add gdb to tools tree	2024-12-20 20:09:35 +01:00
Daan De Meyer	3ee5cab490	docs: Move fuzzers documentation to test README.md	2024-12-20 20:09:35 +01:00
Daan De Meyer	3add2d73b3	coverage: Run on pull request in a few cases If we're changing the integration test wrapper or coverage.yml, let's run the coverage workflow on PRs as well to make sure it doesn't break.	2024-12-20 20:09:35 +01:00
Daan De Meyer	1dd345b00d	mkosi: Update to latest	2024-12-20 20:09:35 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	8ca50bde48	analyze-chid: fully support all CHID types This adds logic to read the missing SMBIOS fields from userspace, too. With this we should have full CHID coverage now, matching fwupd's output fully.	2024-12-20 18:13:18 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	0eb51d9913	analyze-chid: split out code that reads smbios into helper	2024-12-20 18:13:18 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	6b99f3ba5a	analyze: C escape weird chars in SMBIOS fields just in case, let's not write garbled crap to the TTY but escape and potential weird chars before output.	2024-12-20 18:13:18 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	95cd07e772	chid: add missing CHID type definitions This add he missing CHID types to our tables, but doesn't add all necessary code to calculate them yet. This brings us closer to what the CHID spec documents, and what "fupwdtool hwids" outputs.	2024-12-20 18:13:18 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	0f55038c84	analyze-chid: show friendly smbios field names Some of the field names between kernel and smbios spec differ. Kinda confusing. Let's use the smbios field names, to match the CHID spec, which also uses them, and thus be least confusing, treating kernel attribute fields as an internal Linux thing only.	2024-12-20 18:13:18 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	37e02b455b	analyze: not all smbios fields are always defined, deal with that As per previous commit, accept that not all SMBIOS fields are alwaysa available (or set, but empty), hence handle this gracefully and don't generate relevant CHIDs, as per docs.	2024-12-20 18:13:18 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	a04af8516e	chid-fundamental: rework bit checking to use FLAGS_SET()	2024-12-20 18:13:16 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	094e2ace12	chid-fundamental: use right type to iterate through smbios fields	2024-12-20 18:06:34 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	f8988a5e45	chid-fundamental: make namespace GUID static, too	2024-12-20 18:06:34 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	d1bbfaeba5	chid-fundamental: not all SMBIOS fields are available on all systems And the CHID documentation says that CHIDs that require fields that are not available on the local system should not be generated. Follow that, and generate a NULL CHID in that case (which we generally ignore otherwise).	2024-12-20 18:06:34 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	2b717a7f14	update TODO	2024-12-20 18:04:01 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	1c0ade2e1f	discover-image: introduce per-user image directories We nowadays support unprivileged invocation of systemd-nspawn + systemd-vmspawn, but there was no support for discovering suitable disk images (i.e. no per-user counterpart of /var/lib/machines). Add this now, and hook it up everywhere. Instead of hardcoding machined's, importd's, portabled's, sysupdated's image discovery to RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM I introduced a field that make the scope variable, even if this field is always initialized to RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM for now. I think these four services should eventually be updated to support a per-user concept too, this is preparation for that, even though it doesn't outright add support for this. This is for the largest part not user visible, except for in nspawn, vmspawn and the dissect tool. For the latter I added a pair of --user/--system switches to select the discovery scope.	2024-12-20 18:04:01 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	8cbcdc78db	update TODO	2024-12-20 17:52:09 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	4103bf9f2f	man: document the new per-use credstore paths (And some other minor tweaks)	2024-12-20 17:52:07 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	026dfd60d4	test: add integration test that makes sure unpriv creds work correctly This checks both the per-user credstore directory logic, and that unprivileged, encrypted credentials work.	2024-12-20 17:52:04 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	1af989e8de	pid1: add support for decrypting per-user credentials When I added support for unprivileged credentials I apparently never hooked them up to service management correctly. Let's fix that. Fixes: #33796 #33318	2024-12-20 17:52:01 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	8506a9955c	execute: introduce a user-scoped credstore Fixes: #33887	2024-12-20 17:51:58 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	d2cd189324	sd-path: expose credential store in sd-path	2024-12-20 17:51:54 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	b226b7fb6d	systemd-path: add the usual ANSI sequences to --help text	2024-12-20 17:51:52 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	060e2512cd	systemd-path: guarantee that tool exit status is zero on success Let's not inherit the error code from an earlier function invocation.	2024-12-20 17:51:50 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	81082f2dc2	systemd-path: order all listed paths by their ID alphabetically Let's add some system to the madness, given we added user-specific dirs to the end of the list, but they should really be listed together with the other user-specific ones.	2024-12-20 17:51:48 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	616586b910	sd-path: don't chop off trailing slash in sd_path apis, when user provided them This is a minor compat break, but given the slow adoption of the sd-path.h APIs I think it's one we should take. Basically, the idea is that if the user provides a suffix path with a trailing slash (thus encoding in the path that the last element must be a dir), we should keep it in place, and not suppress it, in order to not willy nilly reduce the amount of information contained in the path. Simplifications that do not alter meaning, and do not suppress information should be fine to apply to a path, but otherwise we really should be conservative on this.	2024-12-20 17:51:46 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	cf7d0a2d2e	pid1: normalize oom error handling a bit	2024-12-20 17:51:42 +01:00
Ricky Tigg	06ffa66a5b	po: Translated using Weblate (Finnish) Currently translated at 100.0% (257 of 257 strings) Co-authored-by: Ricky Tigg <ricky.tigg@gmail.com> Translate-URL: https://translate.fedoraproject.org/projects/systemd/main/fi/ Translation: systemd/main	2024-12-21 00:51:18 +09:00
Septatrix	33bfa69b2e	Add .venv to gitignore This directory is commonly used for virtual Python environments. These are useful when developing to install different Python versions as well as install tooling like mkosi and mypy in an isolated fashion without influencing the global system.	2024-12-20 15:33:32 +00:00
Lennart Poettering	f108996319	core/device: handle ID_PROCESSING udev property (#35351 ) Continuation of #35332.	2024-12-20 10:12:39 +01:00
Daan De Meyer	dec47e58a6	debug-generator: add a kernel cmdline option to pause the boot process (#35410 ) Introduce the `systemd.break=` kernel command line option to allow stopping the boot process at a certain point and spawn a debug shell. After exiting this shell, the system will resume booting. It accepts the following values: - `pre-udev`: before starting to process kernel uevents (initrd and host). - `pre-basic`: before leaving early boot and regular services start (initrd and host). - `pre-mount`: before the root filesystem is mounted (initrd). - `pre-switch-root`: before switching root (initrd).	2024-12-20 10:04:41 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	cdcb1eeeb8	[RFC] better naming for Azure MANA network devices (#34255 ) The Azure MANA folks would like the PCI domain to be suppressed from naming network interfaces. Let's introduce a somewhat generic way to do this, without hardcoding anything to Azure. Specifically: we'll ship a new hwdb entry that sets a new ID_NET_NAME_INCLUDE_DOMAIN=0 property on relevant MANA devices. Then we make net_id look for that property, and if it is set we simply suppress the PCI domain. (Untested as of now, needs feedback from Azure MANA folks that this actually works and does what is requested here).	2024-12-20 09:52:40 +01:00
Matteo Croce	77d4a263c1	mkosi: move config options Move some config option in the right section, fixes the following warning: ``` mkosi.conf: Setting Credentials should be configured in [Runtime], not [Host]. mkosi.conf: Setting RuntimeBuildSources should be configured in [Runtime], not [Host]. mkosi.conf: Setting RuntimeScratch should be configured in [Runtime], not [Host]. mkosi.conf: Setting QemuSmp should be configured in [Runtime], not [Host]. mkosi.conf: Setting QemuSwtpm should be configured in [Runtime], not [Host]. mkosi.conf: Setting QemuVsock should be configured in [Runtime], not [Host]. mkosi.conf: Setting QemuKvm should be configured in [Runtime], not [Host]. ```	2024-12-20 09:38:11 +01:00
Yu Watanabe	5f29c86ace	audit-util: rename output parameter To make them consistent with in audit-util.c. Follow-up for `7e02ee98d8`.	2024-12-20 09:37:25 +01:00
Yu Watanabe	182ffb5819	TEST-71-HOSTNAME: do not start user session The user session may trigger hostnamed, and the job of stopping hostnamed may be cancelled, and the test may fail: ``` [ 4633.613578] TEST-71-HOSTNAME.sh[175]: + stop_hostnamed [ 4633.613578] TEST-71-HOSTNAME.sh[175]: + systemctl stop systemd-hostnamed.service [ 4633.664670] systemd[1]: Stopping systemd-hostnamed.service - Hostname Service... [ 4636.022277] systemd-logind[121]: New session c2 of user root. [ 4636.032532] systemd[1]: Created slice user-0.slice - User Slice of UID 0. [ 4636.042675] systemd[1]: Starting user-runtime-dir@0.service - User Runtime Directory /run/user/0... [ 4636.176140] systemd[1]: Finished user-runtime-dir@0.service - User Runtime Directory /run/user/0. [ 4636.202951] systemd[1]: Starting user@0.service - User Manager for UID 0... [ 4636.292204] systemd-logind[121]: New session c3 of user root. [ 4636.300065] (systemd)[268]: pam_unix(systemd-user:session): session opened for user root(uid=0) by root(uid=0) [ 4636.757667] systemd[268]: Queued start job for default target default.target. [ 4636.774419] systemd[268]: Created slice app.slice - User Application Slice. [ 4636.774579] systemd[268]: Started systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer - Daily Cleanup of User's Temporary Directories. [ 4636.774747] systemd[268]: Reached target paths.target - Paths. [ 4636.776418] systemd[268]: Reached target sysinit.target - System Initialization. [ 4636.776604] systemd[268]: Reached target timers.target - Timers. [ 4636.784997] systemd[268]: Starting dbus.socket - D-Bus User Message Bus Socket... [ 4636.799472] systemd[268]: Starting systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service - Create User Files and Directories... [ 4637.027125] systemd[268]: Finished systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service - Create User Files and Directories. [ 4637.031721] systemd[268]: Listening on dbus.socket - D-Bus User Message Bus Socket. [ 4637.036189] systemd[268]: Reached target sockets.target - Sockets. [ 4637.036373] systemd[268]: Reached target basic.target - Basic System. [ 4637.036558] systemd[268]: Reached target default.target - Main User Target. [ 4637.036646] systemd[268]: Startup finished in 702ms. [ 4637.049075] systemd[1]: Started user@0.service - User Manager for UID 0. [ 4637.075263] systemd[1]: Started session-c2.scope - Session c2 of User root. [ 4637.084917] login[136]: pam_unix(login:session): session opened for user root(uid=0) by root(uid=0) [ 4637.117348] login[136]: ROOT LOGIN ON pts/0 [ 4637.238572] systemctl[261]: Job for systemd-hostnamed.service canceled. [ 4637.290369] systemd[1]: TEST-71-HOSTNAME.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE ``` Fixes #35643.	2024-12-20 09:36:51 +01:00
Antonio Alvarez Feijoo	e9f781a5a4	debug-generator: add a kernel cmdline option to pause the boot process Introduce the `systemd.break=` kernel command line option to allow stopping the boot process at a certain point and spawn a debug shell. After exiting this shell, the system will resume booting. It accepts the following values: - `pre-udev`: before starting to process kernel uevents (initrd and host). - `pre-basic`: before leaving early boot and regular services start (initrd and host). - `pre-mount`: before the root filesystem is mounted (initrd). - `pre-switch-root`: before switching root (initrd).	2024-12-20 08:51:23 +01:00
Antonio Alvarez Feijoo	cb3801a4c9	man/debug-generator: add a section for kernel command line options	2024-12-20 08:48:23 +01:00
Yu Watanabe	f01132aacf	TEST-17: add test case for ID_PROCESSING flag on add uevent Also, check the state of the device units on change event.	2024-12-20 10:52:57 +09:00
Yu Watanabe	ad920b4cb3	core/device: handle ID_PROCESSING udev property If an enumerated device has ID_PROCESSING=1 property, and the service manager does not know if the device has been processed by udevd previously (that is, Device.deserialized_found does not have DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV), then drop DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV flag from the device and make the device not enter the active state. Follow-up for `405be62f05`, which was reverted by `c4fc22c4de`.	2024-12-20 10:52:57 +09:00
Yu Watanabe	a7396f8364	core/device: use path_equal() to compare sysfs path The hashmap Manager.devices_by_sysfs uses path_hash_ops. Let's consistent compare function.	2024-12-20 10:52:57 +09:00
Yu Watanabe	71ec342d13	core/device: rename output parameters of device_setup_units() to ret_xyz No functional change, just refactoring.	2024-12-20 10:52:57 +09:00
Lennart Poettering	9311c28b34	hwdb: disable inclusion of the PCI domain in MANA network interface naming	2024-12-11 16:38:25 +01:00
Lennart Poettering	19491cc90f	net_id: depending on new udev prop, include/exclude PCI domain from netif names	2024-12-11 16:37:59 +01:00