mirror of
https://github.com/systemd/systemd.git
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7f129a1f7c
This adds a brief explanation, suggesting the use of "systemd-run -M" to
acquire exit status/code information for the invoked process.
My original plan was to propagate the exit code/status in "machinectl
shell" too, but this would mean we'd have to actively watch the shell's
runtime status, and thus would need full, highly privileged and
continious access to the container's system manager, the way
"systemd-run" does it. This would be quite a departure from the
simplistic, low-priviliged OpenShell() bus call implementation of the
current code, that really just acquires a PTY device with a shell
connected.
Moreover it would blur the lines between the two commands even further,
which I think is not desirable. Hence, from now on:
"machinectl shell" is the full-session, interactive shell for human
users
"systemd-run -M …" is the low-level tool, that supports
on-interactive mode, and is more configurable and suitable for
streaming.
Fixes: #4215
1036 lines
49 KiB
XML
1036 lines
49 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*- Mode: nxml; nxml-child-indent: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-->
|
||
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
|
||
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
|
||
|
||
<!--
|
||
This file is part of systemd.
|
||
|
||
Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
|
||
|
||
systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
|
||
under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
|
||
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
|
||
(at your option) any later version.
|
||
|
||
systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
|
||
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
|
||
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
|
||
Lesser General Public License for more details.
|
||
|
||
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
|
||
along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
<refentry id="machinectl" conditional='ENABLE_MACHINED'
|
||
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
|
||
|
||
<refentryinfo>
|
||
<title>machinectl</title>
|
||
<productname>systemd</productname>
|
||
|
||
<authorgroup>
|
||
<author>
|
||
<contrib>Developer</contrib>
|
||
<firstname>Lennart</firstname>
|
||
<surname>Poettering</surname>
|
||
<email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
|
||
</author>
|
||
</authorgroup>
|
||
</refentryinfo>
|
||
|
||
<refmeta>
|
||
<refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle>
|
||
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
|
||
</refmeta>
|
||
|
||
<refnamediv>
|
||
<refname>machinectl</refname>
|
||
<refpurpose>Control the systemd machine manager</refpurpose>
|
||
</refnamediv>
|
||
|
||
<refsynopsisdiv>
|
||
<cmdsynopsis>
|
||
<command>machinectl</command>
|
||
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
|
||
<arg choice="req">COMMAND</arg>
|
||
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">NAME</arg>
|
||
</cmdsynopsis>
|
||
</refsynopsisdiv>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Description</title>
|
||
|
||
<para><command>machinectl</command> may be used to introspect and
|
||
control the state of the
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
virtual machine and container registration manager
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para><command>machinectl</command> may be used to execute
|
||
operations on machines and images. Machines in this sense are
|
||
considered running instances of:</para>
|
||
|
||
<itemizedlist>
|
||
<listitem><para>Virtual Machines (VMs) that virtualize hardware
|
||
to run full operating system (OS) instances (including their kernels)
|
||
in a virtualized environment on top of the host OS.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Containers that share the hardware and
|
||
OS kernel with the host OS, in order to run
|
||
OS userspace instances on top the host OS.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>The host system itself</para></listitem>
|
||
</itemizedlist>
|
||
|
||
<para>Machines are identified by names that follow the same rules
|
||
as UNIX and DNS host names, for details, see below. Machines are
|
||
instantiated from disk or file system images that frequently — but not
|
||
necessarily — carry the same name as machines running from
|
||
them. Images in this sense are considered:</para>
|
||
|
||
<itemizedlist>
|
||
<listitem><para>Directory trees containing an OS, including its
|
||
top-level directories <filename>/usr</filename>,
|
||
<filename>/etc</filename>, and so on.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>btrfs subvolumes containing OS trees, similar to
|
||
normal directory trees.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Binary "raw" disk images containing MBR or GPT
|
||
partition tables and Linux file system partitions.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>The file system tree of the host OS itself.</para></listitem>
|
||
</itemizedlist>
|
||
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>The following options are understood:</para>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-p</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--property=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When showing machine or image properties,
|
||
limit the output to certain properties as specified by the
|
||
argument. If not specified, all set properties are shown. The
|
||
argument should be a property name, such as
|
||
<literal>Name</literal>. If specified more than once, all
|
||
properties with the specified names are
|
||
shown.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-a</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--all</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When showing machine or image properties, show
|
||
all properties regardless of whether they are set or
|
||
not.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When listing VM or container images, do not suppress
|
||
images beginning in a dot character
|
||
(<literal>.</literal>).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When cleaning VM or container images, remove all images, not just hidden ones.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--value</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When printing properties with <command>show</command>, only print the value,
|
||
and skip the property name and <literal>=</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-l</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--full</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Do not ellipsize process tree entries.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--no-ask-password</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Do not query the user for authentication for
|
||
privileged operations.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--kill-who=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose
|
||
which processes to kill. Must be one of
|
||
<option>leader</option>, or <option>all</option> to select
|
||
whether to kill only the leader process of the machine or all
|
||
processes of the machine. If omitted, defaults to
|
||
<option>all</option>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-s</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--signal=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose
|
||
which signal to send to selected processes. Must be one of the
|
||
well-known signal specifiers, such as
|
||
<constant>SIGTERM</constant>, <constant>SIGINT</constant> or
|
||
<constant>SIGSTOP</constant>. If omitted, defaults to
|
||
<constant>SIGTERM</constant>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--uid=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with the <command>shell</command> command, chooses the user ID to
|
||
open the interactive shell session as. If the argument to the <command>shell</command>
|
||
command also specifies a user name, this option is ignored. If the name is not specified
|
||
in either way, <literal>root</literal> will be used by default. Note that this switch is
|
||
not supported for the <command>login</command> command (see below).</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-E <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable></option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--setenv=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable></option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with the <command>shell</command> command, sets an environment
|
||
variable to pass to the executed shell. Takes an environment variable name and value,
|
||
separated by <literal>=</literal>. This switch may be used multiple times to set multiple
|
||
environment variables. Note that this switch is not supported for the
|
||
<command>login</command> command (see below).</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--mkdir</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command>, creates
|
||
the destination directory before applying the bind
|
||
mount.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--read-only</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command>, applies
|
||
a read-only bind mount.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When used with <command>clone</command>, <command>import-raw</command> or <command>import-tar</command> a
|
||
read-only container or VM image is created.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-n</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--lines=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with <command>status</command>,
|
||
controls the number of journal lines to show, counting from
|
||
the most recent ones. Takes a positive integer argument.
|
||
Defaults to 10.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-o</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--output=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with <command>status</command>,
|
||
controls the formatting of the journal entries that are shown.
|
||
For the available choices, see
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
||
Defaults to <literal>short</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--verify=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When downloading a container or VM image,
|
||
specify whether the image shall be verified before it is made
|
||
available. Takes one of <literal>no</literal>,
|
||
<literal>checksum</literal> and <literal>signature</literal>.
|
||
If <literal>no</literal>, no verification is done. If
|
||
<literal>checksum</literal> is specified, the download is
|
||
checked for integrity after the transfer is complete, but no
|
||
signatures are verified. If <literal>signature</literal> is
|
||
specified, the checksum is verified and the image's signature
|
||
is checked against a local keyring of trustable vendors. It is
|
||
strongly recommended to set this option to
|
||
<literal>signature</literal> if the server and protocol
|
||
support this. Defaults to
|
||
<literal>signature</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--force</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When downloading a container or VM image, and
|
||
a local copy by the specified local machine name already
|
||
exists, delete it first and replace it by the newly downloaded
|
||
image.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--format=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with the <option>export-tar</option>
|
||
or <option>export-raw</option> commands, specifies the
|
||
compression format to use for the resulting file. Takes one of
|
||
<literal>uncompressed</literal>, <literal>xz</literal>,
|
||
<literal>gzip</literal>, <literal>bzip2</literal>. By default,
|
||
the format is determined automatically from the image file
|
||
name passed.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--max-addresses=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>When used with the <option>list-machines</option>
|
||
command, limits the number of ip addresses output for every machine.
|
||
Defaults to 1. All addresses can be requested with <literal>all</literal>
|
||
as argument to <option>--max-addresses</option> . If the argument to
|
||
<option>--max-addresses</option> is less than the actual number
|
||
of addresses, <literal>...</literal>follows the last address.
|
||
If multiple addresses are to be written for a given machine, every
|
||
address except the first one is on a new line and is followed by
|
||
<literal>,</literal> if another address will be output afterwards. </para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" />
|
||
<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="machine" />
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
|
||
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-legend" />
|
||
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
|
||
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Commands</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>The following commands are understood:</para>
|
||
|
||
<refsect2><title>Machine Commands</title><variablelist>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>list</command></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>List currently running (online) virtual
|
||
machines and containers. To enumerate machine images that can
|
||
be started, use <command>list-images</command> (see
|
||
below). Note that this command hides the special
|
||
<literal>.host</literal> machine by default. Use the
|
||
<option>--all</option> switch to show it.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>status</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Show runtime status information about
|
||
one or more virtual machines and containers, followed by the
|
||
most recent log data from the journal. This function is
|
||
intended to generate human-readable output. If you are looking
|
||
for computer-parsable output, use <command>show</command>
|
||
instead. Note that the log data shown is reported by the
|
||
virtual machine or container manager, and frequently contains
|
||
console output of the machine, but not necessarily journal
|
||
contents of the machine itself.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>show</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Show properties of one or more registered virtual machines or containers or the manager
|
||
itself. If no argument is specified, properties of the manager will be shown. If a NAME is specified,
|
||
properties of this virtual machine or container are shown. By default, empty properties are suppressed. Use
|
||
<option>--all</option> to show those too. To select specific properties to show, use
|
||
<option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be used whenever computer-parsable output is
|
||
required, and does not print the control group tree or journal entries. Use <command>status</command> if you
|
||
are looking for formatted human-readable output.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>start</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Start a container as a system service, using
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
||
This starts <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename>,
|
||
instantiated for the specified machine name, similar to the
|
||
effect of <command>systemctl start</command> on the service
|
||
name. <command>systemd-nspawn</command> looks for a container
|
||
image by the specified name in
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> (and other search
|
||
paths, see below) and runs it. Use
|
||
<command>list-images</command> (see below) for listing
|
||
available container images to start.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
also interfaces with a variety of other container and VM
|
||
managers, <command>systemd-nspawn</command> is just one
|
||
implementation of it. Most of the commands available in
|
||
<command>machinectl</command> may be used on containers or VMs
|
||
controlled by other managers, not just
|
||
<command>systemd-nspawn</command>. Starting VMs and container
|
||
images on those managers requires manager-specific
|
||
tools.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>To interactively start a container on the command line
|
||
with full access to the container's console, please invoke
|
||
<command>systemd-nspawn</command> directly. To stop a running
|
||
container use <command>machinectl poweroff</command>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>login</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Open an interactive terminal login session in
|
||
a container or on the local host. If an argument is supplied,
|
||
it refers to the container machine to connect to. If none is
|
||
specified, or the container name is specified as the empty
|
||
string, or the special machine name <literal>.host</literal>
|
||
(see below) is specified, the connection is made to the local
|
||
host instead. This will create a TTY connection to a specific
|
||
container or the local host and asks for the execution of a
|
||
getty on it. Note that this is only supported for containers
|
||
running
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
as init system.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>This command will open a full login prompt on the
|
||
container or the local host, which then asks for username and
|
||
password. Use <command>shell</command> (see below) or
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-run</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
with the <option>--machine=</option> switch to directly invoke
|
||
a single command, either interactively or in the
|
||
background.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>shell</command> [[<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>@]<replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>ARGUMENTS</replaceable>…]]] </term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Open an interactive shell session in a
|
||
container or on the local host. The first argument refers to
|
||
the container machine to connect to. If none is specified, or
|
||
the machine name is specified as the empty string, or the
|
||
special machine name <literal>.host</literal> (see below) is
|
||
specified, the connection is made to the local host
|
||
instead. This works similar to <command>login</command> but
|
||
immediately invokes a user process. This command runs the
|
||
specified executable with the specified arguments, or
|
||
<filename>/bin/sh</filename> if none is specified. By default,
|
||
opens a <literal>root</literal> shell, but by using
|
||
<option>--uid=</option>, or by prefixing the machine name with
|
||
a username and an <literal>@</literal> character, a different
|
||
user may be selected. Use <option>--setenv=</option> to set
|
||
environment variables for the executed process.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that <command>machinectl shell</command> does not propagate the exit code/status of the invoked
|
||
shell process. Use <command>systemd-run</command> instead if that information is required (see below).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When using the <command>shell</command> command without
|
||
arguments, (thus invoking the executed shell or command on the
|
||
local host), it is in many ways similar to a <citerefentry
|
||
project='die-net'><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
session, but, unlike <command>su</command>, completely isolates
|
||
the new session from the originating session, so that it
|
||
shares no process or session properties, and is in a clean and
|
||
well-defined state. It will be tracked in a new utmp, login,
|
||
audit, security and keyring session, and will not inherit any
|
||
environment variables or resource limits, among other
|
||
properties.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-run</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
with its <option>--machine=</option> switch may be used in place of the <command>machinectl shell</command>
|
||
command, and allows non-interactive operation, more detailed and low-level configuration of the invoked unit,
|
||
as well as access to runtime and exit code/status information of the invoked shell process. In particular, use
|
||
<command>systemd-run</command>'s <option>--wait</option> switch to propagate exit status information of the
|
||
invoked process. Use <command>systemd-run</command>'s <option>--pty</option> switch for acquiring an
|
||
interactive shell, similar to <command>machinectl shell</command>. In general, <command>systemd-run</command>
|
||
is preferable for scripting purposes. However, note that <command>systemd-run</command> might require higher
|
||
privileges than <command>machinectl shell</command>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>enable</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
|
||
<term><command>disable</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Enable or disable a container as a system
|
||
service to start at system boot, using
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
||
This enables or disables
|
||
<filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename>, instantiated for
|
||
the specified machine name, similar to the effect of
|
||
<command>systemctl enable</command> or <command>systemctl
|
||
disable</command> on the service name.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>poweroff</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Power off one or more containers. This will
|
||
trigger a reboot by sending SIGRTMIN+4 to the container's init
|
||
process, which causes systemd-compatible init systems to shut
|
||
down cleanly. Use <command>stop</command> as alias for <command>poweroff</command>.
|
||
This operation does not work on containers that do not run a
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>-compatible
|
||
init system, such as sysvinit. Use
|
||
<command>terminate</command> (see below) to immediately
|
||
terminate a container or VM, without cleanly shutting it
|
||
down.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>reboot</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Reboot one or more containers. This will
|
||
trigger a reboot by sending SIGINT to the container's init
|
||
process, which is roughly equivalent to pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del
|
||
on a non-containerized system, and is compatible with
|
||
containers running any system manager.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>terminate</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Immediately terminates a virtual machine or
|
||
container, without cleanly shutting it down. This kills all
|
||
processes of the virtual machine or container and deallocates
|
||
all resources attached to that instance. Use
|
||
<command>poweroff</command> to issue a clean shutdown
|
||
request.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>kill</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Send a signal to one or more processes of the
|
||
virtual machine or container. This means processes as seen by
|
||
the host, not the processes inside the virtual machine or
|
||
container. Use <option>--kill-who=</option> to select which
|
||
process to kill. Use <option>--signal=</option> to select the
|
||
signal to send.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>bind</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Bind mounts a directory from the host into the
|
||
specified container. The first directory argument is the
|
||
source directory on the host, the second directory argument
|
||
is the destination directory in the container. When the
|
||
latter is omitted, the destination path in the container is
|
||
the same as the source path on the host. When combined with
|
||
the <option>--read-only</option> switch, a ready-only bind
|
||
mount is created. When combined with the
|
||
<option>--mkdir</option> switch, the destination path is first
|
||
created before the mount is applied. Note that this option is
|
||
currently only supported for
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
containers.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>copy-to</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Copies files or directories from the host
|
||
system into a running container. Takes a container name,
|
||
followed by the source path on the host and the destination
|
||
path in the container. If the destination path is omitted, the
|
||
same as the source path is used.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>copy-from</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Copies files or directories from a container
|
||
into the host system. Takes a container name, followed by the
|
||
source path in the container the destination path on the host.
|
||
If the destination path is omitted, the same as the source path
|
||
is used.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist></refsect2>
|
||
|
||
<refsect2><title>Image Commands</title><variablelist>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>list-images</command></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Show a list of locally installed container and
|
||
VM images. This enumerates all raw disk images and container
|
||
directories and subvolumes in
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> (and other search
|
||
paths, see below). Use <command>start</command> (see above) to
|
||
run a container off one of the listed images. Note that, by
|
||
default, containers whose name begins with a dot
|
||
(<literal>.</literal>) are not shown. To show these too,
|
||
specify <option>--all</option>. Note that a special image
|
||
<literal>.host</literal> always implicitly exists and refers
|
||
to the image the host itself is booted from.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>image-status</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Show terse status information about one or
|
||
more container or VM images. This function is intended to
|
||
generate human-readable output. Use
|
||
<command>show-image</command> (see below) to generate
|
||
computer-parsable output instead.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>show-image</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Show properties of one or more registered
|
||
virtual machine or container images, or the manager itself. If
|
||
no argument is specified, properties of the manager will be
|
||
shown. If a NAME is specified, properties of this virtual
|
||
machine or container image are shown. By default, empty
|
||
properties are suppressed. Use <option>--all</option> to show
|
||
those too. To select specific properties to show, use
|
||
<option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be
|
||
used whenever computer-parsable output is required. Use
|
||
<command>image-status</command> if you are looking for
|
||
formatted human-readable output.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>clone</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Clones a container or VM image. The arguments specify the name of the image to clone and the
|
||
name of the newly cloned image. Note that plain directory container images are cloned into btrfs subvolume
|
||
images with this command, if the underlying file system supports this. Note that cloning a container or VM
|
||
image is optimized for file systems that support copy-on-write, and might not be efficient on others, due to
|
||
file system limitations.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that this command leaves host name, machine ID and
|
||
all other settings that could identify the instance
|
||
unmodified. The original image and the cloned copy will hence
|
||
share these credentials, and it might be necessary to manually
|
||
change them in the copy.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If combined with the <option>--read-only</option> switch a read-only cloned image is
|
||
created.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>rename</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Renames a container or VM image. The
|
||
arguments specify the name of the image to rename and the new
|
||
name of the image.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>read-only</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>BOOL</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Marks or (unmarks) a container or VM image
|
||
read-only. Takes a VM or container image name, followed by a
|
||
boolean as arguments. If the boolean is omitted, positive is
|
||
implied, i.e. the image is marked read-only.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>remove</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Removes one or more container or VM images.
|
||
The special image <literal>.host</literal>, which refers to
|
||
the host's own directory tree, may not be
|
||
removed.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>set-limit</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>] <replaceable>BYTES</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Sets the maximum size in bytes that a specific
|
||
container or VM image, or all images, may grow up to on disk
|
||
(disk quota). Takes either one or two parameters. The first,
|
||
optional parameter refers to a container or VM image name. If
|
||
specified, the size limit of the specified image is changed. If
|
||
omitted, the overall size limit of the sum of all images stored
|
||
locally is changed. The final argument specifies the size
|
||
limit in bytes, possibly suffixed by the usual K, M, G, T
|
||
units. If the size limit shall be disabled, specify
|
||
<literal>-</literal> as size.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that per-container size limits are only supported
|
||
on btrfs file systems. Also note that, if
|
||
<command>set-limit</command> is invoked without an image
|
||
parameter, and <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename> is
|
||
empty, and the directory is not located on btrfs, a btrfs
|
||
loopback file is implicitly created as
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines.raw</filename> with the given
|
||
size, and mounted to
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>. The size of the
|
||
loopback may later be readjusted with
|
||
<command>set-limit</command>, as well. If such a
|
||
loopback-mounted <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>
|
||
directory is used, <command>set-limit</command> without an image
|
||
name alters both the quota setting within the file system as
|
||
well as the loopback file and file system size
|
||
itself.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>clean</command></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Remove hidden VM or container images (or all). This command removes all hidden machine images
|
||
from <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>, i.e. those whose name begins with a dot. Use <command>machinectl
|
||
list-images --all</command> to see a list of all machine images, including the hidden ones.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When combined with the <option>--all</option> switch removes all images, not just hidden ones. This
|
||
command effectively empties <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that commands such as <command>machinectl pull-tar</command> or <command>machinectl
|
||
pull-raw</command> usually create hidden, read-only, unmodified machine images from the downloaded image first,
|
||
before cloning a writable working copy of it, in order to avoid duplicate downloads in case of images that are
|
||
reused multiple times. Use <command>machinectl clean</command> to remove old, hidden images created this
|
||
way.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
</variablelist></refsect2>
|
||
|
||
<refsect2><title>Image Transfer Commands</title><variablelist>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>pull-tar</command> <replaceable>URL</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Downloads a <filename>.tar</filename>
|
||
container image from the specified URL, and makes it available
|
||
under the specified local machine name. The URL must be of
|
||
type <literal>http://</literal> or
|
||
<literal>https://</literal>, and must refer to a
|
||
<filename>.tar</filename>, <filename>.tar.gz</filename>,
|
||
<filename>.tar.xz</filename> or <filename>.tar.bz2</filename>
|
||
archive file. If the local machine name is omitted, it
|
||
is automatically derived from the last component of the URL,
|
||
with its suffix removed.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The image is verified before it is made available,
|
||
unless <option>--verify=no</option> is specified. Verification
|
||
is done via SHA256SUMS and SHA256SUMS.gpg files that need to
|
||
be made available on the same web server, under the same URL
|
||
as the <filename>.tar</filename> file, but with the last
|
||
component (the filename) of the URL replaced. With
|
||
<option>--verify=checksum</option>, only the SHA256 checksum
|
||
for the file is verified, based on the
|
||
<filename>SHA256SUMS</filename> file. With
|
||
<option>--verify=signature</option>, the SHA256SUMS file is
|
||
first verified with detached GPG signature file
|
||
<filename>SHA256SUMS.gpg</filename>. The public key for this
|
||
verification step needs to be available in
|
||
<filename>/usr/lib/systemd/import-pubring.gpg</filename> or
|
||
<filename>/etc/systemd/import-pubring.gpg</filename>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The container image will be downloaded and stored in a
|
||
read-only subvolume in
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> that is named after
|
||
the specified URL and its HTTP etag. A writable snapshot is
|
||
then taken from this subvolume, and named after the specified
|
||
local name. This behavior ensures that creating multiple
|
||
container instances of the same URL is efficient, as multiple
|
||
downloads are not necessary. In order to create only the
|
||
read-only image, and avoid creating its writable snapshot,
|
||
specify <literal>-</literal> as local machine name.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that the read-only subvolume is prefixed with
|
||
<filename>.tar-</filename>, and is thus not shown by
|
||
<command>list-images</command>, unless <option>--all</option>
|
||
is passed.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that pressing C-c during execution of this command
|
||
will not abort the download. Use
|
||
<command>cancel-transfer</command>, described
|
||
below.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>pull-raw</command> <replaceable>URL</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Downloads a <filename>.raw</filename>
|
||
container or VM disk image from the specified URL, and makes
|
||
it available under the specified local machine name. The URL
|
||
must be of type <literal>http://</literal> or
|
||
<literal>https://</literal>. The container image must either
|
||
be a <filename>.qcow2</filename> or raw disk image, optionally
|
||
compressed as <filename>.gz</filename>,
|
||
<filename>.xz</filename>, or <filename>.bz2</filename>. If the
|
||
local machine name is omitted, it is automatically
|
||
derived from the last component of the URL, with its suffix
|
||
removed.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Image verification is identical for raw and tar images
|
||
(see above).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If the downloaded image is in
|
||
<filename>.qcow2</filename> format it is converted into a raw
|
||
image file before it is made available.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Downloaded images of this type will be placed as
|
||
read-only <filename>.raw</filename> file in
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>. A local, writable
|
||
(reflinked) copy is then made under the specified local
|
||
machine name. To omit creation of the local, writable copy
|
||
pass <literal>-</literal> as local machine name.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Similar to the behavior of <command>pull-tar</command>,
|
||
the read-only image is prefixed with
|
||
<filename>.raw-</filename>, and thus not shown by
|
||
<command>list-images</command>, unless <option>--all</option>
|
||
is passed.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that pressing C-c during execution of this command
|
||
will not abort the download. Use
|
||
<command>cancel-transfer</command>, described
|
||
below.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>import-tar</command> <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
<term><command>import-raw</command> <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Imports a TAR or RAW container or VM image,
|
||
and places it under the specified name in
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>. When
|
||
<command>import-tar</command> is used, the file specified as
|
||
the first argument should be a tar archive, possibly compressed
|
||
with xz, gzip or bzip2. It will then be unpacked into its own
|
||
subvolume in <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>. When
|
||
<command>import-raw</command> is used, the file should be a
|
||
qcow2 or raw disk image, possibly compressed with xz, gzip or
|
||
bzip2. If the second argument (the resulting image name) is
|
||
not specified, it is automatically derived from the file
|
||
name. If the file name is passed as <literal>-</literal>, the
|
||
image is read from standard input, in which case the second
|
||
argument is mandatory.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Both <command>pull-tar</command> and <command>pull-raw</command>
|
||
will resize <filename>/var/lib/machines.raw</filename> and the
|
||
filesystem therein as necessary. Optionally, the
|
||
<option>--read-only</option> switch may be used to create a
|
||
read-only container or VM image. No cryptographic validation
|
||
is done when importing the images.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Much like image downloads, ongoing imports may be listed
|
||
with <command>list-transfers</command> and aborted with
|
||
<command>cancel-transfer</command>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>export-tar</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>FILE</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
<term><command>export-raw</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>FILE</replaceable>]</term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Exports a TAR or RAW container or VM image and
|
||
stores it in the specified file. The first parameter should be
|
||
a VM or container image name. The second parameter should be a
|
||
file path the TAR or RAW image is written to. If the path ends
|
||
in <literal>.gz</literal>, the file is compressed with gzip, if
|
||
it ends in <literal>.xz</literal>, with xz, and if it ends in
|
||
<literal>.bz2</literal>, with bzip2. If the path ends in
|
||
neither, the file is left uncompressed. If the second argument
|
||
is missing, the image is written to standard output. The
|
||
compression may also be explicitly selected with the
|
||
<option>--format=</option> switch. This is in particular
|
||
useful if the second parameter is left unspecified.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Much like image downloads and imports, ongoing exports
|
||
may be listed with <command>list-transfers</command> and
|
||
aborted with
|
||
<command>cancel-transfer</command>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that, currently, only directory and subvolume images
|
||
may be exported as TAR images, and only raw disk images as RAW
|
||
images.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>list-transfers</command></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Shows a list of container or VM image
|
||
downloads, imports and exports that are currently in
|
||
progress.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><command>cancel-transfers</command> <replaceable>ID</replaceable>…</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Aborts a download, import or export of the
|
||
container or VM image with the specified ID. To list ongoing
|
||
transfers and their IDs, use
|
||
<command>list-transfers</command>. </para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
</variablelist></refsect2>
|
||
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Machine and Image Names</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>The <command>machinectl</command> tool operates on machines
|
||
and images whose names must be chosen following strict
|
||
rules. Machine names must be suitable for use as host names
|
||
following a conservative subset of DNS and UNIX/Linux
|
||
semantics. Specifically, they must consist of one or more
|
||
non-empty label strings, separated by dots. No leading or trailing
|
||
dots are allowed. No sequences of multiple dots are allowed. The
|
||
label strings may only consist of alphanumeric characters as well
|
||
as the dash and underscore. The maximum length of a machine name
|
||
is 64 characters.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>A special machine with the name <literal>.host</literal>
|
||
refers to the running host system itself. This is useful for execution
|
||
operations or inspecting the host system as well. Note that
|
||
<command>machinectl list</command> will not show this special
|
||
machine unless the <option>--all</option> switch is specified.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Requirements on image names are less strict, however, they must be
|
||
valid UTF-8, must be suitable as file names (hence not be the
|
||
single or double dot, and not include a slash), and may not
|
||
contain control characters. Since many operations search for an
|
||
image by the name of a requested machine, it is recommended to name
|
||
images in the same strict fashion as machines.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>A special image with the name <literal>.host</literal>
|
||
refers to the image of the running host system. It hence
|
||
conceptually maps to the special <literal>.host</literal> machine
|
||
name described above. Note that <command>machinectl
|
||
list-images</command> will not show this special image either, unless
|
||
<option>--all</option> is specified.</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Files and Directories</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Machine images are preferably stored in
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>, but are also searched for
|
||
in <filename>/usr/local/lib/machines/</filename> and
|
||
<filename>/usr/lib/machines/</filename>. For compatibility reasons,
|
||
the directory <filename>/var/lib/container/</filename> is
|
||
searched, too. Note that images stored below
|
||
<filename>/usr</filename> are always considered read-only. It is
|
||
possible to symlink machines images from other directories into
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> to make them available for
|
||
control with <command>machinectl</command>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that some image operations are only supported,
|
||
efficient or atomic on btrfs file systems. Due to this, if the
|
||
<command>pull-tar</command>, <command>pull-raw</command>,
|
||
<command>import-tar</command>, <command>import-raw</command> and
|
||
<command>set-limit</command> commands notice that
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines</filename> is empty and not located on
|
||
btrfs, they will implicitly set up a loopback file
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines.raw</filename> containing a btrfs file
|
||
system that is mounted to
|
||
<filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>. The size of this loopback
|
||
file may be controlled dynamically with
|
||
<command>set-limit</command>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Disk images are understood by
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
and <command>machinectl</command> in three formats:</para>
|
||
|
||
<itemizedlist>
|
||
<listitem><para>A simple directory tree, containing the files
|
||
and directories of the container to boot.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Subvolumes (on btrfs file systems), which are
|
||
similar to the simple directories, described above. However,
|
||
they have additional benefits, such as efficient cloning and
|
||
quota reporting.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>"Raw" disk images, i.e. binary images of disks
|
||
with a GPT or MBR partition table. Images of this type are
|
||
regular files with the suffix
|
||
<literal>.raw</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</itemizedlist>
|
||
|
||
<para>See
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
for more information on image formats, in particular its
|
||
<option>--directory=</option> and <option>--image=</option>
|
||
options.</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Examples</title>
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Download an Ubuntu image and open a shell in it</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># machinectl pull-tar https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/trusty/current/trusty-server-cloudimg-amd64-root.tar.gz
|
||
# systemd-nspawn -M trusty-server-cloudimg-amd64-root</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This downloads and verifies the specified
|
||
<filename>.tar</filename> image, and then uses
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
to open a shell in it.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Download a Fedora image, set a root password in it, start
|
||
it as service</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># machinectl pull-raw --verify=no https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/23/Cloud/x86_64/Images/Fedora-Cloud-Base-23-20151030.x86_64.raw.xz
|
||
# systemd-nspawn -M Fedora-Cloud-Base-23-20151030
|
||
# passwd
|
||
# exit
|
||
# machinectl start Fedora-Cloud-Base-23-20151030
|
||
# machinectl login Fedora-Cloud-Base-23-20151030</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This downloads the specified <filename>.raw</filename>
|
||
image with verification disabled. Then, a shell is opened in it
|
||
and a root password is set. Afterwards the shell is left, and
|
||
the machine started as system service. With the last command a
|
||
login prompt into the container is requested.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Exports a container image as tar file</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># machinectl export-tar fedora myfedora.tar.xz</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>Exports the container <literal>fedora</literal> as an
|
||
xz-compressed tar file <filename>myfedora.tar.xz</filename> into the
|
||
current directory.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Create a new shell session</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># machinectl shell --uid=lennart</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This creates a new shell session on the local host for
|
||
the user ID <literal>lennart</literal>, in a <citerefentry
|
||
project='die-net'><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>-like
|
||
fashion.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Exit status</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code
|
||
otherwise.</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="less-variables.xml" />
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>See Also</title>
|
||
<para>
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>xz</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
</refentry>
|