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<?xml version='1.0'?>
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
<!--
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This file is part of systemd.
Copyright 2016 Lennart Poettering
systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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<refentry id="systemd-resolve" conditional='ENABLE_RESOLVE'
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
<refentryinfo>
<title>systemd-resolve</title>
<productname>systemd</productname>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<contrib>Developer</contrib>
<firstname>Lennart</firstname>
<surname>Poettering</surname>
<email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>systemd-resolve</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>systemd-resolve</refname>
<refname>resolvconf</refname>
<refpurpose>Resolve domain names, IPV4 and IPv6 addresses, DNS resource records, and services; introspect and reconfigure the DNS resolver</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-resolve</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>HOSTNAME</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-resolve</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-resolve</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<command> --type=<replaceable>TYPE</replaceable></command>
<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>DOMAIN</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-resolve</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<command> --service</command>
<arg choice="plain"><arg choice="opt"><arg choice="opt"><replaceable>NAME</replaceable></arg>
<replaceable>TYPE</replaceable></arg> <replaceable>DOMAIN</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-resolve</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<command> --openpgp</command>
<arg choice="plain"><replaceable>USER@DOMAIN</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-resolve</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<command> --tlsa</command>
<arg choice="plain"><replaceable>DOMAIN<optional>:PORT</optional></replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-resolve</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<command> --statistics</command>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-resolve</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<command> --reset-statistics</command>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-resolve</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<command> --flush-caches</command>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-resolve</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<command> --reset-server-features</command>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-resolve</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<command> --status</command>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-resolve</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<command> --set-dns=<replaceable>SERVER</replaceable></command> <command> --set-domain=<replaceable>DOMAIN</replaceable> --set-llmnr=<replaceable>MODE</replaceable> --set-mdns=<replaceable>MODE</replaceable> --set-dnssec=<replaceable>MODE</replaceable> --set-nta=<replaceable>DOMAIN</replaceable></command>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-resolve</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<command> --revert</command>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>resolvconf</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<command> -a <replaceable>INTERFACE</replaceable> &lt; <replaceable>FILE</replaceable></command>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>resolvconf</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<command> -d <replaceable>INTERFACE</replaceable></command>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1>
<title>Description</title>
<para><command>systemd-resolve</command> may be used to resolve domain names, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, DNS resource
records and services with the
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
resolver service. By default, the specified list of parameters will be resolved as hostnames, retrieving their IPv4
and IPv6 addresses. If the parameters specified are formatted as IPv4 or IPv6 operation the reverse operation is
done, and a hostname is retrieved for the specified addresses.</para>
<para>The program's output contains information about the protocol used for the look-up and on which network
interface the data was discovered. It also contains information on whether the information could be
authenticated. All data for which local DNSSEC validation succeeds is considered authenticated. Moreover all data
originating from local, trusted sources is also reported authenticated, including resolution of the local host
name, the <literal>localhost</literal> host name or all data from <filename>/etc/hosts</filename>.</para>
<para>The <option>--type=</option> switch may be used to specify a DNS resource record type (A, AAAA, SOA, MX, …) in
order to request a specific DNS resource record, instead of the address or reverse address lookups.
The special value <literal>help</literal> may be used to list known values.</para>
<para>The <option>--service</option> switch may be used to resolve <ulink
url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2782">SRV</ulink> and <ulink
url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6763">DNS-SD</ulink> services (see below). In this mode, between one and three
arguments are required. If three parameters are passed the first is assumed to be the DNS-SD service name, the
second the SRV service type, and the third the domain to search in. In this case a full DNS-SD style SRV and TXT
lookup is executed. If only two parameters are specified, the first is assumed to be the SRV service type, and the
second the domain to look in. In this case no TXT RR is requested. Finally, if only one parameter is specified, it
is assumed to be a domain name, that is already prefixed with an SRV type, and an SRV lookup is done (no
TXT).</para>
<para>The <option>--openpgp</option> switch may be used to query PGP keys stored as
<ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7929">OPENPGPKEY</ulink> resource records.
When this option is specified one or more e-mail address must be specified.</para>
<para>The <option>--tlsa</option> switch maybe be used to query TLS public
keys stored as
<ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6698">TLSA</ulink> resource records.
When this option is specified one or more domain names must be specified.</para>
<para>The <option>--statistics</option> switch may be used to show resolver statistics, including information about
the number of successful and failed DNSSEC validations.</para>
<para>The <option>--reset-statistics</option> may be used to reset various statistics counters maintained the
resolver, including those shown in the <option>--statistics</option> output. This operation requires root
privileges.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Options</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-4</option></term>
<term><option>-6</option></term>
<listitem><para>By default, when resolving a hostname, both IPv4 and IPv6
addresses are acquired. By specifying <option>-4</option> only IPv4 addresses are requested, by specifying
<option>-6</option> only IPv6 addresses are requested.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-i</option> <replaceable>INTERFACE</replaceable></term>
<term><option>--interface=</option><replaceable>INTERFACE</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies the network interface to execute the query on. This may either be specified as numeric
interface index or as network interface string (e.g. <literal>en0</literal>). Note that this option has no
effect if system-wide DNS configuration (as configured in <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> or
<filename>/etc/systemd/resolve.conf</filename>) in place of per-link configuration is used.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-p</option> <replaceable>PROTOCOL</replaceable></term>
<term><option>--protocol=</option><replaceable>PROTOCOL</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies the network protocol for the query. May be one of <literal>dns</literal>
(i.e. classic unicast DNS), <literal>llmnr</literal> (<ulink
url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4795">Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution</ulink>),
<literal>llmnr-ipv4</literal>, <literal>llmnr-ipv6</literal> (LLMNR via the indicated underlying IP
protocols), <literal>mdns</literal> (<ulink url="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6762.txt">Multicast DNS</ulink>),
<literal>mdns-ipv4</literal>, <literal>mdns-ipv6</literal> (MDNS via the indicated underlying IP protocols).
By default the lookup is done via all protocols suitable for the lookup. If used, limits the set of
protocols that may be used. Use this option multiple times to enable resolving via multiple protocols at the
same time. The setting <literal>llmnr</literal> is identical to specifying this switch once with
<literal>llmnr-ipv4</literal> and once via <literal>llmnr-ipv6</literal>. Note that this option does not force
the service to resolve the operation with the specified protocol, as that might require a suitable network
interface and configuration.
The special value <literal>help</literal> may be used to list known values.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-t</option> <replaceable>TYPE</replaceable></term>
<term><option>--type=</option><replaceable>TYPE</replaceable></term>
<term><option>-c</option> <replaceable>CLASS</replaceable></term>
<term><option>--class=</option><replaceable>CLASS</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies the DNS resource record type (e.g. A, AAAA, MX, …) and class (e.g. IN, ANY, …) to
look up. If these options are used a DNS resource record set matching the specified class and type is
requested. The class defaults to IN if only a type is specified.
The special value <literal>help</literal> may be used to list known values.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--service</option></term>
<listitem><para>Enables service resolution. This enables DNS-SD and simple SRV service resolution, depending
on the specified list of parameters (see above).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--service-address=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), when doing a service lookup with
<option>--service</option> the hostnames contained in the SRV resource records are resolved as well.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--service-txt=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), when doing a DNS-SD service lookup with
<option>--service</option> the TXT service metadata record is resolved as well.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--openpgp</option></term>
<listitem><para>Enables OPENPGPKEY resource record resolution (see above). Specified e-mail
addresses are converted to the corresponding DNS domain name, and any OPENPGPKEY keys are
printed.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--tlsa</option></term>
<listitem><para>Enables TLSA resource record resolution (see above).
A query will be performed for each of the specified names prefixed with
the port and family
(<literal>_<replaceable>port</replaceable>._<replaceable>family</replaceable>.<replaceable>domain</replaceable></literal>).
The port number may be specified after a colon
(<literal>:</literal>), otherwise <constant>443</constant> will be used
by default. The family may be specified as an argument after
<option>--tlsa</option>, otherwise <constant>tcp</constant> will be
used.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--cname=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), DNS CNAME or DNAME redirections are
followed. Otherwise, if a CNAME or DNAME record is encountered while resolving, an error is
returned.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--search=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), any specified single-label hostnames will be
searched in the domains configured in the search domain list, if it is non-empty. Otherwise, the search domain
logic is disabled.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--raw</option><optional>=payload|packet</optional></term>
<listitem><para>Dump the answer as binary data. If there is no argument or if the argument is
<literal>payload</literal>, the payload of the packet is exported. If the argument is
<literal>packet</literal>, the whole packet is dumped in wire format, prefixed by
length specified as a little-endian 64-bit number. This format allows multiple packets
to be dumped and unambiguously parsed.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--legend=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), column headers and meta information about the
query response are shown. Otherwise, this output is suppressed.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--statistics</option></term>
<listitem><para>If specified general resolver statistics are shown, including information whether DNSSEC is
enabled and available, as well as resolution and validation statistics.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--reset-statistics</option></term>
<listitem><para>Resets the statistics counters shown in <option>--statistics</option> to zero.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--flush-caches</option></term>
<listitem><para>Flushes all DNS resource record caches the service maintains locally. This is mostly equivalent
to sending the <constant>SIGUSR2</constant> to the <command>systemd-resolved</command>
service.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--reset-server-features</option></term>
<listitem><para>Flushes all feature level information the resolver learnt about specific servers, and ensures
that the server feature probing logic is started from the beginning with the next look-up request. This is
mostly equivalent to sending the <constant>SIGRTMIN+1</constant> to the <command>systemd-resolved</command>
service.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--status</option></term>
<listitem><para>Shows the global and per-link DNS settings in currently in effect.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--set-dns=SERVER</option></term>
<term><option>--set-domain=DOMAIN</option></term>
<term><option>--set-llmnr=MODE</option></term>
<term><option>--set-mdns=MODE</option></term>
<term><option>--set-dnssec=MODE</option></term>
<term><option>--set-nta=DOMAIN</option></term>
<listitem><para>Set per-interface DNS configuration. These switches may be used to configure various DNS
settings for network interfaces that aren't managed by
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. (These
commands will fail when used on interfaces that are managed by <command>systemd-networkd</command>, please
configure their DNS settings directly inside the <filename>.network</filename> files instead.) These switches
may be used to inform <command>systemd-resolved</command> about per-interface DNS configuration determined
through external means. Multiple of these switches may be passed on a single invocation of
<command>systemd-resolve</command> in order to set multiple configuration options at once. If any of these
switches is used, it must be combined with <option>--interface=</option> to indicate the network interface the
new DNS configuration belongs to. The <option>--set-dns=</option> option expects an IPv4 or IPv6 address
specification of a DNS server to use, and may be used multiple times to define multiple servers for the same
interface. The <option>--set-domain=</option> option expects a valid DNS domain, possibly prefixed with
<literal>~</literal>, and configures a per-interface search or route-only domain. It may be used multiple times
to configure multiple such domains. The <option>--set-llmnr=</option>, <option>--set-mdns=</option> and
<option>--set-dnssec=</option> options may be used to configure the per-interface LLMNR, MulticastDNS and
DNSSEC settings. Finally, <option>--set-nta=</option> may be used to configure additional per-interface DNSSEC
NTA domains and may also be used multiple times. For details about these settings, their possible values and
their effect, see the corresponding options in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.network</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--revert</option></term>
<listitem><para>Revert the per-interface DNS configuration. This option must be combined with
<option>--interface=</option> to indicate the network interface the DNS configuration shall be reverted on. If
the DNS configuration is reverted all per-interface DNS setting are reset to their defaults, undoing all
effects of <option>--set-dns=</option>, <option>--set-domain=</option>, <option>--set-llmnr=</option>,
<option>--set-mdns=</option>, <option>--set-dnssec=</option>, <option>--set-nta=</option>. Note that when a
network interface disappears all configuration is lost automatically, an explicit reverting is not necessary in
that case.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Compatibility with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>resolvconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></title>
<para><command>systemd-resolve</command> is a multi-call binary. When invoked as <literal>resolvconf</literal>
(generally achieved by means of a symbolic link of this name to the <command>systemd-resolve</command> binary) it
is run in a limited <citerefentry><refentrytitle>resolvconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
compatibility mode. It accepts mostly the same arguments and pushes all data into
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
similar to how <option>--set-dns=</option> and <option>--set-domain=</option> operate. Note that
<command>systemd-resolved.service</command> is the only supported backend, which is different from other
implementations of this command. Note that not all operations supported by other implementations are supported
natively. Specifically:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-a</option></term>
<listitem><para>Registers per-interface DNS configuration data with
<command>systemd-resolved</command>. Expects a network interface name as only command line argument. Reads
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>resolv.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> compatible DNS
configuration data from its standard input. Relevant fields are <literal>nameserver</literal> and
<literal>domain</literal>/<literal>search</literal>. This command is mostly identical to invoking
<command>systemd-resolve</command> with a combination of <option>--set-dns=</option> and
<option>--set-domain=</option>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-d</option></term>
<listitem><para>Unregisters per-interface DNS configuration data with <command>systemd-resolved</command>. This
command is mostly identical to invoking <command>systemd-resolve</command> with
<option>--revert</option>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-f</option></term>
<listitem><para>When specified <option>-a</option> and <option>-d</option> will not complain about missing
network interfaces and will silently execute no operation in that case.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-x</option></term>
<listitem><para>This switch for "exclusive" operation is supported only partially. It is mapped to an
additional configured search domain of <literal>~.</literal> — i.e. ensures that DNS traffic is preferably
routed to the DNS servers on this interface, unless there are other, more specific domains configured on other
interfaces.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-m</option></term>
<term><option>-p</option></term>
<listitem><para>These switches are not supported and are silently ignored.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-u</option></term>
<term><option>-I</option></term>
<term><option>-i</option></term>
<term><option>-l</option></term>
<term><option>-R</option></term>
<term><option>-r</option></term>
<term><option>-v</option></term>
<term><option>-V</option></term>
<term><option>--enable-updates</option></term>
<term><option>--disable-updates</option></term>
<term><option>--are-updates-enabled</option></term>
<listitem><para>These switches are not supported and the command will fail if used.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>resolvconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on this command line options.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Examples</title>
<example>
<title>Retrieve the addresses of the <literal>www.0pointer.net</literal> domain</title>
<programlisting>$ systemd-resolve www.0pointer.net
www.0pointer.net: 2a01:238:43ed:c300:10c3:bcf3:3266:da74
85.214.157.71
-- Information acquired via protocol DNS in 611.6ms.
-- Data is authenticated: no
</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>Retrieve the domain of the <literal>85.214.157.71</literal> IP address</title>
<programlisting>$ systemd-resolve 85.214.157.71
85.214.157.71: gardel.0pointer.net
-- Information acquired via protocol DNS in 1.2997s.
-- Data is authenticated: no
</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>Retrieve the MX record of the <literal>yahoo.com</literal> domain</title>
<programlisting>$ systemd-resolve -t MX yahoo.com --legend=no
yahoo.com. IN MX 1 mta7.am0.yahoodns.net
yahoo.com. IN MX 1 mta6.am0.yahoodns.net
yahoo.com. IN MX 1 mta5.am0.yahoodns.net
</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>Resolve an SRV service</title>
<programlisting>$ systemd-resolve --service _xmpp-server._tcp gmail.com
_xmpp-server._tcp/gmail.com: alt1.xmpp-server.l.google.com:5269 [priority=20, weight=0]
173.194.210.125
alt4.xmpp-server.l.google.com:5269 [priority=20, weight=0]
173.194.65.125
…
</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>Retrieve a PGP key</title>
<programlisting>$ systemd-resolve --openpgp zbyszek@fedoraproject.org
d08ee310438ca124a6149ea5cc21b6313b390dce485576eff96f8722._openpgpkey.fedoraproject.org. IN OPENPGPKEY
mQINBFBHPMsBEACeInGYJCb+7TurKfb6wGyTottCDtiSJB310i37/6ZYoeIay/5soJjlMyf
MFQ9T2XNT/0LM6gTa0MpC1st9LnzYTMsT6tzRly1D1UbVI6xw0g0vE5y2Cjk3xUwAynCsSs
…
</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>Retrieve a TLS key (<literal>=tcp</literal> and
<literal>:443</literal> could be skipped)</title>
<programlisting>$ systemd-resolve --tlsa=tcp fedoraproject.org:443
_443._tcp.fedoraproject.org IN TLSA 0 0 1 19400be5b7a31fb733917700789d2f0a2471c0c9d506c0e504c06c16d7cb17c0
-- Cert. usage: CA constraint
-- Selector: Full Certificate
-- Matching type: SHA-256
</programlisting>
</example>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>See Also</title>
<para>
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.dnssd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>resolvconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
</para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>
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