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fd571c9df0
This also replaces the Fedora download example with another one from Ubuntu, since Fedora's images these days no longer qualify as DDIs, they have no distinctive partition type UUIDs set for multiple of their partitions, hence the images cannot be booted. A bit sad. Let's provide a command that just works in its place.
1918 lines
113 KiB
XML
1918 lines
113 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0'?>
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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<!ENTITY % entities SYSTEM "custom-entities.ent" >
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%entities;
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]>
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<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
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<refentry id="systemd-nspawn"
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<refentryinfo>
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<title>systemd-nspawn</title>
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<productname>systemd</productname>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>systemd-nspawn</refname>
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<refpurpose>Spawn a command or OS in a light-weight container</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-nspawn</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="opt"><replaceable>COMMAND</replaceable>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">ARGS</arg>
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</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-nspawn</command>
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<arg choice="plain">--boot</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">ARGS</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para><command>systemd-nspawn</command> may be used to run a command or OS in a light-weight namespace
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container. In many ways it is similar to <citerefentry
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project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, but more powerful
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since it fully virtualizes the file system hierarchy, as well as the process tree, the various IPC subsystems and
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the host and domain name.</para>
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<para><command>systemd-nspawn</command> may be invoked on any directory tree containing an operating system tree,
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using the <option>--directory=</option> command line option. By using the <option>--machine=</option> option an OS
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tree is automatically searched for in a couple of locations, most importantly in
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<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>, the suggested directory to place OS container images installed on the
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system.</para>
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<para>In contrast to <citerefentry
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project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> <command>systemd-nspawn</command>
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may be used to boot full Linux-based operating systems in a container.</para>
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<para><command>systemd-nspawn</command> limits access to various kernel interfaces in the container to read-only,
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such as <filename>/sys/</filename>, <filename>/proc/sys/</filename> or <filename>/sys/fs/selinux/</filename>. The
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host's network interfaces and the system clock may not be changed from within the container. Device nodes may not
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be created. The host system cannot be rebooted and kernel modules may not be loaded from within the
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container.</para>
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<para>Use a tool like <citerefentry
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project='mankier'><refentrytitle>dnf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry
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project='die-net'><refentrytitle>debootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or
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<citerefentry project='archlinux'><refentrytitle>pacman</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to
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set up an OS directory tree suitable as file system hierarchy for <command>systemd-nspawn</command> containers. See
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the Examples section below for details on suitable invocation of these commands.</para>
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<para>As a safety check <command>systemd-nspawn</command> will verify the existence of
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<filename>/usr/lib/os-release</filename> or <filename>/etc/os-release</filename> in the container tree before
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booting a container (see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>os-release</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>). It might be
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necessary to add this file to the container tree manually if the OS of the container is too old to contain this
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file out-of-the-box.</para>
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<para><command>systemd-nspawn</command> may be invoked directly from the interactive command line or run as system
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service in the background. In this mode each container instance runs as its own service instance; a default
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template unit file <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename> is provided to make this easy, taking the container
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name as instance identifier. Note that different default options apply when <command>systemd-nspawn</command> is
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invoked by the template unit file than interactively on the command line. Most importantly the template unit file
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makes use of the <option>--boot</option> option which is not the default in case <command>systemd-nspawn</command>
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is invoked from the interactive command line. Further differences with the defaults are documented along with the
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various supported options below.</para>
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<para>The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> tool may
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be used to execute a number of operations on containers. In particular it provides easy-to-use commands to run
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containers as system services using the <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename> template unit
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file.</para>
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<para>Along with each container a settings file with the <filename>.nspawn</filename> suffix may exist, containing
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additional settings to apply when running the container. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
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details. Settings files override the default options used by the <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename>
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template unit file, making it usually unnecessary to alter this template file directly.</para>
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<para>Note that <command>systemd-nspawn</command> will mount file systems private to the container to
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<filename>/dev/</filename>, <filename>/run/</filename> and similar. These will not be visible outside of the
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container, and their contents will be lost when the container exits.</para>
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<para>Note that running two <command>systemd-nspawn</command> containers from the same directory tree will not make
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processes in them see each other. The PID namespace separation of the two containers is complete and the containers
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will share very few runtime objects except for the underlying file system. Rather use
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
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<command>login</command> or <command>shell</command> commands to request an additional login session in a running
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container.</para>
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<para><command>systemd-nspawn</command> implements the <ulink
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url="https://systemd.io/CONTAINER_INTERFACE">Container Interface</ulink> specification.</para>
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<para>While running, containers invoked with <command>systemd-nspawn</command> are registered with the
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> service that
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keeps track of running containers, and provides programming interfaces to interact with them.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Options</title>
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<para>If option <option>--boot</option> is specified, the arguments
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are used as arguments for the init program. Otherwise,
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<replaceable>COMMAND</replaceable> specifies the program to launch
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in the container, and the remaining arguments are used as
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arguments for this program. If <option>--boot</option> is not used and
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no arguments are specified, a shell is launched in the
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container.</para>
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<para>The following options are understood:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-q</option></term>
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<term><option>--quiet</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Turns off any status output by the tool
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itself. When this switch is used, the only output from nspawn
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will be the console output of the container OS
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itself.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--settings=</option><replaceable>MODE</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>Controls whether
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<command>systemd-nspawn</command> shall search for and use
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additional per-container settings from
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<filename>.nspawn</filename> files. Takes a boolean or the
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special values <option>override</option> or
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<option>trusted</option>.</para>
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<para>If enabled (the default), a settings file named after the
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machine (as specified with the <option>--machine=</option>
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setting, or derived from the directory or image file name)
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with the suffix <filename>.nspawn</filename> is searched in
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<filename>/etc/systemd/nspawn/</filename> and
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<filename>/run/systemd/nspawn/</filename>. If it is found
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there, its settings are read and used. If it is not found
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there, it is subsequently searched in the same directory as the
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image file or in the immediate parent of the root directory of
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the container. In this case, if the file is found, its settings
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will be also read and used, but potentially unsafe settings
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are ignored. Note that in both these cases, settings on the
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command line take precedence over the corresponding settings
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from loaded <filename>.nspawn</filename> files, if both are
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specified. Unsafe settings are considered all settings that
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elevate the container's privileges or grant access to
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additional resources such as files or directories of the
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host. For details about the format and contents of
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<filename>.nspawn</filename> files, consult
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
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<para>If this option is set to <option>override</option>, the
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file is searched, read and used the same way, however, the order of
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precedence is reversed: settings read from the
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<filename>.nspawn</filename> file will take precedence over
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the corresponding command line options, if both are
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specified.</para>
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<para>If this option is set to <option>trusted</option>, the
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file is searched, read and used the same way, but regardless
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of being found in <filename>/etc/systemd/nspawn/</filename>,
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<filename>/run/systemd/nspawn/</filename> or next to the image
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file or container root directory, all settings will take
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effect, however, command line arguments still take precedence
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over corresponding settings.</para>
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<para>If disabled, no <filename>.nspawn</filename> file is read
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and no settings except the ones on the command line are in
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effect.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v226"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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<refsect2>
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<title>Image Options</title>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-D</option></term>
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<term><option>--directory=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Directory to use as file system root for the container.</para>
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<para>If neither <option>--directory=</option>, nor <option>--image=</option> is specified the
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directory is determined by searching for a directory named the same as the machine name specified
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with <option>--machine=</option>. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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section "Files and Directories" for the precise search path.</para>
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<xi:include href="vpick.xml" xpointer="directory"/>
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<para>If neither <option>--directory=</option>, <option>--image=</option>, nor
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<option>--machine=</option> are specified, the current directory will be used. May not be specified
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together with <option>--image=</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--template=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Directory or <literal>btrfs</literal> subvolume to use as template for the
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container's root directory. If this is specified and the container's root directory (as configured by
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<option>--directory=</option>) does not yet exist it is created as <literal>btrfs</literal> snapshot
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(if supported) or plain directory (otherwise) and populated from this template tree. Ideally, the
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specified template path refers to the root of a <literal>btrfs</literal> subvolume, in which case a
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simple copy-on-write snapshot is taken, and populating the root directory is instant. If the
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specified template path does not refer to the root of a <literal>btrfs</literal> subvolume (or not
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even to a <literal>btrfs</literal> file system at all), the tree is copied (though possibly in a
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'reflink' copy-on-write scheme — if the file system supports that), which can be substantially more
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time-consuming. Note that the snapshot taken is of the specified directory or subvolume, including
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all subdirectories and subvolumes below it, but excluding any sub-mounts. May not be specified
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together with <option>--image=</option> or <option>--ephemeral</option>.</para>
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<para>Note that this switch leaves hostname, machine ID and
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all other settings that could identify the instance
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unmodified.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-x</option></term>
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<term><option>--ephemeral</option></term>
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<listitem><para>If specified, the container is run with a temporary snapshot of its file system that is removed
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immediately when the container terminates. May not be specified together with
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<option>--template=</option>.</para>
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<para>Note that this switch leaves hostname, machine ID and all other settings that could identify
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the instance unmodified. Please note that — as with <option>--template=</option> — taking the
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temporary snapshot is more efficient on file systems that support subvolume snapshots or 'reflinks'
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natively (<literal>btrfs</literal> or new <literal>xfs</literal>) than on more traditional file
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systems that do not (<literal>ext4</literal>). Note that the snapshot taken is of the specified
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directory or subvolume, including all subdirectories and subvolumes below it, but excluding any
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sub-mounts.</para>
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<para>With this option no modifications of the container image are retained. Use
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<option>--volatile=</option> (described below) for other mechanisms to restrict persistency of
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container images during runtime.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-i</option></term>
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<term><option>--image=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Disk image to mount the root directory for the
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container from. Takes a path to a regular file or to a block
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device node. The file or block device must contain
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either:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>An MBR partition table with a single
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partition of type 0x83 that is marked
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bootable.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>A GUID partition table (GPT) with a single
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partition of type
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0fc63daf-8483-4772-8e79-3d69d8477de4.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>A GUID partition table (GPT) with a marked
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root partition which is mounted as the root directory of the
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container. Optionally, GPT images may contain a home and/or
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a server data partition which are mounted to the appropriate
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places in the container. All these partitions must be
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identified by the partition types defined by the <ulink
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url="https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/discoverable_partitions_specification">Discoverable
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Partitions Specification</ulink>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>No partition table, and a single file system spanning the whole image.</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>On GPT images, if an EFI System Partition (ESP) is discovered, it is automatically mounted to
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<filename>/efi</filename> (or <filename>/boot</filename> as fallback) in case a directory by this name exists
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and is empty.</para>
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<para>Partitions encrypted with LUKS are automatically decrypted. Also, on GPT images dm-verity data integrity
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hash partitions are set up if the root hash for them is specified using the <option>--root-hash=</option>
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option.</para>
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<para>Single file system images (i.e. file systems without a surrounding partition table) can be opened using
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dm-verity if the integrity data is passed using the <option>--root-hash=</option> and
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<option>--verity-data=</option> (and optionally <option>--root-hash-sig=</option>) options.</para>
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<para>Any other partitions, such as foreign partitions or swap partitions are not mounted. May not be specified
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together with <option>--directory=</option>, <option>--template=</option>.</para>
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<xi:include href="vpick.xml" xpointer="image"/>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v211"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--image-policy=<replaceable>policy</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>Takes an image policy string as argument, as per
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.image-policy</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The
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policy is enforced when operating on the disk image specified via <option>--image=</option>, see
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above. If not specified defaults to
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<literal>root=verity+signed+encrypted+unprotected+absent:usr=verity+signed+encrypted+unprotected+absent:home=encrypted+unprotected+absent:srv=encrypted+unprotected+absent:esp=unprotected+absent:xbootldr=unprotected+absent:tmp=encrypted+unprotected+absent:var=encrypted+unprotected+absent</literal>,
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i.e. all recognized file systems in the image are used, but not the swap partition.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--oci-bundle=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Takes the path to an OCI runtime bundle to invoke, as specified in the <ulink
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url="https://github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec/blob/master/spec.md">OCI Runtime Specification</ulink>. In
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this case no <filename>.nspawn</filename> file is loaded, and the root directory and various settings are read
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from the OCI runtime JSON data (but data passed on the command line takes precedence).</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v242"/></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--read-only</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Mount the container's root file system (and any other file systems container in the container
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image) read-only. This has no effect on additional mounts made with <option>--bind=</option>,
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<option>--tmpfs=</option> and similar options. This mode is implied if the container image file or directory is
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marked read-only itself. It is also implied if <option>--volatile=</option> is used. In this case the container
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image on disk is strictly read-only, while changes are permitted but kept non-persistently in memory only. For
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further details, see below.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--volatile</option></term>
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<term><option>--volatile=</option><replaceable>MODE</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>Boots the container in volatile mode. When no mode parameter is passed or when mode is
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||
specified as <option>yes</option>, full volatile mode is enabled. This means the root directory is mounted as a
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mostly unpopulated <literal>tmpfs</literal> instance, and <filename>/usr/</filename> from the OS tree is
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mounted into it in read-only mode (the system thus starts up with read-only OS image, but pristine state and
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||
configuration, any changes are lost on shutdown). When the mode parameter is specified as
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||
<option>state</option>, the OS tree is mounted read-only, but <filename>/var/</filename> is mounted as a
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writable <literal>tmpfs</literal> instance into it (the system thus starts up with read-only OS resources and
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configuration, but pristine state, and any changes to the latter are lost on shutdown). When the mode parameter
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||
is specified as <option>overlay</option> the read-only root file system is combined with a writable
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<filename>tmpfs</filename> instance through <literal>overlayfs</literal>, so that it appears at it normally
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would, but any changes are applied to the temporary file system only and lost when the container is
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terminated. When the mode parameter is specified as <option>no</option> (the default), the whole OS tree is
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made available writable (unless <option>--read-only</option> is specified, see above).</para>
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<para>Note that if one of the volatile modes is chosen, its effect is limited to the root file system
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(or <filename>/var/</filename> in case of <option>state</option>), and any other mounts placed in the
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hierarchy are unaffected — regardless if they are established automatically (e.g. the EFI system
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partition that might be mounted to <filename>/efi/</filename> or <filename>/boot/</filename>) or
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explicitly (e.g. through an additional command line option such as <option>--bind=</option>, see
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below). This means, even if <option>--volatile=overlay</option> is used changes to
|
||
<filename>/efi/</filename> or <filename>/boot/</filename> are prohibited in case such a partition
|
||
exists in the container image operated on, and even if <option>--volatile=state</option> is used the
|
||
hypothetical file <filename index="false">/etc/foobar</filename> is potentially writable if
|
||
<option>--bind=/etc/foobar</option> if used to mount it from outside the read-only container
|
||
<filename>/etc/</filename> directory.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The <option>--ephemeral</option> option is closely related to this setting, and provides similar
|
||
behaviour by making a temporary, ephemeral copy of the whole OS image and executing that. For further details,
|
||
see above.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The <option>--tmpfs=</option> and <option>--overlay=</option> options provide similar functionality, but
|
||
for specific sub-directories of the OS image only. For details, see below.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>This option provides similar functionality for containers as the <literal>systemd.volatile=</literal>
|
||
kernel command line switch provides for host systems. See
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>kernel-command-line</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
|
||
details.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that setting this option to <option>yes</option> or <option>state</option> will only work
|
||
correctly with operating systems in the container that can boot up with only
|
||
<filename>/usr/</filename> mounted, and are able to automatically populate <filename>/var/</filename>
|
||
(and <filename>/etc/</filename> in case of <literal>--volatile=yes</literal>). Specifically, this
|
||
means that operating systems that follow the historic split of <filename>/bin/</filename> and
|
||
<filename>/lib/</filename> (and related directories) from <filename>/usr/</filename> (i.e. where the
|
||
former are not symlinks into the latter) are not supported by <literal>--volatile=yes</literal> as
|
||
container payload. The <option>overlay</option> option does not require any particular preparations
|
||
in the OS, but do note that <literal>overlayfs</literal> behaviour differs from regular file systems
|
||
in a number of ways, and hence compatibility is limited.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v216"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--root-hash=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Takes a data integrity (dm-verity) root hash specified in hexadecimal. This option enables data
|
||
integrity checks using dm-verity, if the used image contains the appropriate integrity data (see above). The
|
||
specified hash must match the root hash of integrity data, and is usually at least 256 bits (and hence 64
|
||
formatted hexadecimal characters) long (in case of SHA256 for example). If this option is not specified, but
|
||
the image file carries the <literal>user.verity.roothash</literal> extended file attribute (see <citerefentry
|
||
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>xattr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>), then the root
|
||
hash is read from it, also as formatted hexadecimal characters. If the extended file attribute is not found (or
|
||
is not supported by the underlying file system), but a file with the <filename>.roothash</filename> suffix is
|
||
found next to the image file, bearing otherwise the same name (except if the image has the
|
||
<filename>.raw</filename> suffix, in which case the root hash file must not have it in its name), the root hash
|
||
is read from it and automatically used, also as formatted hexadecimal characters.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that this configures the root hash for the root file system. Disk images may also contain
|
||
separate file systems for the <filename>/usr/</filename> hierarchy, which may be Verity protected as
|
||
well. The root hash for this protection may be configured via the
|
||
<literal>user.verity.usrhash</literal> extended file attribute or via a <filename>.usrhash</filename>
|
||
file adjacent to the disk image, following the same format and logic as for the root hash for the
|
||
root file system described here. Note that there's currently no switch to configure the root hash for
|
||
the <filename>/usr/</filename> from the command line.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Also see the <varname>RootHash=</varname> option in
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--root-hash-sig=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Takes a PKCS7 signature of the <option>--root-hash=</option> option.
|
||
The semantics are the same as for the <varname>RootHashSignature=</varname> option, see
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--verity-data=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Takes the path to a data integrity (dm-verity) file. This option enables data integrity checks
|
||
using dm-verity, if a root-hash is passed and if the used image itself does not contain the integrity data.
|
||
The integrity data must be matched by the root hash. If this option is not specified, but a file with the
|
||
<filename>.verity</filename> suffix is found next to the image file, bearing otherwise the same name (except if
|
||
the image has the <filename>.raw</filename> suffix, in which case the verity data file must not have it in its name),
|
||
the verity data is read from it and automatically used.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--pivot-root=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Pivot the specified directory to <filename>/</filename> inside the container, and either unmount the
|
||
container's old root, or pivot it to another specified directory. Takes one of: a path argument — in which case the
|
||
specified path will be pivoted to <filename>/</filename> and the old root will be unmounted; or a colon-separated pair
|
||
of new root path and pivot destination for the old root. The new root path will be pivoted to <filename>/</filename>,
|
||
and the old <filename>/</filename> will be pivoted to the other directory. Both paths must be absolute, and are resolved
|
||
in the container's file system namespace.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>This is for containers which have several bootable directories in them; for example, several
|
||
<ulink url="https://ostree.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">OSTree</ulink> deployments. It emulates the
|
||
behavior of the boot loader and the initrd which normally select which directory to mount as the root
|
||
and start the container's PID 1 in.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
</refsect2><refsect2>
|
||
<title>Execution Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-a</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--as-pid2</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Invoke the shell or specified program as process ID (PID) 2 instead of PID 1 (init). By
|
||
default, if neither this option nor <option>--boot</option> is used, the selected program is run as the process
|
||
with PID 1, a mode only suitable for programs that are aware of the special semantics that the process with
|
||
PID 1 has on UNIX. For example, it needs to reap all processes reparented to it, and should implement
|
||
<command>sysvinit</command> compatible signal handling (specifically: it needs to reboot on SIGINT, reexecute
|
||
on SIGTERM, reload configuration on SIGHUP, and so on). With <option>--as-pid2</option> a minimal stub init
|
||
process is run as PID 1 and the selected program is executed as PID 2 (and hence does not need to implement any
|
||
special semantics). The stub init process will reap processes as necessary and react appropriately to
|
||
signals. It is recommended to use this mode to invoke arbitrary commands in containers, unless they have been
|
||
modified to run correctly as PID 1. Or in other words: this switch should be used for pretty much all commands,
|
||
except when the command refers to an init or shell implementation, as these are generally capable of running
|
||
correctly as PID 1. This option may not be combined with <option>--boot</option>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v229"/>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-b</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--boot</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Automatically search for an init program and invoke it as PID 1, instead of a shell or a user
|
||
supplied program. If this option is used, arguments specified on the command line are used as arguments for the
|
||
init program. This option may not be combined with <option>--as-pid2</option>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The following table explains the different modes of invocation and relationship to
|
||
<option>--as-pid2</option> (see above):</para>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<title>Invocation Mode</title>
|
||
<tgroup cols='2' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
|
||
<colspec colname="switch" />
|
||
<colspec colname="explanation" />
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry>Switch</entry>
|
||
<entry>Explanation</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry>Neither <option>--as-pid2</option> nor <option>--boot</option> specified</entry>
|
||
<entry>The passed parameters are interpreted as the command line, which is executed as PID 1 in the container.</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><option>--as-pid2</option> specified</entry>
|
||
<entry>The passed parameters are interpreted as the command line, which is executed as PID 2 in the container. A stub init process is run as PID 1.</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><option>--boot</option> specified</entry>
|
||
<entry>An init program is automatically searched for and run as PID 1 in the container. The passed parameters are used as invocation parameters for this process.</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</tgroup>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that <option>--boot</option> is the default mode of operation if the
|
||
<filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename> template unit file is used.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--chdir=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Change to the specified working directory before invoking the process in the container. Expects
|
||
an absolute path in the container's file system namespace.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v229"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-E <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>[=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>]</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--setenv=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>[=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>]</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Specifies an environment variable to pass to the init process in the container. This
|
||
may be used to override the default variables or to set additional variables. It may be used more
|
||
than once to set multiple variables. When <literal>=</literal> and <replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>
|
||
are omitted, the value of the variable with the same name in the program environment will be used.
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-u</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--user=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>After transitioning into the container, change to the specified user defined in the
|
||
container's user database. Like all other systemd-nspawn features, this is not a security feature and
|
||
provides protection against accidental destructive operations only.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--kill-signal=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Specify the process signal to send to the container's PID 1 when nspawn itself receives
|
||
<constant>SIGTERM</constant>, in order to trigger an orderly shutdown of the container. Defaults to
|
||
<constant>SIGRTMIN+3</constant> if <option>--boot</option> is used (on systemd-compatible init systems
|
||
<constant>SIGRTMIN+3</constant> triggers an orderly shutdown). If <option>--boot</option> is not used and this
|
||
option is not specified the container's processes are terminated abruptly via <constant>SIGKILL</constant>. For
|
||
a list of valid signals, see <citerefentry
|
||
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>signal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v220"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--notify-ready=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Configures support for notifications from the container's init process.
|
||
<option>--notify-ready=</option> takes a boolean (<option>no</option> and <option>yes</option>).
|
||
With option <option>no</option> systemd-nspawn notifies systemd
|
||
with a <literal>READY=1</literal> message when the init process is created.
|
||
With option <option>yes</option> systemd-nspawn waits for the
|
||
<literal>READY=1</literal> message from the init process in the container
|
||
before sending its own to systemd. For more details about notifications
|
||
see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v231"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--suppress-sync=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Expects a boolean argument. If true, turns off any form of on-disk file system
|
||
synchronization for the container payload. This means all system calls such as <citerefentry
|
||
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>sync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<function>fsync()</function>, <function>syncfs()</function>, … will execute no operation, and the
|
||
<constant>O_SYNC</constant>/<constant>O_DSYNC</constant> flags to <citerefentry
|
||
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>open</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> and
|
||
related calls will be made unavailable. This is potentially dangerous, as assumed data integrity
|
||
guarantees to the container payload are not actually enforced (i.e. data assumed to have been written
|
||
to disk might be lost if the system is shut down abnormally). However, this can dramatically improve
|
||
container runtime performance – as long as these guarantees are not required or desirable, for
|
||
example because any data written by the container is of temporary, redundant nature, or just an
|
||
intermediary artifact that will be further processed and finalized by a later step in a
|
||
pipeline. Defaults to false.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
</refsect2><refsect2>
|
||
<title>System Identity Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-M</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--machine=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Sets the machine name for this container. This
|
||
name may be used to identify this container during its runtime
|
||
(for example in tools like
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
and similar), and is used to initialize the container's
|
||
hostname (which the container can choose to override,
|
||
however). If not specified, the last component of the root
|
||
directory path of the container is used, possibly suffixed
|
||
with a random identifier in case <option>--ephemeral</option>
|
||
mode is selected. If the root directory selected is the host's
|
||
root directory the host's hostname is used as default
|
||
instead.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v202"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--hostname=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Controls the hostname to set within the container, if different from the machine name. Expects
|
||
a valid hostname as argument. If this option is used, the kernel hostname of the container will be set to this
|
||
value, otherwise it will be initialized to the machine name as controlled by the <option>--machine=</option>
|
||
option described above. The machine name is used for various aspect of identification of the container from the
|
||
outside, the kernel hostname configurable with this option is useful for the container to identify itself from
|
||
the inside. It is usually a good idea to keep both forms of identification synchronized, in order to avoid
|
||
confusion. It is hence recommended to avoid usage of this option, and use <option>--machine=</option>
|
||
exclusively. Note that regardless whether the container's hostname is initialized from the name set with
|
||
<option>--hostname=</option> or the one set with <option>--machine=</option>, the container can later override
|
||
its kernel hostname freely on its own as well.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v239"/>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--uuid=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Set the specified UUID for the container. The
|
||
init system will initialize
|
||
<filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> from this if this file is
|
||
not set yet. Note that this option takes effect only if
|
||
<filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> in the container is
|
||
unpopulated.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
</refsect2><refsect2>
|
||
<title>Property Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-S</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--slice=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Make the container part of the specified slice, instead of the default
|
||
<filename>machine.slice</filename>. This applies only if the machine is run in its own scope unit, i.e. if
|
||
<option>--keep-unit</option> isn't used.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v206"/>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--property=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Set a unit property on the scope unit to register for the machine. This applies only if the
|
||
machine is run in its own scope unit, i.e. if <option>--keep-unit</option> isn't used. Takes unit property
|
||
assignments in the same format as <command>systemctl set-property</command>. This is useful to set memory
|
||
limits and similar for the container.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v220"/>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--register=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Controls whether the container is registered with
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Takes a
|
||
boolean argument, which defaults to <literal>yes</literal>. This option should be enabled when the container
|
||
runs a full Operating System (more specifically: a system and service manager as PID 1), and is useful to
|
||
ensure that the container is accessible via
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and shown by
|
||
tools such as <citerefentry
|
||
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. If the container
|
||
does not run a service manager, it is recommended to set this option to
|
||
<literal>no</literal>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--keep-unit</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Instead of creating a transient scope unit to run the container in, simply use the service or
|
||
scope unit <command>systemd-nspawn</command> has been invoked in. If <option>--register=yes</option> is set
|
||
this unit is registered with
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. This
|
||
switch should be used if <command>systemd-nspawn</command> is invoked from within a service unit, and the
|
||
service unit's sole purpose is to run a single <command>systemd-nspawn</command> container. This option is not
|
||
available if run from a user session.</para>
|
||
<para>Note that passing <option>--keep-unit</option> disables the effect of <option>--slice=</option> and
|
||
<option>--property=</option>. Use <option>--keep-unit</option> and <option>--register=no</option> in
|
||
combination to disable any kind of unit allocation or registration with
|
||
<command>systemd-machined</command>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
</refsect2><refsect2>
|
||
<title>User Namespacing Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--private-users=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Controls user namespacing. If enabled, the container will run with its own private set of UNIX
|
||
user and group ids (UIDs and GIDs). This involves mapping the private UIDs/GIDs used in the container (starting
|
||
with the container's root user 0 and up) to a range of UIDs/GIDs on the host that are not used for other
|
||
purposes (usually in the range beyond the host's UID/GID 65536). The parameter may be specified as follows:</para>
|
||
|
||
<orderedlist>
|
||
<listitem><para>If one or two colon-separated numbers are specified, user namespacing is turned on. The first
|
||
parameter specifies the first host UID/GID to assign to the container, the second parameter specifies the
|
||
number of host UIDs/GIDs to assign to the container. If the second parameter is omitted, 65536 UIDs/GIDs are
|
||
assigned.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>If the parameter is <literal>yes</literal>, user namespacing is turned on. The
|
||
UID/GID range to use is determined automatically from the file ownership of the root directory of
|
||
the container's directory tree. To use this option, make sure to prepare the directory tree in
|
||
advance, and ensure that all files and directories in it are owned by UIDs/GIDs in the range you'd
|
||
like to use. Also, make sure that used file ACLs exclusively reference UIDs/GIDs in the appropriate
|
||
range. In this mode, the number of UIDs/GIDs assigned to the container is 65536, and the owner
|
||
UID/GID of the root directory must be a multiple of 65536.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>If the parameter is <literal>no</literal>, user namespacing is turned off. This is
|
||
the default.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>If the parameter is <literal>identity</literal>, user namespacing is employed with
|
||
an identity mapping for the first 65536 UIDs/GIDs. This is mostly equivalent to
|
||
<option>--private-users=0:65536</option>. While it does not provide UID/GID isolation, since all
|
||
host and container UIDs/GIDs are chosen identically it does provide process capability isolation,
|
||
and hence is often a good choice if proper user namespacing with distinct UID maps is not
|
||
appropriate.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>The special value <literal>pick</literal> turns on user namespacing. In this case
|
||
the UID/GID range is automatically chosen. As first step, the file owner UID/GID of the root
|
||
directory of the container's directory tree is read, and it is checked that no other container is
|
||
currently using it. If this check is successful, the UID/GID range determined this way is used,
|
||
similarly to the behavior if <literal>yes</literal> is specified. If the check is not successful
|
||
(and thus the UID/GID range indicated in the root directory's file owner is already used elsewhere)
|
||
a new – currently unused – UID/GID range of 65536 UIDs/GIDs is randomly chosen between the host
|
||
UID/GIDs of 524288 and 1878982656, always starting at a multiple of 65536, and, if possible,
|
||
consistently hashed from the machine name. This setting implies
|
||
<option>--private-users-ownership=auto</option> (see below), which possibly has the effect that the
|
||
files and directories in the container's directory tree will be owned by the appropriate users of
|
||
the range picked. Using this option makes user namespace behavior fully automatic. Note that the
|
||
first invocation of a previously unused container image might result in picking a new UID/GID range
|
||
for it, and thus in the (possibly expensive) file ownership adjustment operation. However,
|
||
subsequent invocations of the container will be cheap (unless of course the picked UID/GID range is
|
||
assigned to a different use by then).</para></listitem>
|
||
</orderedlist>
|
||
|
||
<para>It is recommended to assign at least 65536 UIDs/GIDs to each container, so that the usable UID/GID range in the
|
||
container covers 16 bit. For best security, do not assign overlapping UID/GID ranges to multiple containers. It is
|
||
hence a good idea to use the upper 16 bit of the host 32-bit UIDs/GIDs as container identifier, while the lower 16
|
||
bit encode the container UID/GID used. This is in fact the behavior enforced by the
|
||
<option>--private-users=pick</option> option.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When user namespaces are used, the GID range assigned to each container is always chosen identical to the
|
||
UID range.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>In most cases, using <option>--private-users=pick</option> is the recommended option as it enhances
|
||
container security massively and operates fully automatically in most cases.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that the picked UID/GID range is not written to <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or
|
||
<filename>/etc/group</filename>. In fact, the allocation of the range is not stored persistently anywhere,
|
||
except in the file ownership of the files and directories of the container.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that when user namespacing is used file ownership on disk reflects this, and all of the container's
|
||
files and directories are owned by the container's effective user and group IDs. This means that copying files
|
||
from and to the container image requires correction of the numeric UID/GID values, according to the UID/GID
|
||
shift applied.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v220"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--private-users-ownership=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Controls how to adjust the container image's UIDs and GIDs to match the UID/GID range
|
||
chosen with <option>--private-users=</option>, see above. Takes one of <literal>off</literal> (to
|
||
leave the image as is), <literal>chown</literal> (to recursively <function>chown()</function> the
|
||
container's directory tree as needed), <literal>map</literal> (in order to use transparent ID mapping
|
||
mounts) or <literal>auto</literal> for automatically using <literal>map</literal> where available and
|
||
<literal>chown</literal> where not.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If <literal>chown</literal> is selected, all files and directories in the container's directory
|
||
tree will be adjusted so that they are owned by the appropriate UIDs/GIDs selected for the container
|
||
(see above). This operation is potentially expensive, as it involves iterating through the full
|
||
directory tree of the container. Besides actual file ownership, file ACLs are adjusted as
|
||
well.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Typically <literal>map</literal> is the best choice, since it transparently maps UIDs/GIDs in
|
||
memory as needed without modifying the image, and without requiring an expensive recursive adjustment
|
||
operation. However, it is not available for all file systems, currently.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The <option>--private-users-ownership=auto</option> option is implied if
|
||
<option>--private-users=pick</option> is used. This option has no effect if user namespacing is not
|
||
used.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v230"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-U</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>If the kernel supports the user namespaces feature, equivalent to
|
||
<option>--private-users=pick --private-users-ownership=auto</option>, otherwise equivalent to
|
||
<option>--private-users=no</option>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that <option>-U</option> is the default if the
|
||
<filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename> template unit file is used.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note: it is possible to undo the effect of <option>--private-users-ownership=chown</option> (or
|
||
<option>-U</option>) on the file system by redoing the operation with the first UID of 0:</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>systemd-nspawn … --private-users=0 --private-users-ownership=chown</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v230"/>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
</refsect2><refsect2>
|
||
<title>Networking Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--private-network</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Disconnect networking of the container from
|
||
the host. This makes all network interfaces unavailable in the
|
||
container, with the exception of the loopback device and those
|
||
specified with <option>--network-interface=</option> and
|
||
configured with <option>--network-veth</option>. If this
|
||
option is specified, the <constant>CAP_NET_ADMIN</constant> capability will be
|
||
added to the set of capabilities the container retains. The
|
||
latter may be disabled by using <option>--drop-capability=</option>.
|
||
If this option is not specified (or implied by one of the options
|
||
listed below), the container will have full access to the host network.
|
||
</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--network-interface=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Assign the specified network interface to the container. Either takes a single
|
||
interface name, referencing the name on the host, or a colon-separated pair of interfaces, in which
|
||
case the first one references the name on the host, and the second one the name in the container.
|
||
When the container terminates, the interface is moved back to the calling namespace and renamed to
|
||
its original name. Note that <option>--network-interface=</option> implies
|
||
<option>--private-network</option>. This option may be used more than once to add multiple network
|
||
interfaces to the container.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that any network interface specified this way must already exist at the time the container
|
||
is started. If the container shall be started automatically at boot via a
|
||
<filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename> unit file instance, it might hence make sense to add a
|
||
unit file drop-in to the service instance
|
||
(e.g. <filename>/etc/systemd/system/systemd-nspawn@foobar.service.d/50-network.conf</filename>) with
|
||
contents like the following:</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>[Unit]
|
||
Wants=sys-subsystem-net-devices-ens1.device
|
||
After=sys-subsystem-net-devices-ens1.device</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This will make sure that activation of the container service will be delayed until the
|
||
<literal>ens1</literal> network interface has shown up. This is required since hardware probing is
|
||
fully asynchronous, and network interfaces might be discovered only later during the boot process,
|
||
after the container would normally be started without these explicit dependencies.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--network-macvlan=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Create a <literal>macvlan</literal> interface of the specified Ethernet network
|
||
interface and add it to the container. Either takes a single interface name, referencing the name
|
||
on the host, or a colon-separated pair of interfaces, in which case the first one references the name
|
||
on the host, and the second one the name in the container. A <literal>macvlan</literal> interface is
|
||
a virtual interface that adds a second MAC address to an existing physical Ethernet link. If the
|
||
container interface name is not defined, the interface in the container will be named after the
|
||
interface on the host, prefixed with <literal>mv-</literal>. Note that
|
||
<option>--network-macvlan=</option> implies <option>--private-network</option>. This option may be
|
||
used more than once to add multiple network interfaces to the container.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>As with <option>--network-interface=</option>, the underlying Ethernet network interface must
|
||
already exist at the time the container is started, and thus similar unit file drop-ins as described
|
||
above might be useful.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v211"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--network-ipvlan=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Create an <literal>ipvlan</literal> interface of the specified Ethernet network
|
||
interface and add it to the container. Either takes a single interface name, referencing the name on
|
||
the host, or a colon-separated pair of interfaces, in which case the first one references the name
|
||
on the host, and the second one the name in the container. An <literal>ipvlan</literal> interface is
|
||
a virtual interface,
|
||
similar to a <literal>macvlan</literal> interface, which uses the same MAC address as the underlying
|
||
interface. If the container interface name is not defined, the interface in the container will be
|
||
named after the interface on the host, prefixed
|
||
with <literal>iv-</literal>. Note that <option>--network-ipvlan=</option> implies
|
||
<option>--private-network</option>. This option may be used more than once to add multiple network
|
||
interfaces to the container.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>As with <option>--network-interface=</option>, the underlying Ethernet network interface must
|
||
already exist at the time the container is started, and thus similar unit file drop-ins as described
|
||
above might be useful.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-n</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--network-veth</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Create a virtual Ethernet link (<literal>veth</literal>) between host and container. The host
|
||
side of the Ethernet link will be available as a network interface named after the container's name (as
|
||
specified with <option>--machine=</option>), prefixed with <literal>ve-</literal>. The container side of the
|
||
Ethernet link will be named <literal>host0</literal>. The <option>--network-veth</option> option implies
|
||
<option>--private-network</option>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
includes by default a network file <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/network/80-container-ve.network</filename>
|
||
matching the host-side interfaces created this way, which contains settings to enable automatic address
|
||
provisioning on the created virtual link via DHCP, as well as automatic IP routing onto the host's external
|
||
network interfaces. It also contains <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/network/80-container-host0.network</filename>
|
||
matching the container-side interface created this way, containing settings to enable client side address
|
||
assignment via DHCP. In case <filename>systemd-networkd</filename> is running on both the host and inside the
|
||
container, automatic IP communication from the container to the host is thus available, with further
|
||
connectivity to the external network.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that <option>--network-veth</option> is the default if the
|
||
<filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename> template unit file is used.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that on Linux network interface names may have a length of 15 characters at maximum, while
|
||
container names may have a length up to 64 characters. As this option derives the host-side interface
|
||
name from the container name the name is possibly truncated. Thus, care needs to be taken to ensure
|
||
that interface names remain unique in this case, or even better container names are generally not
|
||
chosen longer than 12 characters, to avoid the truncation. If the name is truncated,
|
||
<command>systemd-nspawn</command> will automatically append a 4-digit hash value to the name to
|
||
reduce the chance of collisions. However, the hash algorithm is not collision-free. (See
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.net-naming-scheme</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
for details on older naming algorithms for this interface). Alternatively, the
|
||
<option>--network-veth-extra=</option> option may be used, which allows free configuration of the
|
||
host-side interface name independently of the container name — but might require a bit more
|
||
additional configuration in case bridging in a fashion similar to <option>--network-bridge=</option>
|
||
is desired.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--network-veth-extra=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Adds an additional virtual Ethernet link
|
||
between host and container. Takes a colon-separated pair of
|
||
host interface name and container interface name. The latter
|
||
may be omitted in which case the container and host sides will
|
||
be assigned the same name. This switch is independent of
|
||
<option>--network-veth</option>, and — in contrast — may be
|
||
used multiple times, and allows configuration of the network
|
||
interface names. Note that <option>--network-bridge=</option>
|
||
has no effect on interfaces created with
|
||
<option>--network-veth-extra=</option>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v228"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--network-bridge=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Adds the host side of the Ethernet link created with <option>--network-veth</option>
|
||
to the specified Ethernet bridge interface. Expects a valid network interface name of a bridge device
|
||
as argument. Note that <option>--network-bridge=</option> implies <option>--network-veth</option>. If
|
||
this option is used, the host side of the Ethernet link will use the <literal>vb-</literal> prefix
|
||
instead of <literal>ve-</literal>. Regardless of the used naming prefix the same network interface
|
||
name length limits imposed by Linux apply, along with the complications this creates (for details see
|
||
above).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>As with <option>--network-interface=</option>, the underlying bridge network interface must
|
||
already exist at the time the container is started, and thus similar unit file drop-ins as described
|
||
above might be useful.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--network-zone=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Creates a virtual Ethernet link (<literal>veth</literal>) to the container and adds it to an
|
||
automatically managed Ethernet bridge interface. The bridge interface is named after the passed argument,
|
||
prefixed with <literal>vz-</literal>. The bridge interface is automatically created when the first container
|
||
configured for its name is started, and is automatically removed when the last container configured for its
|
||
name exits. Hence, each bridge interface configured this way exists only as long as there's at least one
|
||
container referencing it running. This option is very similar to <option>--network-bridge=</option>, besides
|
||
this automatic creation/removal of the bridge device.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>This setting makes it easy to place multiple related containers on a common, virtual Ethernet-based
|
||
broadcast domain, here called a "zone". Each container may only be part of one zone, but each zone may contain
|
||
any number of containers. Each zone is referenced by its name. Names may be chosen freely (as long as they form
|
||
valid network interface names when prefixed with <literal>vz-</literal>), and it is sufficient to pass the same
|
||
name to the <option>--network-zone=</option> switch of the various concurrently running containers to join
|
||
them in one zone.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
includes by default a network file <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/network/80-container-vz.network</filename>
|
||
matching the bridge interfaces created this way, which contains settings to enable automatic address
|
||
provisioning on the created virtual network via DHCP, as well as automatic IP routing onto the host's external
|
||
network interfaces. Using <option>--network-zone=</option> is hence in most cases fully automatic and
|
||
sufficient to connect multiple local containers in a joined broadcast domain to the host, with further
|
||
connectivity to the external network.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v230"/>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--network-namespace-path=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Takes the path to a file representing a kernel
|
||
network namespace that the container shall run in. The specified path
|
||
should refer to a (possibly bind-mounted) network namespace file, as
|
||
exposed by the kernel below <filename>/proc/$PID/ns/net</filename>.
|
||
This makes the container enter the given network namespace. One of the
|
||
typical use cases is to give a network namespace under
|
||
<filename>/run/netns</filename> created by <citerefentry
|
||
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>ip-netns</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
for example, <option>--network-namespace-path=/run/netns/foo</option>.
|
||
Note that this option cannot be used together with other
|
||
network-related options, such as <option>--private-network</option>
|
||
or <option>--network-interface=</option>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v236"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-p</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--port=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>If private networking is enabled, maps an IP
|
||
port on the host onto an IP port on the container. Takes a
|
||
protocol specifier (either <literal>tcp</literal> or
|
||
<literal>udp</literal>), separated by a colon from a host port
|
||
number in the range 1 to 65535, separated by a colon from a
|
||
container port number in the range from 1 to 65535. The
|
||
protocol specifier and its separating colon may be omitted, in
|
||
which case <literal>tcp</literal> is assumed. The container
|
||
port number and its colon may be omitted, in which case the
|
||
same port as the host port is implied. This option is only
|
||
supported if private networking is used, such as with
|
||
<option>--network-veth</option>, <option>--network-zone=</option>
|
||
<option>--network-bridge=</option>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
</refsect2><refsect2>
|
||
<title>Security Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--capability=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>List one or more additional capabilities to grant the container. Takes a
|
||
comma-separated list of capability names, see <citerefentry
|
||
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
for more information. Note that the following capabilities will be granted in any way:
|
||
<constant>CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL</constant>, <constant>CAP_AUDIT_WRITE</constant>,
|
||
<constant>CAP_CHOWN</constant>, <constant>CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE</constant>,
|
||
<constant>CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH</constant>, <constant>CAP_FOWNER</constant>,
|
||
<constant>CAP_FSETID</constant>, <constant>CAP_IPC_OWNER</constant>, <constant>CAP_KILL</constant>,
|
||
<constant>CAP_LEASE</constant>, <constant>CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE</constant>,
|
||
<constant>CAP_MKNOD</constant>, <constant>CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE</constant>,
|
||
<constant>CAP_NET_BROADCAST</constant>, <constant>CAP_NET_RAW</constant>,
|
||
<constant>CAP_SETFCAP</constant>, <constant>CAP_SETGID</constant>, <constant>CAP_SETPCAP</constant>,
|
||
<constant>CAP_SETUID</constant>, <constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant>,
|
||
<constant>CAP_SYS_BOOT</constant>, <constant>CAP_SYS_CHROOT</constant>,
|
||
<constant>CAP_SYS_NICE</constant>, <constant>CAP_SYS_PTRACE</constant>,
|
||
<constant>CAP_SYS_RESOURCE</constant>, <constant>CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG</constant>. Also
|
||
<constant>CAP_NET_ADMIN</constant> is retained if <option>--private-network</option> is specified.
|
||
If the special value <literal>all</literal> is passed, all capabilities are retained.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If the special value of <literal>help</literal> is passed, the program will print known
|
||
capability names and exit.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>This option sets the bounding set of capabilities which
|
||
also limits the ambient capabilities as given with the
|
||
<option>--ambient-capability=</option>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--drop-capability=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Specify one or more additional capabilities to
|
||
drop for the container. This allows running the container with
|
||
fewer capabilities than the default (see
|
||
above).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If the special value of <literal>help</literal> is passed, the program will print known
|
||
capability names and exit.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>This option sets the bounding set of capabilities which
|
||
also limits the ambient capabilities as given with the
|
||
<option>--ambient-capability=</option>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--ambient-capability=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Specify one or more additional capabilities to
|
||
pass in the inheritable and ambient set to the program started
|
||
within the container. The value <literal>all</literal> is not
|
||
supported for this setting.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>All capabilities specified here must be in the set
|
||
allowed with the <option>--capability=</option> and
|
||
<option>--drop-capability=</option> options. Otherwise, an
|
||
error message will be shown.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>This option cannot be combined with the boot mode of the
|
||
container (as requested via <option>--boot</option>).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If the special value of <literal>help</literal> is
|
||
passed, the program will print known capability names and
|
||
exit.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--no-new-privileges=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. Specifies the value of the
|
||
<constant>PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS</constant> flag for the container payload. Defaults to off. When turned
|
||
on the payload code of the container cannot acquire new privileges, i.e. the "setuid" file bit as
|
||
well as file system capabilities will not have an effect anymore. See <citerefentry
|
||
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>prctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
|
||
details about this flag. </para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v239"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--system-call-filter=</option></term> <listitem><para>Alter the system call filter
|
||
applied to containers. Takes a space-separated list of system call names or group names (the latter
|
||
prefixed with <literal>@</literal>, as listed by the <command>syscall-filter</command> command of
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-analyze</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>). Passed
|
||
system calls will be permitted. The list may optionally be prefixed by <literal>~</literal>, in which
|
||
case all listed system calls are prohibited. If this command line option is used multiple times the
|
||
configured lists are combined. If both a positive and a negative list (that is one system call list
|
||
without and one with the <literal>~</literal> prefix) are configured, the negative list takes
|
||
precedence over the positive list. Note that <command>systemd-nspawn</command> always implements a
|
||
system call allow list (as opposed to a deny list!), and this command line option hence adds or
|
||
removes entries from the default allow list, depending on the <literal>~</literal> prefix. Note that
|
||
the applied system call filter is also altered implicitly if additional capabilities are passed using
|
||
the <command>--capabilities=</command>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v235"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-Z</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--selinux-context=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Sets the SELinux security context to be used
|
||
to label processes in the container.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-L</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--selinux-apifs-context=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Sets the SELinux security context to be used
|
||
to label files in the virtual API file systems in the
|
||
container.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
</refsect2><refsect2>
|
||
<title>Resource Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--rlimit=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Sets the specified POSIX resource limit for the container payload. Expects an assignment of the
|
||
form
|
||
<literal><replaceable>LIMIT</replaceable>=<replaceable>SOFT</replaceable>:<replaceable>HARD</replaceable></literal>
|
||
or <literal><replaceable>LIMIT</replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable></literal>, where
|
||
<replaceable>LIMIT</replaceable> should refer to a resource limit type, such as
|
||
<constant>RLIMIT_NOFILE</constant> or <constant>RLIMIT_NICE</constant>. The <replaceable>SOFT</replaceable> and
|
||
<replaceable>HARD</replaceable> fields should refer to the numeric soft and hard resource limit values. If the
|
||
second form is used, <replaceable>VALUE</replaceable> may specify a value that is used both as soft and hard
|
||
limit. In place of a numeric value the special string <literal>infinity</literal> may be used to turn off
|
||
resource limiting for the specific type of resource. This command line option may be used multiple times to
|
||
control limits on multiple limit types. If used multiple times for the same limit type, the last use
|
||
wins. For details about resource limits see <citerefentry
|
||
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>. By default
|
||
resource limits for the container's init process (PID 1) are set to the same values the Linux kernel originally
|
||
passed to the host init system. Note that some resource limits are enforced on resources counted per user, in
|
||
particular <constant>RLIMIT_NPROC</constant>. This means that unless user namespacing is deployed
|
||
(i.e. <option>--private-users=</option> is used, see above), any limits set will be applied to the resource
|
||
usage of the same user on all local containers as well as the host. This means particular care needs to be
|
||
taken with these limits as they might be triggered by possibly less trusted code. Example:
|
||
<literal>--rlimit=RLIMIT_NOFILE=8192:16384</literal>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v239"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--oom-score-adjust=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Changes the OOM ("Out Of Memory") score adjustment value for the container payload. This controls
|
||
<filename>/proc/self/oom_score_adj</filename> which influences the preference with which this container is
|
||
terminated when memory becomes scarce. For details see <citerefentry
|
||
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>proc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Takes an
|
||
integer in the range -1000…1000.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v239"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--cpu-affinity=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Controls the CPU affinity of the container payload. Takes a comma separated list of CPU numbers
|
||
or number ranges (the latter's start and end value separated by dashes). See <citerefentry
|
||
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>sched_setaffinity</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
|
||
details.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v239"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--personality=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Control the architecture ("personality")
|
||
reported by
|
||
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>uname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
in the container. Currently, only <literal>x86</literal> and
|
||
<literal>x86-64</literal> are supported. This is useful when
|
||
running a 32-bit container on a 64-bit host. If this setting
|
||
is not used, the personality reported in the container is the
|
||
same as the one reported on the host.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
</refsect2><refsect2>
|
||
<title>Integration Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--resolv-conf=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Configures how <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> inside of the container shall be
|
||
handled (i.e. DNS configuration synchronization from host to container). Takes one of
|
||
<literal>off</literal>, <literal>copy-host</literal>, <literal>copy-static</literal>,
|
||
<literal>copy-uplink</literal>, <literal>copy-stub</literal>, <literal>replace-host</literal>,
|
||
<literal>replace-static</literal>, <literal>replace-uplink</literal>,
|
||
<literal>replace-stub</literal>, <literal>bind-host</literal>, <literal>bind-static</literal>,
|
||
<literal>bind-uplink</literal>, <literal>bind-stub</literal>, <literal>delete</literal> or
|
||
<literal>auto</literal>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If set to <literal>off</literal> the <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> file in the
|
||
container is left as it is included in the image, and neither modified nor bind mounted over.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If set to <literal>copy-host</literal>, the <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> file from the
|
||
host is copied into the container, unless the file exists already and is not a regular file (e.g. a
|
||
symlink). Similarly, if <literal>replace-host</literal> is used the file is copied, replacing any
|
||
existing inode, including symlinks. Similarly, if <literal>bind-host</literal> is used, the file is
|
||
bind mounted from the host into the container.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If set to <literal>copy-static</literal>, <literal>replace-static</literal> or
|
||
<literal>bind-static</literal> the static <filename>resolv.conf</filename> file supplied with
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
(specifically: <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/resolv.conf</filename>) is copied or bind mounted into the
|
||
container.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If set to <literal>copy-uplink</literal>, <literal>replace-uplink</literal> or
|
||
<literal>bind-uplink</literal> the uplink <filename>resolv.conf</filename> file managed by
|
||
<filename>systemd-resolved.service</filename> (specifically:
|
||
<filename>/run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf</filename>) is copied or bind mounted into the
|
||
container.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If set to <literal>copy-stub</literal>, <literal>replace-stub</literal> or
|
||
<literal>bind-stub</literal> the stub <filename>resolv.conf</filename> file managed by
|
||
<filename>systemd-resolved.service</filename> (specifically:
|
||
<filename>/run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf</filename>) is copied or bind mounted into the
|
||
container.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If set to <literal>delete</literal> the <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> file in the
|
||
container is deleted if it exists.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Finally, if set to <literal>auto</literal> the file is left as it is if private networking is
|
||
turned on (see <option>--private-network</option>). Otherwise, if
|
||
<filename>systemd-resolved.service</filename> is running its stub <filename>resolv.conf</filename>
|
||
file is used, and if not the host's <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> file. In the latter cases
|
||
the file is copied if the image is writable, and bind mounted otherwise.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>It's recommended to use <literal>copy-…</literal> or <literal>replace-…</literal> if the
|
||
container shall be able to make changes to the DNS configuration on its own, deviating from the
|
||
host's settings. Otherwise <literal>bind</literal> is preferable, as it means direct changes to
|
||
<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> in the container are not allowed, as it is a read-only bind
|
||
mount (but note that if the container has enough privileges, it might simply go ahead and unmount the
|
||
bind mount anyway). Note that both if the file is bind mounted and if it is copied no further
|
||
propagation of configuration is generally done after the one-time early initialization (this is
|
||
because the file is usually updated through copying and renaming). Defaults to
|
||
<literal>auto</literal>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v239"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--timezone=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Configures how <filename>/etc/localtime</filename> inside of the container
|
||
(i.e. local timezone synchronization from host to container) shall be handled. Takes one of
|
||
<literal>off</literal>, <literal>copy</literal>, <literal>bind</literal>, <literal>symlink</literal>,
|
||
<literal>delete</literal> or <literal>auto</literal>. If set to <literal>off</literal> the
|
||
<filename>/etc/localtime</filename> file in the container is left as it is included in the image, and
|
||
neither modified nor bind mounted over. If set to <literal>copy</literal> the
|
||
<filename>/etc/localtime</filename> file of the host is copied into the container. Similarly, if
|
||
<literal>bind</literal> is used, the file is bind mounted from the host into the container. If set to
|
||
<literal>symlink</literal>, a symlink is created pointing from <filename>/etc/localtime</filename> in
|
||
the container to the timezone file in the container that matches the timezone setting on the host. If
|
||
set to <literal>delete</literal>, the file in the container is deleted, should it exist. If set to
|
||
<literal>auto</literal> and the <filename>/etc/localtime</filename> file of the host is a symlink,
|
||
then <literal>symlink</literal> mode is used, and <literal>copy</literal> otherwise, except if the
|
||
image is read-only in which case <literal>bind</literal> is used instead. Defaults to
|
||
<literal>auto</literal>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v239"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--link-journal=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Control whether the container's journal shall
|
||
be made visible to the host system. If enabled, allows viewing
|
||
the container's journal files from the host (but not vice
|
||
versa). Takes one of <literal>no</literal>,
|
||
<literal>host</literal>, <literal>try-host</literal>,
|
||
<literal>guest</literal>, <literal>try-guest</literal>,
|
||
<literal>auto</literal>. If <literal>no</literal>, the journal
|
||
is not linked. If <literal>host</literal>, the journal files
|
||
are stored on the host file system (beneath
|
||
<filename>/var/log/journal/<replaceable>machine-id</replaceable></filename>)
|
||
and the subdirectory is bind-mounted into the container at the
|
||
same location. If <literal>guest</literal>, the journal files
|
||
are stored on the guest file system (beneath
|
||
<filename>/var/log/journal/<replaceable>machine-id</replaceable></filename>)
|
||
and the subdirectory is symlinked into the host at the same
|
||
location. <literal>try-host</literal> and
|
||
<literal>try-guest</literal> do the same but do not fail if
|
||
the host does not have persistent journaling enabled, or if
|
||
the container is in the <option>--ephemeral</option> mode. If
|
||
<literal>auto</literal> (the default), and the right
|
||
subdirectory of <filename>/var/log/journal</filename> exists,
|
||
it will be bind mounted into the container. If the
|
||
subdirectory does not exist, no linking is performed.
|
||
Effectively, booting a container once with
|
||
<literal>guest</literal> or <literal>host</literal> will link
|
||
the journal persistently if further on the default of
|
||
<literal>auto</literal> is used.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that <option>--link-journal=try-guest</option> is the default if the
|
||
<filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename> template unit file is used.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v187"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-j</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Equivalent to
|
||
<option>--link-journal=try-guest</option>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v187"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
</refsect2><refsect2>
|
||
<title>Mount Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--bind=</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--bind-ro=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Bind mount a file or directory from the host into the container. Takes one of: a path
|
||
argument — in which case the specified path will be mounted from the host to the same path in the container, or
|
||
a colon-separated pair of paths — in which case the first specified path is the source in the host, and the
|
||
second path is the destination in the container, or a colon-separated triple of source path, destination path
|
||
and mount options. The source path may optionally be prefixed with a <literal>+</literal> character. If so, the
|
||
source path is taken relative to the image's root directory. This permits setting up bind mounts within the
|
||
container image. The source path may be specified as empty string, in which case a temporary directory below
|
||
the host's <filename>/var/tmp/</filename> directory is used. It is automatically removed when the container is
|
||
shut down. If the source path is not absolute, it is resolved relative to the current working directory.
|
||
The <option>--bind-ro=</option> option creates read-only bind mounts. Backslash escapes are interpreted,
|
||
so <literal>\:</literal> may be used to embed colons in either path. This option may be specified
|
||
multiple times for creating multiple independent bind mount points.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Mount options are comma-separated. <option>rbind</option> and <option>norbind</option> control whether
|
||
to create a recursive or a regular bind mount. Defaults to <option>rbind</option>. <option>noidmap</option>,
|
||
<option>idmap</option>, <option>rootidmap</option> and <option>owneridmap</option> control ID mapping.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Using <option>idmap</option>, <option>rootidmap</option> or <option>owneridmap</option> requires support
|
||
by the source filesystem for user/group ID mapped mounts. Defaults to <option>noidmap</option>. With
|
||
<option>x</option> being the container's UID range offset, <option>y</option> being the length of the
|
||
container's UID range, and <option>p</option> being the owner UID of the bind mount source inode on the host:
|
||
|
||
<itemizedlist>
|
||
<listitem><para>If <option>noidmap</option> is used, any user <option>z</option> in the range
|
||
<option>0 … y</option> seen from inside of the container is mapped to <option>x + z</option> in the
|
||
<option>x … x + y</option> range on the host. Other host users are mapped to
|
||
<option>nobody</option> inside the container.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>If <option>idmap</option> is used, any user <option>z</option> in the UID range
|
||
<option>0 … y</option> as seen from inside the container is mapped to the same <option>z</option>
|
||
in the same <option>0 … y</option> range on the host. Other host users are mapped to
|
||
<option>nobody</option> inside the container.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>If <option>rootidmap</option> is used, the user <option>0</option> seen from inside
|
||
of the container is mapped to <option>p</option> on the host. Other host users are mapped to
|
||
<option>nobody</option> inside the container.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>If <option>owneridmap</option> is used, the owner of the target directory inside of the
|
||
container is mapped to <option>p</option> on the host. Other host users are mapped to
|
||
<option>nobody</option> inside the container.</para></listitem>
|
||
</itemizedlist></para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Whichever ID mapping option is used, the same mapping will be used for users and groups IDs. If
|
||
<option>rootidmap</option> or <option>owneridmap</option> are used, the group owning the bind mounted directory
|
||
will have no effect.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that when this option is used in combination with <option>--private-users</option>, the resulting
|
||
mount points will be owned by the <constant>nobody</constant> user. That's because the mount and its files and
|
||
directories continue to be owned by the relevant host users and groups, which do not exist in the container,
|
||
and thus show up under the wildcard UID 65534 (nobody). If such bind mounts are created, it is recommended to
|
||
make them read-only, using <option>--bind-ro=</option>. Alternatively you can use the "idmap" mount option to
|
||
map the filesystem IDs.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--bind-user=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Binds the home directory of the specified user on the host into the container. Takes
|
||
the name of an existing user on the host as argument. May be used multiple times to bind multiple
|
||
users into the container. This does three things:</para>
|
||
|
||
<orderedlist>
|
||
<listitem><para>The user's home directory is bind mounted from the host into
|
||
<filename>/run/host/home/</filename>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>An additional UID/GID mapping is added that maps the host user's UID/GID to a
|
||
container UID/GID, allocated from the 60514…60577 range.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>A JSON user and group record is generated in <filename>/run/userdb/</filename> that
|
||
describes the mapped user. It contains a minimized representation of the host's user record,
|
||
adjusted to the UID/GID and home directory path assigned to the user in the container. The
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nss-systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
glibc NSS module will pick up these records from there and make them available in the container's
|
||
user/group databases.</para></listitem>
|
||
</orderedlist>
|
||
|
||
<para>The combination of the three operations above ensures that it is possible to log into the
|
||
container using the same account information as on the host. The user is only mapped transiently,
|
||
while the container is running, and the mapping itself does not result in persistent changes to the
|
||
container (except maybe for log messages generated at login time, and similar). Note that in
|
||
particular the UID/GID assignment in the container is not made persistently. If the user is mapped
|
||
transiently, it is best to not allow the user to make persistent changes to the container. If the
|
||
user leaves files or directories owned by the user, and those UIDs/GIDs are reused during later
|
||
container invocations (possibly with a different <option>--bind-user=</option> mapping), those files
|
||
and directories will be accessible to the "new" user.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The user/group record mapping only works if the container contains systemd 249 or newer, with
|
||
<command>nss-systemd</command> properly configured in <filename>nsswitch.conf</filename>. See
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nss-systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
|
||
details.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that the user record propagated from the host into the container will contain the UNIX
|
||
password hash of the user, so that seamless logins in the container are possible. If the container is
|
||
less trusted than the host it's hence important to use a strong UNIX password hash function
|
||
(e.g. yescrypt or similar, with the <literal>$y$</literal> hash prefix).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When binding a user from the host into the container checks are executed to ensure that the
|
||
username is not yet known in the container. Moreover, it is checked that the UID/GID allocated for it
|
||
is not currently defined in the user/group databases of the container. Both checks directly access
|
||
the container's <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>, and thus might
|
||
not detect existing accounts in other databases.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>This operation is only supported in combination with
|
||
<option>--private-users=</option>/<option>-U</option>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v249"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--inaccessible=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Make the specified path inaccessible in the container. This over-mounts the specified path
|
||
(which must exist in the container) with a file node of the same type that is empty and has the most
|
||
restrictive access mode supported. This is an effective way to mask files, directories and other file system
|
||
objects from the container payload. This option may be used more than once in case all specified paths are
|
||
masked.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v242"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--tmpfs=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Mount a tmpfs file system into the container. Takes a single absolute path argument that
|
||
specifies where to mount the tmpfs instance to (in which case the directory access mode will be chosen as 0755,
|
||
owned by root/root), or optionally a colon-separated pair of path and mount option string that is used for
|
||
mounting (in which case the kernel default for access mode and owner will be chosen, unless otherwise
|
||
specified). Backslash escapes are interpreted in the path, so <literal>\:</literal> may be used to embed colons
|
||
in the path.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that this option cannot be used to replace the root file system of the container with a temporary
|
||
file system. However, the <option>--volatile=</option> option described below provides similar
|
||
functionality, with a focus on implementing stateless operating system images.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v214"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--overlay=</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--overlay-ro=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Combine multiple directory trees into one overlay file system and mount it into the
|
||
container. Takes a list of colon-separated paths to the directory trees to combine and the
|
||
destination mount point.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Backslash escapes are interpreted in the paths, so <literal>\:</literal> may be used to embed
|
||
colons in the paths.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If three or more paths are specified, then the last specified path is the destination mount
|
||
point in the container, all paths specified before refer to directory trees on the host and are
|
||
combined in the specified order into one overlay file system. The left-most path is hence the lowest
|
||
directory tree, the second-to-last path the highest directory tree in the stacking order. If
|
||
<option>--overlay-ro=</option> is used instead of <option>--overlay=</option>, a read-only overlay
|
||
file system is created. If a writable overlay file system is created, all changes made to it are
|
||
written to the highest directory tree in the stacking order, i.e. the second-to-last specified.
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If only two paths are specified, then the second specified path is used both as the top-level
|
||
directory tree in the stacking order as seen from the host, as well as the mount point for the
|
||
overlay file system in the container. At least two paths have to be specified.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The source paths may optionally be prefixed with <literal>+</literal> character. If so they are
|
||
taken relative to the image's root directory. The uppermost source path may also be specified as an
|
||
empty string, in which case a temporary directory below the host's <filename>/var/tmp/</filename> is
|
||
used. The directory is removed automatically when the container is shut down. This behaviour is
|
||
useful in order to make read-only container directories writable while the container is running. For
|
||
example, use <literal>--overlay=+/var::/var</literal> in order to automatically overlay a writable
|
||
temporary directory on a read-only <filename>/var/</filename> directory. If a source path is not
|
||
absolute, it is resolved relative to the current working directory.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>For details about overlay file systems, see <ulink
|
||
url="https://docs.kernel.org/filesystems/overlayfs.html">Overlay Filesystem</ulink>.
|
||
Note that the semantics of overlay file systems are substantially different from normal file systems,
|
||
in particular regarding reported device and inode information. Device and inode information may
|
||
change for a file while it is being written to, and processes might see out-of-date versions of files
|
||
at times. Note that this switch automatically derives the <literal>workdir=</literal> mount option
|
||
for the overlay file system from the top-level directory tree, making it a sibling of it. It is hence
|
||
essential that the top-level directory tree is not a mount point itself (since the working directory
|
||
must be on the same file system as the top-most directory tree). Also note that the
|
||
<literal>lowerdir=</literal> mount option receives the paths to stack in the opposite order of this
|
||
switch.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that this option cannot be used to replace the root file system of the container with an overlay
|
||
file system. However, the <option>--volatile=</option> option described above provides similar functionality,
|
||
with a focus on implementing stateless operating system images.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v220"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
</refsect2>
|
||
|
||
<refsect2>
|
||
<title>Input/Output Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--console=</option><replaceable>MODE</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Configures how to set up standard input, output and error output for the container
|
||
payload, as well as the <filename>/dev/console</filename> device for the container. Takes one of
|
||
<option>interactive</option>, <option>read-only</option>, <option>passive</option>,
|
||
<option>pipe</option> or <option>autopipe</option>. If <option>interactive</option>, a pseudo-TTY is
|
||
allocated and made available as <filename>/dev/console</filename> in the container. It is then
|
||
bi-directionally connected to the standard input and output passed to
|
||
<command>systemd-nspawn</command>. <option>read-only</option> is similar but only the output of the
|
||
container is propagated and no input from the caller is read. If <option>passive</option>, a pseudo
|
||
TTY is allocated, but it is not connected anywhere. In <option>pipe</option> mode no pseudo TTY is
|
||
allocated, but the standard input, output and error output file descriptors passed to
|
||
<command>systemd-nspawn</command> are passed on — as they are — to the container payload, see the
|
||
following paragraph. Finally, <option>autopipe</option> mode operates like
|
||
<option>interactive</option> when <command>systemd-nspawn</command> is invoked on a terminal, and
|
||
like <option>pipe</option> otherwise. Defaults to <option>interactive</option> if
|
||
<command>systemd-nspawn</command> is invoked from a terminal, and <option>read-only</option>
|
||
otherwise.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>In <option>pipe</option> mode, <filename>/dev/console</filename> will not exist in the
|
||
container. This means that the container payload generally cannot be a full init system as init
|
||
systems tend to require <filename>/dev/console</filename> to be available. On the other hand, in this
|
||
mode container invocations can be used within shell pipelines. This is because intermediary pseudo
|
||
TTYs do not permit independent bidirectional propagation of the end-of-file (EOF) condition, which is
|
||
necessary for shell pipelines to work correctly. <emphasis>Note that the <option>pipe</option> mode
|
||
should be used carefully</emphasis>, as passing arbitrary file descriptors to less trusted container
|
||
payloads might open up unwanted interfaces for access by the container payload. For example, if a
|
||
passed file descriptor refers to a TTY of some form, APIs such as <constant>TIOCSTI</constant> may be
|
||
used to synthesize input that might be used for escaping the container. Hence <option>pipe</option>
|
||
mode should only be used if the payload is sufficiently trusted or when the standard
|
||
input/output/error output file descriptors are known safe, for example pipes.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v242"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--pipe</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>-P</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Equivalent to <option>--console=pipe</option>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v242"/></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--background=<replaceable>COLOR</replaceable></option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Change the terminal background color to the specified ANSI color as long as the
|
||
container runs. The color specified should be an ANSI X3.64 SGR background color, i.e. strings such
|
||
as <literal>40</literal>, <literal>41</literal>, …, <literal>47</literal>, <literal>48;2;…</literal>,
|
||
<literal>48;5;…</literal>. See <ulink
|
||
url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#SGR_(Select_Graphic_Rendition)_parameters">ANSI
|
||
Escape Code (Wikipedia)</ulink> for details. Assign an empty string to disable any coloring.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
</refsect2>
|
||
<refsect2>
|
||
<title>Credentials</title>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--load-credential=</option><replaceable>ID</replaceable>:<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></term>
|
||
<term><option>--set-credential=</option><replaceable>ID</replaceable>:<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Pass a credential to the container. These two options correspond to the
|
||
<varname>LoadCredential=</varname> and <varname>SetCredential=</varname> settings in unit files. See
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
|
||
details about these concepts, as well as the syntax of the option's arguments.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note: when <command>systemd-nspawn</command> runs as systemd system service it can propagate
|
||
the credentials it received via <varname>LoadCredential=</varname>/<varname>SetCredential=</varname>
|
||
to the container payload. A systemd service manager running as PID 1 in the container can further
|
||
propagate them to the services it itself starts. It is thus possible to easily propagate credentials
|
||
from a parent service manager to a container manager service and from there into its payload. This
|
||
can even be done recursively.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>In order to embed binary data into the credential data for <option>--set-credential=</option>,
|
||
use C-style escaping (i.e. <literal>\n</literal> to embed a newline, or <literal>\x00</literal> to
|
||
embed a <constant>NUL</constant> byte). Note that the invoking shell might already apply unescaping
|
||
once, hence this might require double escaping!.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-sysusers.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
and
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-firstboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
services read credentials configured this way for the purpose of configuring the container's root
|
||
user's password and shell, as well as system locale, keymap and timezone during the first boot
|
||
process of the container. This is particularly useful in combination with
|
||
<option>--volatile=yes</option> where every single boot appears as first boot, since configuration
|
||
applied to <filename>/etc/</filename> is lost on container reboot cycles. See the respective man
|
||
pages for details. Example:</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># systemd-nspawn -i image.raw \
|
||
--volatile=yes \
|
||
--set-credential=firstboot.locale:de_DE.UTF-8 \
|
||
--set-credential=passwd.hashed-password.root:'$y$j9T$yAuRJu1o5HioZAGDYPU5d.$F64ni6J2y2nNQve90M/p0ZP0ECP/qqzipNyaY9fjGpC' \
|
||
-b</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>The above command line will invoke the specified image file <filename>image.raw</filename> in
|
||
volatile mode, i.e. with empty <filename>/etc/</filename> and <filename>/var/</filename>. The
|
||
container payload will recognize this as a first boot, and will invoke
|
||
<filename>systemd-firstboot.service</filename>, which then reads the two passed credentials to
|
||
configure the system's initial locale and root password.</para>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v247"/>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
</refsect2><refsect2>
|
||
<title>Other</title>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
|
||
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
|
||
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
</refsect2>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" />
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Examples</title>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="importctl.xml" xpointer="example-import-tar" />
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Build and boot a minimal Fedora distribution in a container</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># dnf -y --releasever=&fedora_latest_version; --installroot=/var/lib/machines/f&fedora_latest_version; \
|
||
--repo=fedora --repo=updates --setopt=install_weak_deps=False install \
|
||
passwd dnf fedora-release vim-minimal util-linux systemd systemd-networkd
|
||
# systemd-nspawn -bD /var/lib/machines/f&fedora_latest_version;</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This installs a minimal Fedora distribution into the
|
||
directory <filename index="false">/var/lib/machines/f&fedora_latest_version;</filename>
|
||
and then boots that OS in a namespace container. Because the installation
|
||
is located underneath the standard <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>
|
||
directory, it is also possible to start the machine using
|
||
<command>systemd-nspawn -M f&fedora_latest_version;</command>.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Spawn a shell in a container of a minimal Debian unstable distribution</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># debootstrap unstable ~/debian-tree/
|
||
# systemd-nspawn -D ~/debian-tree/</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This installs a minimal Debian unstable distribution into
|
||
the directory <filename>~/debian-tree/</filename> and then
|
||
spawns a shell from this image in a namespace container.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para><command>debootstrap</command> supports
|
||
<ulink url="https://www.debian.org">Debian</ulink>,
|
||
<ulink url="https://www.ubuntu.com">Ubuntu</ulink>,
|
||
and <ulink url="https://www.tanglu.org">Tanglu</ulink>
|
||
out of the box, so the same command can be used to install any of those. For other
|
||
distributions from the Debian family, a mirror has to be specified, see
|
||
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>debootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
||
</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Boot a minimal
|
||
<ulink url="https://www.archlinux.org">Arch Linux</ulink> distribution in a container</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># pacstrap -c ~/arch-tree/ base
|
||
# systemd-nspawn -bD ~/arch-tree/</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This installs a minimal Arch Linux distribution into the
|
||
directory <filename>~/arch-tree/</filename> and then boots an OS
|
||
in a namespace container in it.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Install the
|
||
<ulink url="https://software.opensuse.org/distributions/tumbleweed">OpenSUSE Tumbleweed</ulink>
|
||
rolling distribution</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># zypper --root=/var/lib/machines/tumbleweed ar -c \
|
||
https://download.opensuse.org/tumbleweed/repo/oss tumbleweed
|
||
# zypper --root=/var/lib/machines/tumbleweed refresh
|
||
# zypper --root=/var/lib/machines/tumbleweed install --no-recommends \
|
||
systemd shadow zypper openSUSE-release vim
|
||
# systemd-nspawn -M tumbleweed passwd root
|
||
# systemd-nspawn -M tumbleweed -b</programlisting>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Boot into an ephemeral snapshot of the host system</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># systemd-nspawn -D / -xb</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This runs a copy of the host system in a snapshot which is removed immediately when the container
|
||
exits. All file system changes made during runtime will be lost on shutdown, hence.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Run a container with SELinux sandbox security contexts</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># chcon system_u:object_r:svirt_sandbox_file_t:s0:c0,c1 -R /srv/container
|
||
# systemd-nspawn -L system_u:object_r:svirt_sandbox_file_t:s0:c0,c1 \
|
||
-Z system_u:system_r:svirt_lxc_net_t:s0:c0,c1 -D /srv/container /bin/sh</programlisting>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Run a container with an OSTree deployment</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># systemd-nspawn -b -i ~/image.raw \
|
||
--pivot-root=/ostree/deploy/$OS/deploy/$CHECKSUM:/sysroot \
|
||
--bind=+/sysroot/ostree/deploy/$OS/var:/var</programlisting>
|
||
</example>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Exit status</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>The exit code of the program executed in the container is
|
||
returned.</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>See Also</title>
|
||
<para><simplelist type="inline">
|
||
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
||
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
||
<member><citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
||
<member><citerefentry project='mankier'><refentrytitle>dnf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
||
<member><citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>debootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
||
<member><citerefentry project='archlinux'><refentrytitle>pacman</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
||
<member><citerefentry project='mankier'><refentrytitle>zypper</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
||
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
||
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
||
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>importctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
||
<member><citerefentry project='url'><refentrytitle url='https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs.html'>btrfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
||
</simplelist></para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
</refentry>
|