mirror of
https://github.com/systemd/systemd.git
synced 2024-11-05 06:52:22 +03:00
6bf0f408e4
This moves the StartLimitBurst=, StartLimitInterval=, StartLimitAction=, RebootArgument= from the [Service] section into the [Unit] section of unit files, and thus support it in all unit types, not just in services. This way we can enforce the start limit much earlier, in particular before testing the unit conditions, so that repeated start-up failure due to failed conditions is also considered for the start limit logic. For compatibility the four options may also be configured in the [Service] section still, but we only document them in their new section [Unit]. This also renamed the socket unit failure code "service-failed-permanent" into "service-start-limit-hit" to express more clearly what it is about, after all it's only triggered through the start limit being hit. Finally, the code in busname_trigger_notify() and socket_trigger_notify() is altered to become more alike. Fixes: #2467
1394 lines
64 KiB
XML
1394 lines
64 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*- Mode: nxml; nxml-child-indent: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-->
|
||
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
|
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
|
||
|
||
<!--
|
||
This file is part of systemd.
|
||
|
||
Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
|
||
|
||
systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
|
||
under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
|
||
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
|
||
(at your option) any later version.
|
||
|
||
systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
|
||
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
|
||
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
|
||
Lesser General Public License for more details.
|
||
|
||
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
|
||
along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
<refentry id="systemd.service">
|
||
<refentryinfo>
|
||
<title>systemd.service</title>
|
||
<productname>systemd</productname>
|
||
|
||
<authorgroup>
|
||
<author>
|
||
<contrib>Developer</contrib>
|
||
<firstname>Lennart</firstname>
|
||
<surname>Poettering</surname>
|
||
<email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
|
||
</author>
|
||
</authorgroup>
|
||
</refentryinfo>
|
||
|
||
<refmeta>
|
||
<refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle>
|
||
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
|
||
</refmeta>
|
||
|
||
<refnamediv>
|
||
<refname>systemd.service</refname>
|
||
<refpurpose>Service unit configuration</refpurpose>
|
||
</refnamediv>
|
||
|
||
<refsynopsisdiv>
|
||
<para><filename><replaceable>service</replaceable>.service</filename></para>
|
||
</refsynopsisdiv>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Description</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>A unit configuration file whose name ends in
|
||
<filename>.service</filename> encodes information about a process
|
||
controlled and supervised by systemd.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>This man page lists the configuration options specific to
|
||
this unit type. See
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
for the common options of all unit configuration files. The common
|
||
configuration items are configured in the generic
|
||
<literal>[Unit]</literal> and <literal>[Install]</literal>
|
||
sections. The service specific configuration options are
|
||
configured in the <literal>[Service]</literal> section.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Additional options are listed in
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
which define the execution environment the commands are executed
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||
in, and in
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
which define the way the processes of the service are terminated,
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||
and in
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
which configure resource control settings for the processes of the
|
||
service.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If a service is requested under a certain name but no unit
|
||
configuration file is found, systemd looks for a SysV init script
|
||
by the same name (with the <filename>.service</filename> suffix
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||
removed) and dynamically creates a service unit from that script.
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||
This is useful for compatibility with SysV. Note that this
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||
compatibility is quite comprehensive but not 100%. For details
|
||
about the incompatibilities, see the <ulink
|
||
url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/Incompatibilities">Incompatibilities
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with SysV</ulink> document.</para>
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||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Automatic Dependencies</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Services with <varname>Type=dbus</varname> set automatically
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acquire dependencies of type <varname>Requires=</varname> and
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<varname>After=</varname> on
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||
<filename>dbus.socket</filename>.</para>
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||
|
||
<para>Socket activated service are automatically ordered after
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||
their activated <filename>.socket</filename> units via an
|
||
automatic <varname>After=</varname> dependency.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Unless <varname>DefaultDependencies=</varname> is set to
|
||
<option>false</option>, service units will implicitly have
|
||
dependencies of type <varname>Requires=</varname> and
|
||
<varname>After=</varname> on <filename>sysinit.target</filename>,
|
||
a dependency of type <varname>After=</varname> on
|
||
<filename>basic.target</filename> as well as dependencies of
|
||
type <varname>Conflicts=</varname> and <varname>Before=</varname>
|
||
on <filename>shutdown.target</filename>. These ensure that normal
|
||
service units pull in basic system initialization, and are
|
||
terminated cleanly prior to system shutdown. Only services
|
||
involved with early boot or late system shutdown should disable
|
||
this option.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Instanced service units (i.e. service units with an <literal>@</literal> in their name) are assigned by
|
||
default a per-template slice unit (see
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>), named after the
|
||
template unit, containing all instances of the specific template. This slice is normally stopped at shutdown,
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||
together with all template instances. If that is not desired, set <varname>DefaultDependencies=no</varname> in the
|
||
template unit, and either define your own per-template slice unit file that also sets
|
||
<varname>DefaultDependencies=no</varname>, or set <varname>Slice=system.slice</varname> (or another suitable slice)
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||
in the template unit. Also see
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||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
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||
|
||
<para>Additional implicit dependencies may be added as result of
|
||
execution and resource control parameters as documented in
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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||
and
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||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Service files must include a <literal>[Service]</literal>
|
||
section, which carries information about the service and the
|
||
process it supervises. A number of options that may be used in
|
||
this section are shared with other unit types. These options are
|
||
documented in
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||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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||
and
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
||
The options specific to the <literal>[Service]</literal> section
|
||
of service units are the following:</para>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist class='unit-directives'>
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||
<varlistentry>
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||
<term><varname>Type=</varname></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Configures the process start-up type for this
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||
service unit. One of
|
||
<option>simple</option>,
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||
<option>forking</option>,
|
||
<option>oneshot</option>,
|
||
<option>dbus</option>,
|
||
<option>notify</option> or
|
||
<option>idle</option>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If set to <option>simple</option> (the default if
|
||
neither <varname>Type=</varname> nor
|
||
<varname>BusName=</varname>, but <varname>ExecStart=</varname>
|
||
are specified), it is expected that the process configured
|
||
with <varname>ExecStart=</varname> is the main process of the
|
||
service. In this mode, if the process offers functionality to
|
||
other processes on the system, its communication channels
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||
should be installed before the daemon is started up (e.g.
|
||
sockets set up by systemd, via socket activation), as systemd
|
||
will immediately proceed starting follow-up units.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If set to <option>forking</option>, it is expected that
|
||
the process configured with <varname>ExecStart=</varname> will
|
||
call <function>fork()</function> as part of its start-up. The
|
||
parent process is expected to exit when start-up is complete
|
||
and all communication channels are set up. The child continues
|
||
to run as the main daemon process. This is the behavior of
|
||
traditional UNIX daemons. If this setting is used, it is
|
||
recommended to also use the <varname>PIDFile=</varname>
|
||
option, so that systemd can identify the main process of the
|
||
daemon. systemd will proceed with starting follow-up units as
|
||
soon as the parent process exits.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Behavior of <option>oneshot</option> is similar to
|
||
<option>simple</option>; however, it is expected that the
|
||
process has to exit before systemd starts follow-up units.
|
||
<varname>RemainAfterExit=</varname> is particularly useful for
|
||
this type of service. This is the implied default if neither
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname> or <varname>ExecStart=</varname> are
|
||
specified.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Behavior of <option>dbus</option> is similar to
|
||
<option>simple</option>; however, it is expected that the
|
||
daemon acquires a name on the D-Bus bus, as configured by
|
||
<varname>BusName=</varname>. systemd will proceed with
|
||
starting follow-up units after the D-Bus bus name has been
|
||
acquired. Service units with this option configured implicitly
|
||
gain dependencies on the <filename>dbus.socket</filename>
|
||
unit. This type is the default if <varname>BusName=</varname>
|
||
is specified.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Behavior of <option>notify</option> is similar to
|
||
<option>simple</option>; however, it is expected that the
|
||
daemon sends a notification message via
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
or an equivalent call when it has finished starting up.
|
||
systemd will proceed with starting follow-up units after this
|
||
notification message has been sent. If this option is used,
|
||
<varname>NotifyAccess=</varname> (see below) should be set to
|
||
open access to the notification socket provided by systemd. If
|
||
<varname>NotifyAccess=</varname> is not set, it will be
|
||
implicitly set to <option>main</option>. Note that currently
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname><option>notify</option> will not work
|
||
if used in combination with
|
||
<varname>PrivateNetwork=</varname><option>yes</option>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Behavior of <option>idle</option> is very similar to
|
||
<option>simple</option>; however, actual execution of the
|
||
service binary is delayed until all jobs are dispatched. This
|
||
may be used to avoid interleaving of output of shell services
|
||
with the status output on the console.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>RemainAfterExit=</varname></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean value that specifies whether
|
||
the service shall be considered active even when all its
|
||
processes exited. Defaults to <option>no</option>.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>GuessMainPID=</varname></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean value that specifies whether
|
||
systemd should try to guess the main PID of a service if it
|
||
cannot be determined reliably. This option is ignored unless
|
||
<option>Type=forking</option> is set and
|
||
<option>PIDFile=</option> is unset because for the other types
|
||
or with an explicitly configured PID file, the main PID is
|
||
always known. The guessing algorithm might come to incorrect
|
||
conclusions if a daemon consists of more than one process. If
|
||
the main PID cannot be determined, failure detection and
|
||
automatic restarting of a service will not work reliably.
|
||
Defaults to <option>yes</option>.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>PIDFile=</varname></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Takes an absolute file name pointing to the
|
||
PID file of this daemon. Use of this option is recommended for
|
||
services where <varname>Type=</varname> is set to
|
||
<option>forking</option>. systemd will read the PID of the
|
||
main process of the daemon after start-up of the service.
|
||
systemd will not write to the file configured here, although
|
||
it will remove the file after the service has shut down if it
|
||
still exists.
|
||
</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>BusName=</varname></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Takes a D-Bus bus name that this service is
|
||
reachable as. This option is mandatory for services where
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname> is set to
|
||
<option>dbus</option>.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>BusPolicy=</varname></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>If specified, a custom kdbus
|
||
endpoint will be created and installed as the default bus node
|
||
for the service. Such a custom endpoint can hold an own set of
|
||
policy rules that are enforced on top of the bus-wide ones.
|
||
The custom endpoint is named after the service it was created
|
||
for, and its node will be bind-mounted over the default bus
|
||
node location, so the service can only access the bus through
|
||
its own endpoint. Note that custom bus endpoints default to a
|
||
"deny all" policy. Hence, if at least one
|
||
<varname>BusPolicy=</varname> directive is given, you have to
|
||
make sure to add explicit rules for everything the service
|
||
should be able to do.</para>
|
||
<para>The value of this directive is comprised
|
||
of two parts; the bus name, and a verb to
|
||
specify to granted access, which is one of
|
||
<option>see</option>,
|
||
<option>talk</option>, or
|
||
<option>own</option>.
|
||
<option>talk</option> implies
|
||
<option>see</option>, and <option>own</option>
|
||
implies both <option>talk</option> and
|
||
<option>see</option>.
|
||
If multiple access levels are specified for the
|
||
same bus name, the most powerful one takes
|
||
effect.
|
||
</para>
|
||
<para>Examples:</para>
|
||
<programlisting>BusPolicy=org.freedesktop.systemd1 talk</programlisting>
|
||
<programlisting>BusPolicy=org.foo.bar see</programlisting>
|
||
<para>This option is only available on kdbus enabled systems.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>ExecStart=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Commands with their arguments that are
|
||
executed when this service is started. The value is split into
|
||
zero or more command lines according to the rules described
|
||
below (see section "Command Lines" below).
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When <varname>Type=</varname> is not
|
||
<option>oneshot</option>, only one command may and must be
|
||
given. When <varname>Type=oneshot</varname> is used, zero or
|
||
more commands may be specified. This can be specified by
|
||
providing multiple command lines in the same directive, or
|
||
alternatively, this directive may be specified more than once
|
||
with the same effect. If the empty string is assigned to this
|
||
option, the list of commands to start is reset, prior
|
||
assignments of this option will have no effect. If no
|
||
<varname>ExecStart=</varname> is specified, then the service
|
||
must have <varname>RemainAfterExit=yes</varname> set.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>For each of the specified commands, the first argument
|
||
must be an absolute path to an executable. Optionally, if this
|
||
file name is prefixed with <literal>@</literal>, the second
|
||
token will be passed as <literal>argv[0]</literal> to the
|
||
executed process, followed by the further arguments specified.
|
||
If the absolute filename is prefixed with
|
||
<literal>-</literal>, an exit code of the command normally
|
||
considered a failure (i.e. non-zero exit status or abnormal
|
||
exit due to signal) is ignored and considered success. If both
|
||
<literal>-</literal> and <literal>@</literal> are used, they
|
||
can appear in either order.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If more than one command is specified, the commands are
|
||
invoked sequentially in the order they appear in the unit
|
||
file. If one of the commands fails (and is not prefixed with
|
||
<literal>-</literal>), other lines are not executed, and the
|
||
unit is considered failed.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Unless <varname>Type=forking</varname> is set, the
|
||
process started via this command line will be considered the
|
||
main process of the daemon.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>ExecStartPre=</varname></term>
|
||
<term><varname>ExecStartPost=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Additional commands that are executed before
|
||
or after the command in <varname>ExecStart=</varname>,
|
||
respectively. Syntax is the same as for
|
||
<varname>ExecStart=</varname>, except that multiple command
|
||
lines are allowed and the commands are executed one after the
|
||
other, serially.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If any of those commands (not prefixed with
|
||
<literal>-</literal>) fail, the rest are not executed and the
|
||
unit is considered failed.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para><varname>ExecStart=</varname> commands are only run after
|
||
all <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname> commands that were not prefixed
|
||
with a <literal>-</literal> exit successfully.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para><varname>ExecStartPost=</varname> commands are only run after
|
||
the service has started, as determined by <varname>Type=</varname>
|
||
(i.e. the process has been started for <varname>Type=simple</varname>
|
||
or <varname>Type=idle</varname>, the process exits successfully for
|
||
<varname>Type=oneshot</varname>, the initial process exits successfully
|
||
for <varname>Type=forking</varname>, <literal>READY=1</literal> is sent
|
||
for <varname>Type=notify</varname>, or the <varname>BusName=</varname>
|
||
has been taken for <varname>Type=dbus</varname>).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname> may not be
|
||
used to start long-running processes. All processes forked
|
||
off by processes invoked via <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname> will
|
||
be killed before the next service process is run.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that if any of the commands specified in <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname>,
|
||
<varname>ExecStart=</varname>, or <varname>ExecStartPost=</varname> fail (and are not prefixed with
|
||
<literal>-</literal>, see above) or time out before the service is fully up, execution continues with commands
|
||
specified in <varname>ExecStopPost=</varname>, the commands in <varname>ExecStop=</varname> are skipped.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>ExecReload=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Commands to execute to trigger a configuration
|
||
reload in the service. This argument takes multiple command
|
||
lines, following the same scheme as described for
|
||
<varname>ExecStart=</varname> above. Use of this setting is
|
||
optional. Specifier and environment variable substitution is
|
||
supported here following the same scheme as for
|
||
<varname>ExecStart=</varname>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>One additional, special environment variable is set: if
|
||
known, <varname>$MAINPID</varname> is set to the main process
|
||
of the daemon, and may be used for command lines like the
|
||
following:</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note however that reloading a daemon by sending a signal
|
||
(as with the example line above) is usually not a good choice,
|
||
because this is an asynchronous operation and hence not
|
||
suitable to order reloads of multiple services against each
|
||
other. It is strongly recommended to set
|
||
<varname>ExecReload=</varname> to a command that not only
|
||
triggers a configuration reload of the daemon, but also
|
||
synchronously waits for it to complete.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>ExecStop=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Commands to execute to stop the service
|
||
started via <varname>ExecStart=</varname>. This argument takes
|
||
multiple command lines, following the same scheme as described
|
||
for <varname>ExecStart=</varname> above. Use of this setting
|
||
is optional. After the commands configured in this option are
|
||
run, all processes remaining for a service are terminated
|
||
according to the <varname>KillMode=</varname> setting (see
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
|
||
If this option is not specified, the process is terminated by
|
||
sending the signal specified in <varname>KillSignal=</varname>
|
||
when service stop is requested. Specifier and environment
|
||
variable substitution is supported (including
|
||
<varname>$MAINPID</varname>, see above).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that it is usually not sufficient to specify a
|
||
command for this setting that only asks the service to
|
||
terminate (for example, by queuing some form of termination
|
||
signal for it), but does not wait for it to do so. Since the
|
||
remaining processes of the services are killed using
|
||
<constant>SIGKILL</constant> immediately after the command
|
||
exited, this would not result in a clean stop. The specified
|
||
command should hence be a synchronous operation, not an
|
||
asynchronous one.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that the commands specified in <varname>ExecStop=</varname> are only executed when the service
|
||
started successfuly first. They are not invoked if the service was never started at all, or in case its
|
||
start-up failed, for example because any of the commands specified in <varname>ExecStart=</varname>,
|
||
<varname>ExecStartPre=</varname> or <varname>ExecStartPost=</varname> failed (and weren't prefixed with
|
||
<literal>-</literal>, see above) or timed out. Use <varname>ExecStopPost=</varname> to invoke commands when a
|
||
service failed to start up correctly and is shut down again.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>It is recommended to use this setting for commands that communicate with the service requesting clean
|
||
termination. When the commands specified with this option are executed it should be assumed that the service is
|
||
still fully up and is able to react correctly to all commands. For post-mortem clean-up steps use
|
||
<varname>ExecStopPost=</varname> instead.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>ExecStopPost=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Additional commands that are executed after the service is stopped. This includes cases where
|
||
the commands configured in <varname>ExecStop=</varname> were used, where the service does not have any
|
||
<varname>ExecStop=</varname> defined, or where the service exited unexpectedly. This argument takes multiple
|
||
command lines, following the same scheme as described for <varname>ExecStart=</varname>. Use of these settings
|
||
is optional. Specifier and environment variable substitution is supported. Note that – unlike
|
||
<varname>ExecStop=</varname> – commands specified with this setting are invoked when a service failed to start
|
||
up correctly and is shut down again.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>It is recommended to use this setting for clean-up operations that shall be executed even when the
|
||
service failed to start up correctly. Commands configured with this setting need to be able to operate even if
|
||
the service failed starting up half-way and left incompletely initialized data around. As the service's
|
||
processes have been terminated already when the commands specified with this setting are executed they should
|
||
not attempt to communicate with them.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>RestartSec=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Configures the time to sleep before restarting
|
||
a service (as configured with <varname>Restart=</varname>).
|
||
Takes a unit-less value in seconds, or a time span value such
|
||
as "5min 20s". Defaults to 100ms.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>TimeoutStartSec=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Configures the time to wait for start-up. If a
|
||
daemon service does not signal start-up completion within the
|
||
configured time, the service will be considered failed and
|
||
will be shut down again. Takes a unit-less value in seconds,
|
||
or a time span value such as "5min 20s". Pass
|
||
<literal>infinity</literal> to disable the timeout logic. Defaults to
|
||
<varname>DefaultTimeoutStartSec=</varname> from the manager
|
||
configuration file, except when
|
||
<varname>Type=oneshot</varname> is used, in which case the
|
||
timeout is disabled by default (see
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
|
||
</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>TimeoutStopSec=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Configures the time to wait for stop. If a
|
||
service is asked to stop, but does not terminate in the
|
||
specified time, it will be terminated forcibly via
|
||
<constant>SIGTERM</constant>, and after another timeout of
|
||
equal duration with <constant>SIGKILL</constant> (see
|
||
<varname>KillMode=</varname> in
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
|
||
Takes a unit-less value in seconds, or a time span value such
|
||
as "5min 20s". Pass <literal>infinity</literal> to disable the
|
||
timeout logic. Defaults to
|
||
<varname>DefaultTimeoutStopSec=</varname> from the manager
|
||
configuration file (see
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
|
||
</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>TimeoutSec=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>A shorthand for configuring both
|
||
<varname>TimeoutStartSec=</varname> and
|
||
<varname>TimeoutStopSec=</varname> to the specified value.
|
||
</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>RuntimeMaxSec=</varname></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Configures a maximum time for the service to run. If this is used and the service has been
|
||
active for longer than the specified time it is terminated and put into a failure state. Note that this setting
|
||
does not have any effect on <varname>Type=oneshot</varname> services, as they terminate immediately after
|
||
activation completed. Pass <literal>infinity</literal> (the default) to configure no runtime
|
||
limit.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>WatchdogSec=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Configures the watchdog timeout for a service.
|
||
The watchdog is activated when the start-up is completed. The
|
||
service must call
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
regularly with <literal>WATCHDOG=1</literal> (i.e. the
|
||
"keep-alive ping"). If the time between two such calls is
|
||
larger than the configured time, then the service is placed in
|
||
a failed state and it will be terminated with
|
||
<constant>SIGABRT</constant>. By setting
|
||
<varname>Restart=</varname> to <option>on-failure</option>,
|
||
<option>on-watchdog</option>, <option>on-abnormal</option> or
|
||
<option>always</option>, the service will be automatically
|
||
restarted. The time configured here will be passed to the
|
||
executed service process in the
|
||
<varname>WATCHDOG_USEC=</varname> environment variable. This
|
||
allows daemons to automatically enable the keep-alive pinging
|
||
logic if watchdog support is enabled for the service. If this
|
||
option is used, <varname>NotifyAccess=</varname> (see below)
|
||
should be set to open access to the notification socket
|
||
provided by systemd. If <varname>NotifyAccess=</varname> is
|
||
not set, it will be implicitly set to <option>main</option>.
|
||
Defaults to 0, which disables this feature. The service can
|
||
check whether the service manager expects watchdog keep-alive
|
||
notifications. See
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_watchdog_enabled</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
for details.
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_event_set_watchdog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
may be used to enable automatic watchdog notification support.
|
||
</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>Restart=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Configures whether the service shall be
|
||
restarted when the service process exits, is killed, or a
|
||
timeout is reached. The service process may be the main
|
||
service process, but it may also be one of the processes
|
||
specified with <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname>,
|
||
<varname>ExecStartPost=</varname>,
|
||
<varname>ExecStop=</varname>,
|
||
<varname>ExecStopPost=</varname>, or
|
||
<varname>ExecReload=</varname>. When the death of the process
|
||
is a result of systemd operation (e.g. service stop or
|
||
restart), the service will not be restarted. Timeouts include
|
||
missing the watchdog "keep-alive ping" deadline and a service
|
||
start, reload, and stop operation timeouts.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Takes one of
|
||
<option>no</option>,
|
||
<option>on-success</option>,
|
||
<option>on-failure</option>,
|
||
<option>on-abnormal</option>,
|
||
<option>on-watchdog</option>,
|
||
<option>on-abort</option>, or
|
||
<option>always</option>.
|
||
If set to <option>no</option> (the default), the service will
|
||
not be restarted. If set to <option>on-success</option>, it
|
||
will be restarted only when the service process exits cleanly.
|
||
In this context, a clean exit means an exit code of 0, or one
|
||
of the signals
|
||
<constant>SIGHUP</constant>,
|
||
<constant>SIGINT</constant>,
|
||
<constant>SIGTERM</constant> or
|
||
<constant>SIGPIPE</constant>, and
|
||
additionally, exit statuses and signals specified in
|
||
<varname>SuccessExitStatus=</varname>. If set to
|
||
<option>on-failure</option>, the service will be restarted
|
||
when the process exits with a non-zero exit code, is
|
||
terminated by a signal (including on core dump, but excluding
|
||
the aforementioned four signals), when an operation (such as
|
||
service reload) times out, and when the configured watchdog
|
||
timeout is triggered. If set to <option>on-abnormal</option>,
|
||
the service will be restarted when the process is terminated
|
||
by a signal (including on core dump, excluding the
|
||
aforementioned four signals), when an operation times out, or
|
||
when the watchdog timeout is triggered. If set to
|
||
<option>on-abort</option>, the service will be restarted only
|
||
if the service process exits due to an uncaught signal not
|
||
specified as a clean exit status. If set to
|
||
<option>on-watchdog</option>, the service will be restarted
|
||
only if the watchdog timeout for the service expires. If set
|
||
to <option>always</option>, the service will be restarted
|
||
regardless of whether it exited cleanly or not, got terminated
|
||
abnormally by a signal, or hit a timeout.</para>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<title>Exit causes and the effect of the <varname>Restart=</varname> settings on them</title>
|
||
|
||
<tgroup cols='2'>
|
||
<colspec colname='path' />
|
||
<colspec colname='expl' />
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry>Restart settings/Exit causes</entry>
|
||
<entry><option>no</option></entry>
|
||
<entry><option>always</option></entry>
|
||
<entry><option>on-success</option></entry>
|
||
<entry><option>on-failure</option></entry>
|
||
<entry><option>on-abnormal</option></entry>
|
||
<entry><option>on-abort</option></entry>
|
||
<entry><option>on-watchdog</option></entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry>Clean exit code or signal</entry>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry>Unclean exit code</entry>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry>Unclean signal</entry>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry>Timeout</entry>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry>Watchdog</entry>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
<entry/>
|
||
<entry>X</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</tgroup>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<para>As exceptions to the setting above, the service will not
|
||
be restarted if the exit code or signal is specified in
|
||
<varname>RestartPreventExitStatus=</varname> (see below).
|
||
Also, the services will always be restarted if the exit code
|
||
or signal is specified in
|
||
<varname>RestartForceExitStatus=</varname> (see below).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Setting this to <option>on-failure</option> is the
|
||
recommended choice for long-running services, in order to
|
||
increase reliability by attempting automatic recovery from
|
||
errors. For services that shall be able to terminate on their
|
||
own choice (and avoid immediate restarting),
|
||
<option>on-abnormal</option> is an alternative choice.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>SuccessExitStatus=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Takes a list of exit status definitions that,
|
||
when returned by the main service process, will be considered
|
||
successful termination, in addition to the normal successful
|
||
exit code 0 and the signals <constant>SIGHUP</constant>,
|
||
<constant>SIGINT</constant>, <constant>SIGTERM</constant>, and
|
||
<constant>SIGPIPE</constant>. Exit status definitions can
|
||
either be numeric exit codes or termination signal names,
|
||
separated by spaces. For example:
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>SuccessExitStatus=1 2 8 SIGKILL</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
ensures that exit codes 1, 2, 8 and
|
||
the termination signal <constant>SIGKILL</constant> are
|
||
considered clean service terminations.
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that if a process has a signal handler installed
|
||
and exits by calling
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>_exit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
in response to a signal, the information about the signal is
|
||
lost. Programs should instead perform cleanup and kill
|
||
themselves with the same signal instead. See
|
||
<ulink url="http://www.cons.org/cracauer/sigint.html">Proper
|
||
handling of SIGINT/SIGQUIT — How to be a proper
|
||
program</ulink>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>This option may appear more than once, in which case the
|
||
list of successful exit statuses is merged. If the empty
|
||
string is assigned to this option, the list is reset, all
|
||
prior assignments of this option will have no
|
||
effect.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>RestartPreventExitStatus=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Takes a list of exit status definitions that,
|
||
when returned by the main service process, will prevent
|
||
automatic service restarts, regardless of the restart setting
|
||
configured with <varname>Restart=</varname>. Exit status
|
||
definitions can either be numeric exit codes or termination
|
||
signal names, and are separated by spaces. Defaults to the
|
||
empty list, so that, by default, no exit status is excluded
|
||
from the configured restart logic. For example:
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>RestartPreventExitStatus=1 6 SIGABRT</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
ensures that exit codes 1 and 6 and the termination signal
|
||
<constant>SIGABRT</constant> will not result in automatic
|
||
service restarting. This option may appear more than once, in
|
||
which case the list of restart-preventing statuses is
|
||
merged. If the empty string is assigned to this option, the
|
||
list is reset and all prior assignments of this option will
|
||
have no effect.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>RestartForceExitStatus=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Takes a list of exit status definitions that,
|
||
when returned by the main service process, will force automatic
|
||
service restarts, regardless of the restart setting configured
|
||
with <varname>Restart=</varname>. The argument format is
|
||
similar to
|
||
<varname>RestartPreventExitStatus=</varname>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>PermissionsStartOnly=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, the
|
||
permission-related execution options, as configured with
|
||
<varname>User=</varname> and similar options (see
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
for more information), are only applied to the process started
|
||
with
|
||
<varname>ExecStart=</varname>, and not to the various other
|
||
<varname>ExecStartPre=</varname>,
|
||
<varname>ExecStartPost=</varname>,
|
||
<varname>ExecReload=</varname>,
|
||
<varname>ExecStop=</varname>, and
|
||
<varname>ExecStopPost=</varname>
|
||
commands. If false, the setting is applied to all configured
|
||
commands the same way. Defaults to false.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>RootDirectoryStartOnly=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, the root
|
||
directory, as configured with the
|
||
<varname>RootDirectory=</varname> option (see
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
for more information), is only applied to the process started
|
||
with <varname>ExecStart=</varname>, and not to the various
|
||
other <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname>,
|
||
<varname>ExecStartPost=</varname>,
|
||
<varname>ExecReload=</varname>, <varname>ExecStop=</varname>,
|
||
and <varname>ExecStopPost=</varname> commands. If false, the
|
||
setting is applied to all configured commands the same way.
|
||
Defaults to false.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>NonBlocking=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Set the <constant>O_NONBLOCK</constant> flag
|
||
for all file descriptors passed via socket-based activation.
|
||
If true, all file descriptors >= 3 (i.e. all except stdin,
|
||
stdout, and stderr) will have the
|
||
<constant>O_NONBLOCK</constant> flag set and hence are in
|
||
non-blocking mode. This option is only useful in conjunction
|
||
with a socket unit, as described in
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
||
Defaults to false.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>NotifyAccess=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Controls access to the service status
|
||
notification socket, as accessible via the
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
call. Takes one of <option>none</option> (the default),
|
||
<option>main</option> or <option>all</option>. If
|
||
<option>none</option>, no daemon status updates are accepted
|
||
from the service processes, all status update messages are
|
||
ignored. If <option>main</option>, only service updates sent
|
||
from the main process of the service are accepted. If
|
||
<option>all</option>, all services updates from all members of
|
||
the service's control group are accepted. This option should
|
||
be set to open access to the notification socket when using
|
||
<varname>Type=notify</varname> or
|
||
<varname>WatchdogSec=</varname> (see above). If those options
|
||
are used but <varname>NotifyAccess=</varname> is not
|
||
configured, it will be implicitly set to
|
||
<option>main</option>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>Sockets=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Specifies the name of the socket units this
|
||
service shall inherit socket file descriptors from when the
|
||
service is started. Normally, it should not be necessary to use
|
||
this setting, as all socket file descriptors whose unit shares
|
||
the same name as the service (subject to the different unit
|
||
name suffix of course) are passed to the spawned
|
||
process.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that the same socket file descriptors may be passed
|
||
to multiple processes simultaneously. Also note that a
|
||
different service may be activated on incoming socket traffic
|
||
than the one which is ultimately configured to inherit the
|
||
socket file descriptors. Or, in other words: the
|
||
<varname>Service=</varname> setting of
|
||
<filename>.socket</filename> units does not have to match the
|
||
inverse of the <varname>Sockets=</varname> setting of the
|
||
<filename>.service</filename> it refers to.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>This option may appear more than once, in which case the
|
||
list of socket units is merged. If the empty string is
|
||
assigned to this option, the list of sockets is reset, and all
|
||
prior uses of this setting will have no
|
||
effect.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>FailureAction=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Configure the action to take when the service enters a failed state. Takes the same values as
|
||
the unit setting <varname>StartLimitAction=</varname> and executes the same actions (see
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>). Defaults to
|
||
<option>none</option>. </para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>FileDescriptorStoreMax=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Configure how many file descriptors may be
|
||
stored in the service manager for the service using
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_pid_notify_with_fds</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
|
||
<literal>FDSTORE=1</literal> messages. This is useful for
|
||
implementing service restart schemes where the state is
|
||
serialized to <filename>/run</filename> and the file
|
||
descriptors passed to the service manager, to allow restarts
|
||
without losing state. Defaults to 0, i.e. no file descriptors
|
||
may be stored in the service manager by default. All file
|
||
descriptors passed to the service manager from a specific
|
||
service are passed back to the service's main process on the
|
||
next service restart. Any file descriptors passed to the
|
||
service manager are automatically closed when POLLHUP or
|
||
POLLERR is seen on them, or when the service is fully stopped
|
||
and no job queued or being executed for it.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>USBFunctionDescriptors=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Configure the location of a file containing
|
||
<ulink
|
||
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/usb/functionfs.txt">USB
|
||
FunctionFS</ulink> descriptors, for implementation of USB
|
||
gadget functions. This is used only in conjunction with a
|
||
socket unit with <varname>ListenUSBFunction=</varname>
|
||
configured. The contents of this file are written to the
|
||
<filename>ep0</filename> file after it is
|
||
opened.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><varname>USBFunctionStrings=</varname></term>
|
||
<listitem><para>Configure the location of a file containing
|
||
USB FunctionFS strings. Behavior is similar to
|
||
<varname>USBFunctionDescriptors=</varname>
|
||
above.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
<para>Check
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
and
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
for more settings.</para>
|
||
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Command lines</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>This section describes command line parsing and
|
||
variable and specifier substitutions for
|
||
<varname>ExecStart=</varname>,
|
||
<varname>ExecStartPre=</varname>,
|
||
<varname>ExecStartPost=</varname>,
|
||
<varname>ExecReload=</varname>,
|
||
<varname>ExecStop=</varname>, and
|
||
<varname>ExecStopPost=</varname> options.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Multiple command lines may be concatenated in a single
|
||
directive by separating them with semicolons (these semicolons
|
||
must be passed as separate words). Lone semicolons may be escaped
|
||
as <literal>\;</literal>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Each command line is split on whitespace, with the first
|
||
item being the command to execute, and the subsequent items being
|
||
the arguments. Double quotes ("...") and single quotes ('...') may
|
||
be used, in which case everything until the next matching quote
|
||
becomes part of the same argument. C-style escapes are also
|
||
supported. The table below contains the list of allowed escape
|
||
patterns. Only patterns which match the syntax in the table are
|
||
allowed; others will result in an error, and must be escaped by
|
||
doubling the backslash. Quotes themselves are removed after
|
||
parsing and escape sequences substituted. In addition, a trailing
|
||
backslash (<literal>\</literal>) may be used to merge lines.
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>This syntax is intended to be very similar to shell syntax,
|
||
but only the meta-characters and expansions described in the
|
||
following paragraphs are understood. Specifically, redirection
|
||
using
|
||
<literal><</literal>,
|
||
<literal><<</literal>,
|
||
<literal>></literal>, and
|
||
<literal>>></literal>, pipes using
|
||
<literal>|</literal>, running programs in the background using
|
||
<literal>&</literal>, and <emphasis>other elements of shell
|
||
syntax are not supported</emphasis>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The command to execute must be an absolute path name. It may
|
||
contain spaces, but control characters are not allowed.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The command line accepts <literal>%</literal> specifiers as
|
||
described in
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
||
Note that the first argument of the command line (i.e. the program
|
||
to execute) may not include specifiers.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Basic environment variable substitution is supported. Use
|
||
<literal>${FOO}</literal> as part of a word, or as a word of its
|
||
own, on the command line, in which case it will be replaced by the
|
||
value of the environment variable including all whitespace it
|
||
contains, resulting in a single argument. Use
|
||
<literal>$FOO</literal> as a separate word on the command line, in
|
||
which case it will be replaced by the value of the environment
|
||
variable split at whitespace, resulting in zero or more arguments.
|
||
For this type of expansion, quotes are respected when splitting
|
||
into words, and afterwards removed.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Example:</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>Environment="ONE=one" 'TWO=two two'
|
||
ExecStart=/bin/echo $ONE $TWO ${TWO}</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This will execute <command>/bin/echo</command> with four
|
||
arguments: <literal>one</literal>, <literal>two</literal>,
|
||
<literal>two</literal>, and <literal>two two</literal>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Example:</para>
|
||
<programlisting>Environment=ONE='one' "TWO='two two' too" THREE=
|
||
ExecStart=/bin/echo ${ONE} ${TWO} ${THREE}
|
||
ExecStart=/bin/echo $ONE $TWO $THREE</programlisting>
|
||
<para>This results in <filename>echo</filename> being
|
||
called twice, the first time with arguments
|
||
<literal>'one'</literal>,
|
||
<literal>'two two' too</literal>, <literal></literal>,
|
||
and the second time with arguments
|
||
<literal>one</literal>, <literal>two two</literal>,
|
||
<literal>too</literal>.
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>To pass a literal dollar sign, use <literal>$$</literal>.
|
||
Variables whose value is not known at expansion time are treated
|
||
as empty strings. Note that the first argument (i.e. the program
|
||
to execute) may not be a variable.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Variables to be used in this fashion may be defined through
|
||
<varname>Environment=</varname> and
|
||
<varname>EnvironmentFile=</varname>. In addition, variables listed
|
||
in the section "Environment variables in spawned processes" in
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
which are considered "static configuration", may be used (this
|
||
includes e.g. <varname>$USER</varname>, but not
|
||
<varname>$TERM</varname>).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that shell command lines are not directly supported. If
|
||
shell command lines are to be used, they need to be passed
|
||
explicitly to a shell implementation of some kind. Example:</para>
|
||
<programlisting>ExecStart=/bin/sh -c 'dmesg | tac'</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>Example:</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>ExecStart=/bin/echo one ; /bin/echo "two two"</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This will execute <command>/bin/echo</command> two times,
|
||
each time with one argument: <literal>one</literal> and
|
||
<literal>two two</literal>, respectively. Because two commands are
|
||
specified, <varname>Type=oneshot</varname> must be used.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Example:</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>ExecStart=/bin/echo / >/dev/null & \; \
|
||
/bin/ls</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This will execute <command>/bin/echo</command>
|
||
with five arguments: <literal>/</literal>,
|
||
<literal>>/dev/null</literal>,
|
||
<literal>&</literal>, <literal>;</literal>, and
|
||
<literal>/bin/ls</literal>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<title>C escapes supported in command lines and environment variables</title>
|
||
<tgroup cols='2'>
|
||
<colspec colname='escape' />
|
||
<colspec colname='meaning' />
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry>Literal</entry>
|
||
<entry>Actual value</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>\a</literal></entry>
|
||
<entry>bell</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>\b</literal></entry>
|
||
<entry>backspace</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>\f</literal></entry>
|
||
<entry>form feed</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>\n</literal></entry>
|
||
<entry>newline</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>\r</literal></entry>
|
||
<entry>carriage return</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>\t</literal></entry>
|
||
<entry>tab</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>\v</literal></entry>
|
||
<entry>vertical tab</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>\\</literal></entry>
|
||
<entry>backslash</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>\"</literal></entry>
|
||
<entry>double quotation mark</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>\'</literal></entry>
|
||
<entry>single quotation mark</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>\s</literal></entry>
|
||
<entry>space</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>\x<replaceable>xx</replaceable></literal></entry>
|
||
<entry>character number <replaceable>xx</replaceable> in hexadecimal encoding</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>\<replaceable>nnn</replaceable></literal></entry>
|
||
<entry>character number <replaceable>nnn</replaceable> in octal encoding</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</tgroup>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Examples</title>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Simple service</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>The following unit file creates a service that will
|
||
execute <filename>/usr/sbin/foo-daemon</filename>. Since no
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname> is specified, the default
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname><option>simple</option> will be assumed.
|
||
systemd will assume the unit to be started immediately after the
|
||
program has begun executing.</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>[Unit]
|
||
Description=Foo
|
||
|
||
[Service]
|
||
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/foo-daemon
|
||
|
||
[Install]
|
||
WantedBy=multi-user.target</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that systemd assumes here that the process started by
|
||
systemd will continue running until the service terminates. If
|
||
the program daemonizes itself (i.e. forks), please use
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname><option>forking</option> instead.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Since no <varname>ExecStop=</varname> was specified,
|
||
systemd will send SIGTERM to all processes started from this
|
||
service, and after a timeout also SIGKILL. This behavior can be
|
||
modified, see
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
for details.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that this unit type does not include any type of
|
||
notification when a service has completed initialization. For
|
||
this, you should use other unit types, such as
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname><option>notify</option> if the service
|
||
understands systemd's notification protocol,
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname><option>forking</option> if the service
|
||
can background itself or
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname><option>dbus</option> if the unit
|
||
acquires a DBus name once initialization is complete. See
|
||
below.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Oneshot service</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Sometimes, units should just execute an action without
|
||
keeping active processes, such as a filesystem check or a
|
||
cleanup action on boot. For this,
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname><option>oneshot</option> exists. Units
|
||
of this type will wait until the process specified terminates
|
||
and then fall back to being inactive. The following unit will
|
||
perform a cleanup action:</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>[Unit]
|
||
Description=Cleanup old Foo data
|
||
|
||
[Service]
|
||
Type=oneshot
|
||
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/foo-cleanup
|
||
|
||
[Install]
|
||
WantedBy=multi-user.target</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that systemd will consider the unit to be in the
|
||
state "starting" until the program has terminated, so ordered
|
||
dependencies will wait for the program to finish before starting
|
||
themselves. The unit will revert to the "inactive" state after
|
||
the execution is done, never reaching the "active" state. That
|
||
means another request to start the unit will perform the action
|
||
again.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para><varname>Type=</varname><option>oneshot</option> are the
|
||
only service units that may have more than one
|
||
<varname>ExecStart=</varname> specified. They will be executed
|
||
in order until either they are all successful or one of them
|
||
fails.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Stoppable oneshot service</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Similarly to the oneshot services, there are sometimes
|
||
units that need to execute a program to set up something and
|
||
then execute another to shut it down, but no process remains
|
||
active while they are considered "started". Network
|
||
configuration can sometimes fall into this category. Another use
|
||
case is if a oneshot service shall not be executed each time
|
||
when they are pulled in as a dependency, but only the first
|
||
time.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>For this, systemd knows the setting
|
||
<varname>RemainAfterExit=</varname><option>yes</option>, which
|
||
causes systemd to consider the unit to be active if the start
|
||
action exited successfully. This directive can be used with all
|
||
types, but is most useful with
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname><option>oneshot</option> and
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname><option>simple</option>. With
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname><option>oneshot</option>, systemd waits
|
||
until the start action has completed before it considers the
|
||
unit to be active, so dependencies start only after the start
|
||
action has succeeded. With
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname><option>simple</option>, dependencies
|
||
will start immediately after the start action has been
|
||
dispatched. The following unit provides an example for a simple
|
||
static firewall.</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>[Unit]
|
||
Description=Simple firewall
|
||
|
||
[Service]
|
||
Type=oneshot
|
||
RemainAfterExit=yes
|
||
ExecStart=/usr/local/sbin/simple-firewall-start
|
||
ExecStop=/usr/local/sbin/simple-firewall-stop
|
||
|
||
[Install]
|
||
WantedBy=multi-user.target</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>Since the unit is considered to be running after the start
|
||
action has exited, invoking <command>systemctl start</command>
|
||
on that unit again will cause no action to be taken.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Traditional forking services</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Many traditional daemons/services background (i.e. fork,
|
||
daemonize) themselves when starting. Set
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname><option>forking</option> in the
|
||
service's unit file to support this mode of operation. systemd
|
||
will consider the service to be in the process of initialization
|
||
while the original program is still running. Once it exits
|
||
successfully and at least a process remains (and
|
||
<varname>RemainAfterExit=</varname><option>no</option>), the
|
||
service is considered started.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Often, a traditional daemon only consists of one process.
|
||
Therefore, if only one process is left after the original
|
||
process terminates, systemd will consider that process the main
|
||
process of the service. In that case, the
|
||
<varname>$MAINPID</varname> variable will be available in
|
||
<varname>ExecReload=</varname>, <varname>ExecStop=</varname>,
|
||
etc.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>In case more than one process remains, systemd will be
|
||
unable to determine the main process, so it will not assume
|
||
there is one. In that case, <varname>$MAINPID</varname> will not
|
||
expand to anything. However, if the process decides to write a
|
||
traditional PID file, systemd will be able to read the main PID
|
||
from there. Please set <varname>PIDFile=</varname> accordingly.
|
||
Note that the daemon should write that file before finishing
|
||
with its initialization. Otherwise, systemd might try to read the
|
||
file before it exists.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The following example shows a simple daemon that forks and
|
||
just starts one process in the background:</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>[Unit]
|
||
Description=Some simple daemon
|
||
|
||
[Service]
|
||
Type=forking
|
||
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/my-simple-daemon -d
|
||
|
||
[Install]
|
||
WantedBy=multi-user.target</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>Please see
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
for details on how you can influence the way systemd terminates
|
||
the service.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>DBus services</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>For services that acquire a name on the DBus system bus,
|
||
use <varname>Type=</varname><option>dbus</option> and set
|
||
<varname>BusName=</varname> accordingly. The service should not
|
||
fork (daemonize). systemd will consider the service to be
|
||
initialized once the name has been acquired on the system bus.
|
||
The following example shows a typical DBus service:</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>[Unit]
|
||
Description=Simple DBus service
|
||
|
||
[Service]
|
||
Type=dbus
|
||
BusName=org.example.simple-dbus-service
|
||
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/simple-dbus-service
|
||
|
||
[Install]
|
||
WantedBy=multi-user.target</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>For <emphasis>bus-activatable</emphasis> services, do not
|
||
include a <literal>[Install]</literal> section in the systemd
|
||
service file, but use the <varname>SystemdService=</varname>
|
||
option in the corresponding DBus service file, for example
|
||
(<filename>/usr/share/dbus-1/system-services/org.example.simple-dbus-service.service</filename>):</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>[D-BUS Service]
|
||
Name=org.example.simple-dbus-service
|
||
Exec=/usr/sbin/simple-dbus-service
|
||
User=root
|
||
SystemdService=simple-dbus-service.service</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>Please see
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
for details on how you can influence the way systemd terminates
|
||
the service.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>Services that notify systemd about their initialization</title>
|
||
|
||
<para><varname>Type=</varname><option>simple</option> services
|
||
are really easy to write, but have the major disadvantage of
|
||
systemd not being able to tell when initialization of the given
|
||
service is complete. For this reason, systemd supports a simple
|
||
notification protocol that allows daemons to make systemd aware
|
||
that they are done initializing. Use
|
||
<varname>Type=</varname><option>notify</option> for this. A
|
||
typical service file for such a daemon would look like
|
||
this:</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>[Unit]
|
||
Description=Simple notifying service
|
||
|
||
[Service]
|
||
Type=notify
|
||
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/simple-notifying-service
|
||
|
||
[Install]
|
||
WantedBy=multi-user.target</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that the daemon has to support systemd's notification
|
||
protocol, else systemd will think the service has not started yet
|
||
and kill it after a timeout. For an example of how to update
|
||
daemons to support this protocol transparently, take a look at
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
||
systemd will consider the unit to be in the 'starting' state
|
||
until a readiness notification has arrived.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Please see
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
for details on how you can influence the way systemd terminates
|
||
the service.</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>See Also</title>
|
||
<para>
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
</refentry>
|