mirror of
https://github.com/systemd/systemd.git
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12b42c7667
This did not really work out as we had hoped. Trying to do this upstream introduced several problems that probably makes it better suited as a downstream patch after all. At any rate, it is not releaseable in the current state, so we at least need to revert this before the release. * by adjusting the path to binaries, but not do the same thing to the search path we end up with inconsistent man-pages. Adjusting the search path too would be quite messy, and it is not at all obvious that this is worth the effort, but at any rate it would have to be done before we could ship this. * this means that distributed man-pages does not make sense as they depend on config options, and for better or worse we are still distributing man pages, so that is something that definitely needs sorting out before we could ship with this patch. * we have long held that split-usr is only minimally supported in order to boot, and something we hope will eventually go away. So before we start adding even more magic/effort in order to make this work nicely, we should probably question if it makes sense at all.
1086 lines
46 KiB
XML
1086 lines
46 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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<!--
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This file is part of systemd.
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Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
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systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
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the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
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(at your option) any later version.
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systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
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WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
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Lesser General Public License for more details.
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You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
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along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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-->
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<refentry id="systemd"
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<refentryinfo>
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<title>systemd</title>
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<productname>systemd</productname>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<contrib>Developer</contrib>
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<firstname>Lennart</firstname>
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<surname>Poettering</surname>
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<email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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</refentryinfo>
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|
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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|
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>systemd</refname>
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<refname>init</refname>
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<refpurpose>systemd system and service manager</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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|
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg></command>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>init <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> <arg choice="req">COMMAND</arg></command>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para>systemd is a system and service manager for Linux operating
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systems. When run as first process on boot (as PID 1), it acts as
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init system that brings up and maintains userspace
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services.</para>
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<para>For compatibility with SysV, if systemd is called as
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<command>init</command> and a PID that is not 1, it will execute
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<command>telinit</command> and pass all command line arguments
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unmodified. That means <command>init</command> and
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<command>telinit</command> are mostly equivalent when invoked from
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normal login sessions. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>telinit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for more information.</para>
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<para>When run as a system instance, systemd interprets the
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configuration file <filename>system.conf</filename> and the files
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in <filename>system.conf.d</filename> directories; when run as a
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user instance, systemd interprets the configuration file
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<filename>user.conf</filename> and the files in
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<filename>user.conf.d</filename> directories. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for more information.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Options</title>
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<para>The following options are understood:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--test</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Determine startup sequence, dump it and exit.
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This is an option useful for debugging only.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--dump-configuration-items</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Dump understood unit configuration items. This
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outputs a terse but complete list of configuration items
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understood in unit definition files.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--unit=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Set default unit to activate on startup. If
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not specified, defaults to
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<filename>default.target</filename>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--system</option></term>
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<term><option>--user</option></term>
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<listitem><para>For <option>--system</option>, tell systemd to
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run a system instance, even if the process ID is not 1, i.e.
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systemd is not run as init process. <option>--user</option>
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does the opposite, running a user instance even if the process
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ID is 1. Normally it should not be necessary to pass these
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options, as systemd automatically detects the mode it is
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started in. These options are hence of little use except for
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debugging. Note that it is not supported booting and
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maintaining a full system with systemd running in
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<option>--system</option> mode, but PID not 1. In practice,
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passing <option>--system</option> explicitly is only useful in
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conjunction with <option>--test</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--dump-core</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Dump core on crash. This switch has no effect
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when run as user instance.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--crash-shell</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Run shell on
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crash. This switch has no effect when
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run as user
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instance.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--confirm-spawn</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Ask for confirmation when spawning processes.
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This switch has no effect when run as user
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instance.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--show-status=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Show terse service status information while
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booting. This switch has no effect when run as user instance.
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Takes a boolean argument which may be omitted which is
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interpreted as <option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--log-target=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Set log target. Argument must be one of
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<option>console</option>,
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<option>journal</option>,
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<option>kmsg</option>,
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<option>journal-or-kmsg</option>,
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<option>null</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--log-level=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Set log level. As
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argument this accepts a numerical log
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level or the well-known <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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symbolic names (lowercase):
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<option>emerg</option>,
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<option>alert</option>,
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<option>crit</option>,
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<option>err</option>,
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<option>warning</option>,
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<option>notice</option>,
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<option>info</option>,
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<option>debug</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--log-color=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Highlight important log messages. Argument is
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a boolean value. If the argument is omitted, it defaults to
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<option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--log-location=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Include code location in log messages. This is
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mostly relevant for debugging purposes. Argument is a boolean
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value. If the argument is omitted it defaults to
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<option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--default-standard-output=</option></term>
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<term><option>--default-standard-error=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Sets the default output or error output for
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all services and sockets, respectively. That is, controls the
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default for <option>StandardOutput=</option> and
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<option>StandardError=</option> (see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for details). Takes one of
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<option>inherit</option>,
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<option>null</option>,
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<option>tty</option>,
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<option>journal</option>,
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<option>journal+console</option>,
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<option>syslog</option>,
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<option>syslog+console</option>,
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<option>kmsg</option>,
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<option>kmsg+console</option>. If the
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argument is omitted
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<option>--default-standard-output=</option> defaults to
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<option>journal</option> and
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<option>--default-standard-error=</option> to
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<option>inherit</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
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</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Concepts</title>
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<para>systemd provides a dependency system between various
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entities called "units" of 12 different types. Units encapsulate
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various objects that are relevant for system boot-up and
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maintenance. The majority of units are configured in unit
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configuration files, whose syntax and basic set of options is
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described in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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however some are created automatically from other configuration,
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dynamically from system state or programmatically at runtime.
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Units may be "active" (meaning started, bound, plugged in, ...,
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depending on the unit type, see below), or "inactive" (meaning
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stopped, unbound, unplugged, ...), as well as in the process of
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being activated or deactivated, i.e. between the two states (these
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states are called "activating", "deactivating"). A special
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"failed" state is available as well, which is very similar to
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"inactive" and is entered when the service failed in some way
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(process returned error code on exit, or crashed, or an operation
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timed out). If this state is entered, the cause will be logged,
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for later reference. Note that the various unit types may have a
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number of additional substates, which are mapped to the five
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generalized unit states described here.</para>
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<para>The following unit types are available:</para>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem><para>Service units, which start and control daemons
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and the processes they consist of. For details see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Socket units, which encapsulate local IPC or
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network sockets in the system, useful for socket-based
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activation. For details about socket units see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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for details on socket-based activation and other forms of
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activation, see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Target units are useful to group units, or
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provide well-known synchronization points during boot-up, see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Device units expose kernel devices in systemd
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and may be used to implement device-based activation. For
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details see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.device</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Mount units control mount points in the file
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system, for details see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Automount units provide automount capabilities,
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for on-demand mounting of file systems as well as parallelized
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boot-up. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.automount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Snapshot units can be used to temporarily save
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the state of the set of systemd units, which later may be
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restored by activating the saved snapshot unit. For more
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information see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.snapshot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Timer units are useful for triggering activation
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of other units based on timers. You may find details in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Swap units are very similar to mount units and
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encapsulate memory swap partitions or files of the operating
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system. They are described in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Path units may be used to activate other
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services when file system objects change or are modified. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Slice units may be used to group units which
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manage system processes (such as service and scope units) in a
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hierarchical tree for resource management purposes. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Scope units are similar to service units, but
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manage foreign processes instead of starting them as well. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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<para>Units are named as their configuration files. Some units
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have special semantics. A detailed list is available in
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
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<para>systemd knows various kinds of dependencies, including
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positive and negative requirement dependencies (i.e.
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<varname>Requires=</varname> and <varname>Conflicts=</varname>) as
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well as ordering dependencies (<varname>After=</varname> and
|
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<varname>Before=</varname>). NB: ordering and requirement
|
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dependencies are orthogonal. If only a requirement dependency
|
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exists between two units (e.g. <filename>foo.service</filename>
|
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requires <filename>bar.service</filename>), but no ordering
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dependency (e.g. <filename>foo.service</filename> after
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<filename>bar.service</filename>) and both are requested to start,
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they will be started in parallel. It is a common pattern that both
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requirement and ordering dependencies are placed between two
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units. Also note that the majority of dependencies are implicitly
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created and maintained by systemd. In most cases, it should be
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unnecessary to declare additional dependencies manually, however
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it is possible to do this.</para>
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<para>Application programs and units (via dependencies) may
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request state changes of units. In systemd, these requests are
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encapsulated as 'jobs' and maintained in a job queue. Jobs may
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succeed or can fail, their execution is ordered based on the
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ordering dependencies of the units they have been scheduled
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for.</para>
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<para>On boot systemd activates the target unit
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<filename>default.target</filename> whose job is to activate
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on-boot services and other on-boot units by pulling them in via
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dependencies. Usually the unit name is just an alias (symlink) for
|
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either <filename>graphical.target</filename> (for fully-featured
|
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boots into the UI) or <filename>multi-user.target</filename> (for
|
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limited console-only boots for use in embedded or server
|
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environments, or similar; a subset of graphical.target). However,
|
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it is at the discretion of the administrator to configure it as an
|
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alias to any other target unit. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for details about these target units.</para>
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<para>Processes systemd spawns are placed in individual Linux
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control groups named after the unit which they belong to in the
|
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private systemd hierarchy. (see <ulink
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url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt">cgroups.txt</ulink>
|
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for more information about control groups, or short "cgroups").
|
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systemd uses this to effectively keep track of processes. Control
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group information is maintained in the kernel, and is accessible
|
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via the file system hierarchy (beneath
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<filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd/</filename>), or in tools such as
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
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(<command>ps xawf -eo pid,user,cgroup,args</command> is
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particularly useful to list all processes and the systemd units
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|
they belong to.).</para>
|
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|
|
<para>systemd is compatible with the SysV init system to a large
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|
degree: SysV init scripts are supported and simply read as an
|
|
alternative (though limited) configuration file format. The SysV
|
|
<filename>/dev/initctl</filename> interface is provided, and
|
|
compatibility implementations of the various SysV client tools are
|
|
available. In addition to that, various established Unix
|
|
functionality such as <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> or the
|
|
<filename>utmp</filename> database are supported.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>systemd has a minimal transaction system: if a unit is
|
|
requested to start up or shut down it will add it and all its
|
|
dependencies to a temporary transaction. Then, it will verify if
|
|
the transaction is consistent (i.e. whether the ordering of all
|
|
units is cycle-free). If it is not, systemd will try to fix it up,
|
|
and removes non-essential jobs from the transaction that might
|
|
remove the loop. Also, systemd tries to suppress non-essential
|
|
jobs in the transaction that would stop a running service. Finally
|
|
it is checked whether the jobs of the transaction contradict jobs
|
|
that have already been queued, and optionally the transaction is
|
|
aborted then. If all worked out and the transaction is consistent
|
|
and minimized in its impact it is merged with all already
|
|
outstanding jobs and added to the run queue. Effectively this
|
|
means that before executing a requested operation, systemd will
|
|
verify that it makes sense, fixing it if possible, and only
|
|
failing if it really cannot work.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Systemd contains native implementations of various tasks
|
|
that need to be executed as part of the boot process. For example,
|
|
it sets the hostname or configures the loopback network device. It
|
|
also sets up and mounts various API file systems, such as
|
|
<filename>/sys</filename> or <filename>/proc</filename>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For more information about the concepts and
|
|
ideas behind systemd, please refer to the
|
|
<ulink url="http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html">Original Design Document</ulink>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that some but not all interfaces provided
|
|
by systemd are covered by the
|
|
<ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/InterfaceStabilityPromise">Interface
|
|
Stability Promise</ulink>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Units may be generated dynamically at boot and system
|
|
manager reload time, for example based on other configuration
|
|
files or parameters passed on the kernel command line. For details see
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Systems which invoke systemd in a container or initrd
|
|
environment should implement the
|
|
<ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ContainerInterface">Container Interface</ulink> or
|
|
<ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/InitrdInterface">initrd Interface</ulink>
|
|
specifications, respectively.</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Directories</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>System unit directories</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>The systemd system manager reads unit
|
|
configuration from various directories. Packages that want to
|
|
install unit files shall place them in the directory returned
|
|
by <command>pkg-config systemd
|
|
--variable=systemdsystemunitdir</command>. Other directories
|
|
checked are <filename>/usr/local/lib/systemd/system</filename>
|
|
and <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system</filename>. User
|
|
configuration always takes precedence. <command>pkg-config
|
|
systemd --variable=systemdsystemconfdir</command> returns the
|
|
path of the system configuration directory. Packages should
|
|
alter the content of these directories only with the
|
|
<command>enable</command> and <command>disable</command>
|
|
commands of the
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
tool. Full list of directories is provided in
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>User unit directories</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Similar rules apply for the user unit
|
|
directories. However, here the
|
|
<ulink url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html">XDG
|
|
Base Directory specification</ulink> is followed to find
|
|
units. Applications should place their unit files in the
|
|
directory returned by <command>pkg-config systemd
|
|
--variable=systemduserunitdir</command>. Global configuration
|
|
is done in the directory reported by <command>pkg-config
|
|
systemd --variable=systemduserconfdir</command>. The
|
|
<command>enable</command> and <command>disable</command>
|
|
commands of the
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
tool can handle both global (i.e. for all users) and private
|
|
(for one user) enabling/disabling of units. Full list of
|
|
directories is provided in
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>SysV init scripts directory</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>The location of the SysV init script directory
|
|
varies between distributions. If systemd cannot find a native
|
|
unit file for a requested service, it will look for a SysV
|
|
init script of the same name (with the
|
|
<filename>.service</filename> suffix
|
|
removed).</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>SysV runlevel link farm directory</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>The location of the SysV runlevel link farm
|
|
directory varies between distributions. systemd will take the
|
|
link farm into account when figuring out whether a service
|
|
shall be enabled. Note that a service unit with a native unit
|
|
configuration file cannot be started by activating it in the
|
|
SysV runlevel link farm.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Signals</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGTERM</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Upon receiving this signal the systemd system
|
|
manager serializes its state, reexecutes itself and
|
|
deserializes the saved state again. This is mostly equivalent
|
|
to <command>systemctl daemon-reexec</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>systemd user managers will start the
|
|
<filename>exit.target</filename> unit when this signal is
|
|
received. This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl
|
|
--user start exit.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGINT</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Upon receiving this signal the systemd system
|
|
manager will start the
|
|
<filename>ctrl-alt-del.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
ctl-alt-del.target</command>. If this signal is received more
|
|
often than 7 times per 2s an immediate reboot is triggered.
|
|
Note that pressing Ctrl-Alt-Del on the console will trigger
|
|
this signal. Hence, if a reboot is hanging pressing
|
|
Ctrl-Alt-Del more than 7 times in 2s is a relatively safe way
|
|
to trigger an immediate reboot.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>systemd user managers treat this signal the same way as
|
|
<constant>SIGTERM</constant>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGWINCH</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When this signal is received the systemd
|
|
system manager will start the
|
|
<filename>kbrequest.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
kbrequest.target</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>This signal is ignored by systemd user
|
|
managers.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGPWR</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When this signal is received the systemd
|
|
manager will start the <filename>sigpwr.target</filename>
|
|
unit. This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
sigpwr.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGUSR1</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When this signal is received the systemd
|
|
manager will try to reconnect to the D-Bus
|
|
bus.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGUSR2</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When this signal is received the systemd
|
|
manager will log its complete state in human readable form.
|
|
The data logged is the same as printed by
|
|
<command>systemd-analyze dump</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGHUP</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Reloads the complete daemon configuration.
|
|
This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl
|
|
daemon-reload</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+0</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Enters default mode, starts the
|
|
<filename>default.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
default.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+1</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Enters rescue mode, starts the
|
|
<filename>rescue.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate
|
|
rescue.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+2</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Enters emergency mode, starts the
|
|
<filename>emergency.service</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate
|
|
emergency.service</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+3</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Halts the machine, starts the
|
|
<filename>halt.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
halt.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+4</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Powers off the machine, starts the
|
|
<filename>poweroff.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
poweroff.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+5</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Reboots the machine, starts the
|
|
<filename>reboot.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
reboot.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+6</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Reboots the machine via kexec, starts the
|
|
<filename>kexec.target</filename> unit. This is mostly
|
|
equivalent to <command>systemctl start
|
|
kexec.target</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+13</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately halts the machine.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+14</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately powers off the machine.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+15</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately reboots the machine.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+16</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately reboots the machine with kexec.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+20</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Enables display of status messages on the
|
|
console, as controlled via
|
|
<varname>systemd.show_status=1</varname> on the kernel command
|
|
line.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+21</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Disables display of
|
|
status messages on the console, as
|
|
controlled via
|
|
<varname>systemd.show_status=0</varname>
|
|
on the kernel command
|
|
line.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+22</constant></term>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+23</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Sets the log level to <literal>debug</literal>
|
|
(or <literal>info</literal> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+23</constant>), as controlled via
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_level=debug</varname> (or
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_level=info</varname> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+23</constant>) on the kernel command
|
|
line.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+24</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Immediately exits the manager (only available
|
|
for --user instances).</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+26</constant></term>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+27</constant></term>
|
|
<term><constant>SIGRTMIN+28</constant></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Sets the log level to
|
|
<literal>journal-or-kmsg</literal> (or
|
|
<literal>console</literal> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+27</constant>, <literal>kmsg</literal> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+28</constant>), as controlled via
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_target=journal-or-kmsg</varname> (or
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_target=console</varname> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+27</constant> or
|
|
<varname>systemd.log_target=kmsg</varname> on
|
|
<constant>SIGRTMIN+28</constant>) on the kernel command
|
|
line.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Environment</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist class='environment-variables'>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>systemd reads the log level from this
|
|
environment variable. This can be overridden with
|
|
<option>--log-level=</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>systemd reads the log target from this
|
|
environment variable. This can be overridden with
|
|
<option>--log-target=</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls whether systemd highlights important
|
|
log messages. This can be overridden with
|
|
<option>--log-color=</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls whether systemd prints the code
|
|
location along with log messages. This can be overridden with
|
|
<option>--log-location=</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>$XDG_DATA_HOME</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>The systemd user manager uses these variables
|
|
in accordance to the <ulink
|
|
url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html">XDG
|
|
Base Directory specification</ulink> to find its
|
|
configuration.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls where systemd looks for unit
|
|
files.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_SYSVINIT_PATH</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls where systemd looks for SysV init
|
|
scripts.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_SYSVRCND_PATH</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls where systemd looks for SysV init
|
|
script runlevel link farms.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$LISTEN_PID</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>$LISTEN_FDS</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Set by systemd for supervised processes during
|
|
socket-based activation. See
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_listen_fds</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
for more information. </para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>$NOTIFY_SOCKET</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Set by systemd for supervised processes for
|
|
status and start-up completion notification. See
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
for more information. </para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Kernel Command Line</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>When run as system instance systemd parses a number of
|
|
kernel command line arguments<footnote><para>If run inside a Linux
|
|
container these arguments may be passed as command line arguments
|
|
to systemd itself, next to any of the command line options listed
|
|
in the Options section above. If run outside of Linux containers,
|
|
these arguments are parsed from <filename>/proc/cmdline</filename>
|
|
instead.</para></footnote>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist class='kernel-commandline-options'>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.unit=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>rd.systemd.unit=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Overrides the unit to activate on boot.
|
|
Defaults to <filename>default.target</filename>. This may be
|
|
used to temporarily boot into a different boot unit, for
|
|
example <filename>rescue.target</filename> or
|
|
<filename>emergency.service</filename>. See
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
for details about these units. The option prefixed with
|
|
<literal>rd.</literal> is honored only in the initial RAM disk
|
|
(initrd), while the one that is not prefixed only in the main
|
|
system.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.dump_core=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
|
|
<option>true</option>, systemd dumps core when it crashes.
|
|
Otherwise, no core dump is created. Defaults to
|
|
<option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.crash_shell=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
|
|
<option>true</option>, systemd spawns a shell when it crashes.
|
|
Otherwise, no shell is spawned. Defaults to
|
|
<option>false</option>, for security reasons, as the shell is
|
|
not protected by any password
|
|
authentication.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.crash_chvt=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes an integer argument. If positive systemd
|
|
activates the specified virtual terminal when it crashes.
|
|
Defaults to <constant>-1</constant>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.confirm_spawn=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
|
|
<option>true</option>, asks for confirmation when spawning
|
|
processes. Defaults to
|
|
<option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.show_status=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument or the constant
|
|
<constant>auto</constant>. If <option>true</option>, shows
|
|
terse service status updates on the console during bootup.
|
|
<constant>auto</constant> behaves like <option>false</option>
|
|
until a service fails or there is a significant delay in boot.
|
|
Defaults to <option>true</option>, unless
|
|
<option>quiet</option> is passed as kernel command line option
|
|
in which case it defaults to
|
|
<constant>auto</constant>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.log_target=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.log_level=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.log_color=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.log_location=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls log output, with the same effect as
|
|
the <varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET</varname>,
|
|
<varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL</varname>,
|
|
<varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR</varname>,
|
|
<varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION</varname> environment variables
|
|
described above.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.default_standard_output=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.default_standard_error=</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>Controls default standard output and error
|
|
output for services, with the same effect as the
|
|
<option>--default-standard-output=</option> and
|
|
<option>--default-standard-error=</option> command line
|
|
arguments described above, respectively.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>systemd.setenv=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a string argument in the form
|
|
VARIABLE=VALUE. May be used to set default environment
|
|
variables to add to forked child processes. May be used more
|
|
than once to set multiple variables.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>quiet</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Turn off status output at boot, much like
|
|
<varname>systemd.show_status=false</varname> would. Note that
|
|
this option is also read by the kernel itself and disables
|
|
kernel log output. Passing this option hence turns off the
|
|
usual output from both the system manager and the kernel.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>debug</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Turn on debugging output. This is equivalent
|
|
to <varname>systemd.log_level=debug</varname>. Note that this
|
|
option is also read by the kernel itself and enables kernel
|
|
debug output. Passing this option hence turns on the debug
|
|
output from both the system manager and the
|
|
kernel.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>emergency</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>-b</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Boot into emergency mode. This is equivalent
|
|
to <varname>systemd.unit=emergency.target</varname> and
|
|
provided for compatibility reasons and to be easier to
|
|
type.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>rescue</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>single</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>s</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>S</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>1</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Boot into rescue mode. This is equivalent to
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=rescue.target</varname> and provided for
|
|
compatibility reasons and to be easier to
|
|
type.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>2</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>3</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>4</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>5</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Boot into the specified legacy SysV runlevel.
|
|
These are equivalent to
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=runlevel2.target</varname>,
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=runlevel3.target</varname>,
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=runlevel4.target</varname>, and
|
|
<varname>systemd.unit=runlevel5.target</varname>,
|
|
respectively, and provided for compatibility reasons and to be
|
|
easier to type.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LANG=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LANGUAGE=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_CTYPE=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_NUMERIC=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_TIME=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_COLLATE=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_MONETARY=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_MESSAGES=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_PAPER=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_NAME=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_ADDRESS=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_TELEPHONE=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_MEASUREMENT=</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>locale.LC_IDENTIFICATION=</varname></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Set the system locale to use. This overrides
|
|
the settings in <filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename>. For
|
|
more information see
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>locale.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
and
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>locale</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<para>For other kernel command line parameters understood by
|
|
components of the core OS, please refer to
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>kernel-command-line</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Sockets and FIFOs</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><filename>/run/systemd/notify</filename></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Daemon status notification socket. This is an
|
|
<constant>AF_UNIX</constant> datagram socket and is used to
|
|
implement the daemon notification logic as implemented by
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
|
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><filename>/run/systemd/private</filename></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Used internally as communication channel
|
|
between
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
and the systemd process. This is an
|
|
<constant>AF_UNIX</constant> stream socket. This interface is
|
|
private to systemd and should not be used in external
|
|
projects.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><filename>/dev/initctl</filename></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Limited compatibility support for the SysV
|
|
client interface, as implemented by the
|
|
<filename>systemd-initctl.service</filename> unit. This is a
|
|
named pipe in the file system. This interface is obsolete and
|
|
should not be used in new applications.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>See Also</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/">systemd Homepage</ulink>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>locale.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>pkg-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>kernel-command-line</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>bootup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
</refentry>
|