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900 lines
40 KiB
XML
900 lines
40 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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<!--
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This file is part of systemd.
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Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
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systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
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the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
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(at your option) any later version.
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systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
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WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
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Lesser General Public License for more details.
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You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
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along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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-->
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<refentry id="machinectl" conditional='ENABLE_MACHINED'
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<refentryinfo>
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<title>machinectl</title>
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<productname>systemd</productname>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<contrib>Developer</contrib>
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<firstname>Lennart</firstname>
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<surname>Poettering</surname>
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<email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>machinectl</refname>
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<refpurpose>Control the systemd machine manager</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>machinectl</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="req">COMMAND</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">NAME</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para><command>machinectl</command> may be used to introspect and
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control the state of the
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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virtual machine and container registration manager
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Options</title>
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<para>The following options are understood:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-p</option></term>
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<term><option>--property=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When showing machine or image properties,
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limit the output to certain properties as specified by the
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argument. If not specified, all set properties are shown. The
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argument should be a property name, such as
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<literal>Name</literal>. If specified more than once, all
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properties with the specified names are
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shown.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-a</option></term>
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<term><option>--all</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When showing machine or image properties, show
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all properties regardless of whether they are set or
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not.</para>
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<para>When listing VM or container images, do not suppress
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images beginning in a dot character
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(<literal>.</literal>).</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-l</option></term>
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<term><option>--full</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Do not ellipsize process tree entries.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--no-ask-password</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Do not query the user for authentication for
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privileged operations.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--kill-who=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose
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which processes to kill. Must be one of
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<option>leader</option>, or <option>all</option> to select
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whether to kill only the leader process of the machine or all
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processes of the machine. If omitted, defaults to
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<option>all</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-s</option></term>
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<term><option>--signal=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose
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which signal to send to selected processes. Must be one of the
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well-known signal specifiers, such as
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<constant>SIGTERM</constant>, <constant>SIGINT</constant> or
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<constant>SIGSTOP</constant>. If omitted, defaults to
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<constant>SIGTERM</constant>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--mkdir</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command> creates
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the destination directory before applying the bind
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mount.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--read-only</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command> applies
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a read-only bind mount.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-n</option></term>
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<term><option>--lines=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When used with <command>status</command>,
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controls the number of journal lines to show, counting from
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the most recent ones. Takes a positive integer argument.
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Defaults to 10.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-o</option></term>
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<term><option>--output=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When used with <command>status</command>,
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controls the formatting of the journal entries that are shown.
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For the available choices, see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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Defaults to <literal>short</literal>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--verify=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When downloading a container or VM image,
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specify whether the image shall be verified before it is made
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available. Takes one of <literal>no</literal>,
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<literal>checksum</literal> and <literal>signature</literal>.
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If <literal>no</literal> no verification is done. If
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<literal>checksum</literal> is specified the download is
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checked for integrity after transfer is complete, but no
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signatures are verified. If <literal>signature</literal> is
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specified, the checksum is verified and the images's signature
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is checked against a local keyring of trustable vendors. It is
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strongly recommended to set this option to
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<literal>signature</literal> if the server and protocol
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support this. Defaults to
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<literal>signature</literal>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--force</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When downloading a container or VM image, and
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a local copy by the specified local machine name already
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exists, delete it first and replace it by the newly downloaded
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image.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--dkr-index-url</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Specifies the index server to use for
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downloading <literal>dkr</literal> images with the
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<command>pull-dkr</command>. Takes a
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<literal>http://</literal>, <literal>https://</literal>
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URL.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--format=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>When used with the <option>export-tar</option>
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or <option>export-raw</option> commands specifies the
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compression format to use for the resulting file. Takes one of
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<literal>uncompressed</literal>, <literal>xz</literal>,
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<literal>gzip</literal>, <literal>bzip2</literal>. By default
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the format is determined automatically from the image file
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name passed.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" />
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<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="machine" />
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-legend" />
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
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<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
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</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Commands</title>
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<para>The following commands are understood:</para>
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<refsect2><title>Machine Commands</title><variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>list</command></term>
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<listitem><para>List currently running (online) virtual
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machines and containers. To enumerate container images that
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can be started, use <command>list-images</command> (see
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below).</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>status</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term>
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<listitem><para>Show terse runtime status information about
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one or more virtual machines and containers, followed by the
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most recent log data from the journal. This function is
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intended to generate human-readable output. If you are looking
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for computer-parsable output, use <command>show</command>
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instead. Note that the log data shown is reported by the
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virtual machine or container manager, and frequently contains
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console output of the machine, but not necessarily journal
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contents of the machine itself.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>show</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term>
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<listitem><para>Show properties of one or more registered
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virtual machines or containers or the manager itself. If no
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argument is specified, properties of the manager will be
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shown. If an NAME is specified, properties of this virtual
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machine or container are shown. By default, empty properties
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are suppressed. Use <option>--all</option> to show those too.
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To select specific properties to show, use
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<option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be
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used whenever computer-parsable output is required. Use
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<command>status</command> if you are looking for formatted
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human-readable output.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>start</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term>
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<listitem><para>Start a container as a system service, using
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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This starts <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename>,
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instantiated for the specified machine name, similar to the
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effect of <command>systemctl start</command> on the service
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name. <command>systemd-nspawn</command> looks for a container
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image by the specified name in
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<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> (and other search
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paths, see below) and runs it. Use
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<command>list-images</command> (see below), for listing
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available container images to start.</para>
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<para>Note that
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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also interfaces with a variety of other container and VM
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managers, <command>systemd-nspawn</command> is just one
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implementation of it. Most of the commands available in
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<command>machinectl</command> may be used on containers or VMs
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controlled by other managers, not just
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<command>systemd-nspawn</command>. Starting VMs and container
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images on those managers requires manager-specific
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tools.</para>
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<para>To interactively start a container on the command line
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with full access to the container's console, please invoke
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<command>systemd-nspawn</command> directly. To stop a running
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container use <command>machinectl poweroff</command>, see
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below.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>login</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
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<listitem><para>Open an interactive terminal login session to
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a container. This will create a TTY connection to a specific
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container and asks for the execution of a getty on it. Note
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that this is only supported for containers running
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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as init system.</para>
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<para>This command will open a full login prompt on the
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container, which then asks for username and password. Use
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-run</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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with the <option>--machine=</option> switch to invoke a single
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command, either interactively or in the background within a
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local container.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>enable</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term>
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<term><command>disable</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term>
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<listitem><para>Enable or disable a container as a system
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service to start at system boot, using
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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This enables or disables
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<filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename>, instantiated for
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the specified machine name, similar to the effect of
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<command>systemctl enable</command> or <command>systemctl
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disable</command> on the service name.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>poweroff</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term>
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<listitem><para>Power off one or more containers. This will
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trigger a reboot by sending SIGRTMIN+4 to the container's init
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process, which causes systemd-compatible init systems to shut
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down cleanly. This operation does not work on containers that
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do not run a
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>-compatible
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init system, such as sysvinit. Use
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<command>terminate</command> (see below) to immediately
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terminate a container or VM, without cleanly shutting it
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down.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>reboot</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term>
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<listitem><para>Reboot one or more containers. This will
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trigger a reboot by sending SIGINT to the container's init
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process, which is roughly equivalent to pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del
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on a non-containerized system, and is compatible with
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containers running any system manager.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>terminate</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term>
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<listitem><para>Immediately terminates a virtual machine or
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container, without cleanly shutting it down. This kills all
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processes of the virtual machine or container and deallocates
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all resources attached to that instance. Use
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<command>poweroff</command> to issue a clean shutdown
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request.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>kill</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term>
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<listitem><para>Send a signal to one or more processes of the
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virtual machine or container. This means processes as seen by
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the host, not the processes inside the virtual machine or
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container. Use <option>--kill-who=</option> to select which
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process to kill. Use <option>--signal=</option> to select the
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signal to send.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>bind</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]</term>
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<listitem><para>Bind mounts a directory from the host into the
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specified container. The first directory argument is the
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source directory on the host, the second directory argument
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is the destination directory in the container. When the
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latter is omitted the destination path in the container is
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the same as the source path on the host. When combined with
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the <option>--read-only</option> switch a ready-only bind
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mount is created. When combined with the
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<option>--mkdir</option> switch the destination path is first
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created before the mount is applied. Note that this option is
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currently only supported for
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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containers.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>copy-to</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]</term>
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<listitem><para>Copies files or directories from the host
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system into a running container. Takes a container name,
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followed by the source path on the host and the destination
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path in the container. If the destination path is omitted the
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same as the source path is used.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>copy-from</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]</term>
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<listitem><para>Copies files or directories from a container
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into the host system. Takes a container name, followed by the
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source path in the container the destination path on the host.
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If the destination path is omitted the same as the source path
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is used.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist></refsect2>
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|
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<refsect2><title>Image Commands</title><variablelist>
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|
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>list-images</command></term>
|
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|
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<listitem><para>Show a list of locally installed container and
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VM images. This enumerates all raw disk images and container
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directories and subvolumes in
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<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> (and other search
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paths, see below). Use <command>start</command> (see above) to
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run a container off one of the listed images. Note that by
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default containers whose name begins with a dot
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(<literal>.</literal>) are not shown. To show these too,
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specify <option>--all</option>. Note that a special image
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<literal>.host</literal> always implicitly exists and refers
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to the image the host itself is booted from.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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|
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<varlistentry>
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|
<term><command>image-status</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term>
|
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|
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<listitem><para>Show terse status information about one or
|
|
more container or VM images. This function is intended to
|
|
generate human-readable output. Use
|
|
<command>show-image</command> (see below) to generate
|
|
computer-parsable output instead.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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|
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<varlistentry>
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|
<term><command>show-image</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term>
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|
|
<listitem><para>Show properties of one or more registered
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|
virtual machine or container images, or the manager itself. If
|
|
no argument is specified, properties of the manager will be
|
|
shown. If an NAME is specified, properties of this virtual
|
|
machine or container image are shown. By default, empty
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|
properties are suppressed. Use <option>--all</option> to show
|
|
those too. To select specific properties to show, use
|
|
<option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be
|
|
used whenever computer-parsable output is required. Use
|
|
<command>image-status</command> if you are looking for
|
|
formatted human-readable output.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>clone</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Clones a container or VM image. The
|
|
arguments specify the name of the image to clone and the name
|
|
of the newly cloned image. Note that plain directory container
|
|
images are cloned into subvolume images with this command.
|
|
Note that cloning a container or VM image is optimized for
|
|
btrfs file systems, and might not be efficient on others, due
|
|
to file system limitations.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that this command leaves host name, machine ID and
|
|
all other settings that could identify the instance
|
|
unmodified. The original image and the cloned copy will hence
|
|
share these credentials, and it might be necessary to manually
|
|
change them in the copy.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>rename</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Renames a container or VM image. The
|
|
arguments specify the name of the image to rename and the new
|
|
name of the image.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>read-only</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>BOOL</replaceable>]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Marks or (unmarks) a container or VM image
|
|
read-only. Takes a VM or container image name, followed by a
|
|
boolean as arguments. If the boolean is omitted, positive is
|
|
implied, i.e. the image is marked read-only.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>remove</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Removes one or more container or VM images.
|
|
The special image <literal>.host</literal>, which refers to
|
|
the host's own directory tree may not be
|
|
removed.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>set-limit</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>] <replaceable>BYTES</replaceable></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Sets the maximum size in bytes a specific
|
|
container or VM image, or all images may grow up to on disk
|
|
(disk quota). Takes either one or two parameters. The first,
|
|
optional parameter refers to a container or VM image name. If
|
|
specified the size limit of the specified image is changed. If
|
|
omitted the overall size limit of the sum of all images stored
|
|
locally is changed. The final argument specifies the size
|
|
limit in bytes, possibly suffixed by the usual K, M, G, T
|
|
units. If the size limit shall be disabled, specify
|
|
<literal>-</literal> as size.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that per-container size limits are only supported
|
|
on btrfs file systems. Also note that if
|
|
<command>set-limit</command> is invoked without image
|
|
parameter, and <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename> is
|
|
empty, and the directory is not located on btrfs, a btrfs
|
|
loopback file is implicitly created as
|
|
<filename>/var/lib/machines.raw</filename> with the given
|
|
size, and mounted to
|
|
<filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>. The size of the
|
|
loopback may later be readjusted with
|
|
<command>set-limit</command>, as well. If such a
|
|
loopback-mounted <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>
|
|
directory is used <command>set-limit</command> without image
|
|
name alters both the quota setting within the file system as
|
|
well as the loopback file and file system size
|
|
itself.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist></refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<refsect2><title>Image Transfer Commands</title><variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>pull-tar</command> <replaceable>URL</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Downloads a <filename>.tar</filename>
|
|
container image from the specified URL, and makes it available
|
|
under the specified local machine name. The URL must be of
|
|
type <literal>http://</literal> or
|
|
<literal>https://</literal>, and must refer to a
|
|
<filename>.tar</filename>, <filename>.tar.gz</filename>,
|
|
<filename>.tar.xz</filename> or <filename>.tar.bz2</filename>
|
|
archive file. If the local machine name is omitted it
|
|
is automatically derived from the last component of the URL,
|
|
with its suffix removed.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The image is verified before it is made available,
|
|
unless <option>--verify=no</option> is specified. Verification
|
|
is done via SHA256SUMS and SHA256SUMS.gpg files, that need to
|
|
be made available on the same web server, under the same URL
|
|
as the <filename>.tar</filename> file, but with the last
|
|
component (the filename) of the URL replaced. With
|
|
<option>--verify=checksum</option> only the SHA256 checksum
|
|
for the file is verified, based on the
|
|
<filename>SHA256SUMS</filename> file. With
|
|
<option>--verify=signature</option> the SHA256SUMS file is
|
|
first verified with detached GPG signature file
|
|
<filename>SHA256SUMS.gpg</filename>. The public key for this
|
|
verification step needs to be available in
|
|
<filename>/usr/lib/systemd/import-pubring.gpg</filename> or
|
|
<filename>/etc/systemd/import-pubring.gpg</filename>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The container image will be downloaded and stored in a
|
|
read-only subvolume in
|
|
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>, that is named after
|
|
the specified URL and its HTTP etag. A writable snapshot is
|
|
then taken from this subvolume, and named after the specified
|
|
local name. This behavior ensures that creating multiple
|
|
container instances of the same URL is efficient, as multiple
|
|
downloads are not necessary. In order to create only the
|
|
read-only image, and avoid creating its writable snapshot,
|
|
specify <literal>-</literal> as local machine name.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that the read-only subvolume is prefixed with
|
|
<filename>.tar-</filename>, and is thus not shown by
|
|
<command>list-images</command>, unless <option>--all</option>
|
|
is passed.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that pressing C-c during execution of this command
|
|
will not abort the download. Use
|
|
<command>cancel-transfer</command>, described
|
|
below.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>pull-raw</command> <replaceable>URL</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Downloads a <filename>.raw</filename>
|
|
container or VM disk image from the specified URL, and makes
|
|
it available under the specified local machine name. The URL
|
|
must be of type <literal>http://</literal> or
|
|
<literal>https://</literal>. The container image must either
|
|
be a <filename>.qcow2</filename> or raw disk image, optionally
|
|
compressed as <filename>.gz</filename>,
|
|
<filename>.xz</filename>, or <filename>.bz2</filename>. If the
|
|
local machine name is omitted it is automatically
|
|
derived from the last component of the URL, with its suffix
|
|
removed.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Image verification is identical for raw and tar images
|
|
(see above).</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If the downloaded image is in
|
|
<filename>.qcow2</filename> format it is converted into a raw
|
|
image file before it is made available.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Downloaded images of this type will be placed as
|
|
read-only <filename>.raw</filename> file in
|
|
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>. A local, writable
|
|
(reflinked) copy is then made under the specified local
|
|
machine name. To omit creation of the local, writable copy
|
|
pass <literal>-</literal> as local machine name.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Similar to the behavior of <command>pull-tar</command>,
|
|
the read-only image is prefixed with
|
|
<filename>.raw-</filename>, and thus not shown by
|
|
<command>list-images</command>, unless <option>--all</option>
|
|
is passed.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that pressing C-c during execution of this command
|
|
will not abort the download. Use
|
|
<command>cancel-transfer</command>, described
|
|
below.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>pull-dkr</command> <replaceable>REMOTE</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Downloads a <literal>dkr</literal> container
|
|
image and makes it available locally. The remote name refers
|
|
to a <literal>dkr</literal> container name. If omitted, the
|
|
local machine name is derived from the <literal>dkr</literal>
|
|
container name.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Image verification is not available for
|
|
<literal>dkr</literal> containers, and thus
|
|
<option>--verify=no</option> must always be specified with
|
|
this command.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>This command downloads all (missing) layers for the
|
|
specified container and places them in read-only subvolumes in
|
|
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>. A writable snapshot
|
|
of the newest layer is then created under the specified local
|
|
machine name. To omit creation of this writable snapshot, pass
|
|
<literal>-</literal> as local machine name.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The read-only layer subvolumes are prefixed with
|
|
<filename>.dkr-</filename>, and thus not shown by
|
|
<command>list-images</command>, unless <option>--all</option>
|
|
is passed.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>To specify the <literal>dkr</literal> index server to
|
|
use for looking up the specified container, use
|
|
<option>--dkr-index-url=</option>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that pressing C-c during execution of this command
|
|
will not abort the download. Use
|
|
<command>cancel-transfer</command>, described
|
|
below.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>import-tar</command> <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
|
<term><command>import-raw</command> <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
|
|
<listitem><para>Imports a TAR or RAW container or VM image,
|
|
and places it under the specified name in
|
|
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>. When
|
|
<command>import-tar</command> is used the file specified as
|
|
first argument should be a tar archive, possibly compressed
|
|
with xz, gzip or bzip2. It will then be unpacked into its own
|
|
subvolume in <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>. When
|
|
<command>import-raw</command> is used the file should be a
|
|
qcow2 or raw disk image, possibly compressed with xz, gzip or
|
|
bzip2. If the second argument (the resulting image name) is
|
|
not specified it is automatically derived from the file
|
|
name. If the file name is passed as <literal>-</literal> the
|
|
image is read from standard input, in which case the second
|
|
argument is mandatory.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Similar as with <command>pull-tar</command>,
|
|
<command>pull-raw</command> the file system
|
|
<filename>/var/lib/machines.raw</filename> is increased in
|
|
size of necessary and appropriate. Optionally the
|
|
<option>--read-only</option> switch may be used to create a
|
|
read-only container or VM image. No cryptographic validation
|
|
is done when importing the images.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Much like image downloads, ongoing imports may be listed
|
|
with <command>list-transfers</command> and aborted with
|
|
<command>cancel-transfer</command>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>export-tar</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>FILE</replaceable>]</term>
|
|
<term><command>export-raw</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>FILE</replaceable>]</term>
|
|
<listitem><para>Exports a TAR or RAW container or VM image and
|
|
stores it in the specified file. The first parameter should be
|
|
a VM or container image name. The second parameter should be a
|
|
file path the TAR or RAW image is written to. If the path ends
|
|
in <literal>.gz</literal> the file is compressed with gzip, if
|
|
it ends in <literal>.xz</literal> with xz, and if it ends in
|
|
<literal>.bz2</literal> with bzip2. If the path ends in
|
|
neither the file is left uncompressed. If the second argument
|
|
is missing the image is written to standard output. The
|
|
compression may also be explicitly selected with the
|
|
<option>--format=</option> switch. This is in particular
|
|
useful if the second parameter is left unspecified.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Much like image downloads and imports, ongoing exports
|
|
may be listed with <command>list-transfers</command> and
|
|
aborted with
|
|
<command>cancel-transfer</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that currently only directory and subvolume images
|
|
may be exported as TAR images, and only raw disk images as RAW
|
|
images.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>list-transfers</command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Shows a list of container or VM image
|
|
downloads, imports and exports that are currently in
|
|
progress.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>cancel-transfers</command> <replaceable>ID</replaceable>...</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Aborts a download, import or export of the
|
|
container or VM image with the specified ID. To list ongoing
|
|
transfers and their IDs, use
|
|
<command>list-transfers</command>. </para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist></refsect2>
|
|
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Files and Directories</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Machine images are preferably stored in
|
|
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>, but are also searched for
|
|
in <filename>/usr/local/lib/machines/</filename> and
|
|
<filename>/usr/lib/machines/</filename>. For compatibility reasons
|
|
the directory <filename>/var/lib/container/</filename> is
|
|
searched, too. Note that images stored below
|
|
<filename>/usr</filename> are always considered read-only. It is
|
|
possible to symlink machines images from other directories into
|
|
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> to make them available for
|
|
control with <command>machinectl</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that many image operations are only supported,
|
|
efficient or atomic on btrfs file systems. Due to this, if the
|
|
<command>pull-tar</command>, <command>pull-raw</command>,
|
|
<command>pull-dkr</command>, <command>import-tar</command>,
|
|
<command>import-raw</command> and <command>set-limit</command>
|
|
commands notice that <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename> is
|
|
empty and not located on btrfs, they will implicitly set up a
|
|
loopback file <filename>/var/lib/machines.raw</filename>
|
|
containing a btrfs file system that is mounted to
|
|
<filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>. The size of this loopback
|
|
file may be controlled dynamically with
|
|
<command>set-limit</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Disk images are understood by
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
and <command>machinectl</command> in three formats:</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para>A simple directory tree, containing the files
|
|
and directories of the container to boot.</para></listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>A subvolume (on btrfs file systems), which are
|
|
similar to the simple directories, described above. However,
|
|
they have additional benefits, such as efficient cloning and
|
|
quota reporting.</para></listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>"Raw" disk images, i.e. binary images of disks
|
|
with a GPT or MBR partition table. Images of this type are
|
|
regular files with the suffix
|
|
<literal>.raw</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>See
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
for more information on image formats, in particular it's
|
|
<option>--directory=</option> and <option>--image=</option>
|
|
options.</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Examples</title>
|
|
<example>
|
|
<title>Download an Ubuntu image and open a shell in it</title>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting># machinectl pull-tar https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/trusty/current/trusty-server-cloudimg-amd64-root.tar.gz
|
|
# systemd-nspawn -M trusty-server-cloudimg-amd64-root</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>This downloads and verifies the specified
|
|
<filename>.tar</filename> image, and then uses
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
to open a shell in it.</para>
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
<title>Download a Fedora image, set a root password in it, start
|
|
it as service</title>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting># machinectl pull-raw --verify=no http://ftp.halifax.rwth-aachen.de/fedora/linux/releases/21/Cloud/Images/x86_64/Fedora-Cloud-Base-20141203-21.x86_64.raw.xz
|
|
# systemd-nspawn -M Fedora-Cloud-Base-20141203-21
|
|
# passwd
|
|
# exit
|
|
# machinectl start Fedora-Cloud-Base-20141203-21
|
|
# machinectl login Fedora-Cloud-Base-20141203-21</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>This downloads the specified <filename>.raw</filename>
|
|
image with verification disabled. Then a shell is opened in it
|
|
and a root password is set. Afterwards the shell is left, and
|
|
the machine started as system service. With the last command a
|
|
login prompt into the container is requested.</para>
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
<title>Download a Fedora <literal>dkr</literal> image</title>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting># machinectl pull-dkr --verify=no mattdm/fedora
|
|
# systemd-nspawn -M fedora</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>Downloads a <literal>dkr</literal> image and opens a shell
|
|
in it. Note that the specified download command might require an
|
|
index server to be specified with the
|
|
<literal>--dkr-index-url=</literal>.</para>
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
<title>Exports a container image as tar file</title>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting># machinectl export-tar fedora myfedora.tar.xz</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>Exports the container <literal>fedora</literal> in an
|
|
xz-compress tar file <filename>myfedora.tar.xz</filename> in the
|
|
current directory.</para>
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Exit status</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code
|
|
otherwise.</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="less-variables.xml" />
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>See Also</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>xz</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
</refentry>
|