systemd/man/systemd-cryptenroll.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!--*-nxml-*-->
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
<refentry id="systemd-cryptenroll" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" conditional='HAVE_LIBCRYPTSETUP'>

  <refentryinfo>
    <title>systemd-cryptenroll</title>
    <productname>systemd</productname>
  </refentryinfo>

  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>systemd-cryptenroll</refentrytitle>
    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv>
    <refname>systemd-cryptenroll</refname>
    <refpurpose>Enroll PKCS#11, FIDO2, TPM2 token/devices to LUKS2 encrypted volumes</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <cmdsynopsis>
      <command>systemd-cryptenroll <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> <arg choice="opt">DEVICE</arg></command>
    </cmdsynopsis>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para><command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> is a tool for enrolling hardware security tokens and devices
    into a LUKS2 encrypted volume, which may then be used to unlock the volume during boot. Specifically, it
    supports tokens and credentials of the following kind to be enrolled:</para>

    <orderedlist>
      <listitem><para>PKCS#11 security tokens and smartcards that may carry an RSA key pair (e.g. various
      YubiKeys)</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>FIDO2 security tokens that implement the <literal>hmac-secret</literal> extension (most
      FIDO2 keys, including YubiKeys)</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>TPM2 security devices</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>Regular passphrases</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>Recovery keys. These are similar to regular passphrases, however are randomly generated
      on the computer and thus generally have higher entropy than user-chosen passphrases. Their character
      set has been designed to ensure they are easy to type in, while having high entropy. They may also be
      scanned off screen using QR codes. Recovery keys may be used for unlocking LUKS2 volumes wherever
      passphrases are accepted. They are intended to be used in combination with an enrolled hardware
      security token, as a recovery option when the token is lost.</para></listitem>
    </orderedlist>

    <para>In addition, the tool may be used to enumerate currently enrolled security tokens and wipe a subset
    of them. The latter may be combined with the enrollment operation of a new security token, in order to
    update or replace enrollments.</para>

    <para>The tool supports only LUKS2 volumes, as it stores token meta-information in the LUKS2 JSON token
    area, which is not available in other encryption formats.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Limitations</title>

    <para>Note that currently when enrolling a new key of one of the five supported types listed above, it is
    required to first provide a passphrase or recovery key (i.e. one of the latter two key types). For
    example, it's currently not possible to unlock a device with a FIDO2 key in order to enroll a new FIDO2
    key. Instead, in order to enroll a new FIDO2 key, it is necessary to provide an already enrolled regular
    passphrase or recovery key. Thus, if in future key roll-over is desired it's generally recommended to
    combine TPM2, FIDO2, PKCS#11 key enrollment with enrolling a regular passphrase or recovery key.</para>

    <para>Also note that support for enrolling multiple FIDO2 tokens is currently not too useful, as while
    unlocking <command>systemd-cryptsetup</command> cannot identify which token is currently plugged in and
    thus does not know which authentication request to send to the device. This limitation does not apply to
    tokens enrolled via PKCS#11 — because tokens of this type may be identified immediately, before
    authentication.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Options</title>

    <para>The following options are understood:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--password</option></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a regular password/passphrase. This command is mostly equivalent to
        <command>cryptsetup luksAddKey</command>, however may be combined with
        <option>--wipe-slot=</option> in one call, see below.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--recovery-key</option></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a recovery key. Recovery keys are mostly identical to passphrases, but are
        computer-generated instead of being chosen by a human, and thus have a guaranteed high entropy. The
        key uses a character set that is easy to type in, and may be scanned off screen via a QR code.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--pkcs11-token-uri=</option><replaceable>URI</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a PKCS#11 security token or smartcard (e.g. a YubiKey). Expects a PKCS#11
        smartcard URI referring to the token. Alternatively the special value <literal>auto</literal> may
        be specified, in order to automatically determine the URI of a currently plugged in security token
        (of which there must be exactly one). The special value <literal>list</literal> may be used to
        enumerate all suitable PKCS#11 tokens currently plugged in. The security token must contain an RSA
        key pair which is used to encrypt the randomly generated key that is used to unlock the LUKS2
        volume. The encrypted key is then stored in the LUKS2 JSON token header area.</para>

        <para>In order to unlock a LUKS2 volume with an enrolled PKCS#11 security token, specify the
        <option>pkcs11-uri=</option> option in the respective <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line:</para>

        <programlisting>myvolume /dev/sda1 - pkcs11-uri=auto</programlisting>

        <para>See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for a
        more comprehensive example of a <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> invocation and its matching
        <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-device=</option><replaceable>PATH</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a FIDO2 security token that implements the <literal>hmac-secret</literal>
        extension (e.g. a YubiKey). Expects a <filename>hidraw</filename> device referring to the FIDO2
        device (e.g. <filename>/dev/hidraw1</filename>). Alternatively the special value
        <literal>auto</literal> may be specified, in order to automatically determine the device node of a
        currently plugged in security token (of which there must be exactly one). The special value
        <literal>list</literal> may be used to enumerate all suitable FIDO2 tokens currently plugged in. Note
        that many hardware security tokens that implement FIDO2 also implement the older PKCS#11
        standard. Typically FIDO2 is preferable, given it's simpler to use and more modern.</para>

        <para>In order to unlock a LUKS2 volume with an enrolled FIDO2 security token, specify the
        <option>fido2-device=</option> option in the respective <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line:</para>

        <programlisting>myvolume /dev/sda1 - fido2-device=auto</programlisting>

        <para>See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for a
        more comprehensive example of a <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> invocation and its matching
        <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-with-client-pin=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>When enrolling a FIDO2 security token, controls whether to require the user to enter
        a PIN when unlocking the volume (the FIDO2 <literal>clientPin</literal> feature). Defaults to
        <literal>yes</literal>. (Note: this setting is without effect if the security token does not support
        the <literal>clientPin</literal> feature at all, or does not allow enabling or disabling
        it.)</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-with-user-presence=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>When enrolling a FIDO2 security token, controls whether to require the user to
        verify presence (tap the token, the FIDO2 <literal>up</literal> feature) when unlocking the volume.
        Defaults to <literal>yes</literal>. (Note: this setting is without effect if the security token does not support
        the <literal>up</literal> feature at all, or does not allow enabling or disabling it.)
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-with-user-verification=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>When enrolling a FIDO2 security token, controls whether to require user verification
        when unlocking the volume (the FIDO2 <literal>uv</literal> feature). Defaults to
        <literal>no</literal>. (Note: this setting is without effect if the security token does not support
        the <literal>uv</literal> feature at all, or does not allow enabling or disabling it.)</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--tpm2-device=</option><replaceable>PATH</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a TPM2 security chip. Expects a device node path referring to the TPM2 chip
        (e.g. <filename>/dev/tpmrm0</filename>). Alternatively the special value <literal>auto</literal> may
        be specified, in order to automatically determine the device node of a currently discovered TPM2
        device (of which there must be exactly one). The special value <literal>list</literal> may be used to
        enumerate all suitable TPM2 devices currently discovered.</para>

        <para>In order to unlock a LUKS2 volume with an enrolled TPM2 security chip, specify the
        <option>tpm2-device=</option> option in the respective <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line:</para>

        <programlisting>myvolume /dev/sda1 - tpm2-device=auto</programlisting>

        <para>See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for a
        more comprehensive example of a <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> invocation and its matching
        <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line.</para>

        <para>Use <option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option> (see below) to configure which TPM2 PCR indexes to bind the
        enrollment to.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option><arg rep="repeat">PCR</arg></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures the TPM2 PCRs (Platform Configuration Registers) to bind the enrollment
        requested via <option>--tpm2-device=</option> to. Takes a <literal>+</literal> separated list of
        numeric PCR indexes in the range 0…23. If not used, defaults to PCR 7 only. If an empty string is
        specified, binds the enrollment to no PCRs at all. PCRs allow binding the enrollment to specific
        software versions and system state, so that the enrolled unlocking key is only accessible (may be
        "unsealed") if specific trusted software and/or configuration is used.</para>

        <table>
          <title>Well-known PCR Definitions</title>

          <!-- See: https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/resource/pc-client-specific-platform-firmware-profile-specification/ -->
          <!-- See: https://github.com/rhboot/shim/blob/main/README.tpm -->
          <!-- See: https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/html_node/Measured-Boot.html -->
          <!-- See: https://sourceforge.net/p/linux-ima/wiki/Home/ -->
          <!-- See: https://github.com/tianocore-docs/edk2-TrustedBootChain/blob/main/4_Other_Trusted_Boot_Chains.md -->
          <!-- See: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Trusted_Platform_Module#Accessing_PCR_registers -->

          <tgroup cols='2' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
            <colspec colname="pcr" />
            <colspec colname="definition" />

            <thead>
              <row>
                <entry>PCR</entry>
                <entry>Explanation</entry>
              </row>
            </thead>

            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>0</entry>
                <entry>Core system firmware executable code; changes on firmware updates</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>1</entry>
                <entry>Core system firmware data/host platform configuration; typically contains serial and model numbers, changes on basic hardware/CPU/RAM replacements</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>2</entry>
                <entry>Extended or pluggable executable code; includes option ROMs on pluggable hardware</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>3</entry>
                <entry>Extended or pluggable firmware data; includes information about pluggable hardware</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>4</entry>
                <entry>Boot loader; changes on boot loader updates. The shim project will measure the PE binary it chain loads into this PCR.</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>5</entry>
                <entry>GPT/Partition table; changes when the partitions are added, modified or removed</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>6</entry>
                <entry>Power state events; changes on system suspend/sleep</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>7</entry>
                <entry>Secure boot state; changes when UEFI SecureBoot mode is enabled/disabled, or firmware certificates (PK, KEK, db, dbx, …) changes. The shim project will measure most of its (non-MOK) certificates and SBAT data into this PCR.</entry>
              </row>

              <!-- Grub measures all its commands and the kernel command line into PCR 8… -->
              <!-- Grub measures all files it reads (including kernel image, initrd, …) into PCR 9… -->

              <row>
                <entry>12</entry>
                <entry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-boot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures the kernel command line into this PCR.</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>10</entry>
                <entry>The IMA project measures its runtime state into this PCR.</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>14</entry>
                <entry>The shim project measures its "MOK" certificates and hashes into this PCR.</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>

        <para>For most applications it should be sufficient to bind against PCR 7 (and possibly PCR 14, if
        shim/MOK is desired), as this includes measurements of the trusted certificates (and possibly hashes)
        that are used to validate all components of the boot process up to and including the OS kernel. In
        order to simplify firmware and OS version updates it's typically not advisable to include PCRs such
        as 0 and 2 in the binding of the enrollment, since the program code they cover should already be
        protected indirectly through the certificates measured into PCR 7. Validation through these
        certificates is typically preferable over validation through direct measurements as it is less
        brittle in context of OS/firmware updates: the measurements will change on every update, but code
        signatures likely will validate against pre-existing certificates.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--tpm2-with-pin=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>When enrolling a TPM2 device, controls whether to require the user to enter a PIN
        when unlocking the volume in addition to PCR binding, based on TPM2 policy authentication. Defaults
        to <literal>no</literal>. Despite being called PIN, any character can be used, not just numbers.
        </para>

        <para>Note that incorrect PIN entry when unlocking increments the
        TPM dictionary attack lockout mechanism, and may lock out users for a prolonged time, depending on
        its configuration. The lockout mechanism is a global property of the TPM,
        <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> does not control or configure the lockout mechanism. You may
        use tpm2-tss tools to inspect or configure the dictionary attack lockout, with
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tpm2_getcap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tpm2_dictionarylockout</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        commands, respectively.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--wipe-slot=</option><arg rep="repeat">SLOT</arg></term>

        <listitem><para>Wipes one or more LUKS2 key slots. Takes a comma separated list of numeric slot
        indexes, or the special strings <literal>all</literal> (for wiping all key slots),
        <literal>empty</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by an empty passphrase),
        <literal>password</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a traditional passphrase),
        <literal>recovery</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a recovery key),
        <literal>pkcs11</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a PKCS#11 token),
        <literal>fido2</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a FIDO2 token),
        <literal>tpm2</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a TPM2 chip), or any
        combination of these strings or numeric indexes, in which case all slots matching either are
        wiped. As safety precaution an operation that wipes all slots without exception (so that the volume
        cannot be unlocked at all anymore, unless the volume key is known) is refused.</para>

        <para>This switch may be used alone, in which case only the requested wipe operation is executed. It
        may also be used in combination with any of the enrollment options listed above, in which case the
        enrollment is completed first, and only when successful the wipe operation executed — and the newly
        added slot is always excluded from the wiping. Combining enrollment and slot wiping may thus be used to
        update existing enrollments:</para>

        <programlisting>systemd-cryptenroll /dev/sda1 --wipe-slot=tpm2 --tpm2-device=auto</programlisting>

        <para>The above command will enroll the TPM2 chip, and then wipe all previously created TPM2
        enrollments on the LUKS2 volume, leaving only the newly created one. Combining wiping and enrollment
        may also be used to replace enrollments of different types, for example for changing from a PKCS#11
        enrollment to a FIDO2 one:</para>

        <programlisting>systemd-cryptenroll /dev/sda1 --wipe-slot=pkcs11 --fido2-device=auto</programlisting>

        <para>Or for replacing an enrolled empty password by TPM2:</para>

        <programlisting>systemd-cryptenroll /dev/sda1 --wipe-slot=empty --tpm2-device=auto</programlisting>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
    </variablelist>

  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Exit status</title>

    <para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code otherwise.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para>
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
     </para>
  </refsect1>

</refentry>