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<chapter id="Config">
<title>Configuration problems</title>
<sect1>
<title>I have set 'force user' and samba still makes 'root' the owner of all the files I touch!</title>
<para>
When you have a user in 'admin users', samba will always do file operations for
this user as 'root', even if 'force user' has been set.
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>

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<chapter id="errors">
<title>Common errors</title>
<sect1>
<title>Not listening for calling name</title>
<para>
<programlisting>
Session request failed (131,129) with myname=HOBBES destname=CALVIN
Not listening for calling name
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
If you get this when talking to a Samba box then it means that your
global "hosts allow" or "hosts deny" settings are causing the Samba
server to refuse the connection.
</para>
<para>
Look carefully at your "hosts allow" and "hosts deny" lines in the
global section of smb.conf.
</para>
<para>
It can also be a problem with reverse DNS lookups not functioning
correctly, leading to the remote host identity not being able to
be confirmed, but that is less likely.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>System Error 1240</title>
<para>
System error 1240 means that the client is refusing to talk
to a non-encrypting server. Microsoft changed WinNT in service
pack 3 to refuse to connect to servers that do not support
SMB password encryption.
</para>
<para>There are two main solutions:
<simplelist>
<member>enable SMB password encryption in Samba. See the encryption part of
the samba HOWTO Collection</member>
<member>disable this new behaviour in NT. See the section about
Windows NT in the chapter "Portability" of the samba HOWTO collection
</member>
</simplelist>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>smbclient ignores -N !</title>
<para>
<quote>When getting the list of shares available on a host using the command
<command>smbclient -N -L</command>
the program always prompts for the password if the server is a Samba server.
It also ignores the "-N" argument when querying some (but not all) of our
NT servers.
</quote>
<para>
No, it does not ignore -N, it is just that your server rejected the
null password in the connection, so smbclient prompts for a password
to try again.
</para>
<para>
To get the behaviour that you probably want use <command>smbclient -L host -U%</command>
</para>
<para>
This will set both the username and password to null, which is
an anonymous login for SMB. Using -N would only set the password
to null, and this is not accepted as an anonymous login for most
SMB servers.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>The data on the CD-Drive I've shared seems to be corrupted!</title>
<para>
Some OSes (notably Linux) default to auto detection of file type on
cdroms and do cr/lf translation. This is a very bad idea when use with
Samba. It causes all sorts of stuff ups.
</para>
<para>
To overcome this problem use conv=binary when mounting the cdrom
before exporting it with Samba.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Why can users access home directories of other users?</title>
<para>
<quote>
We are unable to keep individual users from mapping to any other user's
home directory once they have supplied a valid password! They only need
to enter their own password. I have not found *any* method that I can
use to configure samba to enforce that only a user may map their own
home directory.
</quote>
</para>
<para><quote>
User xyzzy can map his home directory. Once mapped user xyzzy can also map
*anyone* elses home directory!
</quote></para>
<para>
This is not a security flaw, it is by design. Samba allows
users to have *exactly* the same access to the UNIX filesystem
as they would if they were logged onto the UNIX box, except
that it only allows such views onto the file system as are
allowed by the defined shares.
</para>
<para>
This means that if your UNIX home directories are set up
such that one user can happily cd into another users
directory and do an ls, the UNIX security solution is to
change the UNIX file permissions on the users home directories
such that the cd and ls would be denied.
</para>
<para>
Samba tries very hard not to second guess the UNIX administrators
security policies, and trusts the UNIX admin to set
the policies and permissions he or she desires.
</para>
<para>
Samba does allow the setup you require when you have set the
"only user = yes" option on the share, is that you have not set the
valid users list for the share.
</para>
<para>
Note that only user works in conjunction with the users= list,
so to get the behavior you require, add the line :
<programlisting>
users = %S
</programlisting>
this is equivalent to:
<programlisting>
valid users = %S
</programlisting>
to the definition of the [homes] share, as recommended in
the smb.conf man page.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Until a few minutes after samba has started, clients get the error "Domain Controller Unavailable"</title>
<para>
A domain controller has to announce on the network who it is. This usually takes a while.
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>

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<chapter id="features">
<title>Features</title>
<sect1>
<title>How can I prevent my samba server from being used to distribute the Nimda worm?</title>
<para>Author: HASEGAWA Yosuke (translated by <ulink url="monyo@samba.gr.jp">TAKAHASHI Motonobu</ulink>)</para>
<para>
Nimba Worm is infected through shared disks on a network, as well as through
Microsoft IIS, Internet Explorer and mailer of Outlook series.
</para>
<para>
At this time, the worm copies itself by the name *.nws and *.eml on
the shared disk, moreover, by the name of Riched20.dll in the folder
where *.doc file is included.
</para>
<para>
To prevent infection through the shared disk offered by Samba, set
up as follows:
</para>
<para>
<programlisting>
[global]
...
# This can break Administration installations of Office2k.
# in that case, don't veto the riched20.dll
veto files = /*.eml/*.nws/riched20.dll/
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
By setting the "veto files" parameter, matched files on the Samba
server are completely hidden from the clients and making it impossible
to access them at all.
</para>
<para>
In addition to it, the following setting is also pointed out by the
samba-jp:09448 thread: when the
"readme.txt.{3050F4D8-98B5-11CF-BB82-00AA00BDCE0B}" file exists on
a Samba server, it is visible only as "readme.txt" and dangerous
code may be executed if this file is double-clicked.
</para>
<para>
Setting the following,
<programlisting>
veto files = /*.{*}/
</programlisting>
any files having CLSID in its file extension will be inaccessible from any
clients.
</para>
<para>
This technical article is created based on the discussion of
samba-jp:09448 and samba-jp:10900 threads.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>How can I use samba as a fax server?</title>
<para>Contributor: <ulink url="mailto:zuber@berlin.snafu.de">Gerhard Zuber</ulink></para>
<para>Requirements:
<simplelist>
<member>UNIX box (Linux preferred) with SAMBA and a faxmodem</member>
<member>ghostscript package</member>
<member>mgetty+sendfax package</member>
<member>pbm package (portable bitmap tools)</member>
</simplelist>
</para>
<para>First, install and configure the required packages. Be sure to read the mgetty+sendfax
manual carefully.</para>
<sect2>
<title>Tools for printing faxes</title>
<para>Your incomed faxes are in:
<filename>/var/spool/fax/incoming</filename>
<para>print it with:</para>
<para><programlisting>
for i in *
do
g3cat $i | g3tolj | lpr -P hp
done
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
g3cat is in the tools-section, g3tolj is in the contrib-section
for printing to HP lasers.
</para>
<para>
If you want to produce files for displaying and printing with Windows, use
some tools from the pbm-package like the following command: <command>g3cat $i | g3topbm - | ppmtopcx - >$i.pcx</command>
and view it with your favourite Windows tool (maybe paintbrush)
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Making the fax-server</title>
<para>fetch the file <filename>mgetty+sendfax/frontends/winword/faxfilter</filename> and place it in <filename>/usr/local/etc/mgetty+sendfax/</filename>(replace /usr/local/ with whatever place you installed mgetty+sendfax)</para>
<para>prepare your faxspool file as mentioned in this file
edit fax/faxspool.in and reinstall or change the final
/usr/local/bin/faxspool too.
</para>
<para><programlisting>
if [ "$user" = "root" -o "$user" = "fax" -o \
"$user" = "lp" -o "$user" = "daemon" -o "$user" = "bin" ]
</programlisting></para>
<para>find the first line and change it to the second.</para>
<para>
make sure you have pbmtext (from the pbm-package). This is
needed for creating the small header line on each page.
</para>
<para>Prepare your faxheader <filename>/usr/local/etc/mgetty+sendfax/faxheader</filename></para>
<para>
Edit your /etc/printcap file:
<programlisting>
# FAX
lp3|fax:\
:lp=/dev/null:\
:sd=/usr/spool/lp3:\
:if=/usr/local/etc/mgetty+sendfax/faxfilter:sh:sf:mx#0:\
:lf=/usr/spool/lp3/fax-log:
</programlisting>
<para>Now, edit your <filename>smb.conf</filename> so you have a smb based printer named "fax"</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Installing the client drivers</title>
<para>
Now you have a printer called "fax" which can be used via
TCP/IP-printing (lpd-system) or via SAMBA (windows printing).
</para>
<para>
On every system you are able to produce postscript-files you
are ready to fax.
</para>
<para>
On Windows 3.1 95 and NT:
</para>
<para>
Install a printer wich produces postscript output,
e.g. apple laserwriter
</para>
<para>Connect the "fax" to your printer.</para>
<para>
Now write your first fax. Use your favourite wordprocessor,
write, winword, notepad or whatever you want, and start
with the headerpage.
</para>
<para>
Usually each fax has a header page. It carries your name,
your address, your phone/fax-number.
</para>
<para>
It carries also the recipient, his address and his *** fax
number ***. Now here is the trick:
</para>
<para>
Use the text:
<programlisting>
Fax-Nr: 123456789
</programlisting>
as the recipients fax-number. Make sure this text does not
occur in regular text ! Make sure this text is not broken
by formatting information, e.g. format it as a single entity.
(Windows Write and Win95 Wordpad are functional, maybe newer
versions of Winword are breaking formatting information).
</para>
<para>
The trick is that postscript output is human readable and
the faxfilter program scans the text for this pattern and
uses the found number as the fax-destination-number.
</para>
<para>
Now print your fax through the fax-printer and it will be
queued for later transmission. Use faxrunq for sending the
queue out.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Example smb.conf</title>
<para><programlisting>
[global]
printcap name = /etc/printcap
print command = /usr/bin/lpr -r -P %p %s
lpq command = /usr/bin/lpq -P %p
lprm command = /usr/bin/lprm -P %p %j
[fax]
comment = FAX (mgetty+sendfax)
path = /tmp
printable = yes
public = yes
writable = no
create mode = 0700
browseable = yes
guest ok = no
</programlisting></para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Samba doesn't work well together with DHCP!</title>
<para>
We wish to help those folks who wish to use the ISC DHCP Server and provide
sample configuration settings. Most operating systems today come ship with
the ISC DHCP Server. ISC DHCP is available from:
<ulink url="ftp://ftp.isc.org/isc/dhcp">ftp://ftp.isc.org/isc/dhcp</ulink>
</para>
<para>
Incorrect configuration of MS Windows clients (Windows9X, Windows ME, Windows
NT/2000) will lead to problems with browsing and with general network
operation. Windows 9X/ME users often report problems where the TCP/IP and related
network settings will inadvertantly become reset at machine start-up resulting
in loss of configuration settings. This results in increased maintenance
overheads as well as serious user frustration.
</para>
<para>
In recent times users on one mailing list incorrectly attributed the cause of
network operating problems to incorrect configuration of Samba.
</para>
<para>
One user insisted that the only way to provent Windows95 from periodically
performing a full system reset and hardware detection process on start-up was
to install the NetBEUI protocol in addition to TCP/IP. This assertion is not
correct.
</para>
<para>
In the first place, there is NO need for NetBEUI. All Microsoft Windows clients
natively run NetBIOS over TCP/IP, and that is the only protocol that is
recognised by Samba. Installation of NetBEUI and/or NetBIOS over IPX will
cause problems with browse list operation on most networks. Even Windows NT
networks experience these problems when incorrectly configured Windows95
systems share the same name space. It is important that only those protocols
that are strictly needed for site specific reasons should EVER be installed.
</para>
<para>
Secondly, and totally against common opinion, DHCP is NOT an evil design but is
an extension of the BOOTP protocol that has been in use in Unix environments
for many years without any of the melt-down problems that some sensationalists
would have us believe can be experienced with DHCP. In fact, DHCP in covered by
rfc1541 and is a very safe method of keeping an MS Windows desktop environment
under control and for ensuring stable network operation.
</para>
<para>
Please note that MS Windows systems as of MS Windows NT 3.1 and MS Windows 95
store all network configuration settings a registry. There are a few reports
from MS Windows network administrators that warrant mention here. It would appear
that when one sets certain MS TCP/IP protocol settings (either directly or via
DHCP) that these do get written to the registry. Even though a subsequent
change of setting may occur the old value may persist in the registry. This
has been known to create serious networking problems.
</para>
<para>
An example of this occurs when a manual TCP/IP environment is configured to
include a NetBIOS Scope. In this event, when the administrator then changes the
configuration of the MS TCP/IP protocol stack, without first deleting the
current settings, by simply checking the box to configure the MS TCP/IP stack
via DHCP then the NetBIOS Scope that is still persistent in the registry WILL be
applied to the resulting DHCP offered settings UNLESS the DHCP server also sets
a NetBIOS Scope. It may therefore be prudent to forcibly apply a NULL NetBIOS
Scope from your DHCP server. The can be done in the dhcpd.conf file with the
parameter:
<command>option netbios-scope "";</command>
</para>
<para>
While it is true that the Microsoft DHCP server that comes with Windows NT
Server provides only a sub-set of rfc1533 functionality this is hardly an issue
in those sites that already have a large investment and commitment to Unix
systems and technologies. The current state of the art of the DHCP Server
specification in covered in rfc2132.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>How can I assign NetBIOS names to clients with DHCP?</title>
<para>
SMB network clients need to be configured so that all standard TCP/IP name to
address resolution works correctly. Once this has been achieved the SMB
environment provides additional tools and services that act as helper agents in
the translation of SMB (NetBIOS) names to their appropriate IP Addresses. One
such helper agent is the NetBIOS Name Server (NBNS) or as Microsoft called it
in their Windows NT Server implementation WINS (Windows Internet Name Server).
</para>
<para>
A client needs to be configured so that it has a unique Machine (Computer)
Name.
</para>
<para>
This can be done, but needs a few NT registry hacks and you need to be able to
speak UNICODE, which is of course no problem for a True Wizzard(tm) :)
Instructions on how to do this (including a small util for less capable
Wizzards) can be found at
</para>
<para><ulink url="http://www.unixtools.org/~nneul/sw/nt/dhcp-netbios-hostname.html">http://www.unixtools.org/~nneul/sw/nt/dhcp-netbios-hostname.html</ulink></para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>How do I convert between unix and dos text formats?</title>
<para>
Jim barry has written an <ulink url="ftp://samba.org/pub/samba/contributed/fixcrlf.zip">
excellent drag-and-drop cr/lf converter for
windows</ulink>. Just drag your file onto the icon and it converts the file.
</para>
<para>
The utilities unix2dos and dos2unix(in the mtools package) should do
the job under unix.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Does samba have wins replication support?</title>
<para>
At the time of writing there is currently being worked on a wins replication implementation(wrepld).
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>

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<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.1//EN" [
<!ENTITY general SYSTEM "general.sgml">
<!ENTITY install SYSTEM "install.sgml">
<!ENTITY errors SYSTEM "errors.sgml">
<!ENTITY clientapp SYSTEM "clientapp.sgml">
<!ENTITY features SYSTEM "features.sgml">
<!ENTITY config SYSTEM "config.sgml">
]>
<book id="Samba-FAQ">
<title>Samba FAQ</title>
<bookinfo>
<author><surname>Samba Team</surname></author>
<pubdate>October 2002</pubdate>
</bookinfo>
<dedication>
<para>
This is the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) document for
Samba, the free and very popular SMB server product. An SMB server
allows file and printer connections from clients such as Windows,
OS/2, Linux and others. Current to version 3.0. Please send any
corrections to the samba documentation mailinglist at
<ulink url="mailto:samba-doc@samba.org">samba-doc@samba.org</ulink>.
This FAQ was based on the old Samba FAQ by Dan Shearer and Paul Blackman,
and the old samba text documents which were mostly written by John Terpstra.
</para>
</dedication>
&general;
&install;
&config;
&clientapp;
&errors;
&features;
</book>

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<chapter id="Browsing-Quick">
<chapterinfo>
<author>
<firstname>John</firstname><surname>Terpstra</surname>
</author>
<pubdate>July 5, 1998</pubdate>
</chapterinfo>
<title>Quick Cross Subnet Browsing / Cross Workgroup Browsing guide</title>
<para>
This document should be read in conjunction with Browsing and may
be taken as the fast track guide to implementing browsing across subnets
and / or across workgroups (or domains). WINS is the best tool for resolution
of NetBIOS names to IP addesses. WINS is NOT involved in browse list handling
except by way of name to address mapping.
</para>
<sect1>
<title>Discussion</title>
<para>
Firstly, all MS Windows networking is based on SMB (Server Message
Block) based messaging. SMB messaging is implemented using NetBIOS. Samba
implements NetBIOS by encapsulating it over TCP/IP. MS Windows products can
do likewise. NetBIOS based networking uses broadcast messaging to affect
browse list management. When running NetBIOS over TCP/IP this uses UDP
based messaging. UDP messages can be broadcast or unicast.
</para>
<para>
Normally, only unicast UDP messaging can be forwarded by routers. The
"remote announce" parameter to smb.conf helps to project browse announcements
to remote network segments via unicast UDP. Similarly, the "remote browse sync"
parameter of smb.conf implements browse list collation using unicast UDP.
</para>
<para>
Secondly, in those networks where Samba is the only SMB server technology
wherever possible nmbd should be configured on one (1) machine as the WINS
server. This makes it easy to manage the browsing environment. If each network
segment is configured with it's own Samba WINS server, then the only way to
get cross segment browsing to work is by using the "remote announce" and
the "remote browse sync" parameters to your smb.conf file.
</para>
<para>
If only one WINS server is used then the use of the "remote announce" and the
"remote browse sync" parameters should NOT be necessary.
</para>
<para>
Samba WINS does not support MS-WINS replication. This means that when setting up
Samba as a WINS server there must only be one nmbd configured as a WINS server
on the network. Some sites have used multiple Samba WINS servers for redundancy
(one server per subnet) and then used "remote browse sync" and "remote announce"
to affect browse list collation across all segments. Note that this means
clients will only resolve local names, and must be configured to use DNS to
resolve names on other subnets in order to resolve the IP addresses of the
servers they can see on other subnets. This setup is not recommended, but is
mentioned as a practical consideration (ie: an 'if all else fails' scenario).
</para>
<para>
Lastly, take note that browse lists are a collection of unreliable broadcast
messages that are repeated at intervals of not more than 15 minutes. This means
that it will take time to establish a browse list and it can take up to 45
minutes to stabilise, particularly across network segments.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Use of the "Remote Announce" parameter</title>
<para>
The "remote announce" parameter of smb.conf can be used to forcibly ensure
that all the NetBIOS names on a network get announced to a remote network.
The syntax of the "remote announce" parameter is:
<programlisting>
remote announce = a.b.c.d [e.f.g.h] ...
</programlisting>
_or_
<programlisting>
remote announce = a.b.c.d/WORKGROUP [e.f.g.h/WORKGROUP] ...
</programlisting>
where:
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term>a.b.c.d and e.f.g.h</term>
<listitem><para>is either the LMB (Local Master Browser) IP address
or the broadcst address of the remote network.
ie: the LMB is at 192.168.1.10, or the address
could be given as 192.168.1.255 where the netmask
is assumed to be 24 bits (255.255.255.0).
When the remote announcement is made to the broadcast
address of the remote network every host will receive
our announcements. This is noisy and therefore
undesirable but may be necessary if we do NOT know
the IP address of the remote LMB.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>WORKGROUP</term>
<listitem><para>is optional and can be either our own workgroup
or that of the remote network. If you use the
workgroup name of the remote network then our
NetBIOS machine names will end up looking like
they belong to that workgroup, this may cause
name resolution problems and should be avoided.
</para></listitem>
</variablelist>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Use of the "Remote Browse Sync" parameter</title>
<para>
The "remote browse sync" parameter of smb.conf is used to announce to
another LMB that it must synchronise it's NetBIOS name list with our
Samba LMB. It works ONLY if the Samba server that has this option is
simultaneously the LMB on it's network segment.
</para>
<para>
The syntax of the "remote browse sync" parameter is:
<programlisting>
remote browse sync = a.b.c.d
</programlisting>
where a.b.c.d is either the IP address of the remote LMB or else is the network broadcast address of the remote segment.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Use of WINS</title>
<para>
Use of WINS (either Samba WINS _or_ MS Windows NT Server WINS) is highly
recommended. Every NetBIOS machine registers it's name together with a
name_type value for each of of several types of service it has available.
eg: It registers it's name directly as a unique (the type 0x03) name.
It also registers it's name if it is running the lanmanager compatible
server service (used to make shares and printers available to other users)
by registering the server (the type 0x20) name.
</para>
<para>
All NetBIOS names are up to 15 characters in length. The name_type variable
is added to the end of the name - thus creating a 16 character name. Any
name that is shorter than 15 characters is padded with spaces to the 15th
character. ie: All NetBIOS names are 16 characters long (including the
name_type information).
</para>
<para>
WINS can store these 16 character names as they get registered. A client
that wants to log onto the network can ask the WINS server for a list
of all names that have registered the NetLogon service name_type. This saves
broadcast traffic and greatly expedites logon processing. Since broadcast
name resolution can not be used across network segments this type of
information can only be provided via WINS _or_ via statically configured
"lmhosts" files that must reside on all clients in the absence of WINS.
</para>
<para>
WINS also serves the purpose of forcing browse list synchronisation by all
LMB's. LMB's must synchronise their browse list with the DMB (domain master
browser) and WINS helps the LMB to identify it's DMB. By definition this
will work only within a single workgroup. Note that the domain master browser
has NOTHING to do with what is referred to as an MS Windows NT Domain. The
later is a reference to a security environment while the DMB refers to the
master controller for browse list information only.
</para>
<para>
Use of WINS will work correctly only if EVERY client TCP/IP protocol stack
has been configured to use the WINS server/s. Any client that has not been
configured to use the WINS server will continue to use only broadcast based
name registration so that WINS may NEVER get to know about it. In any case,
machines that have not registered with a WINS server will fail name to address
lookup attempts by other clients and will therefore cause workstation access
errors.
</para>
<para>
To configure Samba as a WINS server just add "wins support = yes" to the
smb.conf file [globals] section.
</para>
<para>
To configure Samba to register with a WINS server just add
"wins server = a.b.c.d" to your smb.conf file [globals] section.
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>DO NOT EVER</emphasis> use both "wins support = yes" together with "wins server = a.b.c.d"
particularly not using it's own IP address.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Do NOT use more than one (1) protocol on MS Windows machines</title>
<para>
A very common cause of browsing problems results from installing more than
one protocol on an MS Windows machine.
</para>
<para>
Every NetBIOS machine take part in a process of electing the LMB (and DMB)
every 15 minutes. A set of election criteria is used to determine the order
of precidence for winning this election process. A machine running Samba or
Windows NT will be biased so that the most suitable machine will predictably
win and thus retain it's role.
</para>
<para>
The election process is "fought out" so to speak over every NetBIOS network
interface. In the case of a Windows 9x machine that has both TCP/IP and IPX
installed and has NetBIOS enabled over both protocols the election will be
decided over both protocols. As often happens, if the Windows 9x machine is
the only one with both protocols then the LMB may be won on the NetBIOS
interface over the IPX protocol. Samba will then lose the LMB role as Windows
9x will insist it knows who the LMB is. Samba will then cease to function
as an LMB and thus browse list operation on all TCP/IP only machines will
fail.
</para>
<para>
The safest rule of all to follow it this - USE ONLY ONE PROTOCOL!
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Name Resolution Order</title>
<para>
Resolution of NetBIOS names to IP addresses can take place using a number
of methods. The only ones that can provide NetBIOS name_type information
are:
<simplelist>
<member>WINS: the best tool!</member>
<member>LMHOSTS: is static and hard to maintain.</member>
<member>Broadcast: uses UDP and can not resolve names across remote segments.</member>
</simplelist>
</para>
<para>
Alternative means of name resolution includes:
<simplelist>
<member>/etc/hosts: is static, hard to maintain, and lacks name_type info</member>
<member>DNS: is a good choice but lacks essential name_type info.</member>
</simplelist>
</para>
<para>
Many sites want to restrict DNS lookups and want to avoid broadcast name
resolution traffic. The "name resolve order" parameter is of great help here.
The syntax of the "name resolve order" parameter is:
<programlisting>
name resolve order = wins lmhosts bcast host
</programlisting>
_or_
<programlisting>
name resolve order = wins lmhosts (eliminates bcast and host)
</programlisting>
The default is:
<programlisting>
name resolve order = host lmhost wins bcast
</programlisting>.
where "host" refers the the native methods used by the Unix system
to implement the gethostbyname() function call. This is normally
controlled by <filename>/etc/host.conf</filename>, <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> and <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>.
</sect1>
</chapter>

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If you'd like to work on any of these, please contact jerry@samba.org or jelmer@samba.org.
Outdated docs:
docs/OID/allocated-arcs.txt - does this file really belong here?
docs/OID/samba-oid.mail - does this file really belong here?
docs/announce - out of date (announces 2.2.0) - should it go away?
docs/history - needs updating (is current up to 1998 - merge with 10year.html ?)
docs/docbook/devdoc/* - most of these docs are outdated and need updates...
docs/docbook/manpages/net.8.sgml - Still not finished
docs/docbook/manpages/rpcclient.1.sgml - Command documentation might be outdated
docs/docbook/manpages/samba.7.sgml - Listing of samba programs is not complete
docs/docbook/manpages/smbclient.1.sgml - document -k (kerberos authentication)
docs/docbook/manpages/smbcontrol.1.sgml - Document -s, samsync, samrepl, pool-usage, dmalloc-mark, dmalloc-log-changed, shutdown, change_id
docs/docbook/manpages/smb.conf.5.sgml - 'restrict anonymous' isn't documented properly
docs/docbook/projdoc/DOMAIN_MEMBER.sgml - Needs update to 3.0
docs/docbook/projdoc/ADS-HOWTO.sgml - seems outdated (it says we require 'ads server' when in ads mode, though that's not true, according to the manpages...)
docs/docbook/projdoc/ENCRYPTION.sgml - contains useless old info about smbpasswd
docs/docbook/projdoc/Integrating-with-Windows.sgml - Should slowly go a way. Contains a little bit information about wins, a little bit about domain membership, a little about winbind, etc
docs/docbook/projdoc/NT_Security.sgml - probably outdated
docs/docbook/projdoc/Diagnosis.sgml - Needs extension
docs/docbook/projdoc/PAM-Authentication-And-Samba.sgml
docs/docbook/projdoc/Printing.sgml - Cups is not documented, smbprint, printing /to/ a windows server... - Kurt Pfeifle
docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-BDC-HOWTO.sgml - Needs update to 3.0
docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-LDAP-HOWTO.sgml - Needs update to 3.0
docs/docbook/projdoc/Samba-PDC-HOWTO.sgml - Needs update to 3.0
docs/docbook/projdoc/Speed.sgml - contains outdated and invalid information
docs/docbook/projdoc/UNIX_INSTALL.sgml - Needs a lot of updating (swat, ADS, PDC, etc)
docs/docbook/projdoc/printer_driver2.sgml - Needs integration with printing.sgml, still up to date?
docs/docbook/projdoc/security_level.sgml - information about ads and domain should be added (currently only contains pointers to the ads and domain_member docs)
docs/docbook/projdoc/winbind.sgml - needs documentation for ADS
docs/textdocs/CUPS-PrintingInfo.txt - needs to be converted to sgml - Kurt Pfeifle
docs/textdocs/PROFILES.txt - needs to be converted to sgml
docs/textdocs/README.jis - Seems to need updating - possibly obsoleted by a newer japanese howto?
docs/textdocs/RoutedNetworks.txt - still valid, but shouldn't this go into Other_clients.sgml ? This text originally comes from microsoft, what about copyright?
These still need to be checked:
docs/docbook/manpages/smbd.8.sgml
docs/docbook/manpages/smbmnt.8.sgml
docs/docbook/manpages/smbmount.8.sgml
docs/docbook/manpages/smbpasswd.8.sgml
docs/docbook/manpages/smbsh.1.sgml
docs/docbook/manpages/smbspool.8.sgml
docs/docbook/manpages/smbstatus.1.sgml
docs/docbook/manpages/smbtar.1.sgml
docs/docbook/manpages/smbumount.8.sgml
docs/docbook/manpages/swat.8.sgml
docs/docbook/manpages/testparm.1.sgml
docs/docbook/manpages/testprns.1.sgml
docs/docbook/manpages/wbinfo.1.sgml
Stuff that needs to be documented:
Merge the various docs about wins and browsing
Windows NT 4.0 Style Trust Relationship
One Time Migration script from a Windows NT 4.0 PDC to a Samba PDC
ldap passwd sync
http://www.unav.es/cti/ldap-smb/smb-ldap-3-howto.html

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Quick Cross Subnet Browsing / Cross Workgroup Browsing guide</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.77"><LINK
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><BODY
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ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><H1
><A
NAME="BROWSING-QUICK"
></A
>Chapter 16. Quick Cross Subnet Browsing / Cross Workgroup Browsing guide</H1
><P
>This document should be read in conjunction with Browsing and may
be taken as the fast track guide to implementing browsing across subnets
and / or across workgroups (or domains). WINS is the best tool for resolution
of NetBIOS names to IP addesses. WINS is NOT involved in browse list handling
except by way of name to address mapping.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2665"
></A
>16.1. Discussion</H1
><P
>Firstly, all MS Windows networking is based on SMB (Server Message
Block) based messaging. SMB messaging is implemented using NetBIOS. Samba
implements NetBIOS by encapsulating it over TCP/IP. MS Windows products can
do likewise. NetBIOS based networking uses broadcast messaging to affect
browse list management. When running NetBIOS over TCP/IP this uses UDP
based messaging. UDP messages can be broadcast or unicast.</P
><P
>Normally, only unicast UDP messaging can be forwarded by routers. The
"remote announce" parameter to smb.conf helps to project browse announcements
to remote network segments via unicast UDP. Similarly, the "remote browse sync"
parameter of smb.conf implements browse list collation using unicast UDP.</P
><P
>Secondly, in those networks where Samba is the only SMB server technology
wherever possible nmbd should be configured on one (1) machine as the WINS
server. This makes it easy to manage the browsing environment. If each network
segment is configured with it's own Samba WINS server, then the only way to
get cross segment browsing to work is by using the "remote announce" and
the "remote browse sync" parameters to your smb.conf file.</P
><P
>If only one WINS server is used then the use of the "remote announce" and the
"remote browse sync" parameters should NOT be necessary.</P
><P
>Samba WINS does not support MS-WINS replication. This means that when setting up
Samba as a WINS server there must only be one nmbd configured as a WINS server
on the network. Some sites have used multiple Samba WINS servers for redundancy
(one server per subnet) and then used "remote browse sync" and "remote announce"
to affect browse list collation across all segments. Note that this means
clients will only resolve local names, and must be configured to use DNS to
resolve names on other subnets in order to resolve the IP addresses of the
servers they can see on other subnets. This setup is not recommended, but is
mentioned as a practical consideration (ie: an 'if all else fails' scenario).</P
><P
>Lastly, take note that browse lists are a collection of unreliable broadcast
messages that are repeated at intervals of not more than 15 minutes. This means
that it will take time to establish a browse list and it can take up to 45
minutes to stabilise, particularly across network segments.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2673"
></A
>16.2. Use of the "Remote Announce" parameter</H1
><P
>The "remote announce" parameter of smb.conf can be used to forcibly ensure
that all the NetBIOS names on a network get announced to a remote network.
The syntax of the "remote announce" parameter is:
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> remote announce = a.b.c.d [e.f.g.h] ...</PRE
>
_or_
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> remote announce = a.b.c.d/WORKGROUP [e.f.g.h/WORKGROUP] ...</PRE
>
where:
<P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
>a.b.c.d and e.f.g.h</DT
><DD
><P
>is either the LMB (Local Master Browser) IP address
or the broadcst address of the remote network.
ie: the LMB is at 192.168.1.10, or the address
could be given as 192.168.1.255 where the netmask
is assumed to be 24 bits (255.255.255.0).
When the remote announcement is made to the broadcast
address of the remote network every host will receive
our announcements. This is noisy and therefore
undesirable but may be necessary if we do NOT know
the IP address of the remote LMB.</P
></DD
><DT
>WORKGROUP</DT
><DD
><P
>is optional and can be either our own workgroup
or that of the remote network. If you use the
workgroup name of the remote network then our
NetBIOS machine names will end up looking like
they belong to that workgroup, this may cause
name resolution problems and should be avoided.</P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
>&#13;</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2687"
></A
>16.3. Use of the "Remote Browse Sync" parameter</H1
><P
>The "remote browse sync" parameter of smb.conf is used to announce to
another LMB that it must synchronise it's NetBIOS name list with our
Samba LMB. It works ONLY if the Samba server that has this option is
simultaneously the LMB on it's network segment.</P
><P
>The syntax of the "remote browse sync" parameter is:
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> remote browse sync = a.b.c.d</PRE
>
where a.b.c.d is either the IP address of the remote LMB or else is the network broadcast address of the remote segment.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2692"
></A
>16.4. Use of WINS</H1
><P
>Use of WINS (either Samba WINS _or_ MS Windows NT Server WINS) is highly
recommended. Every NetBIOS machine registers it's name together with a
name_type value for each of of several types of service it has available.
eg: It registers it's name directly as a unique (the type 0x03) name.
It also registers it's name if it is running the lanmanager compatible
server service (used to make shares and printers available to other users)
by registering the server (the type 0x20) name.</P
><P
>All NetBIOS names are up to 15 characters in length. The name_type variable
is added to the end of the name - thus creating a 16 character name. Any
name that is shorter than 15 characters is padded with spaces to the 15th
character. ie: All NetBIOS names are 16 characters long (including the
name_type information).</P
><P
>WINS can store these 16 character names as they get registered. A client
that wants to log onto the network can ask the WINS server for a list
of all names that have registered the NetLogon service name_type. This saves
broadcast traffic and greatly expedites logon processing. Since broadcast
name resolution can not be used across network segments this type of
information can only be provided via WINS _or_ via statically configured
"lmhosts" files that must reside on all clients in the absence of WINS.</P
><P
>WINS also serves the purpose of forcing browse list synchronisation by all
LMB's. LMB's must synchronise their browse list with the DMB (domain master
browser) and WINS helps the LMB to identify it's DMB. By definition this
will work only within a single workgroup. Note that the domain master browser
has NOTHING to do with what is referred to as an MS Windows NT Domain. The
later is a reference to a security environment while the DMB refers to the
master controller for browse list information only.</P
><P
>Use of WINS will work correctly only if EVERY client TCP/IP protocol stack
has been configured to use the WINS server/s. Any client that has not been
configured to use the WINS server will continue to use only broadcast based
name registration so that WINS may NEVER get to know about it. In any case,
machines that have not registered with a WINS server will fail name to address
lookup attempts by other clients and will therefore cause workstation access
errors.</P
><P
>To configure Samba as a WINS server just add "wins support = yes" to the
smb.conf file [globals] section.</P
><P
>To configure Samba to register with a WINS server just add
"wins server = a.b.c.d" to your smb.conf file [globals] section.</P
><P
><SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>DO NOT EVER</I
></SPAN
> use both "wins support = yes" together with "wins server = a.b.c.d"
particularly not using it's own IP address.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2703"
></A
>16.5. Do NOT use more than one (1) protocol on MS Windows machines</H1
><P
>A very common cause of browsing problems results from installing more than
one protocol on an MS Windows machine.</P
><P
>Every NetBIOS machine take part in a process of electing the LMB (and DMB)
every 15 minutes. A set of election criteria is used to determine the order
of precidence for winning this election process. A machine running Samba or
Windows NT will be biased so that the most suitable machine will predictably
win and thus retain it's role.</P
><P
>The election process is "fought out" so to speak over every NetBIOS network
interface. In the case of a Windows 9x machine that has both TCP/IP and IPX
installed and has NetBIOS enabled over both protocols the election will be
decided over both protocols. As often happens, if the Windows 9x machine is
the only one with both protocols then the LMB may be won on the NetBIOS
interface over the IPX protocol. Samba will then lose the LMB role as Windows
9x will insist it knows who the LMB is. Samba will then cease to function
as an LMB and thus browse list operation on all TCP/IP only machines will
fail.</P
><P
>The safest rule of all to follow it this - USE ONLY ONE PROTOCOL!</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2709"
></A
>16.6. Name Resolution Order</H1
><P
>Resolution of NetBIOS names to IP addresses can take place using a number
of methods. The only ones that can provide NetBIOS name_type information
are:
<P
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
>WINS: the best tool!</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>LMHOSTS: is static and hard to maintain.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>Broadcast: uses UDP and can not resolve names across remote segments.</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
><P
></P
></P
><P
>Alternative means of name resolution includes:
<P
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
>/etc/hosts: is static, hard to maintain, and lacks name_type info</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>DNS: is a good choice but lacks essential name_type info.</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
><P
></P
></P
><P
>Many sites want to restrict DNS lookups and want to avoid broadcast name
resolution traffic. The "name resolve order" parameter is of great help here.
The syntax of the "name resolve order" parameter is:
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> name resolve order = wins lmhosts bcast host</PRE
>
_or_
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> name resolve order = wins lmhosts (eliminates bcast and host)</PRE
>
The default is:
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> name resolve order = host lmhost wins bcast</PRE
>.
where "host" refers the the native methods used by the Unix system
to implement the gethostbyname() function call. This is normally
controlled by <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/host.conf</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/nsswitch.conf</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/resolv.conf</TT
>.</P
></DIV
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Reporting Bugs</TITLE
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><A
NAME="BUGREPORT"
></A
>Chapter 19. Reporting Bugs</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2921"
></A
>19.1. Introduction</H1
><P
>The email address for bug reports is samba@samba.org</P
><P
>Please take the time to read this file before you submit a bug
report. Also, please see if it has changed between releases, as we
may be changing the bug reporting mechanism at some time.</P
><P
>Please also do as much as you can yourself to help track down the
bug. Samba is maintained by a dedicated group of people who volunteer
their time, skills and efforts. We receive far more mail about it than
we can possibly answer, so you have a much higher chance of an answer
and a fix if you send us a "developer friendly" bug report that lets
us fix it fast. </P
><P
>Do not assume that if you post the bug to the comp.protocols.smb
newsgroup or the mailing list that we will read it. If you suspect that your
problem is not a bug but a configuration problem then it is better to send
it to the Samba mailing list, as there are (at last count) 5000 other users on
that list that may be able to help you.</P
><P
>You may also like to look though the recent mailing list archives,
which are conveniently accessible on the Samba web pages
at http://samba.org/samba/ </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2928"
></A
>19.2. General info</H1
><P
>Before submitting a bug report check your config for silly
errors. Look in your log files for obvious messages that tell you that
you've misconfigured something and run testparm to test your config
file for correct syntax.</P
><P
>Have you run through the <A
HREF="Diagnosis.html"
TARGET="_top"
>diagnosis</A
>?
This is very important.</P
><P
>If you include part of a log file with your bug report then be sure to
annotate it with exactly what you were doing on the client at the
time, and exactly what the results were.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2934"
></A
>19.3. Debug levels</H1
><P
>If the bug has anything to do with Samba behaving incorrectly as a
server (like refusing to open a file) then the log files will probably
be very useful. Depending on the problem a log level of between 3 and
10 showing the problem may be appropriate. A higher level givesmore
detail, but may use too much disk space.</P
><P
>To set the debug level use <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>log level =</B
> in your
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>. You may also find it useful to set the log
level higher for just one machine and keep separate logs for each machine.
To do this use:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>log level = 10
log file = /usr/local/samba/lib/log.%m
include = /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf.%m</PRE
></P
><P
>then create a file
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf.machine</TT
> where
"machine" is the name of the client you wish to debug. In that file
put any smb.conf commands you want, for example
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>log level=</B
> may be useful. This also allows you to
experiment with different security systems, protocol levels etc on just
one machine.</P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> entry <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>log level =</B
>
is synonymous with the entry <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>debuglevel =</B
> that has been
used in older versions of Samba and is being retained for backwards
compatibility of smb.conf files.</P
><P
>As the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>log level =</B
> value is increased you will record
a significantly increasing level of debugging information. For most
debugging operations you may not need a setting higher than 3. Nearly
all bugs can be tracked at a setting of 10, but be prepared for a VERY
large volume of log data.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2951"
></A
>19.4. Internal errors</H1
><P
>If you get a "INTERNAL ERROR" message in your log files it means that
Samba got an unexpected signal while running. It is probably a
segmentation fault and almost certainly means a bug in Samba (unless
you have faulty hardware or system software)</P
><P
>If the message came from smbd then it will probably be accompanied by
a message which details the last SMB message received by smbd. This
info is often very useful in tracking down the problem so please
include it in your bug report.</P
><P
>You should also detail how to reproduce the problem, if
possible. Please make this reasonably detailed.</P
><P
>You may also find that a core file appeared in a "corefiles"
subdirectory of the directory where you keep your samba log
files. This file is the most useful tool for tracking down the bug. To
use it you do this:</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>gdb smbd core</B
></P
><P
>adding appropriate paths to smbd and core so gdb can find them. If you
don't have gdb then try "dbx". Then within the debugger use the
command "where" to give a stack trace of where the problem
occurred. Include this in your mail.</P
><P
>If you known any assembly language then do a "disass" of the routine
where the problem occurred (if its in a library routine then
disassemble the routine that called it) and try to work out exactly
where the problem is by looking at the surrounding code. Even if you
don't know assembly then incuding this info in the bug report can be
useful. </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2961"
></A
>19.5. Attaching to a running process</H1
><P
>Unfortunately some unixes (in particular some recent linux kernels)
refuse to dump a core file if the task has changed uid (which smbd
does often). To debug with this sort of system you could try to attach
to the running process using "gdb smbd PID" where you get PID from
smbstatus. Then use "c" to continue and try to cause the core dump
using the client. The debugger should catch the fault and tell you
where it occurred.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2964"
></A
>19.6. Patches</H1
><P
>The best sort of bug report is one that includes a fix! If you send us
patches please use <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>diff -u</B
> format if your version of
diff supports it, otherwise use <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>diff -c4</B
>. Make sure
your do the diff against a clean version of the source and let me know
exactly what version you used. </P
></DIV
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>Chapter 18. HOWTO Access Samba source code via CVS</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2873"
></A
>18.1. Introduction</H1
><P
>Samba is developed in an open environment. Developers use CVS
(Concurrent Versioning System) to "checkin" (also known as
"commit") new source code. Samba's various CVS branches can
be accessed via anonymous CVS using the instructions
detailed in this chapter.</P
><P
>This document is a modified version of the instructions found at
<A
HREF="http://samba.org/samba/cvs.html"
TARGET="_top"
>http://samba.org/samba/cvs.html</A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2878"
></A
>18.2. CVS Access to samba.org</H1
><P
>The machine samba.org runs a publicly accessible CVS
repository for access to the source code of several packages,
including samba, rsync and jitterbug. There are two main ways of
accessing the CVS server on this host.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2881"
></A
>18.2.1. Access via CVSweb</H2
><P
>You can access the source code via your
favourite WWW browser. This allows you to access the contents of
individual files in the repository and also to look at the revision
history and commit logs of individual files. You can also ask for a diff
listing between any two versions on the repository.</P
><P
>Use the URL : <A
HREF="http://samba.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb"
TARGET="_top"
>http://samba.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb</A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2886"
></A
>18.2.2. Access via cvs</H2
><P
>You can also access the source code via a
normal cvs client. This gives you much more control over you can
do with the repository and allows you to checkout whole source trees
and keep them up to date via normal cvs commands. This is the
preferred method of access if you are a developer and not
just a casual browser.</P
><P
>To download the latest cvs source code, point your
browser at the URL : <A
HREF="http://www.cyclic.com/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.cyclic.com/</A
>.
and click on the 'How to get cvs' link. CVS is free software under
the GNU GPL (as is Samba). Note that there are several graphical CVS clients
which provide a graphical interface to the sometimes mundane CVS commands.
Links to theses clients are also available from http://www.cyclic.com.</P
><P
>To gain access via anonymous cvs use the following steps.
For this example it is assumed that you want a copy of the
samba source code. For the other source code repositories
on this system just substitute the correct package name</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
> Install a recent copy of cvs. All you really need is a
copy of the cvs client binary.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Run the command
</P
><P
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot login</B
>
</P
><P
> When it asks you for a password type <TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>cvs</B
></TT
>.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Run the command
</P
><P
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot co samba</B
>
</P
><P
> This will create a directory called samba containing the
latest samba source code (i.e. the HEAD tagged cvs branch). This
currently corresponds to the 3.0 development tree.
</P
><P
> CVS branches other HEAD can be obtained by using the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>-r</I
></TT
>
and defining a tag name. A list of branch tag names can be found on the
"Development" page of the samba web site. A common request is to obtain the
latest 2.2 release code. This could be done by using the following command.
</P
><P
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot co -r SAMBA_2_2 samba</B
>
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Whenever you want to merge in the latest code changes use
the following command from within the samba directory:
</P
><P
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cvs update -d -P</B
>
</P
></LI
></OL
></DIV
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><DIV
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><H1
><A
NAME="DIAGNOSIS"
></A
>Chapter 23. Diagnosing your samba server</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN3184"
></A
>23.1. Introduction</H1
><P
>This file contains a list of tests you can perform to validate your
Samba server. It also tells you what the likely cause of the problem
is if it fails any one of these steps. If it passes all these tests
then it is probably working fine.</P
><P
>You should do ALL the tests, in the order shown. I have tried to
carefully choose them so later tests only use capabilities verified in
the earlier tests.</P
><P
>If you send me an email saying "it doesn't work" and you have not
followed this test procedure then you should not be surprised if I
ignore your email.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN3189"
></A
>23.2. Assumptions</H1
><P
>In all of the tests I assume you have a Samba server called BIGSERVER
and a PC called ACLIENT both in workgroup TESTGROUP. I also assume the
PC is running windows for workgroups with a recent copy of the
microsoft tcp/ip stack. Alternatively, your PC may be running Windows
95 or Windows NT (Workstation or Server).</P
><P
>The procedure is similar for other types of clients.</P
><P
>I also assume you know the name of an available share in your
smb.conf. I will assume this share is called "tmp". You can add a
"tmp" share like by adding the following to smb.conf:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>&#13;[tmp]
comment = temporary files
path = /tmp
read only = yes&#13;</PRE
></P
><P
>THESE TESTS ASSUME VERSION 2.0.6 OR LATER OF THE SAMBA SUITE. SOME
COMMANDS SHOWN DID NOT EXIST IN EARLIER VERSIONS</P
><P
>Please pay attention to the error messages you receive. If any error message
reports that your server is being unfriendly you should first check that you
IP name resolution is correctly set up. eg: Make sure your /etc/resolv.conf
file points to name servers that really do exist.</P
><P
>Also, if you do not have DNS server access for name resolution please check
that the settings for your smb.conf file results in "dns proxy = no". The
best way to check this is with "testparm smb.conf"</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN3199"
></A
>23.3. Tests</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3201"
></A
>23.3.1. Test 1</H2
><P
>In the directory in which you store your smb.conf file, run the command
"testparm smb.conf". If it reports any errors then your smb.conf
configuration file is faulty.</P
><P
>Note: Your smb.conf file may be located in: <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc</TT
>
Or in: <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/lib</TT
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3207"
></A
>23.3.2. Test 2</H2
><P
>Run the command "ping BIGSERVER" from the PC and "ping ACLIENT" from
the unix box. If you don't get a valid response then your TCP/IP
software is not correctly installed. </P
><P
>Note that you will need to start a "dos prompt" window on the PC to
run ping.</P
><P
>If you get a message saying "host not found" or similar then your DNS
software or /etc/hosts file is not correctly setup. It is possible to
run samba without DNS entries for the server and client, but I assume
you do have correct entries for the remainder of these tests. </P
><P
>Another reason why ping might fail is if your host is running firewall
software. You will need to relax the rules to let in the workstation
in question, perhaps by allowing access from another subnet (on Linux
this is done via the ipfwadm program.)</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3213"
></A
>23.3.3. Test 3</H2
><P
>Run the command "smbclient -L BIGSERVER" on the unix box. You
should get a list of available shares back. </P
><P
>If you get a error message containing the string "Bad password" then
you probably have either an incorrect "hosts allow", "hosts deny" or
"valid users" line in your smb.conf, or your guest account is not
valid. Check what your guest account is using "testparm" and
temporarily remove any "hosts allow", "hosts deny", "valid users" or
"invalid users" lines.</P
><P
>If you get a "connection refused" response then the smbd server may
not be running. If you installed it in inetd.conf then you probably edited
that file incorrectly. If you installed it as a daemon then check that
it is running, and check that the netbios-ssn port is in a LISTEN
state using "netstat -a".</P
><P
>If you get a "session request failed" then the server refused the
connection. If it says "Your server software is being unfriendly" then
its probably because you have invalid command line parameters to smbd,
or a similar fatal problem with the initial startup of smbd. Also
check your config file (smb.conf) for syntax errors with "testparm"
and that the various directories where samba keeps its log and lock
files exist.</P
><P
>There are a number of reasons for which smbd may refuse or decline
a session request. The most common of these involve one or more of
the following smb.conf file entries:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> hosts deny = ALL
hosts allow = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/yy
bind interfaces only = Yes</PRE
></P
><P
>In the above, no allowance has been made for any session requests that
will automatically translate to the loopback adaptor address 127.0.0.1.
To solve this problem change these lines to:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> hosts deny = ALL
hosts allow = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/yy 127.</PRE
></P
><P
>Do NOT use the "bind interfaces only" parameter where you may wish to
use the samba password change facility, or where smbclient may need to
access local service for name resolution or for local resource
connections. (Note: the "bind interfaces only" parameter deficiency
where it will not allow connections to the loopback address will be
fixed soon).</P
><P
>Another common cause of these two errors is having something already running
on port 139, such as Samba (ie: smbd is running from inetd already) or
something like Digital's Pathworks. Check your inetd.conf file before trying
to start smbd as a daemon, it can avoid a lot of frustration!</P
><P
>And yet another possible cause for failure of TEST 3 is when the subnet mask
and / or broadcast address settings are incorrect. Please check that the
network interface IP Address / Broadcast Address / Subnet Mask settings are
correct and that Samba has correctly noted these in the log.nmb file.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3228"
></A
>23.3.4. Test 4</H2
><P
>Run the command "nmblookup -B BIGSERVER __SAMBA__". You should get the
IP address of your Samba server back.</P
><P
>If you don't then nmbd is incorrectly installed. Check your inetd.conf
if you run it from there, or that the daemon is running and listening
to udp port 137.</P
><P
>One common problem is that many inetd implementations can't take many
parameters on the command line. If this is the case then create a
one-line script that contains the right parameters and run that from
inetd.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3233"
></A
>23.3.5. Test 5</H2
><P
>run the command <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmblookup -B ACLIENT '*'</B
></P
><P
>You should get the PCs IP address back. If you don't then the client
software on the PC isn't installed correctly, or isn't started, or you
got the name of the PC wrong. </P
><P
>If ACLIENT doesn't resolve via DNS then use the IP address of the
client in the above test.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3239"
></A
>23.3.6. Test 6</H2
><P
>Run the command <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmblookup -d 2 '*'</B
></P
><P
>This time we are trying the same as the previous test but are trying
it via a broadcast to the default broadcast address. A number of
Netbios/TCPIP hosts on the network should respond, although Samba may
not catch all of the responses in the short time it listens. You
should see "got a positive name query response" messages from several
hosts.</P
><P
>If this doesn't give a similar result to the previous test then
nmblookup isn't correctly getting your broadcast address through its
automatic mechanism. In this case you should experiment use the
"interfaces" option in smb.conf to manually configure your IP
address, broadcast and netmask. </P
><P
>If your PC and server aren't on the same subnet then you will need to
use the -B option to set the broadcast address to the that of the PCs
subnet.</P
><P
>This test will probably fail if your subnet mask and broadcast address are
not correct. (Refer to TEST 3 notes above).</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3247"
></A
>23.3.7. Test 7</H2
><P
>Run the command <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbclient //BIGSERVER/TMP</B
>. You should
then be prompted for a password. You should use the password of the account
you are logged into the unix box with. If you want to test with
another account then add the -U &gt;accountname&lt; option to the end of
the command line. eg:
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbclient //bigserver/tmp -Ujohndoe</B
></P
><P
>Note: It is possible to specify the password along with the username
as follows:
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbclient //bigserver/tmp -Ujohndoe%secret</B
></P
><P
>Once you enter the password you should get the "smb&#62;" prompt. If you
don't then look at the error message. If it says "invalid network
name" then the service "tmp" is not correctly setup in your smb.conf.</P
><P
>If it says "bad password" then the likely causes are:</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
> you have shadow passords (or some other password system) but didn't
compile in support for them in smbd
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> your "valid users" configuration is incorrect
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> you have a mixed case password and you haven't enabled the "password
level" option at a high enough level
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> the "path =" line in smb.conf is incorrect. Check it with testparm
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> you enabled password encryption but didn't create the SMB encrypted
password file
</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>Once connected you should be able to use the commands
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>dir</B
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>get</B
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>put</B
> etc.
Type <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>help &gt;command&lt;</B
> for instructions. You should
especially check that the amount of free disk space shown is correct
when you type <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>dir</B
>.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3273"
></A
>23.3.8. Test 8</H2
><P
>On the PC type the command <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>net view \\BIGSERVER</B
>. You will
need to do this from within a "dos prompt" window. You should get back a
list of available shares on the server.</P
><P
>If you get a "network name not found" or similar error then netbios
name resolution is not working. This is usually caused by a problem in
nmbd. To overcome it you could do one of the following (you only need
to choose one of them):</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
> fixup the nmbd installation</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> add the IP address of BIGSERVER to the "wins server" box in the
advanced tcp/ip setup on the PC.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> enable windows name resolution via DNS in the advanced section of
the tcp/ip setup</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> add BIGSERVER to your lmhosts file on the PC.</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>If you get a "invalid network name" or "bad password error" then the
same fixes apply as they did for the "smbclient -L" test above. In
particular, make sure your "hosts allow" line is correct (see the man
pages)</P
><P
>Also, do not overlook that fact that when the workstation requests the
connection to the samba server it will attempt to connect using the
name with which you logged onto your Windows machine. You need to make
sure that an account exists on your Samba server with that exact same
name and password.</P
><P
>If you get "specified computer is not receiving requests" or similar
it probably means that the host is not contactable via tcp services.
Check to see if the host is running tcp wrappers, and if so add an entry in
the hosts.allow file for your client (or subnet, etc.)</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3290"
></A
>23.3.9. Test 9</H2
><P
>Run the command <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>net use x: \\BIGSERVER\TMP</B
>. You should
be prompted for a password then you should get a "command completed
successfully" message. If not then your PC software is incorrectly
installed or your smb.conf is incorrect. make sure your "hosts allow"
and other config lines in smb.conf are correct.</P
><P
>It's also possible that the server can't work out what user name to
connect you as. To see if this is the problem add the line "user =
USERNAME" to the [tmp] section of smb.conf where "USERNAME" is the
username corresponding to the password you typed. If you find this
fixes things you may need the username mapping option. </P
><P
>It might also be the case that your client only sends encrypted passwords
and you have <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>encrypt passwords = no</B
> in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>.
Turn it back on to fix.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3298"
></A
>23.3.10. Test 10</H2
><P
>Run the command <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmblookup -M TESTGROUP</B
> where
TESTGROUP is the name of the workgroup that your Samba server and
Windows PCs belong to. You should get back the IP address of the
master browser for that workgroup.</P
><P
>If you don't then the election process has failed. Wait a minute to
see if it is just being slow then try again. If it still fails after
that then look at the browsing options you have set in smb.conf. Make
sure you have <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>preferred master = yes</B
> to ensure that
an election is held at startup.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3304"
></A
>23.3.11. Test 11</H2
><P
>From file manager try to browse the server. Your samba server should
appear in the browse list of your local workgroup (or the one you
specified in smb.conf). You should be able to double click on the name
of the server and get a list of shares. If you get a "invalid
password" error when you do then you are probably running WinNT and it
is refusing to browse a server that has no encrypted password
capability and is in user level security mode. In this case either set
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>security = server</B
> AND
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>password server = Windows_NT_Machine</B
> in your
smb.conf file, or enable encrypted passwords AFTER compiling in support
for encrypted passwords (refer to the Makefile).</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN3309"
></A
>23.4. Still having troubles?</H1
><P
>Try the mailing list or newsgroup, or use the ethereal utility to
sniff the problem. The official samba mailing list can be reached at
<A
HREF="mailto:samba@samba.org"
TARGET="_top"
>samba@samba.org</A
>. To find
out more about samba and how to subscribe to the mailing list check
out the samba web page at
<A
HREF="http://samba.org/samba"
TARGET="_top"
>http://samba.org/samba</A
></P
><P
>Also look at the other docs in the Samba package!</P
></DIV
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>security = domain in Samba 2.x</TITLE
><META
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CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.77"><LINK
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></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><H1
><A
NAME="DOMAIN-SECURITY"
></A
>Chapter 9. security = domain in Samba 2.x</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1133"
></A
>9.1. Joining an NT Domain with Samba 2.2</H1
><P
>Assume you have a Samba 2.x server with a NetBIOS name of
<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>SERV1</TT
> and are joining an NT domain called
<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOM</TT
>, which has a PDC with a NetBIOS name
of <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOMPDC</TT
> and two backup domain controllers
with NetBIOS names <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOMBDC1</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOMBDC2
</TT
>.</P
><P
>In order to join the domain, first stop all Samba daemons
and run the command:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbpasswd -j DOM -r DOMPDC
-U<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>Administrator%password</I
></TT
></B
></TT
></P
><P
>as we are joining the domain DOM and the PDC for that domain
(the only machine that has write access to the domain SAM database)
is DOMPDC. The <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>Administrator%password</I
></TT
> is
the login name and password for an account which has the necessary
privilege to add machines to the domain. If this is successful
you will see the message:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>smbpasswd: Joined domain DOM.</TT
>
</P
><P
>in your terminal window. See the <A
HREF="smbpasswd.8.html"
TARGET="_top"
> smbpasswd(8)</A
> man page for more details.</P
><P
>There is existing development code to join a domain
without having to create the machine trust account on the PDC
beforehand. This code will hopefully be available soon
in release branches as well.</P
><P
>This command goes through the machine account password
change protocol, then writes the new (random) machine account
password for this Samba server into a file in the same directory
in which an smbpasswd file would be stored - normally :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/private</TT
></P
><P
>In Samba 2.0.x, the filename looks like this:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>&lt;NT DOMAIN NAME&gt;</I
></TT
>.<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>&lt;Samba
Server Name&gt;</I
></TT
>.mac</TT
></P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>.mac</TT
> suffix stands for machine account
password file. So in our example above, the file would be called:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>DOM.SERV1.mac</TT
></P
><P
>In Samba 2.2, this file has been replaced with a TDB
(Trivial Database) file named <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>secrets.tdb</TT
>.
</P
><P
>This file is created and owned by root and is not
readable by any other user. It is the key to the domain-level
security for your system, and should be treated as carefully
as a shadow password file.</P
><P
>Now, before restarting the Samba daemons you must
edit your <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf(5)</TT
>
</A
> file to tell Samba it should now use domain security.</P
><P
>Change (or add) your <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITY"
TARGET="_top"
> <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security =</I
></TT
></A
> line in the [global] section
of your smb.conf to read:</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>security = domain</B
></P
><P
>Next change the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WORKGROUP"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
> workgroup =</I
></TT
></A
> line in the [global] section to read: </P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>workgroup = DOM</B
></P
><P
>as this is the name of the domain we are joining. </P
><P
>You must also have the parameter <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS"
TARGET="_top"
> <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>encrypt passwords</I
></TT
></A
> set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>yes
</TT
> in order for your users to authenticate to the NT PDC.</P
><P
>Finally, add (or modify) a <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PASSWORDSERVER"
TARGET="_top"
> <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>password server =</I
></TT
></A
> line in the [global]
section to read: </P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>password server = DOMPDC DOMBDC1 DOMBDC2</B
></P
><P
>These are the primary and backup domain controllers Samba
will attempt to contact in order to authenticate users. Samba will
try to contact each of these servers in order, so you may want to
rearrange this list in order to spread out the authentication load
among domain controllers.</P
><P
>Alternatively, if you want smbd to automatically determine
the list of Domain controllers to use for authentication, you may
set this line to be :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>password server = *</B
></P
><P
>This method, which was introduced in Samba 2.0.6,
allows Samba to use exactly the same mechanism that NT does. This
method either broadcasts or uses a WINS database in order to
find domain controllers to authenticate against.</P
><P
>Finally, restart your Samba daemons and get ready for
clients to begin using domain security!</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1197"
></A
>9.2. Samba and Windows 2000 Domains</H1
><P
>Many people have asked regarding the state of Samba's ability to participate in
a Windows 2000 Domain. Samba 2.2 is able to act as a member server of a Windows
2000 domain operating in mixed or native mode.</P
><P
>There is much confusion between the circumstances that require a "mixed" mode
Win2k DC and a when this host can be switched to "native" mode. A "mixed" mode
Win2k domain controller is only needed if Windows NT BDCs must exist in the same
domain. By default, a Win2k DC in "native" mode will still support
NetBIOS and NTLMv1 for authentication of legacy clients such as Windows 9x and
NT 4.0. Samba has the same requirements as a Windows NT 4.0 member server.</P
><P
>The steps for adding a Samba 2.2 host to a Win2k domain are the same as those
for adding a Samba server to a Windows NT 4.0 domain. The only exception is that
the "Server Manager" from NT 4 has been replaced by the "Active Directory Users and
Computers" MMC (Microsoft Management Console) plugin.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1202"
></A
>9.3. Why is this better than security = server?</H1
><P
>Currently, domain security in Samba doesn't free you from
having to create local Unix users to represent the users attaching
to your server. This means that if domain user <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOM\fred
</TT
> attaches to your domain security Samba server, there needs
to be a local Unix user fred to represent that user in the Unix
filesystem. This is very similar to the older Samba security mode
<A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYEQUALSSERVER"
TARGET="_top"
>security = server</A
>,
where Samba would pass through the authentication request to a Windows
NT server in the same way as a Windows 95 or Windows 98 server would.
</P
><P
>Please refer to the <A
HREF="winbind.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Winbind
paper</A
> for information on a system to automatically
assign UNIX uids and gids to Windows NT Domain users and groups.
This code is available in development branches only at the moment,
but will be moved to release branches soon.</P
><P
>The advantage to domain-level security is that the
authentication in domain-level security is passed down the authenticated
RPC channel in exactly the same way that an NT server would do it. This
means Samba servers now participate in domain trust relationships in
exactly the same way NT servers do (i.e., you can add Samba servers into
a resource domain and have the authentication passed on from a resource
domain PDC to an account domain PDC.</P
><P
>In addition, with <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>security = server</B
> every Samba
daemon on a server has to keep a connection open to the
authenticating server for as long as that daemon lasts. This can drain
the connection resources on a Microsoft NT server and cause it to run
out of available connections. With <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>security = domain</B
>,
however, the Samba daemons connect to the PDC/BDC only for as long
as is necessary to authenticate the user, and then drop the connection,
thus conserving PDC connection resources.</P
><P
>And finally, acting in the same manner as an NT server
authenticating to a PDC means that as part of the authentication
reply, the Samba server gets the user identification information such
as the user SID, the list of NT groups the user belongs to, etc. All
this information will allow Samba to be extended in the future into
a mode the developers currently call appliance mode. In this mode,
no local Unix users will be necessary, and Samba will generate Unix
uids and gids from the information passed back from the PDC when a
user is authenticated, making a Samba server truly plug and play
in an NT domain environment. Watch for this code soon.</P
><P
><SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>NOTE:</I
></SPAN
> Much of the text of this document
was first published in the Web magazine <A
HREF="http://www.linuxworld.com"
TARGET="_top"
>
LinuxWorld</A
> as the article <A
HREF="http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-1998-10/lw-10-samba.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Doing
the NIS/NT Samba</A
>.</P
></DIV
></DIV
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><DIV
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><H1
><A
NAME="GROUPMAPPING"
></A
>Chapter 20. Group mapping HOWTO</H1
><P
>
Starting with Samba 3.0 alpha 2, a new group mapping function is available. The
current method (likely to change) to manage the groups is a new command called
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbgroupedit</B
>.</P
><P
>The first immediate reason to use the group mapping on a PDC, is that
the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>domain admin group</B
> of <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> is
now gone. This parameter was used to give the listed users local admin rights
on their workstations. It was some magic stuff that simply worked but didn't
scale very well for complex setups.</P
><P
>Let me explain how it works on NT/W2K, to have this magic fade away.
When installing NT/W2K on a computer, the installer program creates some users
and groups. Notably the 'Administrators' group, and gives to that group some
privileges like the ability to change the date and time or to kill any process
(or close too) running on the local machine. The 'Administrator' user is a
member of the 'Administrators' group, and thus 'inherit' the 'Administrators'
group privileges. If a 'joe' user is created and become a member of the
'Administrator' group, 'joe' has exactly the same rights as 'Administrator'.</P
><P
>When a NT/W2K machine is joined to a domain, during that phase, the "Domain
Administrators' group of the PDC is added to the 'Administrators' group of the
workstation. Every members of the 'Domain Administrators' group 'inherit' the
rights of the 'Administrators' group when logging on the workstation.</P
><P
>You are now wondering how to make some of your samba PDC users members of the
'Domain Administrators' ? That's really easy.</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>create a unix group (usually in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/group</TT
>), let's call it domadm</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>add to this group the users that must be Administrators. For example if you want joe,john and mary, your entry in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/group</TT
> will look like:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>domadm:x:502:joe,john,mary</PRE
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Map this domadm group to the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>domain admins</B
> group by running the command:</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbgroupedit -c "Domain Admins" -u domadm</B
></P
></LI
></OL
><P
>You're set, joe, john and mary are domain administrators !</P
><P
>Like the Domain Admins group, you can map any arbitrary Unix group to any NT
group. You can also make any Unix group a domain group. For example, on a domain
member machine (an NT/W2K or a samba server running winbind), you would like to
give access to a certain directory to some users who are member of a group on
your samba PDC. Flag that group as a domain group by running:</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbgroupedit -a unixgroup -td</B
></P
><P
>You can list the various groups in the mapping database like this</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbgroupedit -v</B
></P
></DIV
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></A
>Chapter 15. Improved browsing in samba</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2517"
></A
>15.1. Overview of browsing</H1
><P
>SMB networking provides a mechanism by which clients can access a list
of machines in a network, a so-called "browse list". This list
contains machines that are ready to offer file and/or print services
to other machines within the network. Thus it does not include
machines which aren't currently able to do server tasks. The browse
list is heavily used by all SMB clients. Configuration of SMB
browsing has been problematic for some Samba users, hence this
document.</P
><P
>Browsing will NOT work if name resolution from NetBIOS names to IP
addresses does not function correctly. Use of a WINS server is highly
recommended to aid the resolution of NetBIOS (SMB) names to IP addresses.
WINS allows remote segment clients to obtain NetBIOS name_type information
that can NOT be provided by any other means of name resolution.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2521"
></A
>15.2. Browsing support in samba</H1
><P
>Samba now fully supports browsing. The browsing is supported by nmbd
and is also controlled by options in the smb.conf file (see smb.conf(5)).</P
><P
>Samba can act as a local browse master for a workgroup and the ability
for samba to support domain logons and scripts is now available. See
DOMAIN.txt for more information on domain logons.</P
><P
>Samba can also act as a domain master browser for a workgroup. This
means that it will collate lists from local browse masters into a
wide area network server list. In order for browse clients to
resolve the names they may find in this list, it is recommended that
both samba and your clients use a WINS server.</P
><P
>Note that you should NOT set Samba to be the domain master for a
workgroup that has the same name as an NT Domain: on each wide area
network, you must only ever have one domain master browser per workgroup,
regardless of whether it is NT, Samba or any other type of domain master
that is providing this service.</P
><P
>[Note that nmbd can be configured as a WINS server, but it is not
necessary to specifically use samba as your WINS server. NTAS can
be configured as your WINS server. In a mixed NT server and
samba environment on a Wide Area Network, it is recommended that
you use the NT server's WINS server capabilities. In a samba-only
environment, it is recommended that you use one and only one nmbd
as your WINS server].</P
><P
>To get browsing to work you need to run nmbd as usual, but will need
to use the "workgroup" option in smb.conf to control what workgroup
Samba becomes a part of.</P
><P
>Samba also has a useful option for a Samba server to offer itself for
browsing on another subnet. It is recommended that this option is only
used for 'unusual' purposes: announcements over the internet, for
example. See "remote announce" in the smb.conf man page. </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2530"
></A
>15.3. Problem resolution</H1
><P
>If something doesn't work then hopefully the log.nmb file will help
you track down the problem. Try a debug level of 2 or 3 for finding
problems. Also note that the current browse list usually gets stored
in text form in a file called browse.dat.</P
><P
>Note that if it doesn't work for you, then you should still be able to
type the server name as \\SERVER in filemanager then hit enter and
filemanager should display the list of available shares.</P
><P
>Some people find browsing fails because they don't have the global
"guest account" set to a valid account. Remember that the IPC$
connection that lists the shares is done as guest, and thus you must
have a valid guest account.</P
><P
>Also, a lot of people are getting bitten by the problem of too many
parameters on the command line of nmbd in inetd.conf. This trick is to
not use spaces between the option and the parameter (eg: -d2 instead
of -d 2), and to not use the -B and -N options. New versions of nmbd
are now far more likely to correctly find your broadcast and network
address, so in most cases these aren't needed.</P
><P
>The other big problem people have is that their broadcast address,
netmask or IP address is wrong (specified with the "interfaces" option
in smb.conf)</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2537"
></A
>15.4. Browsing across subnets</H1
><P
>With the release of Samba 1.9.17(alpha1 and above) Samba has been
updated to enable it to support the replication of browse lists
across subnet boundaries. New code and options have been added to
achieve this. This section describes how to set this feature up
in different settings.</P
><P
>To see browse lists that span TCP/IP subnets (ie. networks separated
by routers that don't pass broadcast traffic) you must set up at least
one WINS server. The WINS server acts as a DNS for NetBIOS names, allowing
NetBIOS name to IP address translation to be done by doing a direct
query of the WINS server. This is done via a directed UDP packet on
port 137 to the WINS server machine. The reason for a WINS server is
that by default, all NetBIOS name to IP address translation is done
by broadcasts from the querying machine. This means that machines
on one subnet will not be able to resolve the names of machines on
another subnet without using a WINS server.</P
><P
>Remember, for browsing across subnets to work correctly, all machines,
be they Windows 95, Windows NT, or Samba servers must have the IP address
of a WINS server given to them by a DHCP server, or by manual configuration
(for Win95 and WinNT, this is in the TCP/IP Properties, under Network
settings) for Samba this is in the smb.conf file.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2542"
></A
>15.4.1. How does cross subnet browsing work ?</H2
><P
>Cross subnet browsing is a complicated dance, containing multiple
moving parts. It has taken Microsoft several years to get the code
that achieves this correct, and Samba lags behind in some areas.
However, with the 1.9.17 release, Samba is capable of cross subnet
browsing when configured correctly.</P
><P
>Consider a network set up as follows :</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> (DMB)
N1_A N1_B N1_C N1_D N1_E
| | | | |
-------------------------------------------------------
| subnet 1 |
+---+ +---+
|R1 | Router 1 Router 2 |R2 |
+---+ +---+
| |
| subnet 2 subnet 3 |
-------------------------- ------------------------------------
| | | | | | | |
N2_A N2_B N2_C N2_D N3_A N3_B N3_C N3_D
(WINS)</PRE
></P
><P
>Consisting of 3 subnets (1, 2, 3) connected by two routers
(R1, R2) - these do not pass broadcasts. Subnet 1 has 5 machines
on it, subnet 2 has 4 machines, subnet 3 has 4 machines. Assume
for the moment that all these machines are configured to be in the
same workgroup (for simplicities sake). Machine N1_C on subnet 1
is configured as Domain Master Browser (ie. it will collate the
browse lists for the workgroup). Machine N2_D is configured as
WINS server and all the other machines are configured to register
their NetBIOS names with it.</P
><P
>As all these machines are booted up, elections for master browsers
will take place on each of the three subnets. Assume that machine
N1_C wins on subnet 1, N2_B wins on subnet 2, and N3_D wins on
subnet 3 - these machines are known as local master browsers for
their particular subnet. N1_C has an advantage in winning as the
local master browser on subnet 1 as it is set up as Domain Master
Browser.</P
><P
>On each of the three networks, machines that are configured to
offer sharing services will broadcast that they are offering
these services. The local master browser on each subnet will
receive these broadcasts and keep a record of the fact that
the machine is offering a service. This list of records is
the basis of the browse list. For this case, assume that
all the machines are configured to offer services so all machines
will be on the browse list.</P
><P
>For each network, the local master browser on that network is
considered 'authoritative' for all the names it receives via
local broadcast. This is because a machine seen by the local
master browser via a local broadcast must be on the same
network as the local master browser and thus is a 'trusted'
and 'verifiable' resource. Machines on other networks that
the local master browsers learn about when collating their
browse lists have not been directly seen - these records are
called 'non-authoritative'.</P
><P
>At this point the browse lists look as follows (these are
the machines you would see in your network neighborhood if
you looked in it on a particular network right now).</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>Subnet Browse Master List
------ ------------- ----
Subnet1 N1_C N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E
Subnet2 N2_B N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D
Subnet3 N3_D N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D</PRE
></P
><P
>Note that at this point all the subnets are separate, no
machine is seen across any of the subnets.</P
><P
>Now examine subnet 2. As soon as N2_B has become the local
master browser it looks for a Domain master browser to synchronize
its browse list with. It does this by querying the WINS server
(N2_D) for the IP address associated with the NetBIOS name
WORKGROUP&gt;1B&lt;. This name was registerd by the Domain master
browser (N1_C) with the WINS server as soon as it was booted.</P
><P
>Once N2_B knows the address of the Domain master browser it
tells it that is the local master browser for subnet 2 by
sending a MasterAnnouncement packet as a UDP port 138 packet.
It then synchronizes with it by doing a NetServerEnum2 call. This
tells the Domain Master Browser to send it all the server
names it knows about. Once the domain master browser receives
the MasterAnnouncement packet it schedules a synchronization
request to the sender of that packet. After both synchronizations
are done the browse lists look like :</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>Subnet Browse Master List
------ ------------- ----
Subnet1 N1_C N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E,
N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*)
Subnet2 N2_B N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D
N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*)
Subnet3 N3_D N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D
Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names.</PRE
></P
><P
>At this point users looking in their network neighborhood on
subnets 1 or 2 will see all the servers on both, users on
subnet 3 will still only see the servers on their own subnet.</P
><P
>The same sequence of events that occured for N2_B now occurs
for the local master browser on subnet 3 (N3_D). When it
synchronizes browse lists with the domain master browser (N1_A)
it gets both the server entries on subnet 1, and those on
subnet 2. After N3_D has synchronized with N1_C and vica-versa
the browse lists look like.</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>Subnet Browse Master List
------ ------------- ----
Subnet1 N1_C N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E,
N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*),
N3_A(*), N3_B(*), N3_C(*), N3_D(*)
Subnet2 N2_B N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D
N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*)
Subnet3 N3_D N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D
N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*),
N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*)
Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names.</PRE
></P
><P
>At this point users looking in their network neighborhood on
subnets 1 or 3 will see all the servers on all sunbets, users on
subnet 2 will still only see the servers on subnets 1 and 2, but not 3.</P
><P
>Finally, the local master browser for subnet 2 (N2_B) will sync again
with the domain master browser (N1_C) and will recieve the missing
server entries. Finally - and as a steady state (if no machines
are removed or shut off) the browse lists will look like :</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>Subnet Browse Master List
------ ------------- ----
Subnet1 N1_C N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E,
N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*),
N3_A(*), N3_B(*), N3_C(*), N3_D(*)
Subnet2 N2_B N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D
N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*)
N3_A(*), N3_B(*), N3_C(*), N3_D(*)
Subnet3 N3_D N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D
N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*),
N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*)
Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names.</PRE
></P
><P
>Synchronizations between the domain master browser and local
master browsers will continue to occur, but this should be a
steady state situation.</P
><P
>If either router R1 or R2 fails the following will occur:</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
> Names of computers on each side of the inaccessible network fragments
will be maintained for as long as 36 minutes, in the network neighbourhood
lists.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Attempts to connect to these inaccessible computers will fail, but the
names will not be removed from the network neighbourhood lists.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> If one of the fragments is cut off from the WINS server, it will only
be able to access servers on its local subnet, by using subnet-isolated
broadcast NetBIOS name resolution. The effects are similar to that of
losing access to a DNS server.
</P
></LI
></OL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2577"
></A
>15.5. Setting up a WINS server</H1
><P
>Either a Samba machine or a Windows NT Server machine may be set up
as a WINS server. To set a Samba machine to be a WINS server you must
add the following option to the smb.conf file on the selected machine :
in the [globals] section add the line </P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> wins support = yes</B
></P
><P
>Versions of Samba previous to 1.9.17 had this parameter default to
yes. If you have any older versions of Samba on your network it is
strongly suggested you upgrade to 1.9.17 or above, or at the very
least set the parameter to 'no' on all these machines.</P
><P
>Machines with "<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>wins support = yes</B
>" will keep a list of
all NetBIOS names registered with them, acting as a DNS for NetBIOS names.</P
><P
>You should set up only ONE wins server. Do NOT set the
"<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>wins support = yes</B
>" option on more than one Samba
server.</P
><P
>To set up a Windows NT Server as a WINS server you need to set up
the WINS service - see your NT documentation for details. Note that
Windows NT WINS Servers can replicate to each other, allowing more
than one to be set up in a complex subnet environment. As Microsoft
refuse to document these replication protocols Samba cannot currently
participate in these replications. It is possible in the future that
a Samba-&#62;Samba WINS replication protocol may be defined, in which
case more than one Samba machine could be set up as a WINS server
but currently only one Samba server should have the "wins support = yes"
parameter set.</P
><P
>After the WINS server has been configured you must ensure that all
machines participating on the network are configured with the address
of this WINS server. If your WINS server is a Samba machine, fill in
the Samba machine IP address in the "Primary WINS Server" field of
the "Control Panel-&#62;Network-&#62;Protocols-&#62;TCP-&#62;WINS Server" dialogs
in Windows 95 or Windows NT. To tell a Samba server the IP address
of the WINS server add the following line to the [global] section of
all smb.conf files :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> wins server = &gt;name or IP address&lt;</B
></P
><P
>where &gt;name or IP address&lt; is either the DNS name of the WINS server
machine or its IP address.</P
><P
>Note that this line MUST NOT BE SET in the smb.conf file of the Samba
server acting as the WINS server itself. If you set both the
"<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>wins support = yes</B
>" option and the
"<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>wins server = &gt;name&lt;</B
>" option then
nmbd will fail to start.</P
><P
>There are two possible scenarios for setting up cross subnet browsing.
The first details setting up cross subnet browsing on a network containing
Windows 95, Samba and Windows NT machines that are not configured as
part of a Windows NT Domain. The second details setting up cross subnet
browsing on networks that contain NT Domains.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2596"
></A
>15.6. Setting up Browsing in a WORKGROUP</H1
><P
>To set up cross subnet browsing on a network containing machines
in up to be in a WORKGROUP, not an NT Domain you need to set up one
Samba server to be the Domain Master Browser (note that this is *NOT*
the same as a Primary Domain Controller, although in an NT Domain the
same machine plays both roles). The role of a Domain master browser is
to collate the browse lists from local master browsers on all the
subnets that have a machine participating in the workgroup. Without
one machine configured as a domain master browser each subnet would
be an isolated workgroup, unable to see any machines on any other
subnet. It is the presense of a domain master browser that makes
cross subnet browsing possible for a workgroup.</P
><P
>In an WORKGROUP environment the domain master browser must be a
Samba server, and there must only be one domain master browser per
workgroup name. To set up a Samba server as a domain master browser,
set the following option in the [global] section of the smb.conf file :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> domain master = yes</B
></P
><P
>The domain master browser should also preferrably be the local master
browser for its own subnet. In order to achieve this set the following
options in the [global] section of the smb.conf file :</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> domain master = yes
local master = yes
preferred master = yes
os level = 65</PRE
></P
><P
>The domain master browser may be the same machine as the WINS
server, if you require.</P
><P
>Next, you should ensure that each of the subnets contains a
machine that can act as a local master browser for the
workgroup. Any NT machine should be able to do this, as will
Windows 95 machines (although these tend to get rebooted more
often, so it's not such a good idea to use these). To make a
Samba server a local master browser set the following
options in the [global] section of the smb.conf file :</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> domain master = no
local master = yes
preferred master = yes
os level = 65</PRE
></P
><P
>Do not do this for more than one Samba server on each subnet,
or they will war with each other over which is to be the local
master browser.</P
><P
>The "local master" parameter allows Samba to act as a local master
browser. The "preferred master" causes nmbd to force a browser
election on startup and the "os level" parameter sets Samba high
enough so that it should win any browser elections.</P
><P
>If you have an NT machine on the subnet that you wish to
be the local master browser then you can disable Samba from
becoming a local master browser by setting the following
options in the [global] section of the smb.conf file :</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> domain master = no
local master = no
preferred master = no
os level = 0</PRE
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2614"
></A
>15.7. Setting up Browsing in a DOMAIN</H1
><P
>If you are adding Samba servers to a Windows NT Domain then
you must not set up a Samba server as a domain master browser.
By default, a Windows NT Primary Domain Controller for a Domain
name is also the Domain master browser for that name, and many
things will break if a Samba server registers the Domain master
browser NetBIOS name (DOMAIN&gt;1B&lt;) with WINS instead of the PDC.</P
><P
>For subnets other than the one containing the Windows NT PDC
you may set up Samba servers as local master browsers as
described. To make a Samba server a local master browser set
the following options in the [global] section of the smb.conf
file :</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> domain master = no
local master = yes
preferred master = yes
os level = 65</PRE
></P
><P
>If you wish to have a Samba server fight the election with machines
on the same subnet you may set the "os level" parameter to lower
levels. By doing this you can tune the order of machines that
will become local master browsers if they are running. For
more details on this see the section "FORCING SAMBA TO BE THE MASTER"
below.</P
><P
>If you have Windows NT machines that are members of the domain
on all subnets, and you are sure they will always be running then
you can disable Samba from taking part in browser elections and
ever becoming a local master browser by setting following options
in the [global] section of the smb.conf file :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> domain master = no
local master = no
preferred master = no
os level = 0</B
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2624"
></A
>15.8. Forcing samba to be the master</H1
><P
>Who becomes the "master browser" is determined by an election process
using broadcasts. Each election packet contains a number of parameters
which determine what precedence (bias) a host should have in the
election. By default Samba uses a very low precedence and thus loses
elections to just about anyone else.</P
><P
>If you want Samba to win elections then just set the "os level" global
option in smb.conf to a higher number. It defaults to 0. Using 34
would make it win all elections over every other system (except other
samba systems!)</P
><P
>A "os level" of 2 would make it beat WfWg and Win95, but not NTAS. A
NTAS domain controller uses level 32.</P
><P
>The maximum os level is 255</P
><P
>If you want samba to force an election on startup, then set the
"preferred master" global option in smb.conf to "yes". Samba will
then have a slight advantage over other potential master browsers
that are not preferred master browsers. Use this parameter with
care, as if you have two hosts (whether they are windows 95 or NT or
samba) on the same local subnet both set with "preferred master" to
"yes", then periodically and continually they will force an election
in order to become the local master browser.</P
><P
>If you want samba to be a "domain master browser", then it is
recommended that you also set "preferred master" to "yes", because
samba will not become a domain master browser for the whole of your
LAN or WAN if it is not also a local master browser on its own
broadcast isolated subnet.</P
><P
>It is possible to configure two samba servers to attempt to become
the domain master browser for a domain. The first server that comes
up will be the domain master browser. All other samba servers will
attempt to become the domain master browser every 5 minutes. They
will find that another samba server is already the domain master
browser and will fail. This provides automatic redundancy, should
the current domain master browser fail.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2633"
></A
>15.9. Making samba the domain master</H1
><P
>The domain master is responsible for collating the browse lists of
multiple subnets so that browsing can occur between subnets. You can
make samba act as the domain master by setting "domain master = yes"
in smb.conf. By default it will not be a domain master.</P
><P
>Note that you should NOT set Samba to be the domain master for a
workgroup that has the same name as an NT Domain.</P
><P
>When samba is the domain master and the master browser it will listen
for master announcements (made roughly every twelve minutes) from local
master browsers on other subnets and then contact them to synchronise
browse lists.</P
><P
>If you want samba to be the domain master then I suggest you also set
the "os level" high enough to make sure it wins elections, and set
"preferred master" to "yes", to get samba to force an election on
startup.</P
><P
>Note that all your servers (including samba) and clients should be
using a WINS server to resolve NetBIOS names. If your clients are only
using broadcasting to resolve NetBIOS names, then two things will occur:</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
> your local master browsers will be unable to find a domain master
browser, as it will only be looking on the local subnet.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> if a client happens to get hold of a domain-wide browse list, and
a user attempts to access a host in that list, it will be unable to
resolve the NetBIOS name of that host.
</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>If, however, both samba and your clients are using a WINS server, then:</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
> your local master browsers will contact the WINS server and, as long as
samba has registered that it is a domain master browser with the WINS
server, your local master browser will receive samba's ip address
as its domain master browser.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> when a client receives a domain-wide browse list, and a user attempts
to access a host in that list, it will contact the WINS server to
resolve the NetBIOS name of that host. as long as that host has
registered its NetBIOS name with the same WINS server, the user will
be able to see that host.
</P
></LI
></OL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2651"
></A
>15.10. Note about broadcast addresses</H1
><P
>If your network uses a "0" based broadcast address (for example if it
ends in a 0) then you will strike problems. Windows for Workgroups
does not seem to support a 0's broadcast and you will probably find
that browsing and name lookups won't work.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2654"
></A
>15.11. Multiple interfaces</H1
><P
>Samba now supports machines with multiple network interfaces. If you
have multiple interfaces then you will need to use the "interfaces"
option in smb.conf to configure them. See smb.conf(5) for details.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
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><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><H1
><A
NAME="INSTALL"
></A
>Chapter 1. How to Install and Test SAMBA</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN20"
></A
>1.1. Step 0: Read the man pages</H1
><P
>The man pages distributed with SAMBA contain
lots of useful info that will help to get you started.
If you don't know how to read man pages then try
something like:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>nroff -man smbd.8 | more
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Other sources of information are pointed to
by the Samba web site,<A
HREF="http://www.samba.org/"
TARGET="_top"
> http://www.samba.org</A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN28"
></A
>1.2. Step 1: Building the Binaries</H1
><P
>To do this, first run the program <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>./configure
</B
> in the source directory. This should automatically
configure Samba for your operating system. If you have unusual
needs then you may wish to run</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>./configure --help
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>first to see what special options you can enable.
Then executing</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make</B
></TT
></P
><P
>will create the binaries. Once it's successfully
compiled you can use </P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make install</B
></TT
></P
><P
>to install the binaries and manual pages. You can
separately install the binaries and/or man pages using</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make installbin
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>and</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make installman
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Note that if you are upgrading for a previous version
of Samba you might like to know that the old versions of
the binaries will be renamed with a ".old" extension. You
can go back to the previous version with</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make revert
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>if you find this version a disaster!</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN56"
></A
>1.3. Step 2: The all important step</H1
><P
>At this stage you must fetch yourself a
coffee or other drink you find stimulating. Getting the rest
of the install right can sometimes be tricky, so you will
probably need it.</P
><P
>If you have installed samba before then you can skip
this step.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN60"
></A
>1.4. Step 3: Create the smb configuration file.</H1
><P
>There are sample configuration files in the examples
subdirectory in the distribution. I suggest you read them
carefully so you can see how the options go together in
practice. See the man page for all the options.</P
><P
>The simplest useful configuration file would be
something like this:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> [global]
workgroup = MYGROUP
[homes]
guest ok = no
read only = no
</PRE
></P
><P
>which would allow connections by anyone with an
account on the server, using either their login name or
"homes" as the service name. (Note that I also set the
workgroup that Samba is part of. See BROWSING.txt for details)</P
><P
>Note that <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>make install</B
> will not install
a <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file. You need to create it
yourself. </P
><P
>Make sure you put the smb.conf file in the same place
you specified in the<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>Makefile</TT
> (the default is to
look for it in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/lib/</TT
>).</P
><P
>For more information about security settings for the
[homes] share please refer to the document UNIX_SECURITY.txt.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN74"
></A
>1.5. Step 4: Test your config file with
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>testparm</B
></H1
><P
>It's important that you test the validity of your
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file using the testparm program.
If testparm runs OK then it will list the loaded services. If
not it will give an error message.</P
><P
>Make sure it runs OK and that the services look
reasonable before proceeding. </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN80"
></A
>1.6. Step 5: Starting the smbd and nmbd</H1
><P
>You must choose to start smbd and nmbd either
as daemons or from <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>. Don't try
to do both! Either you can put them in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
> inetd.conf</TT
> and have them started on demand
by <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>, or you can start them as
daemons either from the command line or in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
> /etc/rc.local</TT
>. See the man pages for details
on the command line options. Take particular care to read
the bit about what user you need to be in order to start
Samba. In many cases you must be root.</P
><P
>The main advantage of starting <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
>
and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmbd</B
> using the recommended daemon method
is that they will respond slightly more quickly to an initial connection
request.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN90"
></A
>1.6.1. Step 5a: Starting from inetd.conf</H2
><P
>NOTE; The following will be different if
you use NIS or NIS+ to distributed services maps.</P
><P
>Look at your <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/services</TT
>.
What is defined at port 139/tcp. If nothing is defined
then add a line like this:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>netbios-ssn 139/tcp</B
></TT
></P
><P
>similarly for 137/udp you should have an entry like:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>netbios-ns 137/udp</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Next edit your <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inetd.conf</TT
>
and add two lines something like this:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> netbios-ssn stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd smbd
netbios-ns dgram udp wait root /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd nmbd
</PRE
></P
><P
>The exact syntax of <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inetd.conf</TT
>
varies between unixes. Look at the other entries in inetd.conf
for a guide.</P
><P
>NOTE: Some unixes already have entries like netbios_ns
(note the underscore) in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/services</TT
>.
You must either edit <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/services</TT
> or
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inetd.conf</TT
> to make them consistent.</P
><P
>NOTE: On many systems you may need to use the
"interfaces" option in smb.conf to specify the IP address
and netmask of your interfaces. Run <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ifconfig</B
>
as root if you don't know what the broadcast is for your
net. <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmbd</B
> tries to determine it at run
time, but fails on some unixes. See the section on "testing nmbd"
for a method of finding if you need to do this.</P
><P
>!!!WARNING!!! Many unixes only accept around 5
parameters on the command line in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>inetd.conf</TT
>.
This means you shouldn't use spaces between the options and
arguments, or you should use a script, and start the script
from <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>.</P
><P
>Restart <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>, perhaps just send
it a HUP. If you have installed an earlier version of <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> nmbd</B
> then you may need to kill nmbd as well.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN119"
></A
>1.6.2. Step 5b. Alternative: starting it as a daemon</H2
><P
>To start the server as a daemon you should create
a script something like this one, perhaps calling
it <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>startsmb</TT
>.</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> #!/bin/sh
/usr/local/samba/bin/smbd -D
/usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd -D
</PRE
></P
><P
>then make it executable with <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>chmod
+x startsmb</B
></P
><P
>You can then run <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>startsmb</B
> by
hand or execute it from <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/rc.local</TT
>
</P
><P
>To kill it send a kill signal to the processes
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmbd</B
> and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
>.</P
><P
>NOTE: If you use the SVR4 style init system then
you may like to look at the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>examples/svr4-startup</TT
>
script to make Samba fit into that system.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN135"
></A
>1.7. Step 6: Try listing the shares available on your
server</H1
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbclient -L
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>yourhostname</I
></TT
></B
></TT
></P
><P
>You should get back a list of shares available on
your server. If you don't then something is incorrectly setup.
Note that this method can also be used to see what shares
are available on other LanManager clients (such as WfWg).</P
><P
>If you choose user level security then you may find
that Samba requests a password before it will list the shares.
See the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbclient</B
> man page for details. (you
can force it to list the shares without a password by
adding the option -U% to the command line. This will not work
with non-Samba servers)</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN144"
></A
>1.8. Step 7: Try connecting with the unix client</H1
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbclient <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
> //yourhostname/aservice</I
></TT
></B
></TT
></P
><P
>Typically the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>yourhostname</I
></TT
>
would be the name of the host where you installed <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> smbd</B
>. The <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>aservice</I
></TT
> is
any service you have defined in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>
file. Try your user name if you just have a [homes] section
in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>.</P
><P
>For example if your unix host is bambi and your login
name is fred you would type:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbclient //bambi/fred
</B
></TT
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN160"
></A
>1.9. Step 8: Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT,
Win2k, OS/2, etc... client</H1
><P
>Try mounting disks. eg:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINDOWS\&#62; </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>net use d: \\servername\service
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Try printing. eg:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINDOWS\&#62; </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>net use lpt1:
\\servername\spoolservice</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINDOWS\&#62; </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>print filename
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Celebrate, or send me a bug report!</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN174"
></A
>1.10. What If Things Don't Work?</H1
><P
>If nothing works and you start to think "who wrote
this pile of trash" then I suggest you do step 2 again (and
again) till you calm down.</P
><P
>Then you might read the file DIAGNOSIS.txt and the
FAQ. If you are still stuck then try the mailing list or
newsgroup (look in the README for details). Samba has been
successfully installed at thousands of sites worldwide, so maybe
someone else has hit your problem and has overcome it. You could
also use the WWW site to scan back issues of the samba-digest.</P
><P
>When you fix the problem PLEASE send me some updates to the
documentation (or source code) so that the next person will find it
easier. </P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN179"
></A
>1.10.1. Diagnosing Problems</H2
><P
>If you have installation problems then go to
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>DIAGNOSIS.txt</TT
> to try to find the
problem.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN183"
></A
>1.10.2. Scope IDs</H2
><P
>By default Samba uses a blank scope ID. This means
all your windows boxes must also have a blank scope ID.
If you really want to use a non-blank scope ID then you will
need to use the 'netbios scope' smb.conf option.
All your PCs will need to have the same setting for
this to work. I do not recommend scope IDs.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN186"
></A
>1.10.3. Choosing the Protocol Level</H2
><P
>The SMB protocol has many dialects. Currently
Samba supports 5, called CORE, COREPLUS, LANMAN1,
LANMAN2 and NT1.</P
><P
>You can choose what maximum protocol to support
in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file. The default is
NT1 and that is the best for the vast majority of sites.</P
><P
>In older versions of Samba you may have found it
necessary to use COREPLUS. The limitations that led to
this have mostly been fixed. It is now less likely that you
will want to use less than LANMAN1. The only remaining advantage
of COREPLUS is that for some obscure reason WfWg preserves
the case of passwords in this protocol, whereas under LANMAN1,
LANMAN2 or NT1 it uppercases all passwords before sending them,
forcing you to use the "password level=" option in some cases.</P
><P
>The main advantage of LANMAN2 and NT1 is support for
long filenames with some clients (eg: smbclient, Windows NT
or Win95). </P
><P
>See the smb.conf(5) manual page for more details.</P
><P
>Note: To support print queue reporting you may find
that you have to use TCP/IP as the default protocol under
WfWg. For some reason if you leave Netbeui as the default
it may break the print queue reporting on some systems.
It is presumably a WfWg bug.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN195"
></A
>1.10.4. Printing from UNIX to a Client PC</H2
><P
>To use a printer that is available via a smb-based
server from a unix host with LPR you will need to compile the
smbclient program. You then need to install the script
"smbprint". Read the instruction in smbprint for more details.
</P
><P
>There is also a SYSV style script that does much
the same thing called smbprint.sysv. It contains instructions.</P
><P
>See the CUPS manual for information about setting up
printing from a unix host with CUPS to a smb-based server. </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN200"
></A
>1.10.5. Locking</H2
><P
>One area which sometimes causes trouble is locking.</P
><P
>There are two types of locking which need to be
performed by a SMB server. The first is "record locking"
which allows a client to lock a range of bytes in a open file.
The second is the "deny modes" that are specified when a file
is open.</P
><P
>Record locking semantics under Unix is very
different from record locking under Windows. Versions
of Samba before 2.2 have tried to use the native
fcntl() unix system call to implement proper record
locking between different Samba clients. This can not
be fully correct due to several reasons. The simplest
is the fact that a Windows client is allowed to lock a
byte range up to 2^32 or 2^64, depending on the client
OS. The unix locking only supports byte ranges up to
2^31. So it is not possible to correctly satisfy a
lock request above 2^31. There are many more
differences, too many to be listed here.</P
><P
>Samba 2.2 and above implements record locking
completely independent of the underlying unix
system. If a byte range lock that the client requests
happens to fall into the range 0-2^31, Samba hands
this request down to the Unix system. All other locks
can not be seen by unix anyway.</P
><P
>Strictly a SMB server should check for locks before
every read and write call on a file. Unfortunately with the
way fcntl() works this can be slow and may overstress the
rpc.lockd. It is also almost always unnecessary as clients
are supposed to independently make locking calls before reads
and writes anyway if locking is important to them. By default
Samba only makes locking calls when explicitly asked
to by a client, but if you set "strict locking = yes" then it will
make lock checking calls on every read and write. </P
><P
>You can also disable by range locking completely
using "locking = no". This is useful for those shares that
don't support locking or don't need it (such as cdroms). In
this case Samba fakes the return codes of locking calls to
tell clients that everything is OK.</P
><P
>The second class of locking is the "deny modes". These
are set by an application when it opens a file to determine
what types of access should be allowed simultaneously with
its open. A client may ask for DENY_NONE, DENY_READ, DENY_WRITE
or DENY_ALL. There are also special compatibility modes called
DENY_FCB and DENY_DOS.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN209"
></A
>1.10.6. Mapping Usernames</H2
><P
>If you have different usernames on the PCs and
the unix server then take a look at the "username map" option.
See the smb.conf man page for details.</P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
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VALIGN="bottom"
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="bottom"
><A
HREF="unix-permissions.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><H1
><A
NAME="MSDFS"
></A
>Chapter 4. Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN525"
></A
>4.1. Instructions</H1
><P
>The Distributed File System (or Dfs) provides a means of
separating the logical view of files and directories that users
see from the actual physical locations of these resources on the
network. It allows for higher availability, smoother storage expansion,
load balancing etc. For more information about Dfs, refer to <A
HREF="http://www.microsoft.com/NTServer/nts/downloads/winfeatures/NTSDistrFile/AdminGuide.asp"
TARGET="_top"
> Microsoft documentation</A
>. </P
><P
>This document explains how to host a Dfs tree on a Unix
machine (for Dfs-aware clients to browse) using Samba.</P
><P
>To enable SMB-based DFS for Samba, configure it with the
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>--with-msdfs</I
></TT
> option. Once built, a
Samba server can be made a Dfs server by setting the global
boolean <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#HOSTMSDFS"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
> host msdfs</I
></TT
></A
> parameter in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf
</TT
> file. You designate a share as a Dfs root using the share
level boolean <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#MSDFSROOT"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
> msdfs root</I
></TT
></A
> parameter. A Dfs root directory on
Samba hosts Dfs links in the form of symbolic links that point
to other servers. For example, a symbolic link
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>junction-&gt;msdfs:storage1\share1</TT
> in
the share directory acts as the Dfs junction. When Dfs-aware
clients attempt to access the junction link, they are redirected
to the storage location (in this case, \\storage1\share1).</P
><P
>Dfs trees on Samba work with all Dfs-aware clients ranging
from Windows 95 to 2000.</P
><P
>Here's an example of setting up a Dfs tree on a Samba
server.</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
># The smb.conf file:
[global]
netbios name = SAMBA
host msdfs = yes
[dfs]
path = /export/dfsroot
msdfs root = yes
</PRE
></P
><P
>In the /export/dfsroot directory we set up our dfs links to
other servers on the network.</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>cd /export/dfsroot</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>chown root /export/dfsroot</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>chmod 755 /export/dfsroot</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ln -s msdfs:storageA\\shareA linka</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ln -s msdfs:serverB\\share,serverC\\share linkb</B
></TT
></P
><P
>You should set up the permissions and ownership of
the directory acting as the Dfs root such that only designated
users can create, delete or modify the msdfs links. Also note
that symlink names should be all lowercase. This limitation exists
to have Samba avoid trying all the case combinations to get at
the link name. Finally set up the symbolic links to point to the
network shares you want, and start Samba.</P
><P
>Users on Dfs-aware clients can now browse the Dfs tree
on the Samba server at \\samba\dfs. Accessing
links linka or linkb (which appear as directories to the client)
takes users directly to the appropriate shares on the network.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN560"
></A
>4.1.1. Notes</H2
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Windows clients need to be rebooted
if a previously mounted non-dfs share is made a dfs
root or vice versa. A better way is to introduce a
new share and make it the dfs root.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Currently there's a restriction that msdfs
symlink names should all be lowercase.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>For security purposes, the directory
acting as the root of the Dfs tree should have ownership
and permissions set so that only designated users can
modify the symbolic links in the directory.</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
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><TD
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VALIGN="top"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Samba and other CIFS clients</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.77"><LINK
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TITLE="SAMBA Project Documentation"
HREF="samba-howto-collection.html"><LINK
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HREF="portability.html"><LINK
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><BODY
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><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><H1
><A
NAME="OTHER-CLIENTS"
></A
>Chapter 22. Samba and other CIFS clients</H1
><P
>This chapter contains client-specific information.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN3070"
></A
>22.1. Macintosh clients?</H1
><P
>Yes. <A
HREF="http://www.thursby.com/"
TARGET="_top"
>Thursby</A
> now have a CIFS Client / Server called DAVE - see</P
><P
>They test it against Windows 95, Windows NT and samba for
compatibility issues. At the time of writing, DAVE was at version
1.0.1. The 1.0.0 to 1.0.1 update is available as a free download from
the Thursby web site (the speed of finder copies has been greatly
enhanced, and there are bug-fixes included).</P
><P
>
Alternatives - There are two free implementations of AppleTalk for
several kinds of UNIX machnes, and several more commercial ones.
These products allow you to run file services and print services
natively to Macintosh users, with no additional support required on
the Macintosh. The two free omplementations are
<A
HREF="http://www.umich.edu/~rsug/netatalk/"
TARGET="_top"
>Netatalk</A
>, and
<A
HREF="http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/appletalk/atalk.html"
TARGET="_top"
>CAP</A
>.
What Samba offers MS
Windows users, these packages offer to Macs. For more info on these
packages, Samba, and Linux (and other UNIX-based systems) see
<A
HREF="http://www.eats.com/linux_mac_win.html"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.eats.com/linux_mac_win.html</A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN3079"
></A
>22.2. OS2 Client</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3081"
></A
>22.2.1. How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or
OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?</H2
><P
>A more complete answer to this question can be
found on <A
HREF="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/warp.html"
TARGET="_top"
> http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/warp.html</A
>.</P
><P
>Basically, you need three components:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>The File and Print Client ('IBM Peer')
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>TCP/IP ('Internet support')
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The "NetBIOS over TCP/IP" driver ('TCPBEUI')
</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Installing the first two together with the base operating
system on a blank system is explained in the Warp manual. If Warp
has already been installed, but you now want to install the
networking support, use the "Selective Install for Networking"
object in the "System Setup" folder.</P
><P
>Adding the "NetBIOS over TCP/IP" driver is not described
in the manual and just barely in the online documentation. Start
MPTS.EXE, click on OK, click on "Configure LAPS" and click
on "IBM OS/2 NETBIOS OVER TCP/IP" in 'Protocols'. This line
is then moved to 'Current Configuration'. Select that line,
click on "Change number" and increase it from 0 to 1. Save this
configuration.</P
><P
>If the Samba server(s) is not on your local subnet, you
can optionally add IP names and addresses of these servers
to the "Names List", or specify a WINS server ('NetBIOS
Nameserver' in IBM and RFC terminology). For Warp Connect you
may need to download an update for 'IBM Peer' to bring it on
the same level as Warp 4. See the webpage mentioned above.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3096"
></A
>22.2.2. How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect),
OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?</H2
><P
>You can use the free Microsoft LAN Manager 2.2c Client
for OS/2 from
<A
HREF="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/"
TARGET="_top"
> ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/</A
>.
See <A
HREF="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/lanman.html"
TARGET="_top"
> http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/lanman.html</A
> for
more information on how to install and use this client. In
a nutshell, edit the file \OS2VER in the root directory of
the OS/2 boot partition and add the lines:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> 20=setup.exe
20=netwksta.sys
20=netvdd.sys
</PRE
></P
><P
>before you install the client. Also, don't use the
included NE2000 driver because it is buggy. Try the NE2000
or NS2000 driver from
<A
HREF="ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/"
TARGET="_top"
> ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/</A
> instead.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3105"
></A
>22.2.3. Are there any other issues when OS/2 (any version)
is used as a client?</H2
><P
>When you do a NET VIEW or use the "File and Print
Client Resource Browser", no Samba servers show up. This can
be fixed by a patch from <A
HREF="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/fix.html"
TARGET="_top"
> http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/fix.html</A
>.
The patch will be included in a later version of Samba. It also
fixes a couple of other problems, such as preserving long
filenames when objects are dragged from the Workplace Shell
to the Samba server. </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3109"
></A
>22.2.4. How do I get printer driver download working
for OS/2 clients?</H2
><P
>First, create a share called [PRINTDRV] that is
world-readable. Copy your OS/2 driver files there. Note
that the .EA_ files must still be separate, so you will need
to use the original install files, and not copy an installed
driver from an OS/2 system.</P
><P
>Install the NT driver first for that printer. Then,
add to your smb.conf a parameter, os2 driver map =
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>". Then, in the file
specified by <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>, map the
name of the NT driver name to the OS/2 driver name as
follows:</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nt driver name = os2 "driver
name"."device name"</B
>, e.g.:
HP LaserJet 5L = LASERJET.HP LaserJet 5L</P
><P
>You can have multiple drivers mapped in this file.</P
><P
>If you only specify the OS/2 driver name, and not the
device name, the first attempt to download the driver will
actually download the files, but the OS/2 client will tell
you the driver is not available. On the second attempt, it
will work. This is fixed simply by adding the device name
to the mapping, after which it will work on the first attempt.
</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN3119"
></A
>22.3. Windows for Workgroups</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3121"
></A
>22.3.1. Use latest TCP/IP stack from Microsoft</H2
><P
>Use the latest TCP/IP stack from microsoft if you use Windows
for workgroups.</P
><P
>The early TCP/IP stacks had lots of bugs.</P
><P
>
Microsoft has released an incremental upgrade to their TCP/IP 32-Bit
VxD drivers. The latest release can be found on their ftp site at
ftp.microsoft.com, located in /peropsys/windows/public/tcpip/wfwt32.exe.
There is an update.txt file there that describes the problems that were
fixed. New files include WINSOCK.DLL, TELNET.EXE, WSOCK.386, VNBT.386,
WSTCP.386, TRACERT.EXE, NETSTAT.EXE, and NBTSTAT.EXE.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3126"
></A
>22.3.2. Delete .pwl files after password change</H2
><P
>WfWg does a lousy job with passwords. I find that if I change my
password on either the unix box or the PC the safest thing to do is to
delete the .pwl files in the windows directory. The PC will complain about not finding the files, but will soon get over it, allowing you to enter the new password.</P
><P
>
If you don't do this you may find that WfWg remembers and uses the old
password, even if you told it a new one.</P
><P
>
Often WfWg will totally ignore a password you give it in a dialog box.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3131"
></A
>22.3.3. Configure WfW password handling</H2
><P
>There is a program call admincfg.exe
on the last disk (disk 8) of the WFW 3.11 disk set. To install it
type EXPAND A:\ADMINCFG.EX_ C:\WINDOWS\ADMINCFG.EXE Then add an icon
for it via the "Progam Manager" "New" Menu. This program allows you
to control how WFW handles passwords. ie disable Password Caching etc
for use with <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>security = user</B
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN3135"
></A
>22.3.4. Case handling of passwords</H2
><P
>Windows for Workgroups uppercases the password before sending it to the server. Unix passwords can be case-sensitive though. Check the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
>smb.conf(5)</A
> information on <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>password level</B
> to specify what characters samba should try to uppercase when checking.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN3140"
></A
>22.4. Windows '95/'98</H1
><P
>When using Windows 95 OEM SR2 the following updates are recommended where Samba
is being used. Please NOTE that the above change will affect you once these
updates have been installed.</P
><P
>
There are more updates than the ones mentioned here. You are referred to the
Microsoft Web site for all currently available updates to your specific version
of Windows 95.</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>Kernel Update: KRNLUPD.EXE</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Ping Fix: PINGUPD.EXE</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>RPC Update: RPCRTUPD.EXE</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>TCP/IP Update: VIPUPD.EXE</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Redirector Update: VRDRUPD.EXE</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>Also, if using MS OutLook it is desirable to install the OLEUPD.EXE fix. This
fix may stop your machine from hanging for an extended period when exiting
OutLook and you may also notice a significant speedup when accessing network
neighborhood services.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN3156"
></A
>22.5. Windows 2000 Service Pack 2</H1
><P
>
There are several annoyances with Windows 2000 SP2. One of which
only appears when using a Samba server to host user profiles
to Windows 2000 SP2 clients in a Windows domain. This assumes
that Samba is a member of the domain, but the problem will
likely occur if it is not.</P
><P
>
In order to server profiles successfully to Windows 2000 SP2
clients (when not operating as a PDC), Samba must have
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nt acl support = no</B
>
added to the file share which houses the roaming profiles.
If this is not done, then the Windows 2000 SP2 client will
complain about not being able to access the profile (Access
Denied) and create multiple copies of it on disk (DOMAIN.user.001,
DOMAIN.user.002, etc...). See the
<A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
>smb.conf(5)</A
> man page
for more details on this option. Also note that the
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nt acl support</B
> parameter was formally a global parameter in
releases prior to Samba 2.2.2.</P
><P
>
The following is a minimal profile share:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> [profile]
path = /export/profile
create mask = 0600
directory mask = 0700
nt acl support = no
read only = no</PRE
></P
><P
>The reason for this bug is that the Win2k SP2 client copies
the security descriptor for the profile which contains
the Samba server's SID, and not the domain SID. The client
compares the SID for SAMBA\user and realizes it is
different that the one assigned to DOMAIN\user. Hence the reason
for the "access denied" message.</P
><P
>By disabling the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nt acl support</B
> parameter, Samba will send
the Win2k client a response to the QuerySecurityDescriptor
trans2 call which causes the client to set a default ACL
for the profile. This default ACL includes </P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>DOMAIN\user "Full Control"</B
></P
><P
><SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>NOTE : This bug does not occur when using winbind to
create accounts on the Samba host for Domain users.</I
></SPAN
></P
></DIV
></DIV
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><HEAD
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managed authentication</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
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TITLE="SAMBA Project Documentation"
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><A
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></A
>Chapter 3. Configuring PAM for distributed but centrally
managed authentication</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN454"
></A
>3.1. Samba and PAM</H1
><P
>A number of Unix systems (eg: Sun Solaris), as well as the
xxxxBSD family and Linux, now utilize the Pluggable Authentication
Modules (PAM) facility to provide all authentication,
authorization and resource control services. Prior to the
introduction of PAM, a decision to use an alternative to
the system password database (<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
>)
would require the provision of alternatives for all programs that provide
security services. Such a choice would involve provision of
alternatives to such programs as: <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>login</B
>,
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>passwd</B
>, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>chown</B
>, etc.</P
><P
>PAM provides a mechanism that disconnects these security programs
from the underlying authentication/authorization infrastructure.
PAM is configured either through one file <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.conf</TT
> (Solaris),
or by editing individual files that are located in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d</TT
>.</P
><P
>The following is an example <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d/login</TT
> configuration file.
This example had all options been uncommented is probably not usable
as it stacks many conditions before allowing successful completion
of the login process. Essentially all conditions can be disabled
by commenting them out except the calls to <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_pwdb.so</TT
>.</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the `login' service
#
auth required pam_securetty.so
auth required pam_nologin.so
# auth required pam_dialup.so
# auth optional pam_mail.so
auth required pam_pwdb.so shadow md5
# account requisite pam_time.so
account required pam_pwdb.so
session required pam_pwdb.so
# session optional pam_lastlog.so
# password required pam_cracklib.so retry=3
password required pam_pwdb.so shadow md5</PRE
></P
><P
>PAM allows use of replacable modules. Those available on a
sample system include:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>$ /bin/ls /lib/security
pam_access.so pam_ftp.so pam_limits.so
pam_ncp_auth.so pam_rhosts_auth.so pam_stress.so
pam_cracklib.so pam_group.so pam_listfile.so
pam_nologin.so pam_rootok.so pam_tally.so
pam_deny.so pam_issue.so pam_mail.so
pam_permit.so pam_securetty.so pam_time.so
pam_dialup.so pam_lastlog.so pam_mkhomedir.so
pam_pwdb.so pam_shells.so pam_unix.so
pam_env.so pam_ldap.so pam_motd.so
pam_radius.so pam_smbpass.so pam_unix_acct.so
pam_wheel.so pam_unix_auth.so pam_unix_passwd.so
pam_userdb.so pam_warn.so pam_unix_session.so</PRE
></P
><P
>The following example for the login program replaces the use of
the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_pwdb.so</TT
> module which uses the system
password database (<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/shadow</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/group</TT
>) with
the module <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_smbpass.so</TT
> which uses the Samba
database which contains the Microsoft MD4 encrypted password
hashes. This database is stored in either
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/samba/smbpasswd</TT
>, or in
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/samba.d/smbpasswd</TT
>, depending on the
Samba implementation for your Unix/Linux system. The
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_smbpass.so</TT
> module is provided by
Samba version 2.2.1 or later. It can be compiled by specifying the
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>--with-pam_smbpass</B
> options when running Samba's
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>configure</TT
> script. For more information
on the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_smbpass</TT
> module, see the documentation
in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>source/pam_smbpass</TT
> directory of the Samba
source distribution.</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the `login' service
#
auth required pam_smbpass.so nodelay
account required pam_smbpass.so nodelay
session required pam_smbpass.so nodelay
password required pam_smbpass.so nodelay</PRE
></P
><P
>The following is the PAM configuration file for a particular
Linux system. The default condition uses <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_pwdb.so</TT
>.</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the `samba' service
#
auth required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so nullok nodelay shadow audit
account required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so audit nodelay
session required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so nodelay
password required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so shadow md5</PRE
></P
><P
>In the following example the decision has been made to use the
smbpasswd database even for basic samba authentication. Such a
decision could also be made for the passwd program and would
thus allow the smbpasswd passwords to be changed using the passwd
program.</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the `samba' service
#
auth required /lib/security/pam_smbpass.so nodelay
account required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so audit nodelay
session required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so nodelay
password required /lib/security/pam_smbpass.so nodelay smbconf=/etc/samba.d/smb.conf</PRE
></P
><P
>Note: PAM allows stacking of authentication mechanisms. It is
also possible to pass information obtained within one PAM module through
to the next module in the PAM stack. Please refer to the documentation for
your particular system implementation for details regarding the specific
capabilities of PAM in this environment. Some Linux implmentations also
provide the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_stack.so</TT
> module that allows all
authentication to be configured in a single central file. The
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_stack.so</TT
> method has some very devoted followers
on the basis that it allows for easier administration. As with all issues in
life though, every decision makes trade-offs, so you may want examine the
PAM documentation for further helpful information.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN498"
></A
>3.2. Distributed Authentication</H1
><P
>The astute administrator will realize from this that the
combination of <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_smbpass.so</TT
>,
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>winbindd</B
>, and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>rsync</B
> (see
<A
HREF="http://rsync.samba.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://rsync.samba.org/</A
>)
will allow the establishment of a centrally managed, distributed
user/password database that can also be used by all
PAM (eg: Linux) aware programs and applications. This arrangement
can have particularly potent advantages compared with the
use of Microsoft Active Directory Service (ADS) in so far as
reduction of wide area network authentication traffic.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN505"
></A
>3.3. PAM Configuration in smb.conf</H1
><P
>There is an option in smb.conf called <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#OBEYPAMRESTRICTIONS"
TARGET="_top"
>obey pam restrictions</A
>.
The following is from the on-line help for this option in SWAT;</P
><P
>When Samba 2.2 is configure to enable PAM support (i.e.
<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>--with-pam</TT
>), this parameter will
control whether or not Samba should obey PAM's account
and session management directives. The default behavior
is to use PAM for clear text authentication only and to
ignore any account or session management. Note that Samba always
ignores PAM for authentication in the case of
<A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS"
TARGET="_top"
>encrypt passwords = yes</A
>.
The reason is that PAM modules cannot support the challenge/response
authentication mechanism needed in the presence of SMB
password encryption. </P
><P
>Default: <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>obey pam restrictions = no</B
></P
></DIV
></DIV
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></A
>Chapter 21. Portability</H1
><P
>Samba works on a wide range of platforms but the interface all the
platforms provide is not always compatible. This chapter contains
platform-specific information about compiling and using samba.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN3011"
></A
>21.1. HPUX</H1
><P
>HP's implementation of supplementary groups is, er, non-standard (for
hysterical reasons). There are two group files, /etc/group and
/etc/logingroup; the system maps UIDs to numbers using the former, but
initgroups() reads the latter. Most system admins who know the ropes
symlink /etc/group to /etc/logingroup (hard link doesn't work for reasons
too stupid to go into here). initgroups() will complain if one of the
groups you're in in /etc/logingroup has what it considers to be an invalid
ID, which means outside the range [0..UID_MAX], where UID_MAX is (I think)
60000 currently on HP-UX. This precludes -2 and 65534, the usual 'nobody'
GIDs.</P
><P
>If you encounter this problem, make sure that the programs that are failing
to initgroups() be run as users not in any groups with GIDs outside the
allowed range.</P
><P
>This is documented in the HP manual pages under setgroups(2) and passwd(4).</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN3016"
></A
>21.2. SCO Unix</H1
><P
>
If you run an old version of SCO Unix then you may need to get important
TCP/IP patches for Samba to work correctly. Without the patch, you may
encounter corrupt data transfers using samba.</P
><P
>The patch you need is UOD385 Connection Drivers SLS. It is available from
SCO (ftp.sco.com, directory SLS, files uod385a.Z and uod385a.ltr.Z).</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN3020"
></A
>21.3. DNIX</H1
><P
>DNIX has a problem with seteuid() and setegid(). These routines are
needed for Samba to work correctly, but they were left out of the DNIX
C library for some reason.</P
><P
>For this reason Samba by default defines the macro NO_EID in the DNIX
section of includes.h. This works around the problem in a limited way,
but it is far from ideal, some things still won't work right.</P
><P
>
To fix the problem properly you need to assemble the following two
functions and then either add them to your C library or link them into
Samba.</P
><P
>
put this in the file <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>setegid.s</TT
>:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> .globl _setegid
_setegid:
moveq #47,d0
movl #100,a0
moveq #1,d1
movl 4(sp),a1
trap #9
bccs 1$
jmp cerror
1$:
clrl d0
rts</PRE
></P
><P
>put this in the file <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>seteuid.s</TT
>:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> .globl _seteuid
_seteuid:
moveq #47,d0
movl #100,a0
moveq #0,d1
movl 4(sp),a1
trap #9
bccs 1$
jmp cerror
1$:
clrl d0
rts</PRE
></P
><P
>after creating the above files you then assemble them using</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>as seteuid.s</B
></P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>as setegid.s</B
></P
><P
>that should produce the files <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>seteuid.o</TT
> and
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>setegid.o</TT
></P
><P
>then you need to add these to the LIBSM line in the DNIX section of
the Samba Makefile. Your LIBSM line will then look something like this:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>LIBSM = setegid.o seteuid.o -ln</PRE
></P
><P
>
You should then remove the line:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>#define NO_EID</PRE
></P
><P
>from the DNIX section of <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>includes.h</TT
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN3049"
></A
>21.4. RedHat Linux Rembrandt-II</H1
><P
>By default RedHat Rembrandt-II during installation adds an
entry to /etc/hosts as follows:
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> 127.0.0.1 loopback "hostname"."domainname"</PRE
></P
><P
>This causes Samba to loop back onto the loopback interface.
The result is that Samba fails to communicate correctly with
the world and therefor may fail to correctly negotiate who
is the master browse list holder and who is the master browser.</P
><P
>Corrective Action: Delete the entry after the word loopback
in the line starting 127.0.0.1</P
></DIV
></DIV
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><A
NAME="PRINTINGDEBUG"
></A
>Chapter 7. Debugging Printing Problems</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN986"
></A
>7.1. Introduction</H1
><P
>This is a short description of how to debug printing problems with
Samba. This describes how to debug problems with printing from a SMB
client to a Samba server, not the other way around. For the reverse
see the examples/printing directory.</P
><P
>Ok, so you want to print to a Samba server from your PC. The first
thing you need to understand is that Samba does not actually do any
printing itself, it just acts as a middleman between your PC client
and your Unix printing subsystem. Samba receives the file from the PC
then passes the file to a external "print command". What print command
you use is up to you.</P
><P
>The whole things is controlled using options in smb.conf. The most
relevant options (which you should look up in the smb.conf man page)
are:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> [global]
print command - send a file to a spooler
lpq command - get spool queue status
lprm command - remove a job
[printers]
path = /var/spool/lpd/samba</PRE
></P
><P
>The following are nice to know about:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> queuepause command - stop a printer or print queue
queueresume command - start a printer or print queue</PRE
></P
><P
>Example:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> print command = /usr/bin/lpr -r -P%p %s
lpq command = /usr/bin/lpq -P%p %s
lprm command = /usr/bin/lprm -P%p %j
queuepause command = /usr/sbin/lpc -P%p stop
queuepause command = /usr/sbin/lpc -P%p start</PRE
></P
><P
>Samba should set reasonable defaults for these depending on your
system type, but it isn't clairvoyant. It is not uncommon that you
have to tweak these for local conditions. The commands should
always have fully specified pathnames, as the smdb may not have
the correct PATH values.</P
><P
>When you send a job to Samba to be printed, it will make a temporary
copy of it in the directory specified in the [printers] section.
and it should be periodically cleaned out. The lpr -r option
requests that the temporary copy be removed after printing; If
printing fails then you might find leftover files in this directory,
and it should be periodically cleaned out. Samba used the lpq
command to determine the "job number" assigned to your print job
by the spooler.</P
><P
>The %&gt;letter&lt; are "macros" that get dynamically replaced with appropriate
values when they are used. The %s gets replaced with the name of the spool
file that Samba creates and the %p gets replaced with the name of the
printer. The %j gets replaced with the "job number" which comes from
the lpq output.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1002"
></A
>7.2. Debugging printer problems</H1
><P
>One way to debug printing problems is to start by replacing these
command with shell scripts that record the arguments and the contents
of the print file. A simple example of this kind of things might
be:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> print command = /tmp/saveprint %p %s
#!/bin/saveprint
# we make sure that we are the right user
/usr/bin/id -p &#62;/tmp/tmp.print
# we run the command and save the error messages
# replace the command with the one appropriate for your system
/usr/bin/lpr -r -P$1 $2 2&#62;&#62;&#38;/tmp/tmp.print</PRE
></P
><P
>Then you print a file and try removing it. You may find that the
print queue needs to be stopped in order to see the queue status
and remove the job:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>&#13;h4: {42} % echo hi &#62;/tmp/hi
h4: {43} % smbclient //localhost/lw4
added interface ip=10.0.0.4 bcast=10.0.0.255 nmask=255.255.255.0
Password:
Domain=[ASTART] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.0.7]
smb: \&#62; print /tmp/hi
putting file /tmp/hi as hi-17534 (0.0 kb/s) (average 0.0 kb/s)
smb: \&#62; queue
1049 3 hi-17534
smb: \&#62; cancel 1049
Error cancelling job 1049 : code 0
smb: \&#62; cancel 1049
Job 1049 cancelled
smb: \&#62; queue
smb: \&#62; exit</PRE
></P
><P
>The 'code 0' indicates that the job was removed. The comment
by the smbclient is a bit misleading on this.
You can observe the command output and then and look at the
/tmp/tmp.print file to see what the results are. You can quickly
find out if the problem is with your printing system. Often people
have problems with their /etc/printcap file or permissions on
various print queues.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1011"
></A
>7.3. What printers do I have?</H1
><P
>You can use the 'testprns' program to check to see if the printer
name you are using is recognized by Samba. For example, you can
use:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> testprns printer /etc/printcap</PRE
></P
><P
>Samba can get its printcap information from a file or from a program.
You can try the following to see the format of the extracted
information:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> testprns -a printer /etc/printcap
testprns -a printer '|/bin/cat printcap'</PRE
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1019"
></A
>7.4. Setting up printcap and print servers</H1
><P
>You may need to set up some printcaps for your Samba system to use.
It is strongly recommended that you use the facilities provided by
the print spooler to set up queues and printcap information.</P
><P
>Samba requires either a printcap or program to deliver printcap
information. This printcap information has the format:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> name|alias1|alias2...:option=value:...</PRE
></P
><P
>For almost all printing systems, the printer 'name' must be composed
only of alphanumeric or underscore '_' characters. Some systems also
allow hyphens ('-') as well. An alias is an alternative name for the
printer, and an alias with a space in it is used as a 'comment'
about the printer. The printcap format optionally uses a \ at the end of lines
to extend the printcap to multiple lines.</P
><P
>Here are some examples of printcap files:</P
><P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>pr just printer name</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>pr|alias printer name and alias</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>pr|My Printer printer name, alias used as comment</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>pr:sh:\ Same as pr:sh:cm= testing
:cm= \
testing</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>pr:sh Same as pr:sh:cm= testing
:cm= testing</P
></LI
></OL
></P
><P
>Samba reads the printcap information when first started. If you make
changes in the printcap information, then you must do the following:</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>make sure that the print spooler is aware of these changes.
The LPRng system uses the 'lpc reread' command to do this.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>make sure that the spool queues, etc., exist and have the
correct permissions. The LPRng system uses the 'checkpc -f'
command to do this.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>You now should send a SIGHUP signal to the smbd server to have
it reread the printcap information.</P
></LI
></OL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1047"
></A
>7.5. Job sent, no output</H1
><P
>This is the most frustrating part of printing. You may have sent the
job, verified that the job was forwarded, set up a wrapper around
the command to send the file, but there was no output from the printer.</P
><P
>First, check to make sure that the job REALLY is getting to the
right print queue. If you are using a BSD or LPRng print spooler,
you can temporarily stop the printing of jobs. Jobs can still be
submitted, but they will not be printed. Use:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> lpc -Pprinter stop</PRE
></P
><P
>Now submit a print job and then use 'lpq -Pprinter' to see if the
job is in the print queue. If it is not in the print queue then
you will have to find out why it is not being accepted for printing.</P
><P
>Next, you may want to check to see what the format of the job really
was. With the assistance of the system administrator you can view
the submitted jobs files. You may be surprised to find that these
are not in what you would expect to call a printable format.
You can use the UNIX 'file' utitily to determine what the job
format actually is:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> cd /var/spool/lpd/printer # spool directory of print jobs
ls # find job files
file dfA001myhost</PRE
></P
><P
>You should make sure that your printer supports this format OR that
your system administrator has installed a 'print filter' that will
convert the file to a format appropriate for your printer.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1058"
></A
>7.6. Job sent, strange output</H1
><P
>Once you have the job printing, you can then start worrying about
making it print nicely.</P
><P
>The most common problem is extra pages of output: banner pages
OR blank pages at the end.</P
><P
>If you are getting banner pages, check and make sure that the
printcap option or printer option is configured for no banners.
If you have a printcap, this is the :sh (suppress header or banner
page) option. You should have the following in your printer.</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> printer: ... :sh</PRE
></P
><P
>If you have this option and are still getting banner pages, there
is a strong chance that your printer is generating them for you
automatically. You should make sure that banner printing is disabled
for the printer. This usually requires using the printer setup software
or procedures supplied by the printer manufacturer.</P
><P
>If you get an extra page of output, this could be due to problems
with your job format, or if you are generating PostScript jobs,
incorrect setting on your printer driver on the MicroSoft client.
For example, under Win95 there is a option:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
> Printers|Printer Name|(Right Click)Properties|Postscript|Advanced|</PRE
></P
><P
>that allows you to choose if a Ctrl-D is appended to all jobs.
This is a very bad thing to do, as most spooling systems will
automatically add a ^D to the end of the job if it is detected as
PostScript. The multiple ^D may cause an additional page of output.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1070"
></A
>7.7. Raw PostScript printed</H1
><P
>This is a problem that is usually caused by either the print spooling
system putting information at the start of the print job that makes
the printer think the job is a text file, or your printer simply
does not support PostScript. You may need to enable 'Automatic
Format Detection' on your printer.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1073"
></A
>7.8. Advanced Printing</H1
><P
>Note that you can do some pretty magic things by using your
imagination with the "print command" option and some shell scripts.
Doing print accounting is easy by passing the %U option to a print
command shell script. You could even make the print command detect
the type of output and its size and send it to an appropriate
printer.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1076"
></A
>7.9. Real debugging</H1
><P
>If the above debug tips don't help, then maybe you need to bring in
the bug guns, system tracing. See Tracing.txt in this directory.</P
></DIV
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>Chapter 12. How to Act as a Backup Domain Controller in a Purely Samba Controlled Domain</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2148"
></A
>12.1. Prerequisite Reading</H1
><P
>Before you continue reading in this chapter, please make sure
that you are comfortable with configuring a Samba PDC
as described in the <A
HREF="Samba-PDC-HOWTO.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Samba-PDC-HOWTO</A
>.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2152"
></A
>12.2. Background</H1
><P
>What is a Domain Controller? It is a machine that is able to answer
logon requests from workstations in a Windows NT Domain. Whenever a
user logs into a Windows NT Workstation, the workstation connects to a
Domain Controller and asks him whether the username and password the
user typed in is correct. The Domain Controller replies with a lot of
information about the user, for example the place where the users
profile is stored, the users full name of the user. All this
information is stored in the NT user database, the so-called SAM.</P
><P
>There are two kinds of Domain Controller in a NT 4 compatible Domain:
A Primary Domain Controller (PDC) and one or more Backup Domain
Controllers (BDC). The PDC contains the master copy of the
SAM. Whenever the SAM has to change, for example when a user changes
his password, this change has to be done on the PDC. A Backup Domain
Controller is a machine that maintains a read-only copy of the
SAM. This way it is able to reply to logon requests and authenticate
users in case the PDC is not available. During this time no changes to
the SAM are possible. Whenever changes to the SAM are done on the PDC,
all BDC receive the changes from the PDC.</P
><P
>Since version 2.2 Samba officially supports domain logons for all
current Windows Clients, including Windows 2000 and XP. This text
assumes the domain to be named SAMBA. To be able to act as a PDC, some
parameters in the [global]-section of the smb.conf have to be set:</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>workgroup = SAMBA
domain master = yes
domain logons = yes</PRE
></P
><P
>Several other things like a [homes] and a [netlogon] share also may be
set along with settings for the profile path, the users home drive and
others. This will not be covered in this document.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2160"
></A
>12.3. What qualifies a Domain Controller on the network?</H1
><P
>Every machine that is a Domain Controller for the domain SAMBA has to
register the NetBIOS group name SAMBA#1c with the WINS server and/or
by broadcast on the local network. The PDC also registers the unique
NetBIOS name SAMBA#1b with the WINS server. The name type #1b is
normally reserved for the domain master browser, a role that has
nothing to do with anything related to authentication, but the
Microsoft Domain implementation requires the domain master browser to
be on the same machine as the PDC.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2163"
></A
>12.3.1. How does a Workstation find its domain controller?</H2
><P
>A NT workstation in the domain SAMBA that wants a local user to be
authenticated has to find the domain controller for SAMBA. It does
this by doing a NetBIOS name query for the group name SAMBA#1c. It
assumes that each of the machines it gets back from the queries is a
domain controller and can answer logon requests. To not open security
holes both the workstation and the selected (TODO: How is the DC
chosen) domain controller authenticate each other. After that the
workstation sends the user's credentials (his name and password) to
the domain controller, asking for approval.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2166"
></A
>12.3.2. When is the PDC needed?</H2
><P
>Whenever a user wants to change his password, this has to be done on
the PDC. To find the PDC, the workstation does a NetBIOS name query
for SAMBA#1b, assuming this machine maintains the master copy of the
SAM. The workstation contacts the PDC, both mutually authenticate and
the password change is done.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2169"
></A
>12.4. Can Samba be a Backup Domain Controller?</H1
><P
>With version 2.2, no. The native NT SAM replication protocols have
not yet been fully implemented. The Samba Team is working on
understanding and implementing the protocols, but this work has not
been finished for version 2.2.</P
><P
>Can I get the benefits of a BDC with Samba? Yes. The main reason for
implementing a BDC is availability. If the PDC is a Samba machine,
a second Samba machine can be set up to
service logon requests whenever the PDC is down.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2173"
></A
>12.5. How do I set up a Samba BDC?</H1
><P
>Several things have to be done:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>The domain SID has to be the same on the PDC and the BDC. This used to
be stored in the file private/MACHINE.SID. This file is not created
anymore since Samba 2.2.5 or even earlier. Nowadays the domain SID is
stored in the file private/secrets.tdb. Simply copying the secrets.tdb
from the PDC to the BDC does not work, as the BDC would
generate a new SID for itself and override the domain SID with this
new BDC SID.</P
><P
>To retrieve the domain SID from the PDC or an existing BDC and store it in the
secrets.tdb, execute 'net rpc getsid' on the BDC.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The Unix user database has to be synchronized from the PDC to the
BDC. This means that both the /etc/passwd and /etc/group have to be
replicated from the PDC to the BDC. This can be done manually
whenever changes are made, or the PDC is set up as a NIS master
server and the BDC as a NIS slave server. To set up the BDC as a
mere NIS client would not be enough, as the BDC would not be able to
access its user database in case of a PDC failure.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The Samba password database in the file private/smbpasswd has to be
replicated from the PDC to the BDC. This is a bit tricky, see the
next section.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Any netlogon share has to be replicated from the PDC to the
BDC. This can be done manually whenever login scripts are changed,
or it can be done automatically together with the smbpasswd
synchronization.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Finally, the BDC has to be found by the workstations. This can be done
by setting</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>workgroup = samba
domain master = no
domain logons = yes</PRE
></P
><P
>in the [global]-section of the smb.conf of the BDC. This makes the BDC
only register the name SAMBA#1c with the WINS server. This is no
problem as the name SAMBA#1c is a NetBIOS group name that is meant to
be registered by more than one machine. The parameter 'domain master =
no' forces the BDC not to register SAMBA#1b which as a unique NetBIOS
name is reserved for the Primary Domain Controller.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2190"
></A
>12.5.1. How do I replicate the smbpasswd file?</H2
><P
>Replication of the smbpasswd file is sensitive. It has to be done
whenever changes to the SAM are made. Every user's password change is
done in the smbpasswd file and has to be replicated to the BDC. So
replicating the smbpasswd file very often is necessary.</P
><P
>As the smbpasswd file contains plain text password equivalents, it
must not be sent unencrypted over the wire. The best way to set up
smbpasswd replication from the PDC to the BDC is to use the utility
rsync. rsync can use ssh as a transport. ssh itself can be set up to
accept *only* rsync transfer without requiring the user to type a
password.</P
></DIV
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>Chapter 8. Security levels</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1089"
></A
>8.1. Introduction</H1
><P
>Samba supports the following options to the global smb.conf parameter</P
><P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[global]
<A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITY"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security</I
></TT
></A
> = [share|user(default)|domain|ads]</PRE
></P
><P
>Please refer to the smb.conf man page for usage information and to the document
<A
HREF="DOMAIN_MEMBER.html"
TARGET="_top"
>DOMAIN_MEMBER.html</A
> for further background details
on domain mode security. The Windows 2000 Kerberos domain security model
(security = ads) is described in the <A
HREF="ADS-HOWTO.html"
TARGET="_top"
>ADS-HOWTO.html</A
>.</P
><P
>Of the above, "security = server" means that Samba reports to clients that
it is running in "user mode" but actually passes off all authentication
requests to another "user mode" server. This requires an additional
parameter "password server =" that points to the real authentication server.
That real authentication server can be another Samba server or can be a
Windows NT server, the later natively capable of encrypted password support.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1100"
></A
>8.2. More complete description of security levels</H1
><P
>A SMB server tells the client at startup what "security level" it is
running. There are two options "share level" and "user level". Which
of these two the client receives affects the way the client then tries
to authenticate itself. It does not directly affect (to any great
extent) the way the Samba server does security. I know this is
strange, but it fits in with the client/server approach of SMB. In SMB
everything is initiated and controlled by the client, and the server
can only tell the client what is available and whether an action is
allowed. </P
><P
>I'll describe user level security first, as its simpler. In user level
security the client will send a "session setup" command directly after
the protocol negotiation. This contains a username and password. The
server can either accept or reject that username/password
combination. Note that at this stage the server has no idea what
share the client will eventually try to connect to, so it can't base
the "accept/reject" on anything other than:</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>the username/password</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>the machine that the client is coming from</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>If the server accepts the username/password then the client expects to
be able to mount any share (using a "tree connection") without
specifying a password. It expects that all access rights will be as
the username/password specified in the "session setup". </P
><P
>It is also possible for a client to send multiple "session setup"
requests. When the server responds it gives the client a "uid" to use
as an authentication tag for that username/password. The client can
maintain multiple authentication contexts in this way (WinDD is an
example of an application that does this)</P
><P
>Ok, now for share level security. In share level security the client
authenticates itself separately for each share. It will send a
password along with each "tree connection" (share mount). It does not
explicitly send a username with this operation. The client is
expecting a password to be associated with each share, independent of
the user. This means that samba has to work out what username the
client probably wants to use. It is never explicitly sent the
username. Some commercial SMB servers such as NT actually associate
passwords directly with shares in share level security, but samba
always uses the unix authentication scheme where it is a
username/password that is authenticated, not a "share/password".</P
><P
>Many clients send a "session setup" even if the server is in share
level security. They normally send a valid username but no
password. Samba records this username in a list of "possible
usernames". When the client then does a "tree connection" it also adds
to this list the name of the share they try to connect to (useful for
home directories) and any users listed in the "user =" smb.conf
line. The password is then checked in turn against these "possible
usernames". If a match is found then the client is authenticated as
that user.</P
><P
>Finally "server level" security. In server level security the samba
server reports to the client that it is in user level security. The
client then does a "session setup" as described earlier. The samba
server takes the username/password that the client sends and attempts
to login to the "password server" by sending exactly the same
username/password that it got from the client. If that server is in
user level security and accepts the password then samba accepts the
clients connection. This allows the samba server to use another SMB
server as the "password server". </P
><P
>You should also note that at the very start of all this, where the
server tells the client what security level it is in, it also tells
the client if it supports encryption. If it does then it supplies the
client with a random "cryptkey". The client will then send all
passwords in encrypted form. You have to compile samba with encryption
enabled to support this feature, and you have to maintain a separate
smbpasswd file with SMB style encrypted passwords. It is
cryptographically impossible to translate from unix style encryption
to SMB style encryption, although there are some fairly simple management
schemes by which the two could be kept in sync.</P
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><A
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></A
>Chapter 17. Samba performance issues</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2742"
></A
>17.1. Comparisons</H1
><P
>The Samba server uses TCP to talk to the client. Thus if you are
trying to see if it performs well you should really compare it to
programs that use the same protocol. The most readily available
programs for file transfer that use TCP are ftp or another TCP based
SMB server.</P
><P
>If you want to test against something like a NT or WfWg server then
you will have to disable all but TCP on either the client or
server. Otherwise you may well be using a totally different protocol
(such as Netbeui) and comparisons may not be valid.</P
><P
>Generally you should find that Samba performs similarly to ftp at raw
transfer speed. It should perform quite a bit faster than NFS,
although this very much depends on your system.</P
><P
>Several people have done comparisons between Samba and Novell, NFS or
WinNT. In some cases Samba performed the best, in others the worst. I
suspect the biggest factor is not Samba vs some other system but the
hardware and drivers used on the various systems. Given similar
hardware Samba should certainly be competitive in speed with other
systems.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2748"
></A
>17.2. Oplocks</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2750"
></A
>17.2.1. Overview</H2
><P
>Oplocks are the way that SMB clients get permission from a server to
locally cache file operations. If a server grants an oplock
(opportunistic lock) then the client is free to assume that it is the
only one accessing the file and it will agressively cache file
data. With some oplock types the client may even cache file open/close
operations. This can give enormous performance benefits.</P
><P
>With the release of Samba 1.9.18 we now correctly support opportunistic
locks. This is turned on by default, and can be turned off on a share-
by-share basis by setting the parameter :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>oplocks = False</B
></P
><P
>We recommend that you leave oplocks on however, as current benchmark
tests with NetBench seem to give approximately a 30% improvement in
speed with them on. This is on average however, and the actual
improvement seen can be orders of magnitude greater, depending on
what the client redirector is doing.</P
><P
>Previous to Samba 1.9.18 there was a 'fake oplocks' option. This
option has been left in the code for backwards compatibility reasons
but it's use is now deprecated. A short summary of what the old
code did follows.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2758"
></A
>17.2.2. Level2 Oplocks</H2
><P
>With Samba 2.0.5 a new capability - level2 (read only) oplocks is
supported (although the option is off by default - see the smb.conf
man page for details). Turning on level2 oplocks (on a share-by-share basis)
by setting the parameter :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>level2 oplocks = true</B
></P
><P
>should speed concurrent access to files that are not commonly written
to, such as application serving shares (ie. shares that contain common
.EXE files - such as a Microsoft Office share) as it allows clients to
read-ahread cache copies of these files.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2764"
></A
>17.2.3. Old 'fake oplocks' option - deprecated</H2
><P
>Samba can also fake oplocks, by granting a oplock whenever a client
asks for one. This is controlled using the smb.conf option "fake
oplocks". If you set "fake oplocks = yes" then you are telling the
client that it may agressively cache the file data for all opens.</P
><P
>Enabling 'fake oplocks' on all read-only shares or shares that you know
will only be accessed from one client at a time you will see a big
performance improvement on many operations. If you enable this option
on shares where multiple clients may be accessing the files read-write
at the same time you can get data corruption.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2768"
></A
>17.3. Socket options</H1
><P
>There are a number of socket options that can greatly affect the
performance of a TCP based server like Samba.</P
><P
>The socket options that Samba uses are settable both on the command
line with the -O option, or in the smb.conf file.</P
><P
>The "socket options" section of the smb.conf manual page describes how
to set these and gives recommendations.</P
><P
>Getting the socket options right can make a big difference to your
performance, but getting them wrong can degrade it by just as
much. The correct settings are very dependent on your local network.</P
><P
>The socket option TCP_NODELAY is the one that seems to make the
biggest single difference for most networks. Many people report that
adding "socket options = TCP_NODELAY" doubles the read performance of
a Samba drive. The best explanation I have seen for this is that the
Microsoft TCP/IP stack is slow in sending tcp ACKs.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2775"
></A
>17.4. Read size</H1
><P
>The option "read size" affects the overlap of disk reads/writes with
network reads/writes. If the amount of data being transferred in
several of the SMB commands (currently SMBwrite, SMBwriteX and
SMBreadbraw) is larger than this value then the server begins writing
the data before it has received the whole packet from the network, or
in the case of SMBreadbraw, it begins writing to the network before
all the data has been read from disk.</P
><P
>This overlapping works best when the speeds of disk and network access
are similar, having very little effect when the speed of one is much
greater than the other.</P
><P
>The default value is 16384, but very little experimentation has been
done yet to determine the optimal value, and it is likely that the best
value will vary greatly between systems anyway. A value over 65536 is
pointless and will cause you to allocate memory unnecessarily.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2780"
></A
>17.5. Max xmit</H1
><P
>At startup the client and server negotiate a "maximum transmit" size,
which limits the size of nearly all SMB commands. You can set the
maximum size that Samba will negotiate using the "max xmit = " option
in smb.conf. Note that this is the maximum size of SMB request that
Samba will accept, but not the maximum size that the *client* will accept.
The client maximum receive size is sent to Samba by the client and Samba
honours this limit.</P
><P
>It defaults to 65536 bytes (the maximum), but it is possible that some
clients may perform better with a smaller transmit unit. Trying values
of less than 2048 is likely to cause severe problems.</P
><P
>In most cases the default is the best option.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2785"
></A
>17.6. Locking</H1
><P
>By default Samba does not implement strict locking on each read/write
call (although it did in previous versions). If you enable strict
locking (using "strict locking = yes") then you may find that you
suffer a severe performance hit on some systems.</P
><P
>The performance hit will probably be greater on NFS mounted
filesystems, but could be quite high even on local disks.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2789"
></A
>17.7. Share modes</H1
><P
>Some people find that opening files is very slow. This is often
because of the "share modes" code needed to fully implement the dos
share modes stuff. You can disable this code using "share modes =
no". This will gain you a lot in opening and closing files but will
mean that (in some cases) the system won't force a second user of a
file to open the file read-only if the first has it open
read-write. For many applications that do their own locking this
doesn't matter, but for some it may. Most Windows applications
depend heavily on "share modes" working correctly and it is
recommended that the Samba share mode support be left at the
default of "on".</P
><P
>The share mode code in Samba has been re-written in the 1.9.17
release following tests with the Ziff-Davis NetBench PC Benchmarking
tool. It is now believed that Samba 1.9.17 implements share modes
similarly to Windows NT.</P
><P
>NOTE: In the most recent versions of Samba there is an option to use
shared memory via mmap() to implement the share modes. This makes
things much faster. See the Makefile for how to enable this.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2794"
></A
>17.8. Log level</H1
><P
>If you set the log level (also known as "debug level") higher than 2
then you may suffer a large drop in performance. This is because the
server flushes the log file after each operation, which can be very
expensive. </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2797"
></A
>17.9. Wide lines</H1
><P
>The "wide links" option is now enabled by default, but if you disable
it (for better security) then you may suffer a performance hit in
resolving filenames. The performance loss is lessened if you have
"getwd cache = yes", which is now the default.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2800"
></A
>17.10. Read raw</H1
><P
>The "read raw" operation is designed to be an optimised, low-latency
file read operation. A server may choose to not support it,
however. and Samba makes support for "read raw" optional, with it
being enabled by default.</P
><P
>In some cases clients don't handle "read raw" very well and actually
get lower performance using it than they get using the conventional
read operations. </P
><P
>So you might like to try "read raw = no" and see what happens on your
network. It might lower, raise or not affect your performance. Only
testing can really tell.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2805"
></A
>17.11. Write raw</H1
><P
>The "write raw" operation is designed to be an optimised, low-latency
file write operation. A server may choose to not support it,
however. and Samba makes support for "write raw" optional, with it
being enabled by default.</P
><P
>Some machines may find "write raw" slower than normal write, in which
case you may wish to change this option.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2809"
></A
>17.12. Read prediction</H1
><P
>Samba can do read prediction on some of the SMB commands. Read
prediction means that Samba reads some extra data on the last file it
read while waiting for the next SMB command to arrive. It can then
respond more quickly when the next read request arrives.</P
><P
>This is disabled by default. You can enable it by using "read
prediction = yes".</P
><P
>Note that read prediction is only used on files that were opened read
only.</P
><P
>Read prediction should particularly help for those silly clients (such
as "Write" under NT) which do lots of very small reads on a file.</P
><P
>Samba will not read ahead more data than the amount specified in the
"read size" option. It always reads ahead on 1k block boundaries.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2816"
></A
>17.13. Memory mapping</H1
><P
>Samba supports reading files via memory mapping them. One some
machines this can give a large boost to performance, on others it
makes not difference at all, and on some it may reduce performance.</P
><P
>To enable you you have to recompile Samba with the -DUSE_MMAP option
on the FLAGS line of the Makefile.</P
><P
>Note that memory mapping is only used on files opened read only, and
is not used by the "read raw" operation. Thus you may find memory
mapping is more effective if you disable "read raw" using "read raw =
no".</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2821"
></A
>17.14. Slow Clients</H1
><P
>One person has reported that setting the protocol to COREPLUS rather
than LANMAN2 gave a dramatic speed improvement (from 10k/s to 150k/s).</P
><P
>I suspect that his PC's (386sx16 based) were asking for more data than
they could chew. I suspect a similar speed could be had by setting
"read raw = no" and "max xmit = 2048", instead of changing the
protocol. Lowering the "read size" might also help.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2825"
></A
>17.15. Slow Logins</H1
><P
>Slow logins are almost always due to the password checking time. Using
the lowest practical "password level" will improve things a lot. You
could also enable the "UFC crypt" option in the Makefile.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2828"
></A
>17.16. Client tuning</H1
><P
>Often a speed problem can be traced to the client. The client (for
example Windows for Workgroups) can often be tuned for better TCP
performance.</P
><P
>See your client docs for details. In particular, I have heard rumours
that the WfWg options TCPWINDOWSIZE and TCPSEGMENTSIZE can have a
large impact on performance.</P
><P
>Also note that some people have found that setting DefaultRcvWindow in
the [MSTCP] section of the SYSTEM.INI file under WfWg to 3072 gives a
big improvement. I don't know why.</P
><P
>My own experience wth DefaultRcvWindow is that I get much better
performance with a large value (16384 or larger). Other people have
reported that anything over 3072 slows things down enourmously. One
person even reported a speed drop of a factor of 30 when he went from
3072 to 8192. I don't know why.</P
><P
>It probably depends a lot on your hardware, and the type of unix box
you have at the other end of the link.</P
><P
>Paul Cochrane has done some testing on client side tuning and come
to the following conclusions:</P
><P
>Install the W2setup.exe file from www.microsoft.com. This is an
update for the winsock stack and utilities which improve performance.</P
><P
>Configure the win95 TCPIP registry settings to give better
perfomance. I use a program called MTUSPEED.exe which I got off the
net. There are various other utilities of this type freely available.
The setting which give the best performance for me are:</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>MaxMTU Remove</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>RWIN Remove</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>MTUAutoDiscover Disable</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>MTUBlackHoleDetect Disable</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Time To Live Enabled</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Time To Live - HOPS 32</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>NDI Cache Size 0</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>I tried virtually all of the items mentioned in the document and
the only one which made a difference to me was the socket options. It
turned out I was better off without any!!!!!</P
><P
>In terms of overall speed of transfer, between various win95 clients
and a DX2-66 20MB server with a crappy NE2000 compatible and old IDE
drive (Kernel 2.0.30). The transfer rate was reasonable for 10 baseT.</P
><P
>FIXME
The figures are: Put Get
P166 client 3Com card: 420-440kB/s 500-520kB/s
P100 client 3Com card: 390-410kB/s 490-510kB/s
DX4-75 client NE2000: 370-380kB/s 330-350kB/s</P
><P
>I based these test on transfer two files a 4.5MB text file and a 15MB
textfile. The results arn't bad considering the hardware Samba is
running on. It's a crap machine!!!!</P
><P
>The updates mentioned in 1 and 2 brought up the transfer rates from
just over 100kB/s in some clients.</P
><P
>A new client is a P333 connected via a 100MB/s card and hub. The
transfer rates from this were good: 450-500kB/s on put and 600+kB/s
on get.</P
><P
>Looking at standard FTP throughput, Samba is a bit slower (100kB/s
upwards). I suppose there is more going on in the samba protocol, but
if it could get up to the rate of FTP the perfomance would be quite
staggering.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2860"
></A
>17.17. My Results</H1
><P
>Some people want to see real numbers in a document like this, so here
they are. I have a 486sx33 client running WfWg 3.11 with the 3.11b
tcp/ip stack. It has a slow IDE drive and 20Mb of ram. It has a SMC
Elite-16 ISA bus ethernet card. The only WfWg tuning I've done is to
set DefaultRcvWindow in the [MSTCP] section of system.ini to 16384. My
server is a 486dx3-66 running Linux. It also has 20Mb of ram and a SMC
Elite-16 card. You can see my server config in the examples/tridge/
subdirectory of the distribution.</P
><P
>I get 490k/s on reading a 8Mb file with copy.
I get 441k/s writing the same file to the samba server.</P
><P
>Of course, there's a lot more to benchmarks than 2 raw throughput
figures, but it gives you a ballpark figure.</P
><P
>I've also tested Win95 and WinNT, and found WinNT gave me the best
speed as a samba client. The fastest client of all (for me) is
smbclient running on another linux box. Maybe I'll add those results
here someday ...</P
></DIV
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></A
>Chapter 5. UNIX Permission Bits and Windows NT Access Control Lists</H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN580"
></A
>5.1. Viewing and changing UNIX permissions using the NT
security dialogs</H1
><P
>New in the Samba 2.0.4 release is the ability for Windows
NT clients to use their native security settings dialog box to
view and modify the underlying UNIX permissions.</P
><P
>Note that this ability is careful not to compromise
the security of the UNIX host Samba is running on, and
still obeys all the file permission rules that a Samba
administrator can set.</P
><P
>In Samba 2.0.4 and above the default value of the
parameter <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#NTACLSUPPORT"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
> nt acl support</I
></TT
></A
> has been changed from
<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>true</TT
>, so
manipulation of permissions is turned on by default.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN589"
></A
>5.2. How to view file security on a Samba share</H1
><P
>From an NT 4.0 client, single-click with the right
mouse button on any file or directory in a Samba mounted
drive letter or UNC path. When the menu pops-up, click
on the <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Properties</I
></SPAN
> entry at the bottom of
the menu. This brings up the normal file properties dialog
box, but with Samba 2.0.4 this will have a new tab along the top
marked <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Security</I
></SPAN
>. Click on this tab and you
will see three buttons, <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Permissions</I
></SPAN
>,
<SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Auditing</I
></SPAN
>, and <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Ownership</I
></SPAN
>.
The <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Auditing</I
></SPAN
> button will cause either
an error message <SPAN
CLASS="ERRORNAME"
>A requested privilege is not held
by the client</SPAN
> to appear if the user is not the
NT Administrator, or a dialog which is intended to allow an
Administrator to add auditing requirements to a file if the
user is logged on as the NT Administrator. This dialog is
non-functional with a Samba share at this time, as the only
useful button, the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Add</B
> button will not currently
allow a list of users to be seen.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN600"
></A
>5.3. Viewing file ownership</H1
><P
>Clicking on the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Ownership"</B
> button
brings up a dialog box telling you who owns the given file. The
owner name will be of the form :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"SERVER\user (Long name)"</B
></P
><P
>Where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>SERVER</I
></TT
> is the NetBIOS name of
the Samba server, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>user</I
></TT
> is the user name of
the UNIX user who owns the file, and <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>(Long name)</I
></TT
>
is the descriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the
GECOS field of the UNIX password database). Click on the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Close
</B
> button to remove this dialog.</P
><P
>If the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>nt acl support</I
></TT
>
is set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> then the file owner will
be shown as the NT user <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Everyone"</B
>.</P
><P
>The <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Take Ownership</B
> button will not allow
you to change the ownership of this file to yourself (clicking on
it will display a dialog box complaining that the user you are
currently logged onto the NT client cannot be found). The reason
for this is that changing the ownership of a file is a privileged
operation in UNIX, available only to the <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>root</I
></SPAN
>
user. As clicking on this button causes NT to attempt to change
the ownership of a file to the current user logged into the NT
client this will not work with Samba at this time.</P
><P
>There is an NT chown command that will work with Samba
and allow a user with Administrator privilege connected
to a Samba 2.0.4 server as root to change the ownership of
files on both a local NTFS filesystem or remote mounted NTFS
or Samba drive. This is available as part of the <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Seclib
</I
></SPAN
> NT security library written by Jeremy Allison of
the Samba Team, available from the main Samba ftp site.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN620"
></A
>5.4. Viewing file or directory permissions</H1
><P
>The third button is the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Permissions"</B
>
button. Clicking on this brings up a dialog box that shows both
the permissions and the UNIX owner of the file or directory.
The owner is displayed in the form :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"SERVER\user (Long name)"</B
></P
><P
>Where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>SERVER</I
></TT
> is the NetBIOS name of
the Samba server, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>user</I
></TT
> is the user name of
the UNIX user who owns the file, and <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>(Long name)</I
></TT
>
is the descriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the
GECOS field of the UNIX password database).</P
><P
>If the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>nt acl support</I
></TT
>
is set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> then the file owner will
be shown as the NT user <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Everyone"</B
> and the
permissions will be shown as NT "Full Control".</P
><P
>The permissions field is displayed differently for files
and directories, so I'll describe the way file permissions
are displayed first.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN635"
></A
>5.4.1. File Permissions</H2
><P
>The standard UNIX user/group/world triple and
the corresponding "read", "write", "execute" permissions
triples are mapped by Samba into a three element NT ACL
with the 'r', 'w', and 'x' bits mapped into the corresponding
NT permissions. The UNIX world permissions are mapped into
the global NT group <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Everyone</B
>, followed
by the list of permissions allowed for UNIX world. The UNIX
owner and group permissions are displayed as an NT
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>user</B
> icon and an NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>local
group</B
> icon respectively followed by the list
of permissions allowed for the UNIX user and group.</P
><P
>As many UNIX permission sets don't map into common
NT names such as <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"read"</B
>, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> "change"</B
> or <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"full control"</B
> then
usually the permissions will be prefixed by the words <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> "Special Access"</B
> in the NT display list.</P
><P
>But what happens if the file has no permissions allowed
for a particular UNIX user group or world component ? In order
to allow "no permissions" to be seen and modified then Samba
overloads the NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Take Ownership"</B
> ACL attribute
(which has no meaning in UNIX) and reports a component with
no permissions as having the NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"O"</B
> bit set.
This was chosen of course to make it look like a zero, meaning
zero permissions. More details on the decision behind this will
be given below.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN649"
></A
>5.4.2. Directory Permissions</H2
><P
>Directories on an NT NTFS file system have two
different sets of permissions. The first set of permissions
is the ACL set on the directory itself, this is usually displayed
in the first set of parentheses in the normal <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"RW"</B
>
NT style. This first set of permissions is created by Samba in
exactly the same way as normal file permissions are, described
above, and is displayed in the same way.</P
><P
>The second set of directory permissions has no real meaning
in the UNIX permissions world and represents the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> "inherited"</B
> permissions that any file created within
this directory would inherit.</P
><P
>Samba synthesises these inherited permissions for NT by
returning as an NT ACL the UNIX permission mode that a new file
created by Samba on this share would receive.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN656"
></A
>5.5. Modifying file or directory permissions</H1
><P
>Modifying file and directory permissions is as simple
as changing the displayed permissions in the dialog box, and
clicking the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>OK</B
> button. However, there are
limitations that a user needs to be aware of, and also interactions
with the standard Samba permission masks and mapping of DOS
attributes that need to also be taken into account.</P
><P
>If the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>nt acl support</I
></TT
>
is set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> then any attempt to set
security permissions will fail with an <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Access Denied"
</B
> message.</P
><P
>The first thing to note is that the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Add"</B
>
button will not return a list of users in Samba 2.0.4 (it will give
an error message of <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"The remote procedure call failed
and did not execute"</B
>). This means that you can only
manipulate the current user/group/world permissions listed in
the dialog box. This actually works quite well as these are the
only permissions that UNIX actually has.</P
><P
>If a permission triple (either user, group, or world)
is removed from the list of permissions in the NT dialog box,
then when the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> button is pressed it will
be applied as "no permissions" on the UNIX side. If you then
view the permissions again the "no permissions" entry will appear
as the NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"O"</B
> flag, as described above. This
allows you to add permissions back to a file or directory once
you have removed them from a triple component.</P
><P
>As UNIX supports only the "r", "w" and "x" bits of
an NT ACL then if other NT security attributes such as "Delete
access" are selected then they will be ignored when applied on
the Samba server.</P
><P
>When setting permissions on a directory the second
set of permissions (in the second set of parentheses) is
by default applied to all files within that directory. If this
is not what you want you must uncheck the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Replace
permissions on existing files"</B
> checkbox in the NT
dialog before clicking <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
>.</P
><P
>If you wish to remove all permissions from a
user/group/world component then you may either highlight the
component and click the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Remove"</B
> button,
or set the component to only have the special <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Take
Ownership"</B
> permission (displayed as <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"O"
</B
>) highlighted.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN678"
></A
>5.6. Interaction with the standard Samba create mask
parameters</H1
><P
>Note that with Samba 2.0.5 there are four new parameters
to control this interaction. These are :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory security mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
>Once a user clicks <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to apply the
permissions Samba maps the given permissions into a user/group/world
r/w/x triple set, and then will check the changed permissions for a
file against the bits set in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYMASK"
TARGET="_top"
>
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
></A
> parameter. Any bits that
were changed that are not set to '1' in this parameter are left alone
in the file permissions.</P
><P
>Essentially, zero bits in the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
>
mask may be treated as a set of bits the user is <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>not</I
></SPAN
>
allowed to change, and one bits are those the user is allowed to change.
</P
><P
>If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value as
the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#CREATEMASK"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>create mask
</I
></TT
></A
> parameter to provide compatibility with Samba 2.0.4
where this permission change facility was introduced. To allow a user to
modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file, set this parameter
to 0777.</P
><P
>Next Samba checks the changed permissions for a file against
the bits set in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#FORCESECURITYMODE"
TARGET="_top"
> <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode</I
></TT
></A
> parameter. Any bits
that were changed that correspond to bits set to '1' in this parameter
are forced to be set.</P
><P
>Essentially, bits set in the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode
</I
></TT
> parameter may be treated as a set of bits that, when
modifying security on a file, the user has always set to be 'on'.</P
><P
>If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value
as the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#FORCECREATEMODE"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force
create mode</I
></TT
></A
> parameter to provide compatibility
with Samba 2.0.4 where the permission change facility was introduced.
To allow a user to modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file
with no restrictions set this parameter to 000.</P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
> and <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force
security mode</I
></TT
> parameters are applied to the change
request in that order.</P
><P
>For a directory Samba will perform the same operations as
described above for a file except using the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
> directory security mask</I
></TT
> instead of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security
mask</I
></TT
>, and <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security mode
</I
></TT
> parameter instead of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode
</I
></TT
>.</P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory security mask</I
></TT
> parameter
by default is set to the same value as the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory mask
</I
></TT
> parameter and the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security
mode</I
></TT
> parameter by default is set to the same value as
the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory mode</I
></TT
> parameter to provide
compatibility with Samba 2.0.4 where the permission change facility
was introduced.</P
><P
>In this way Samba enforces the permission restrictions that
an administrator can set on a Samba share, whilst still allowing users
to modify the permission bits within that restriction.</P
><P
>If you want to set up a share that allows users full control
in modifying the permission bits on their files and directories and
doesn't force any particular bits to be set 'on', then set the following
parameters in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf(5)
</TT
></A
> file in that share specific section :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask = 0777</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode = 0</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory security mask = 0777</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security mode = 0</I
></TT
></P
><P
>As described, in Samba 2.0.4 the parameters :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>create mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force create mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
>were used instead of the parameters discussed here.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN742"
></A
>5.7. Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute
mapping</H1
><P
>Samba maps some of the DOS attribute bits (such as "read
only") into the UNIX permissions of a file. This means there can
be a conflict between the permission bits set via the security
dialog and the permission bits set by the file attribute mapping.
</P
><P
>One way this can show up is if a file has no UNIX read access
for the owner it will show up as "read only" in the standard
file attributes tabbed dialog. Unfortunately this dialog is
the same one that contains the security info in another tab.</P
><P
>What this can mean is that if the owner changes the permissions
to allow themselves read access using the security dialog, clicks
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to get back to the standard attributes tab
dialog, and then clicks <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> on that dialog, then
NT will set the file permissions back to read-only (as that is what
the attributes still say in the dialog). This means that after setting
permissions and clicking <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to get back to the
attributes dialog you should always hit <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Cancel"</B
>
rather than <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to ensure that your changes
are not overridden.</P
></DIV
></DIV
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VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="msdfs.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>Prev</A
></TD
><TD
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VALIGN="top"
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source3/python/examples/tdbpack/oldtdbutil.py Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
#!/usr/bin/python
#############################################################
# tdbutil
#
# Purpose:
# Contains functions that are used to pack and unpack data
# from Samba's tdb databases. Samba sometimes represents complex
# data structures as a single value in a database. These functions
# allow other python scripts to package data types into a single python
# string and unpackage them.
#
#
# XXXXX: This code is no longer used; it's just here for testing
# compatibility with the new (much faster) C implementation.
#
##############################################################
import string
def pack(format,list):
retstring = ''
listind = 0
# Cycle through format entries
for type in format:
# Null Terminated String
if (type == 'f' or type == 'P'):
retstring = retstring + list[listind] + "\000"
# 4 Byte Number
if (type == 'd'):
retstring = retstring + PackNum(list[listind],4)
# 2 Byte Number
if (type == 'w'):
retstring = retstring + PackNum(list[listind],2)
# Pointer Value
if (type == 'p'):
if (list[listind]):
retstring = retstring + PackNum(1,4)
else:
retstring = retstring + PackNum(0,4)
# Buffer and Length
if (type == 'B'):
# length
length = list[listind]
retstring = retstring + PackNum(length,4)
length = int(length)
listind = listind + 1
# buffer
retstring = retstring + list[listind][:length]
listind = listind + 1
return retstring
def unpack(format,buffer):
retlist = []
bufind = 0
lasttype = ""
for type in format:
# Pointer Value
if (type == 'p'):
newvalue = UnpackNum(buffer[bufind:bufind+4])
bufind = bufind + 4
if (newvalue):
newvalue = 1L
else:
newvalue = 0L
retlist.append(newvalue)
# Previous character till end of data
elif (type == '$'):
if (lasttype == 'f'):
while (bufind < len(buffer)):
newstring = ''
while (buffer[bufind] != '\000'):
newstring = newstring + buffer[bufind]
bufind = bufind + 1
bufind = bufind + 1
retlist.append(newstring)
# Null Terminated String
elif (type == 'f' or type == 'P'):
newstring = ''
while (buffer[bufind] != '\000'):
newstring = newstring + buffer[bufind]
bufind = bufind + 1
bufind = bufind + 1
retlist.append(newstring)
# 4 Byte Number
elif (type == 'd'):
newvalue = UnpackNum(buffer[bufind:bufind+4])
bufind = bufind + 4
retlist.append(newvalue)
# 2 Byte Number
elif (type == 'w'):
newvalue = UnpackNum(buffer[bufind:bufind+2])
bufind = bufind + 2
retlist.append(newvalue)
# Length and Buffer
elif (type == 'B'):
# Length
length = UnpackNum(buffer[bufind:bufind+4])
bufind = bufind + 4
retlist.append(length)
length = int(length)
# Buffer
retlist.append(buffer[bufind:bufind+length])
bufind = bufind + length
lasttype = type
return ((retlist,buffer[bufind:]))
def PackNum(myint,size):
retstring = ''
size = size * 2
hint = hex(myint)[2:]
# Check for long notation
if (hint[-1:] == 'L'):
hint = hint[:-1]
addon = size - len(hint)
for i in range(0,addon):
hint = '0' + hint
while (size > 0):
val = string.atoi(hint[size-2:size],16)
retstring = retstring + chr(val)
size = size - 2
return retstring
def UnpackNum(buffer):
size = len(buffer)
mystring = ''
for i in range(size-1,-1,-1):
val = hex(ord(buffer[i]))[2:]
if (len(val) == 1):
val = '0' + val
mystring = mystring + val
if (len(mystring) > 4):
return string.atol(mystring,16)
else:
return string.atoi(mystring,16)