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659 lines
16 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML
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><HEAD
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><TITLE
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>Introduction to Samba</TITLE
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><META
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NAME="GENERATOR"
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CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"><LINK
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REL="HOME"
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TITLE="SAMBA Project Documentation"
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HREF="samba-howto-collection.html"><LINK
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REL="UP"
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TITLE="General installation"
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HREF="introduction.html"><LINK
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REL="PREVIOUS"
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TITLE="General installation"
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HREF="introduction.html"><LINK
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REL="NEXT"
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TITLE="How to Install and Test SAMBA"
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HREF="install.html"></HEAD
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><BODY
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CLASS="CHAPTER"
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BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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TEXT="#000000"
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LINK="#0000FF"
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VLINK="#840084"
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><DIV
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><TABLE
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SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
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><TR
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><TH
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COLSPAN="3"
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ALIGN="center"
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>SAMBA Project Documentation</TH
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="left"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="introduction.html"
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ACCESSKEY="P"
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>Prev</A
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></TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="80%"
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ALIGN="center"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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></TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="right"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="install.html"
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ACCESSKEY="N"
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>Next</A
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><HR
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="CHAPTER"
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><H1
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><A
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NAME="INTROSMB"
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></A
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>Chapter 1. Introduction to Samba</H1
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><DIV
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CLASS="TOC"
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><DL
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><DT
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><B
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>Table of Contents</B
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></DT
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><DT
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>1.1. <A
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HREF="introsmb.html#AEN61"
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>Background</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>1.2. <A
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HREF="introsmb.html#AEN67"
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>Terminology</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>1.3. <A
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HREF="introsmb.html#AEN91"
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>Related Projects</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>1.4. <A
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HREF="introsmb.html#AEN100"
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>SMB Methodology</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>1.5. <A
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HREF="introsmb.html#AEN115"
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>Additional Resources</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>1.6. <A
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HREF="introsmb.html#AEN151"
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>Epilogue</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>1.7. <A
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HREF="introsmb.html#AEN162"
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>Miscellaneous</A
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></DT
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></DL
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></DIV
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><P
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><SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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CLASS="EMPHASIS"
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>"If you understand what you're doing, you're not learning anything."
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-- Anonymous</I
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></SPAN
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></P
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><P
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>Samba is a file and print server for Windows-based clients using TCP/IP as the underlying
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transport protocol. In fact, it can support any SMB/CIFS-enabled client. One of Samba's big
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strengths is that you can use it to blend your mix of Windows and Linux machines together
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without requiring a separate Windows NT/2000/2003 Server. Samba is actively being developed
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by a global team of about 30 active programmers and was originally developed by Andrew Tridgell.</P
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><H1
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><A
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NAME="AEN61"
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>1.1. Background</A
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></H1
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><P
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>Once long ago, there was a buzzword referred to as DCE/RPC. This stood for Distributed
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Computing Environment/Remote Procedure Calls and conceptually was a good idea. It was
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originally developed by Apollo/HP as NCA 1.0 (Network Computing Architecture) and only
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ran over UDP. When there was a need to run it over TCP so that it would be compatible
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with DECnet 3.0, it was redesigned, submitted to The Open Group, and officially became
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known as DCE/RPC. Microsoft came along and decided, rather than pay $20 per seat to
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license this technology, to reimplement DCE/RPC themselves as MSRPC. From this, the
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concept continued in the form of SMB (Server Message Block, or the "what") using the
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NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System, or the "how") compatibility layer. You can
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run SMB (i.e., transport) over several different protocols; many different implementations
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arose as a result, including NBIPX (NetBIOS over IPX, NwLnkNb, or NWNBLink) and NBT
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(NetBIOS over TCP/IP, or NetBT). As the years passed, NBT became the most common form
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of implementation until the advance of "Direct-Hosted TCP" -- the Microsoft marketing
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term for eliminating NetBIOS entirely and running SMB by itself across TCP port 445
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only. As of yet, direct-hosted TCP has yet to catch on.</P
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><P
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>Perhaps the best summary of the origins of SMB are voiced in the 1997 article titled, CIFS:
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Common Insecurities Fail Scrutiny:</P
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><P
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><SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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CLASS="EMPHASIS"
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>Several megabytes of NT-security archives, random whitepapers, RFCs, the CIFS spec, the Samba
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stuff, a few MS knowledge-base articles, strings extracted from binaries, and packet dumps have
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been dutifully waded through during the information-gathering stages of this project, and there
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are *still* many missing pieces... While often tedious, at least the way has been generously
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littered with occurrences of clapping hand to forehead and muttering 'crikey, what are they
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thinking?</I
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></SPAN
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></P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><H1
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><A
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NAME="AEN67"
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>1.2. Terminology</A
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></H1
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><P
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></P
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><UL
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><LI
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><P
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> SMB: Acronym for "Server Message Block". This is Microsoft's file and printer sharing protocol.
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> CIFS: Acronym for "Common Internet File System". Around 1996, Microsoft apparently
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decided that SMB needed the word "Internet" in it, so they changed it to CIFS.
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> Direct-Hosted: A method of providing file/printer sharing services over port 445/tcp
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only using DNS for name resolution instead of WINS.
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> IPC: Acronym for "Inter-Process Communication". A method to communicate specific
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information between programs.
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> Marshalling: - A method of serializing (i.e., sequential ordering of) variable data
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suitable for transmission via a network connection or storing in a file. The source
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data can be re-created using a similar process called unmarshalling.
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> NetBIOS: Acronym for "Network Basic Input/Output System". This is not a protocol;
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it is a method of communication across an existing protocol. This is a standard which
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was originally developed for IBM by Sytek in 1983. To exaggerate the analogy a bit,
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it can help to think of this in comparison your computer's BIOS -- it controls the
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essential functions of your input/output hardware -- whereas NetBIOS controls the
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essential functions of your input/output traffic via the network. Again, this is a bit
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of an exaggeration but it should help that paradigm shift. What is important to realize
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is that NetBIOS is a transport standard, not a protocol. Unfortunately, even technically
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brilliant people tend to interchange NetBIOS with terms like NetBEUI without a second
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thought; this will cause no end (and no doubt) of confusion.
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> NetBEUI: Acronym for the "NetBIOS Extended User Interface". Unlike NetBIOS, NetBEUI
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is a protocol, not a standard. It is also not routable, so traffic on one side of a
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router will be unable to communicate with the other side. Understanding NetBEUI is
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not essential to deciphering SMB; however it helps to point out that it is not the
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same as NetBIOS and to improve your score in trivia at parties. NetBEUI was originally
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referred to by Microsoft as "NBF", or "The Windows NT NetBEUI Frame protocol driver".
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It is not often heard from these days.
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> NBT: Acronym for "NetBIOS over TCP"; also known as "NetBT". Allows the continued use
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of NetBIOS traffic proxied over TCP/IP. As a result, NetBIOS names are made
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to IP addresses and NetBIOS name types are conceptually equivalent to TCP/IP ports.
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This is how file and printer sharing are accomplished in Windows 95/98/ME. They
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traditionally rely on three ports: NetBIOS Name Service (nbname) via UDP port 137,
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NetBIOS Datagram Service (nbdatagram) via UDP port 138, and NetBIOS Session Service
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(nbsession) via TCP port 139. All name resolution is done via WINS, NetBIOS broadcasts,
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and DNS. NetBIOS over TCP is documented in RFC 1001 (Concepts and methods) and RFC 1002
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(Detailed specifications).
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> W2K: Acronym for Windows 2000 Professional or Server
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> W3K: Acronym for Windows 2003 Server
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</P
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></LI
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></UL
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><P
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>If you plan on getting help, make sure to subscribe to the Samba Mailing List (available at
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http://www.samba.org). Optionally, you could just search mailing.unix.samba at http://groups.google.com</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><H1
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><A
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NAME="AEN91"
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>1.3. Related Projects</A
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></H1
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><P
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>Currently, there are two projects that are directly related to Samba: SMBFS and CIFS network
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client file systems for Linux, both available in the Linux kernel itself.</P
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><P
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></P
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><UL
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><LI
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><P
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> SMBFS (Server Message Block File System) allows you to mount SMB shares (the protocol
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that Microsoft Windows and OS/2 Lan Manager use to share files and printers
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over local networks) and access them just like any other Unix directory. This is useful
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if you just want to mount such filesystems without being a SMBFS server.
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> CIFS (Common Internet File System) is the successor to SMB, and is actively being worked
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on in the upcoming version of the Linux kernel. The intent of this module is to
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provide advanced network file system functionality including support for dfs (heirarchical
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name space), secure per-user session establishment, safe distributed caching (oplock),
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optional packet signing, Unicode and other internationalization improvements, and optional
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Winbind (nsswitch) integration.
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</P
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></LI
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></UL
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><P
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>Again, it's important to note that these are implementations for client filesystems, and have
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nothing to do with acting as a file and print server for SMB/CIFS clients.</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><H1
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><A
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NAME="AEN100"
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>1.4. SMB Methodology</A
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></H1
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><P
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>Traditionally, SMB uses UDP port 137 (NetBIOS name service, or netbios-ns),
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UDP port 138 (NetBIOS datagram service, or netbios-dgm), and TCP port 139 (NetBIOS
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session service, or netbios-ssn). Anyone looking at their network with a good
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packet sniffer will be amazed at the amount of traffic generated by just opening
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up a single file. In general, SMB sessions are established in the following order:</P
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><P
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></P
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><UL
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><LI
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><P
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> "TCP Connection" - establish 3-way handshake (connection) to port 139/tcp
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or 445/tcp.
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> "NetBIOS Session Request" - using the following "Calling Names": The local
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machine's NetBIOS name plus the 16th character 0x00; The server's NetBIOS
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name plus the 16th character 0x20
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> "SMB Negotiate Protocol" - determine the protocol dialect to use, which will
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be one of the following: PC Network Program 1.0 (Core) - share level security
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mode only; Microsoft Networks 1.03 (Core Plus) - share level security
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mode only; Lanman1.0 (LAN Manager 1.0) - uses Challenge/Response
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Authentication; Lanman2.1 (LAN Manager 2.1) - uses Challenge/Response
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Authentication; NT LM 0.12 (NT LM 0.12) - uses Challenge/Response
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Authentication
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> SMB Session Startup. Passwords are encrypted (or not) according to one of
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the following methods: Null (no encryption); Cleartext (no encryption); LM
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and NTLM; NTLM; NTLMv2
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> SMB Tree Connect: Connect to a share name (e.g., \\servername\share); Connect
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to a service type (e.g., IPC$ named pipe)
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</P
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></LI
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></UL
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><P
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>A good way to examine this process in depth is to try out SecurityFriday's SWB program
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at http://www.securityfriday.com/ToolDownload/SWB/swb_doc.html. It allows you to
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walk through the establishment of a SMB/CIFS session step by step.</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><H1
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><A
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NAME="AEN115"
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>1.5. Additional Resources</A
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></H1
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><P
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></P
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><UL
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><LI
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><P
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> <SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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CLASS="EMPHASIS"
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>CIFS: Common Insecurities Fail Scrutiny</I
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></SPAN
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> by "Hobbit",
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http://hr.uoregon.edu/davidrl/cifs.txt
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> <SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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CLASS="EMPHASIS"
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>Doing the Samba on Windows</I
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></SPAN
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> by Financial Review,
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http://afr.com/it/2002/10/01/FFXDF43AP6D.html
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> <SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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CLASS="EMPHASIS"
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>Implementing CIFS</I
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></SPAN
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||
> by Christopher R. Hertel,
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http://ubiqx.org/cifs/
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> <SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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CLASS="EMPHASIS"
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>Just What Is SMB?</I
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||
></SPAN
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||
> by Richard Sharpe,
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http://samba.anu.edu.au/cifs/docs/what-is-smb.html
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</P
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||
></LI
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||
><LI
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||
><P
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||
> <SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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||
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
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>Opening Windows Everywhere</I
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||
></SPAN
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||
> by Mike Warfield,
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http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-05/samba_01.html
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</P
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||
></LI
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||
><LI
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><P
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||
> <SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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||
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
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>SMB HOWTO</I
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||
></SPAN
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||
> by David Wood,
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||
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/SMB-HOWTO.html
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||
</P
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||
></LI
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||
><LI
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><P
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> <SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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||
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
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>SMB/CIFS by The Root</I
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||
></SPAN
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||
> by "ledin",
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http://www.phrack.org/phrack/60/p60-0x0b.txt
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</P
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||
></LI
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||
><LI
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||
><P
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||
> <SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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||
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
||
>The Story of Samba</I
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||
></SPAN
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||
> by Christopher R. Hertel,
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||
http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-09/samba_01.html
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||
</P
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||
></LI
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||
><LI
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||
><P
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||
> <SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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||
><I
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||
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
||
>The Unofficial Samba HOWTO</I
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||
></SPAN
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||
> by David Lechnyr,
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||
http://hr.uoregon.edu/davidrl/samba/
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||
</P
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||
></LI
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||
><LI
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||
><P
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||
> <SPAN
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||
CLASS="emphasis"
|
||
><I
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||
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
||
>Understanding the Network Neighborhood</I
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||
></SPAN
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||
> by Christopher R. Hertel,
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||
http://www.linux-mag.com/2001-05/smb_01.html
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||
</P
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||
></LI
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||
><LI
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||
><P
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||
> <SPAN
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||
CLASS="emphasis"
|
||
><I
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||
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
||
>Using Samba as a PDC</I
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||
></SPAN
|
||
> by Andrew Bartlett,
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||
http://www.linux-mag.com/2002-02/samba_01.html
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||
</P
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||
></LI
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||
></UL
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||
></DIV
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><DIV
|
||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||
><H1
|
||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||
><A
|
||
NAME="AEN151"
|
||
>1.6. Epilogue</A
|
||
></H1
|
||
><P
|
||
><SPAN
|
||
CLASS="emphasis"
|
||
><I
|
||
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
||
>"What's fundamentally wrong is that nobody ever had any taste when they
|
||
did it. Microsoft has been very much into making the user interface look good,
|
||
but internally it's just a complete mess. And even people who program for Microsoft
|
||
and who have had years of experience, just don't know how it works internally.
|
||
Worse, nobody dares change it. Nobody dares to fix bugs because it's such a
|
||
mess that fixing one bug might just break a hundred programs that depend on
|
||
that bug. And Microsoft isn't interested in anyone fixing bugs -- they're interested
|
||
in making money. They don't have anybody who takes pride in Windows 95 as an
|
||
operating system.</I
|
||
></SPAN
|
||
></P
|
||
><P
|
||
><SPAN
|
||
CLASS="emphasis"
|
||
><I
|
||
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
||
>People inside Microsoft know it's a bad operating system and they still
|
||
continue obviously working on it because they want to get the next version out
|
||
because they want to have all these new features to sell more copies of the
|
||
system.</I
|
||
></SPAN
|
||
></P
|
||
><P
|
||
><SPAN
|
||
CLASS="emphasis"
|
||
><I
|
||
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
||
>The problem with that is that over time, when you have this kind of approach,
|
||
and because nobody understands it, because nobody REALLY fixes bugs (other than
|
||
when they're really obvious), the end result is really messy. You can't trust
|
||
it because under certain circumstances it just spontaneously reboots or just
|
||
halts in the middle of something that shouldn't be strange. Normally it works
|
||
fine and then once in a blue moon for some completely unknown reason, it's dead,
|
||
and nobody knows why. Not Microsoft, not the experienced user and certainly
|
||
not the completely clueless user who probably sits there shivering thinking
|
||
"What did I do wrong?" when they didn't do anything wrong at all.</I
|
||
></SPAN
|
||
></P
|
||
><P
|
||
><SPAN
|
||
CLASS="emphasis"
|
||
><I
|
||
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
||
>That's what's really irritating to me."</I
|
||
></SPAN
|
||
></P
|
||
><P
|
||
>-- Linus Torvalds, from an interview with BOOT Magazine, Sept 1998
|
||
(http://hr.uoregon.edu/davidrl/boot.txt)</P
|
||
></DIV
|
||
><DIV
|
||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||
><H1
|
||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||
><A
|
||
NAME="AEN162"
|
||
>1.7. Miscellaneous</A
|
||
></H1
|
||
><P
|
||
>This chapter was lovingly handcrafted on a Dell Latitude C400 laptop running Slackware Linux 9.0,
|
||
in case anyone asks.</P
|
||
><P
|
||
>This chapter is Copyright <20> 2003 David Lechnyr (david at lechnyr dot com).
|
||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms
|
||
of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free
|
||
Software Foundation. A copy of the license is available at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.txt.</P
|
||
></DIV
|
||
></DIV
|
||
><DIV
|
||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||
><HR
|
||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
|
||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||
BORDER="0"
|
||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||
><TR
|
||
><TD
|
||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||
ALIGN="left"
|
||
VALIGN="top"
|
||
><A
|
||
HREF="introduction.html"
|
||
ACCESSKEY="P"
|
||
>Prev</A
|
||
></TD
|
||
><TD
|
||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||
ALIGN="center"
|
||
VALIGN="top"
|
||
><A
|
||
HREF="samba-howto-collection.html"
|
||
ACCESSKEY="H"
|
||
>Home</A
|
||
></TD
|
||
><TD
|
||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||
ALIGN="right"
|
||
VALIGN="top"
|
||
><A
|
||
HREF="install.html"
|
||
ACCESSKEY="N"
|
||
>Next</A
|
||
></TD
|
||
></TR
|
||
><TR
|
||
><TD
|
||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||
ALIGN="left"
|
||
VALIGN="top"
|
||
>General installation</TD
|
||
><TD
|
||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||
ALIGN="center"
|
||
VALIGN="top"
|
||
><A
|
||
HREF="introduction.html"
|
||
ACCESSKEY="U"
|
||
>Up</A
|
||
></TD
|
||
><TD
|
||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||
ALIGN="right"
|
||
VALIGN="top"
|
||
>How to Install and Test SAMBA</TD
|
||
></TR
|
||
></TABLE
|
||
></DIV
|
||
></BODY
|
||
></HTML
|
||
> |