systemd-stable/test/udev-test.pl

#!/usr/bin/env perl
# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later

# udev test
#
# Provides automated testing of the udev binary.
# The whole test is self contained in this file, except the matching sysfs tree.
# Simply extend the @tests array, to add a new test variant.
#
# Every test is driven by its own temporary config file.
# This program prepares the environment, creates the config and calls udev.
#
# udev parses the rules, looks at the provided sysfs and
# first creates and then removes the device node.
# After creation and removal the result is checked against the
# expected value and the result is printed.
#
# Copyright © 2004 Leann Ogasawara <ogasawara@osdl.org>

use warnings;
use strict;

BEGIN {
    my $EXIT_TEST_SKIP = 77;

    unless (eval "use POSIX qw(WIFEXITED WEXITSTATUS);
                  use Cwd qw(getcwd abs_path);
                  use IPC::Semaphore;
                  use IPC::SysV qw(IPC_PRIVATE S_IRUSR S_IWUSR IPC_CREAT);
                  use Time::HiRes qw(usleep); 1") {
        warn "Failed to import dependencies, skipping the test: $@";
        exit($EXIT_TEST_SKIP);
    }
}

my $udev_bin            = "./test-udev";
my $valgrind            = 0;
my $gdb                 = 0;
my $strace              = 0;
my $udev_bin_valgrind   = "valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=yes --track-origins=yes --quiet $udev_bin";
my $udev_bin_gdb        = "gdb --args $udev_bin";
my $udev_bin_strace     = "strace -efile $udev_bin";
my $udev_run            = "test/run";
my $udev_tmpfs          = "test/tmpfs";
my $udev_sys            = "${udev_tmpfs}/sys";
my $udev_dev            = "${udev_tmpfs}/dev";
my $udev_rules_dir      = "$udev_run/udev/rules.d";
my $udev_rules          = "$udev_rules_dir/udev-test.rules";
my $EXIT_TEST_SKIP      = 77;

my $rules_10k_tags      = "";
for (my $i = 1; $i <= 10000; ++$i) {
        $rules_10k_tags .= 'KERNEL=="sda", TAG+="test' . $i . "\"\n";
}

my $rules_10k_tags_continuation = "KERNEL==\"sda\", \\\n";
for (my $i = 1; $i < 10000; ++$i) {
        $rules_10k_tags_continuation .= 'TAG+="test' . $i . "\",\\\n";
}
$rules_10k_tags_continuation .= "TAG+=\"test10000\"\\n";

# Create a device list with all block devices under /sys
# (except virtual devices and cd-roms)
# the optional argument exp_func returns expected and non-expected
# symlinks for the device.
sub all_block_devs {
        my ($exp_func) = @_;
        my @devices;

        foreach my $bd (glob "$udev_sys/dev/block/*") {
                my $tgt = readlink($bd);
                my ($exp, $notexp) = (undef, undef);

                next if ($tgt =~ m!/virtual/! || $tgt =~ m!/sr[0-9]*$!);

                $tgt =~ s!^\.\./\.\.!!;
                ($exp, $notexp) = $exp_func->($tgt) if defined($exp_func);
                my $device = {
                        devpath => $tgt,
                        exp_links => $exp,
                        not_exp_links => $notexp,
                };
                push(@devices, $device);
        }
        return \@devices;
}

# This generator returns a suitable exp_func for use with
# all_block_devs().
sub expect_for_some {
        my ($pattern, $links, $donot) = @_;
        my $_expect = sub {
                my ($name) = @_;

                if ($name =~ /$pattern/) {
                        return ($links, undef);
                } elsif ($donot) {
                        return (undef, $links);
                } else {
                        return (undef, undef);
                }
        };
        return $_expect;
}

my @tests = (
        {
                desc            => "no rules",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_rem_error   => "yes",
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_rem_error   => "yes",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
#
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "label test of scsi disc",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["boot_disk"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="ATA", SYMLINK+="boot_disk%n"
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", SYMLINK+="modem"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "label test of scsi disc",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["boot_disk"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="ATA", SYMLINK+="boot_disk%n"
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", SYMLINK+="modem"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "label test of scsi disc",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["boot_disk"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="ATA", SYMLINK+="boot_disk%n"
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", SYMLINK+="modem"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "label test of scsi partition",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["boot_disk1"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="ATA", SYMLINK+="boot_disk%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "label test of pattern match",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["boot_disk1", "boot_disk1-4", "boot_disk1-5"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["boot_disk1-1", "boot_disk1-2", "boot_disk1-3"]
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="?ATA", SYMLINK+="boot_disk%n-1"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="ATA?", SYMLINK+="boot_disk%n-2"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="A??", SYMLINK+="boot_disk%n"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="ATAS", SYMLINK+="boot_disk%n-3"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="AT?", SYMLINK+="boot_disk%n-4"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="??A", SYMLINK+="boot_disk%n-5"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "label test of multiple sysfs files",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["boot_disk1"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["boot_diskX1"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="ATA", ATTRS{model}=="ST910021AS X ", SYMLINK+="boot_diskX%n"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="ATA", ATTRS{model}=="ST910021AS", SYMLINK+="boot_disk%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "label test of max sysfs files (skip invalid rule)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["boot_disk1", "boot_diskXY1"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["boot_diskXX1"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="ATA", ATTRS{model}=="ST910021AS", ATTRS{scsi_level}=="6", ATTRS{rev}=="4.06", ATTRS{type}=="0", ATTRS{queue_depth}=="32", SYMLINK+="boot_diskXX%n"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="ATA", ATTRS{model}=="ST910021AS", ATTRS{scsi_level}=="6", ATTRS{rev}=="4.06", ATTRS{type}=="0", ATTRS{queue_depth}=="1", SYMLINK+="boot_diskXY%n"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="ATA", ATTRS{model}=="ST910021AS", ATTRS{scsi_level}=="6", ATTRS{rev}=="4.06", ATTRS{type}=="0", SYMLINK+="boot_disk%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "catch device by *",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["modem/0", "catch-all"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM*", SYMLINK+="modem/%n"
KERNEL=="*", SYMLINK+="catch-all"
EOF
        },
        # 10
        {
                desc            => "catch device by * - take 2",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["modem/0"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["bad"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="*ACM1", SYMLINK+="bad"
KERNEL=="*ACM0", SYMLINK+="modem/%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "catch device by ?",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["modem/0"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["modem/0-1", "modem/0-2"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM??*", SYMLINK+="modem/%n-1"
KERNEL=="ttyACM??", SYMLINK+="modem/%n-2"
KERNEL=="ttyACM?", SYMLINK+="modem/%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "catch device by character class",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["modem/0"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["modem/0-1", "modem/0-2"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[A-Z]*", SYMLINK+="modem/%n-1"
KERNEL=="ttyACM?[0-9]", SYMLINK+="modem/%n-2"
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="modem/%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "don't replace kernel name",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["modem"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", SYMLINK+="modem"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "Handle comment lines in config file (and don't replace kernel name)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["modem"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
# this is a comment
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", SYMLINK+="modem"

EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "Handle comment lines in config file with whitespace (and don't replace kernel name)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["modem"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
 # this is a comment with whitespace before the comment
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", SYMLINK+="modem"

EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "Handle whitespace only lines (and don't replace kernel name)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["whitespace"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF



 # this is a comment with whitespace before the comment
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", SYMLINK+="whitespace"



EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "Handle empty lines in config file (and don't replace kernel name)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["modem"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF

KERNEL=="ttyACM0", SYMLINK+="modem"

EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "Handle backslashed multi lines in config file (and don't replace kernel name)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["modem"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", \\
SYMLINK+="modem"

EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "preserve backslashes, if they are not for a newline",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["aaa"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -e \\101", RESULT=="A", SYMLINK+="aaa"
EOF
        },
        # 20
        {
                desc            => "Handle stupid backslashed multi lines in config file (and don't replace kernel name)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["modem"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF

#
\\

\\

#\\

KERNEL=="ttyACM0", \\
        SYMLINK+="modem"

EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "subdirectory handling",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["sub/direct/ory/modem"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", SYMLINK+="sub/direct/ory/modem"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "parent device name match of scsi partition",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["first_disk5"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="0:0:0:0", SYMLINK+="first_disk%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test substitution chars",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["Major:8:minor:5:kernelnumber:5:id:0:0:0:0"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="0:0:0:0", SYMLINK+="Major:%M:minor:%m:kernelnumber:%n:id:%b"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "import of shell-value returned from program",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["node12345678"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", IMPORT{program}="/bin/echo -e \' TEST_KEY=12345678\\n  TEST_key2=98765\'", SYMLINK+="node\$env{TEST_KEY}"
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", SYMLINK+="modem"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "substitution of sysfs value (%s{file})",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["disk-ATA-sda"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["modem"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="ATA", SYMLINK+="disk-%s{vendor}-%k"
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", SYMLINK+="modem"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "program result substitution",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["special-device-5"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["not"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -n special-device", RESULT=="-special-*", SYMLINK+="not"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -n special-device", RESULT=="special-*", SYMLINK+="%c-%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "program result substitution (newline removal)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["newline_removed"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo test", RESULT=="test", SYMLINK+="newline_removed"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "program result substitution",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["test-0:0:0:0"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -n test-%b", RESULT=="test-0:0*", SYMLINK+="%c"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "program with lots of arguments",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["foo9"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["foo3", "foo4", "foo5", "foo6", "foo7", "foo8"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -n foo3 foo4 foo5 foo6 foo7 foo8 foo9", KERNEL=="sda5", SYMLINK+="%c{7}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "program with subshell",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["bar9"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["foo3", "foo4", "foo5", "foo6", "foo7", "foo8"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/sh -c 'echo foo3 foo4 foo5 foo6 foo7 foo8 foo9 | sed  s/foo9/bar9/'", KERNEL=="sda5", SYMLINK+="%c{7}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "program arguments combined with apostrophes",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["foo7"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["foo3", "foo4", "foo5", "foo6", "foo8"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -n 'foo3 foo4'   'foo5   foo6   foo7 foo8'", KERNEL=="sda5", SYMLINK+="%c{5}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "program arguments combined with escaped double quotes, part 1",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["foo2"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["foo1"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/sh -c 'printf %%s \\\"foo1 foo2\\\" | grep \\\"foo1 foo2\\\"'", KERNEL=="sda5", SYMLINK+="%c{2}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "program arguments combined with escaped double quotes, part 2",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["foo2"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["foo1"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/sh -c \\\"printf %%s 'foo1 foo2' | grep 'foo1 foo2'\\\"", KERNEL=="sda5", SYMLINK+="%c{2}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "program arguments combined with escaped double quotes, part 3",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["foo2"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["foo1", "foo3"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/sh -c 'printf \\\"%%s %%s\\\" \\\"foo1 foo2\\\" \\\"foo3\\\"| grep \\\"foo1 foo2\\\"'", KERNEL=="sda5", SYMLINK+="%c{2}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "characters before the %c{N} substitution",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["my-foo9"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -n foo3 foo4 foo5 foo6 foo7 foo8 foo9", KERNEL=="sda5", SYMLINK+="my-%c{7}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "substitute the second to last argument",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["my-foo8"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["my-foo3", "my-foo4", "my-foo5", "my-foo6", "my-foo7", "my-foo9"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -n foo3 foo4 foo5 foo6 foo7 foo8 foo9", KERNEL=="sda5", SYMLINK+="my-%c{6}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test substitution by variable name",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["Major:8-minor:5-kernelnumber:5-id:0:0:0:0"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="0:0:0:0", SYMLINK+="Major:\$major-minor:\$minor-kernelnumber:\$number-id:\$id"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test substitution by variable name 2",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["Major:8-minor:5-kernelnumber:5-id:0:0:0:0"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="0:0:0:0", DEVPATH=="*/sda/*", SYMLINK+="Major:\$major-minor:%m-kernelnumber:\$number-id:\$id"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test substitution by variable name 3",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["850:0:0:05"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="0:0:0:0", DEVPATH=="*/sda/*", SYMLINK+="%M%m%b%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test substitution by variable name 4",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["855"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="0:0:0:0", DEVPATH=="*/sda/*", SYMLINK+="\$major\$minor\$number"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test substitution by variable name 5",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["8550:0:0:0"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="0:0:0:0", DEVPATH=="*/sda/*", SYMLINK+="\$major%m%n\$id"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "non matching SUBSYSTEMS for device with no parent",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/virtual/tty/console",
                                exp_links       => ["TTY"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["foo"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -n foo", RESULT=="foo", SYMLINK+="foo"
KERNEL=="console", SYMLINK+="TTY"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "non matching SUBSYSTEMS",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/virtual/tty/console",
                                exp_links       => ["TTY"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["foo"],
                        }],
                rules                => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="foo", ATTRS{dev}=="5:1", SYMLINK+="foo"
KERNEL=="console", SYMLINK+="TTY"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "ATTRS match",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/virtual/tty/console",
                                exp_links       => ["foo", "TTY"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="console", SYMLINK+="TTY"
ATTRS{dev}=="5:1", SYMLINK+="foo"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "ATTR (empty file)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["empty", "not-something"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["something", "not-empty"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", ATTR{test_empty_file}=="?*", SYMLINK+="something"
KERNEL=="sda", ATTR{test_empty_file}!="", SYMLINK+="not-empty"
KERNEL=="sda", ATTR{test_empty_file}=="", SYMLINK+="empty"
KERNEL=="sda", ATTR{test_empty_file}!="?*", SYMLINK+="not-something"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "ATTR (non-existent file)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["non-existent", "wrong"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["something", "empty", "not-empty",
                                                    "not-something", "something"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", ATTR{nofile}=="?*", SYMLINK+="something"
KERNEL=="sda", ATTR{nofile}!="", SYMLINK+="not-empty"
KERNEL=="sda", ATTR{nofile}=="", SYMLINK+="empty"
KERNEL=="sda", ATTR{nofile}!="?*", SYMLINK+="not-something"
KERNEL=="sda", TEST!="nofile", SYMLINK+="non-existent"
KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="wrong"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "program and bus type match",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["scsi-0:0:0:0"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -n usb-%b", SYMLINK+="%c"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -n scsi-%b", SYMLINK+="%c"
SUBSYSTEMS=="foo", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -n foo-%b", SYMLINK+="%c"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "sysfs parent hierarchy",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["modem"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
ATTRS{idProduct}=="007b", SYMLINK+="modem"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "name test with ! in the name",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/virtual/block/fake!blockdev0",
                                devnode         => "fake/blockdev0",
                                exp_links       => ["is/a/fake/blockdev0"],
                                not_exp_links       => ["is/not/a/fake/blockdev0", "modem"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", SYMLINK+="is/not/a/%k"
SUBSYSTEM=="block", SYMLINK+="is/a/%k"
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", SYMLINK+="modem"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "name test with ! in the name, but no matching rule",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/virtual/block/fake!blockdev0",
                                devnode         => "fake/blockdev0",
                                not_exp_links       => ["modem"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", SYMLINK+="modem"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "KERNELS rule",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["scsi-0:0:0:0"],
                                not_exp_links       => ["no-match", "short-id", "not-scsi"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", KERNELS=="0:0:0:0", SYMLINK+="not-scsi"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="0:0:0:1", SYMLINK+="no-match"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS==":0", SYMLINK+="short-id"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="/0:0:0:0", SYMLINK+="no-match"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="0:0:0:0", SYMLINK+="scsi-0:0:0:0"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "KERNELS wildcard all",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["scsi-0:0:0:0"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["no-match", "before"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="*:1", SYMLINK+="no-match"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="*:0:1", SYMLINK+="no-match"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="*:0:0:1", SYMLINK+="no-match"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="0:0:0:0", SYMLINK+="before"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="*", SYMLINK+="scsi-0:0:0:0"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "KERNELS wildcard partial",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["scsi-0:0:0:0", "before"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="0:0:0:0", SYMLINK+="before"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="*:0", SYMLINK+="scsi-0:0:0:0"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "KERNELS wildcard partial 2",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["scsi-0:0:0:0", "before"],
                        }],
                rules                => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="0:0:0:0", SYMLINK+="before"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNELS=="*:0:0:0", SYMLINK+="scsi-0:0:0:0"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "substitute attr with link target value (first match)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["driver-is-sd"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", SYMLINK+="driver-is-\$attr{driver}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "substitute attr with link target value (currently selected device)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["driver-is-ahci"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="pci", SYMLINK+="driver-is-\$attr{driver}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "ignore ATTRS attribute whitespace",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["ignored"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{whitespace_test}=="WHITE  SPACE", SYMLINK+="ignored"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "do not ignore ATTRS attribute whitespace",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["matched-with-space"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["wrong-to-ignore"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{whitespace_test}=="WHITE  SPACE ", SYMLINK+="wrong-to-ignore"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{whitespace_test}=="WHITE  SPACE   ", SYMLINK+="matched-with-space"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "permissions USER=bad GROUP=name",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/virtual/tty/tty33",
                                exp_perms       => "0:0:0600",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="tty33", OWNER="bad", GROUP="name"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "permissions OWNER=1",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["node"],
                                exp_perms       => "1::0600",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="node", OWNER="1"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "permissions GROUP=1",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["node"],
                                exp_perms       => ":1:0660",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="node", GROUP="1"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "textual user id",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["node"],
                                exp_perms       => "daemon::0600",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="node", OWNER="daemon"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "textual group id",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["node"],
                                exp_perms       => ":daemon:0660",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="node", GROUP="daemon"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "textual user/group id",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["node"],
                                exp_perms       => "root:audio:0660",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="node", OWNER="root", GROUP="audio"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "permissions MODE=0777",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["node"],
                                exp_perms       => "::0777",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="node", MODE="0777"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "permissions OWNER=1 GROUP=1 MODE=0777",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["node"],
                                exp_perms       => "1:1:0777",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="node", OWNER="1", GROUP="1", MODE="0777"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "permissions OWNER to 1",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_perms       => "1::",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="ttyACM%n", OWNER="1"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "permissions GROUP to 1",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_perms       => ":1:0660",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="ttyACM%n", GROUP="1"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "permissions MODE to 0060",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_perms       => "::0060",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="ttyACM%n", MODE="0060"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "permissions OWNER, GROUP, MODE",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_perms       => "1:1:0777",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="ttyACM%n", OWNER="1", GROUP="1", MODE="0777"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "permissions only rule",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_perms       => "1:1:0777",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", OWNER="1", GROUP="1", MODE="0777"
KERNEL=="ttyUSX[0-9]*", OWNER="2", GROUP="2", MODE="0444"
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="ttyACM%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "multiple permissions only rule",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_perms       => "1:1:0777",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEM=="tty", OWNER="1"
SUBSYSTEM=="tty", GROUP="1"
SUBSYSTEM=="tty", MODE="0777"
KERNEL=="ttyUSX[0-9]*", OWNER="2", GROUP="2", MODE="0444"
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="ttyACM%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "permissions only rule with override at SYMLINK+ rule",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_perms       => "1:2:0777",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEM=="tty", OWNER="1"
SUBSYSTEM=="tty", GROUP="1"
SUBSYSTEM=="tty", MODE="0777"
KERNEL=="ttyUSX[0-9]*", OWNER="2", GROUP="2", MODE="0444"
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="ttyACM%n", GROUP="2"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "major/minor number test",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["node"],
                                exp_majorminor  => "8:0",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="node"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "big major number test",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/virtual/misc/misc-fake1",
                                exp_links       => ["node"],
                                exp_majorminor  => "4095:1",
                        }],
                rules                => <<EOF
KERNEL=="misc-fake1", SYMLINK+="node"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "big major and big minor number test",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/virtual/misc/misc-fake89999",
                                exp_links       => ["node"],
                                exp_majorminor  => "4095:89999",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="misc-fake89999", SYMLINK+="node"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "multiple symlinks with format char",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["symlink1-0", "symlink2-ttyACM0", "symlink3-"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK="symlink1-%n symlink2-%k symlink3-%b"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "multiple symlinks with a lot of s p a c e s",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["one", "two"],
                                not_exp_links       => [" "],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK="  one     two        "
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink with spaces in substituted variable",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["name-one_two_three-end"],
                                not_exp_links   => [" "],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
ENV{WITH_WS}="one two three"
SYMLINK="name-\$env{WITH_WS}-end"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink with leading space in substituted variable",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["name-one_two_three-end"],
                                not_exp_links   => [" "],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
ENV{WITH_WS}="   one two three"
SYMLINK="name-\$env{WITH_WS}-end"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink with trailing space in substituted variable",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["name-one_two_three-end"],
                                not_exp_links   => [" "],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
ENV{WITH_WS}="one two three   "
SYMLINK="name-\$env{WITH_WS}-end"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink with lots of space in substituted variable",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["name-one_two_three-end"],
                                not_exp_links   => [" "],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
ENV{WITH_WS}="   one two three   "
SYMLINK="name-\$env{WITH_WS}-end"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink with multiple spaces in substituted variable",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["name-one_two_three-end"],
                                not_exp_links   => [" "],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
ENV{WITH_WS}="   one  two  three   "
SYMLINK="name-\$env{WITH_WS}-end"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink with space and var with space",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["first", "name-one_two_three-end",
                                                    "another_symlink", "a", "b", "c"],
                                not_exp_links   => [" "],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
ENV{WITH_WS}="   one  two  three   "
SYMLINK="  first  name-\$env{WITH_WS}-end another_symlink a b c "
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink with env which contain slash (see #19309)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["first", "name-aaa_bbb_ccc-end",
                                                    "another_symlink", "a", "b", "c"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["ame-aaa/bbb/ccc-end"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
ENV{WITH_SLASH}="aaa/bbb/ccc"
OPTIONS="string_escape=replace", ENV{REPLACED}="\$env{WITH_SLASH}"
SYMLINK="  first  name-\$env{REPLACED}-end another_symlink a b c "
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink creation (same directory)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["modem0"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="ttyACM%n", SYMLINK="modem%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "multiple symlinks",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["first-0", "second-0", "third-0"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM0", SYMLINK="first-%n second-%n third-%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink name '.'",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["."],
                                exp_add_error        => "yes",
                                exp_rem_error        => "yes",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="."
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink node to itself",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/virtual/tty/tty0",
                                exp_links       => ["link"],
                                exp_add_error        => "yes",
                                exp_rem_error        => "yes",
                        }],
                option                => "clean",
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="tty0", SYMLINK+="tty0"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink %n substitution",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["symlink0"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="ttyACM%n", SYMLINK+="symlink%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink %k substitution",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["symlink-ttyACM0"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="ttyACM%n", SYMLINK+="symlink-%k"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink %M:%m substitution",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["major-166:0"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="ttyACM%n", SYMLINK+="major-%M:%m"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink %b substitution",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["symlink-0:0:0:0"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="symlink-%b"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink %c substitution",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["test"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo test", SYMLINK+="%c"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink %c{N} substitution",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["test"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["symlink", "this"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo symlink test this", SYMLINK+="%c{2}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink %c{N+} substitution",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["test", "this"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["symlink"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo symlink test this", SYMLINK+="%c{2+}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink only rule with %c{N+}",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["test", "this"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["symlink"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo link test this" SYMLINK+="%c{2+}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "symlink %s{filename} substitution",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["166:0"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="%s{dev}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "program result substitution (numbered part of)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["link1", "link2"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["node"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -n node link1 link2", RESULT=="node *", SYMLINK+="%c{2} %c{3}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "program result substitution (numbered part of+)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["link1", "link2", "link3", "link4"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["node"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -n node link1 link2 link3 link4", RESULT=="node *", SYMLINK+="%c{2+}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "SUBSYSTEM match test",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["node"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["should_not_match", "should_not_match2"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="should_not_match", SUBSYSTEM=="vc"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="node", SUBSYSTEM=="block"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="should_not_match2", SUBSYSTEM=="vc"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "DRIVERS match test",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["node"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["should_not_match"]
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="should_not_match", DRIVERS=="sd-wrong"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="node", DRIVERS=="sd"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "devnode substitution test",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["node"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda", PROGRAM=="/usr/bin/test -b %N" SYMLINK+="node"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "parent node name substitution test",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["sda-part-1"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="%P-part-%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "udev_root substitution",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["start-/dev-end"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="start-%r-end"
EOF
        },
        {
                # This is not supported any more
                desc            => "last_rule option",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["last"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["very-last"],
                                exp_nodev_error => "yes",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="last", OPTIONS="last_rule"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="very-last"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "negation KERNEL!=",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["match", "before"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["matches-but-is-negated"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL!="sda1", SYMLINK+="matches-but-is-negated"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="before"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL!="xsda1", SYMLINK+="match"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "negation SUBSYSTEM!=",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["before", "not-anything"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["matches-but-is-negated"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", SUBSYSTEM=="block", KERNEL!="sda1", SYMLINK+="matches-but-is-negated"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="before"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", SUBSYSTEM!="anything", SYMLINK+="not-anything"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "negation PROGRAM!= exit code",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["before", "nonzero-program"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="before"
KERNEL=="sda1", PROGRAM!="/bin/false", SYMLINK+="nonzero-program"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "ENV{} test",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["true"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["bad", "wrong"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
ENV{ENV_KEY_TEST}="test"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ENV_KEY_TEST}=="go", SYMLINK+="wrong"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ENV_KEY_TEST}=="test", SYMLINK+="true"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ENV_KEY_TEST}=="bad", SYMLINK+="bad"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "ENV{} test",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["true"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["bad", "wrong", "no"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
ENV{ENV_KEY_TEST}="test"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ENV_KEY_TEST}=="go", SYMLINK+="wrong"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ENV_KEY_TEST}=="yes", ENV{ACTION}=="add", ENV{DEVPATH}=="*/block/sda/sdax1", SYMLINK+="no"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ENV_KEY_TEST}=="test", ENV{ACTION}=="add", ENV{DEVPATH}=="*/block/sda/sda1", SYMLINK+="true"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ENV_KEY_TEST}=="bad", SYMLINK+="bad"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "ENV{} test (assign)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["true", "before"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["no"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ASSIGN}="true"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ASSIGN}=="yes", SYMLINK+="no"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="before"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ASSIGN}=="true", SYMLINK+="true"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "ENV{} test (assign 2 times)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["true", "before"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["no", "bad"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ASSIGN}="true"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ASSIGN}="absolutely-\$env{ASSIGN}"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="before"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ASSIGN}=="yes", SYMLINK+="no"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ASSIGN}=="true", SYMLINK+="bad"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", ENV{ASSIGN}=="absolutely-true", SYMLINK+="true"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "ENV{} test (assign2)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["part"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["disk"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["disk"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["part"],
                        },
                    ],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEM=="block", KERNEL=="*[0-9]", ENV{PARTITION}="true", ENV{MAINDEVICE}="false"
SUBSYSTEM=="block", KERNEL=="*[!0-9]", ENV{PARTITION}="false", ENV{MAINDEVICE}="true"
ENV{MAINDEVICE}=="true", SYMLINK+="disk"
SUBSYSTEM=="block", SYMLINK+="before"
ENV{PARTITION}=="true", SYMLINK+="part"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "untrusted string sanitize",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["sane"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -e name; (/usr/bin/badprogram)", RESULT=="name_ _/usr/bin/badprogram_", SYMLINK+="sane"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "untrusted string sanitize (don't replace utf8)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["uber"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -e \\xc3\\xbcber" RESULT=="\xc3\xbcber", SYMLINK+="uber"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "untrusted string sanitize (replace invalid utf8)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["replaced"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda1", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo -e \\xef\\xe8garbage", RESULT=="__garbage", SYMLINK+="replaced"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "read sysfs value from parent device",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["serial-354172020305000"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM*", ATTRS{serial}=="?*", SYMLINK+="serial-%s{serial}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "match against empty key string",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["ok"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["not-1-ok", "not-2-ok", "not-3-ok"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", ATTRS{nothing}!="", SYMLINK+="not-1-ok"
KERNEL=="sda", ATTRS{nothing}=="", SYMLINK+="not-2-ok"
KERNEL=="sda", ATTRS{vendor}!="", SYMLINK+="ok"
KERNEL=="sda", ATTRS{vendor}=="", SYMLINK+="not-3-ok"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "check ACTION value",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["ok"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["unknown-not-ok"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
ACTION=="unknown", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="unknown-not-ok"
ACTION=="add", KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="ok"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "final assignment",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["ok"],
                                exp_perms       => "root:tty:0640",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", GROUP:="tty"
KERNEL=="sda", GROUP="root", MODE="0640", SYMLINK+="ok"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "final assignment 2",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["ok"],
                                exp_perms       => "root:tty:0640",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", GROUP:="tty"
SUBSYSTEM=="block", MODE:="640"
KERNEL=="sda", GROUP="root", MODE="0666", SYMLINK+="ok"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "env substitution",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["node-add-me"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", MODE="0666", SYMLINK+="node-\$env{ACTION}-me"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "reset list to current value",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["three"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["two", "one"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="one"
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="two"
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK="three"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test empty SYMLINK+ (empty override)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["right"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["wrong"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="wrong"
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK=""
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*", SYMLINK+="right"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test multi matches",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["right", "before"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="ttyACM*", SYMLINK+="before"
KERNEL=="ttyACM*|nothing", SYMLINK+="right"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test multi matches 2",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["right", "before"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["nomatch"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="dontknow*|*nothing", SYMLINK+="nomatch"
KERNEL=="ttyACM*", SYMLINK+="before"
KERNEL=="dontknow*|ttyACM*|nothing*", SYMLINK+="right"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test multi matches 3",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["right"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["nomatch", "wrong1", "wrong2"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="dontknow|nothing", SYMLINK+="nomatch"
KERNEL=="dontknow|ttyACM0a|nothing|attyACM0", SYMLINK+="wrong1"
KERNEL=="X|attyACM0|dontknow|ttyACM0a|nothing|attyACM0", SYMLINK+="wrong2"
KERNEL=="dontknow|ttyACM0|nothing", SYMLINK+="right"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test multi matches 4",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0/tty/ttyACM0",
                                exp_links       => ["right"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["nomatch", "wrong1", "wrong2", "wrong3"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="dontknow|nothing", SYMLINK+="nomatch"
KERNEL=="dontknow|ttyACM0a|nothing|attyACM0", SYMLINK+="wrong1"
KERNEL=="X|attyACM0|dontknow|ttyACM0a|nothing|attyACM0", SYMLINK+="wrong2"
KERNEL=="all|dontknow|ttyACM0", SYMLINK+="right"
KERNEL=="ttyACM0a|nothing", SYMLINK+="wrong3"
EOF
        },
        {
               desc            => "test multi matches 5",
               devices => [
                       {
                               devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                               exp_links       => ["found"],
                               not_exp_name    => "bad",
                       }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", TAG="foo"
TAGS=="|foo", SYMLINK+="found"
TAGS=="|aaa", SYMLINK+="bad"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test multi matches 6",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["found"],
                                not_exp_name    => "bad",
                       }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", TAG=""
TAGS=="|foo", SYMLINK+="found"
TAGS=="aaa|bbb", SYMLINK+="bad"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test multi matches 7",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["found"],
                                not_exp_name    => "bad",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", TAG="foo"
TAGS=="foo||bar", SYMLINK+="found"
TAGS=="aaa||bbb", SYMLINK+="bad"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test multi matches 8",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["found"],
                                not_exp_name    => "bad",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", TAG=""
TAGS=="foo||bar", SYMLINK+="found"
TAGS=="aaa|bbb", SYMLINK+="bad"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test multi matches 9",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["found"],
                                not_exp_name    => "bad",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", TAG="foo"
TAGS=="foo|", SYMLINK+="found"
TAGS=="aaa|", SYMLINK+="bad"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test multi matches 10",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["found"],
                                not_exp_name    => "bad",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", TAG=""
TAGS=="foo|", SYMLINK+="found"
TAGS=="aaa|bbb", SYMLINK+="bad"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "test multi matches 11",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["found"],
                                not_exp_name    => "bad",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", TAG="c"
TAGS=="foo||bar||c", SYMLINK+="found"
TAGS=="aaa||bbb||ccc", SYMLINK+="bad"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "IMPORT parent test",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["parent"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["parentenv-parent_right"],
                        }],
                sleep_us        => 500000,  # Serialized! We need to sleep here after adding sda
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda1", IMPORT{parent}="PARENT*", SYMLINK+="parentenv-\$env{PARENT_KEY}\$env{WRONG_PARENT_KEY}"
KERNEL=="sda", IMPORT{program}="/bin/echo -e \'PARENT_KEY=parent_right\\nWRONG_PARENT_KEY=parent_wrong'"
KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="parent"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "GOTO test",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["right"],
                                not_exp_test    => ["wrong", "wrong2"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda1", GOTO="TEST"
KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="wrong"
KERNEL=="sda1", GOTO="BAD"
KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="", LABEL="NO"
KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="right", LABEL="TEST", GOTO="end"
KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="wrong2", LABEL="BAD"
LABEL="end"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "GOTO label does not exist",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["right"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda1", GOTO="does-not-exist"
KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="right",
LABEL="exists"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "SYMLINK+ compare test",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["right", "link"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["wrong"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="link"
KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK=="link*", SYMLINK+="right"
KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK=="nolink*", SYMLINK+="wrong"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "invalid key operation",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["yes"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["no"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL="sda1", SYMLINK+="no"
KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="yes"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "operator chars in attribute",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["yes"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", ATTR{test:colon+plus}=="?*", SYMLINK+="yes"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "overlong comment line",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["yes"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["no"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
# 012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
   # 012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+=="no"
KERNEL=="sda1", SYMLINK+="yes"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "magic subsys/kernel lookup",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["00:16:41:e2:8d:ff"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="\$attr{[net/eth0]address}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "TEST absolute path",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["there"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["notthere"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
TEST=="/etc/machine-id", SYMLINK+="there"
TEST!="/etc/machine-id", SYMLINK+="notthere"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "TEST subsys/kernel lookup",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["yes"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", TEST=="[net/eth0]", SYMLINK+="yes"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "TEST relative path",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["relative"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", TEST=="size", SYMLINK+="relative"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "TEST wildcard substitution (find queue/nr_requests)",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["found-subdir"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", TEST=="*/nr_requests", SYMLINK+="found-subdir"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "TEST MODE=0000",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_perms       => "0:0:0000",
                                exp_rem_error   => "yes",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", MODE="0000"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "TEST PROGRAM feeds OWNER, GROUP, MODE",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_perms       => "1:1:0400",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", MODE="666"
KERNEL=="sda", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo 1 1 0400", OWNER="%c{1}", GROUP="%c{2}", MODE="%c{3}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "TEST PROGRAM feeds MODE with overflow",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_perms       => "0:0:0440",
                                exp_rem_error   => "yes",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", MODE="440"
KERNEL=="sda", PROGRAM=="/bin/echo 0 0 0400letsdoabuffferoverflow0123456789012345789012345678901234567890", OWNER="%c{1}", GROUP="%c{2}", MODE="%c{3}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "magic [subsys/sysname] attribute substitution",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["sda-8741C4G-end"],
                                exp_perms       => "0:0:0600",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", SYMLINK+="%k-%s{[dmi/id]product_name}-end"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "builtin path_id",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.2-scsi-0:0:0:0"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
KERNEL=="sda", IMPORT{builtin}="path_id"
KERNEL=="sda", ENV{ID_PATH}=="?*", SYMLINK+="disk/by-path/\$env{ID_PATH}"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "add and match tag",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["found"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["bad"],
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", ATTRS{vendor}=="ATA", TAG+="green"
TAGS=="green", SYMLINK+="found"
TAGS=="blue", SYMLINK+="bad"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "don't crash with lots of tags",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["found"],
                        }],
                rules           => $rules_10k_tags . <<EOF
TAGS=="test1", TAGS=="test500", TAGS=="test1234", TAGS=="test9999", TAGS=="test10000", SYMLINK+="found"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "continuations",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["found"],
                                not_exp_name    => "bad",
                        }],
                rules           => $rules_10k_tags_continuation . <<EOF
TAGS=="test1", TAGS=="test500", TAGS=="test1234", TAGS=="test9999", TAGS=="test10000", SYMLINK+="bad"
KERNEL=="sda",\\
# comment in continuation
TAG+="hoge1",\\
  # space before comment
TAG+="hoge2",\\
# spaces before and after token are dropped
  TAG+="hoge3",   \\
\\
 \\
TAG+="hoge4"
TAGS=="hoge1", TAGS=="hoge2", TAGS=="hoge3", TAGS=="hoge4", SYMLINK+="found"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "continuations with empty line",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["found"],
                                not_exp_name    => "bad",

                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
# empty line finishes continuation
KERNEL=="sda", TAG+="foo" \\

KERNEL=="sdb", TAG+="hoge"
KERNEL=="sda", TAG+="aaa" \\
KERNEL=="sdb", TAG+="bbb"
TAGS=="foo", SYMLINK+="found"
TAGS=="aaa", SYMLINK+="bad"
                    EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "continuations with white only line",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda",
                                exp_links       => ["found"],
                                not_exp_name    => "bad",
                        }],
                rules           => <<EOF
# space only line finishes continuation
KERNEL=="sda", TAG+="foo" \\
   \t
KERNEL=="sdb", TAG+="hoge"
KERNEL=="sda", TAG+="aaa" \\
KERNEL=="sdb", TAG+="bbb"
TAGS=="foo", SYMLINK+="found"
TAGS=="aaa", SYMLINK+="bad"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "multiple devices",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["part-1"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["part-5"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda6",
                                exp_links       => ["part-6"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda7",
                                exp_links       => ["part-7"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda8",
                                exp_links       => ["part-8"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda9",
                                exp_links       => ["part-9"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda10",
                                exp_links       => ["part-10"],
                        },
                    ],
                rules          => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEM=="block", SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda?*", ENV{DEVTYPE}=="partition", SYMLINK+="part-%n"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "multiple devices, same link name, positive prio",
                repeat          => 100,
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["part-1"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["part-5"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda6",
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                                exp_links       => ["part-6"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda7",
                                exp_links       => ["part-7", "partition"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda8",
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                                exp_links       => ["part-8"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda9",
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                                exp_links       => ["part-9"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda10",
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                                exp_links       => ["part-10"],
                        },
                    ],
                rules          => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEM=="block", SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda?*", ENV{DEVTYPE}=="partition", SYMLINK+="part-%n"
SUBSYSTEM=="block", SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda?*", ENV{DEVTYPE}=="partition", SYMLINK+="partition"
KERNEL=="*7", OPTIONS+="link_priority=10"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "multiple devices, same link name, negative prio",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["part-1"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["part-5"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda6",
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                                exp_links       => ["part-6"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda7",
                                exp_links       => ["part-7", "partition"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda8",
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                                exp_links       => ["part-8"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda9",
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                                exp_links       => ["part-9"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda10",
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                                exp_links       => ["part-10"],
                        },
                    ],
                rules          => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEM=="block", SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda?*", ENV{DEVTYPE}=="partition", SYMLINK+="part-%n"
SUBSYSTEM=="block", SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda?*", ENV{DEVTYPE}=="partition", SYMLINK+="partition"
KERNEL!="*7", OPTIONS+="link_priority=-10"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc            => "multiple devices, same link name, positive prio, sleep",
                devices => [
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1",
                                exp_links       => ["part-1"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5",
                                exp_links       => ["part-5"],
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda6",
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                                exp_links       => ["part-6"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda7",
                                exp_links       => ["part-7", "partition"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda8",
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                                exp_links       => ["part-8"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda9",
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                                exp_links       => ["part-9"],
                        },
                        {
                                devpath         => "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda10",
                                not_exp_links   => ["partition"],
                                exp_links       => ["part-10"],
                        },
                    ],
                sleep_us       => 10000,
                rules          => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEM=="block", SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda?*", ENV{DEVTYPE}=="partition", SYMLINK+="part-%n"
SUBSYSTEM=="block", SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sda?*", ENV{DEVTYPE}=="partition", SYMLINK+="partition"
KERNEL=="*7", OPTIONS+="link_priority=10"
EOF
        },
        {
                desc           => 'all_block_devs',
                generator      => expect_for_some("\\/sda6\$", ["blockdev"]),
                repeat         => 10,
                rules          => <<EOF
SUBSYSTEM=="block", SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi", KERNEL=="sd*", SYMLINK+="blockdev"
KERNEL=="sda6", OPTIONS+="link_priority=10"
EOF
        }
);

sub create_rules {
        my ($rules) = @_;

        # create temporary rules
        system("mkdir", "-p", "$udev_rules_dir");
        open CONF, ">$udev_rules" || die "unable to create rules file: $udev_rules";
        print CONF $$rules;
        close CONF;
}

sub udev {
        my ($action, $devpath) = @_;

        if ($valgrind > 0) {
                return system("$udev_bin_valgrind $action $devpath");
        } elsif ($gdb > 0) {
                return system("$udev_bin_gdb $action $devpath");
        } elsif ($strace > 0) {
                return system("$udev_bin_strace $action $devpath");
        } else {
                return system("$udev_bin", "$action", "$devpath");
        }
}

my $error = 0;
my $good = 0;
my $exp_good = 0;

sub permissions_test {
        my($rules, $uid, $gid, $mode) = @_;

        my $wrong = 0;
        my $userid;
        my $groupid;

        $rules->{exp_perms} =~ m/^(.*):(.*):(.*)$/;
        if ($1 ne "") {
                if (defined(getpwnam($1))) {
                        $userid = int(getpwnam($1));
                } else {
                        $userid = $1;
                }
                if ($uid != $userid) { $wrong = 1; }
        }
        if ($2 ne "") {
                if (defined(getgrnam($2))) {
                        $groupid = int(getgrnam($2));
                } else {
                        $groupid = $2;
                }
                if ($gid != $groupid) { $wrong = 1; }
        }
        if ($3 ne "") {
                if (($mode & 07777) != oct($3)) { $wrong = 1; };
        }
        if ($wrong == 0) {
                print "permissions: ok\n";
                $good++;
        } else {
                printf "  expected permissions are: %s:%s:%#o\n", $1, $2, oct($3);
                printf "  created permissions are : %i:%i:%#o\n", $uid, $gid, $mode & 07777;
                print "permissions: error\n";
                $error++;
                sleep(1);
        }
}

sub major_minor_test {
        my($rules, $rdev) = @_;

        my $major = ($rdev >> 8) & 0xfff;
        my $minor = ($rdev & 0xff) | (($rdev >> 12) & 0xfff00);
        my $wrong = 0;

        $rules->{exp_majorminor} =~ m/^(.*):(.*)$/;
        if ($1 ne "") {
                if ($major != $1) { $wrong = 1; };
        }
        if ($2 ne "") {
                if ($minor != $2) { $wrong = 1; };
        }
        if ($wrong == 0) {
                print "major:minor: ok\n";
                $good++;
        } else {
                printf "  expected major:minor is: %i:%i\n", $1, $2;
                printf "  created major:minor is : %i:%i\n", $major, $minor;
                print "major:minor: error\n";
                $error++;
                sleep(1);
        }
}

sub udev_setup {
        system("umount \"$udev_tmpfs\" 2>/dev/null");
        rmdir($udev_tmpfs);
        mkdir($udev_tmpfs) || die "unable to create udev_tmpfs: $udev_tmpfs\n";

        if (system("mount", "-o", "rw,mode=755,nosuid,noexec", "-t", "tmpfs", "tmpfs", $udev_tmpfs)) {
                warn "unable to mount tmpfs";
                return 0;
        }

        mkdir($udev_dev) || die "unable to create udev_dev: $udev_dev\n";
        # setting group and mode of udev_dev ensures the tests work
        # even if the parent directory has setgid bit enabled.
        chown (0, 0, $udev_dev) || die "unable to chown $udev_dev\n";
        chmod (0755, $udev_dev) || die "unable to chmod $udev_dev\n";

        if (system("mknod", $udev_dev . "/null", "c", "1", "3")) {
                warn "unable to create $udev_dev/null";
                return 0;
        }

        # check if we are permitted to create block device nodes
        my $block_device_filename = $udev_dev . "/sda";
        if (system("mknod", $block_device_filename, "b", "8", "0")) {
                warn "unable to create $block_device_filename";
                return 0;
        }
        unlink $block_device_filename;

        system("cp", "-r", "test/sys/", $udev_sys) && die "unable to copy test/sys";

        system("rm", "-rf", "$udev_run");

        if (!mkdir($udev_run)) {
                warn "unable to create directory $udev_run";
                return 0;
        }

        return 1;
}

sub get_devnode {
        my ($device) = @_;
        my $devnode;

        if (defined($device->{devnode})) {
                $devnode = "$udev_dev/$device->{devnode}";
        } else {
                $devnode = "$device->{devpath}";
                $devnode =~ s!.*/!$udev_dev/!;
        }
        return $devnode;
}

sub check_devnode {
        my ($device) = @_;
        my $devnode = get_devnode($device);

        my @st = lstat("$devnode");
        if (! (-b _  || -c _)) {
                print "add $devnode:         error\n";
                system("tree", "$udev_dev");
                $error++;
                return undef;
        }

        my ($dev, $ino, $mode, $nlink, $uid, $gid, $rdev, $size,
            $atime, $mtime, $ctime, $blksize, $blocks) = @st;

        if (defined($device->{exp_perms})) {
                permissions_test($device, $uid, $gid, $mode);
        }
        if (defined($device->{exp_majorminor})) {
                major_minor_test($device, $rdev);
        }
        print "add $devnode:         ok\n";
        $good++;
        return $devnode;
}

sub get_link_target {
        my ($link) = @_;

        my $cwd = getcwd();
        my $dir = "$udev_dev/$link";
        my $tgt = readlink("$udev_dev/$link");
        $dir =~ s!/[^/]*$!!;
        $tgt = abs_path("$dir/$tgt");
        $tgt =~ s!^$cwd/!!;
        return $tgt;
}

sub check_link_add {
        my ($link, $devnode, $err_expected) = @_;

        my @st = lstat("$udev_dev/$link");
        if (-l _) {
                my $tgt = get_link_target($link);

                if ($tgt ne $devnode) {
                        print "symlink $link:         error, found -> $tgt\n";
                        $error++;
                        system("tree", "$udev_dev");
                } else {
                        print "symlink $link:         ok\n";
                        $good++;
                }
        } else {
                print "symlink $link:         error";
                if ($err_expected) {
                        print " as expected\n";
                        $good++;
                } else {
                        print "\n";
                        system("tree", "$udev_dev");
                        print "\n";
                        $error++;
                        sleep(1);
                }
        }
}

sub check_link_nonexistent {
        my ($link, $devnode, $err_expected) = @_;

        if ((-e "$udev_dev/$link") || (-l "$udev_dev/$link")) {
                my $tgt = get_link_target($link);

                if ($tgt ne $devnode) {
                        print "nonexistent: '$link' points to other device (ok)\n";
                        $good++;
                } else {
                        print "nonexistent: error \'$link\' should not be there";
                        if ($err_expected) {
                                print " (as expected)\n";
                                $good++;
                        } else {
                                print "\n";
                                system("tree", "$udev_dev");
                                print "\n";
                                $error++;
                                sleep(1);
                        }
                }
        } else {
                print "nonexistent $link:         ok\n";
                $good++;
        }
}

sub check_add {
        my ($device) = @_;
        my $devnode = check_devnode($device);

        if (defined($device->{exp_links})) {
                foreach my $link (@{$device->{exp_links}}) {
                        check_link_add($link, $devnode,
                                       $device->{exp_add_error});
                }
        }
        if (defined $device->{not_exp_links}) {
                foreach my $link (@{$device->{not_exp_links}}) {
                        check_link_nonexistent($link, $devnode,
                                               $device->{exp_nodev_error});
                }
        }
}

sub check_remove_devnode {
        my ($device) = @_;
        my $devnode = get_devnode($device);

        if (-e "$devnode") {
                print "remove  $devnode:      error";
                print "\n";
                system("tree", "$udev_dev");
                print "\n";
                $error++;
                sleep(1);
        } else {
                print "remove $devnode:         ok\n";
                $good++;
        }
}

sub check_link_remove {
        my ($link, $err_expected) = @_;

        if ((-e "$udev_dev/$link") ||
            (-l "$udev_dev/$link")) {
                print "remove  $link:      error";
                if ($err_expected) {
                        print " as expected\n";
                        $good++;
                } else {
                        print "\n";
                        system("tree", "$udev_dev");
                        print "\n";
                        $error++;
                        sleep(1);
                }
        } else {
                print "remove  $link:      ok\n";
                $good++;
        }
}

sub check_remove {
        my ($device) = @_;

        check_remove_devnode($device);

        return if (!defined($device->{exp_links}));

        foreach my $link (@{$device->{exp_links}}) {
                check_link_remove($link, $device->{exp_rem_error});
        }
}

sub run_udev {
        my ($action, $dev, $sleep_us, $sema) = @_;

        # Notify main process that this worker has started
        $sema->op(0, 1, 0);

        # Wait for start
        $sema->op(0, 0, 0);
        usleep($sleep_us) if defined ($sleep_us);
        my $rc = udev($action, $dev->{devpath});
        exit $rc;
}

sub fork_and_run_udev {
        my ($action, $rules, $sema) = @_;
        my @devices = @{$rules->{devices}};
        my $dev;
        my $k = 0;

        $sema->setval(0, 1);
        foreach $dev (@devices) {
                my $pid = fork();

                if (!$pid) {
                        run_udev($action, $dev,
                                 defined($rules->{sleep_us}) ? $k * $rules->{sleep_us} : undef,
                                 $sema);
                } else {
                        $dev->{pid} = $pid;
                }
                $k++;
        }

        # This operation waits for all workers to become ready, and
        # starts them off when that's the case.
        $sema->op(0, -($#devices + 2), 0);

        foreach $dev (@devices) {
                my $rc;
                my $pid;

                $pid = waitpid($dev->{pid}, 0);
                if ($pid == -1) {
                        print "error waiting for pid dev->{pid}\n";
                }
                if (WIFEXITED($?)) {
                        $rc = WEXITSTATUS($?);

                        if ($rc) {
                                print "$udev_bin $action for $dev->{devpath} failed with code $rc\n";
                                $error += 1;
                        } else {
                                $good++;
                        }
                }
        }
}

sub run_test {
        my ($rules, $number, $sema) = @_;
        my $rc;
        my @devices;
        my $ntests;
        my $cur_good = $good;
        my $cur_error = $error;

        if (!defined $rules->{devices}) {
                $rules->{devices} = all_block_devs($rules->{generator});
        }
        @devices = @{$rules->{devices}};
        # For each device: exit status and devnode test for add & remove
        $ntests += 4 * ($#devices + 1);

        foreach my $dev (@devices) {
                $ntests += 2 * ($#{$dev->{exp_links}} + 1)
                    + ($#{$dev->{not_exp_links}} + 1)
                    + (defined $dev->{exp_perms} ? 1 : 0)
                    + (defined $dev->{exp_majorminor} ? 1 : 0);
        }
        if (defined $rules->{repeat}) {
                $ntests *= $rules->{repeat};
        }
        $exp_good += $ntests;
        print "TEST $number: $rules->{desc}\n";
        create_rules(\$rules->{rules});

      REPEAT:
        fork_and_run_udev("add", $rules, $sema);

        foreach my $dev (@devices) {
                check_add($dev);
        }

        if (defined($rules->{option}) && $rules->{option} eq "keep") {
                print "\n\n";
                return;
        }

        fork_and_run_udev("remove", $rules, $sema);

        foreach my $dev (@devices) {
                check_remove($dev);
        }

        if (defined($rules->{repeat}) && --($rules->{repeat}) > 0) {
                goto REPEAT;
        }
        printf "TEST $number: errors: %d good: %d/%d\n\n", $error-$cur_error,
            $good-$cur_good, $ntests;

        if (defined($rules->{option}) && $rules->{option} eq "clean") {
                udev_setup();
        }

}

sub cleanup {
        system("rm", "-rf", "$udev_run");
        system("umount", "$udev_tmpfs");
        rmdir($udev_tmpfs);
}

# only run if we have root permissions
# due to mknod restrictions
if (!($<==0)) {
        print "Must have root permissions to run properly.\n";
        exit($EXIT_TEST_SKIP);
}

# skip the test when running in a chroot
system("systemd-detect-virt", "-r", "-q");
if ($? >> 8 == 0) {
        print "Running in a chroot, skipping the test.\n";
        exit($EXIT_TEST_SKIP);
}

if (!udev_setup()) {
        warn "Failed to set up the environment, skipping the test";
        cleanup();
        exit($EXIT_TEST_SKIP);
}

if (system($udev_bin, "check")) {
        warn "$udev_bin failed to set up the environment, skipping the test";
        cleanup();
        exit($EXIT_TEST_SKIP);
}

my $test_num = 1;
my @list;

foreach my $arg (@ARGV) {
        if ($arg =~ m/--valgrind/) {
                $valgrind = 1;
                printf("using valgrind\n");
        } elsif ($arg =~ m/--gdb/) {
                $gdb = 1;
                printf("using gdb\n");
        } elsif ($arg =~ m/--strace/) {
                $strace = 1;
                printf("using strace\n");
        } else {
                push(@list, $arg);
        }
}
my $sema = IPC::Semaphore->new(IPC_PRIVATE, 1, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | IPC_CREAT);

if ($list[0]) {
        foreach my $arg (@list) {
                if (defined($tests[$arg-1]->{desc})) {
                        print "udev-test will run test number $arg:\n\n";
                        run_test($tests[$arg-1], $arg, $sema);
                } else {
                        print "test does not exist.\n";
                }
        }
} else {
        # test all
        print "\nudev-test will run ".($#tests + 1)." tests:\n\n";

        foreach my $rules (@tests) {
                run_test($rules, $test_num, $sema);
                $test_num++;
        }
}

$sema->remove;
print "$error errors occurred. $good/$exp_good good results.\n\n";

cleanup();

if ($error > 0) {
        exit(1);
}
exit(0);