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Portable Services Introduction
This systemd version includes a preview of the "portable service" concept. "Portable Services" are supposed to be an incremental improvement over traditional system services, making two specific facets of container management available to system services more readily. Specifically:
-
The bundling of applications, i.e. packing up multiple services, their binaries and all their dependencies in a single image, and running them directly from it.
-
Stricter default security policies, i.e. sand-boxing of applications.
The primary tool for interfacing with "portable services" is the new
"portablectl" program. It's currently shipped in /usr/lib/systemd/portablectl
(i.e. not in the $PATH
), since it's not yet considered part of the officially
supported systemd interfaces — it's a preview still after all.
Portable services don't bring anything inherently new to the table. All they do is put together known concepts in a slightly nicer way to cover a specific set of use-cases in a nicer way.
So, what is a "Portable Service"?
A portable service is ultimately just an OS tree, either inside of a directory tree, or inside a raw disk image containing a Linux file system. This tree is called the "image". It can be "attached" or "detached" from the system. When "attached" specific systemd units from the image are made available on the host system, then behaving pretty much exactly like locally installed system services. When "detached" these units are removed again from the host, leaving no artifacts around (except maybe messages they might have logged).
The OS tree/image can be created with any tool of your choice. For example, you
can use dnf --installroot=
if you like, or debootstrap
, the image format is
entirely generic, and doesn't have to carry any specific metadata beyond what
distribution images carry anyway. Or to say this differently: the image format
doesn't define any new metadata as unit files and OS tree directories or disk
images are already sufficient, and pretty universally available these days. One
particularly nice tool for creating suitable images is
mkosi, but many other existing tools will
do too.
If you so will, "Portable Services" are a nicer way to manage chroot() environments, with better security, tooling and behavior.
Where's the difference to a "Container"?
"Container" is a very vague term, after all it is used for systemd-nspawn/LXC-type OS containers, for Docker/rkt-like micro service containers, and even certain 'lightweight' VM runtimes.
The "portable service" concept ultimately will not provide a fully isolated environment to the payload, like containers mostly intend to. Instead they are from the beginning more alike regular system services, can be controlled with the same tools, are exposed the same way in all infrastructure and so on. Their main difference is that the use a different root directory than the rest of the system. Hence, the intention is not to run code in a different, isolated world from the host — like most containers would do it —, but to run it in the same world, but with stricter access controls on what the service can see and do.
As one point of differentiation: as programs run as "portable services" are pretty much regular system services, they won't run as PID 1 (like Docker would do it), but as normal process. A corollary of that is that they aren't supposed to manage anything in their own environment (such as the network) as the execution environment is mostly shared with the rest of the system.
The primary focus use-case of "portable services" is to extend the host system with encapsulated extensions, but provide almost full integration with the rest of the system, though possibly restricted by effective security knobs. This focus includes system extensions otherwise sometimes called "super-privileged containers".
Note that portable services are only available for system services, not for user services. i.e. the functionality cannot be used for the stuff bubblewrap/flatpak is focusing on.
Mode of Operation
If you have portable service image, maybe in a raw disk image called
foobar_0.7.23.raw
, then attaching the services to the host is as easy as:
# /usr/lib/systemd/portablectl attach foobar_0.7.23.raw
This command does the following:
-
It dissects the image, checks and validates the
/etc/os-release
data of the image, and looks for all included unit files. -
It copies out all unit files with a suffix of
.service
,.socket
,.target
,.timer
and.path
. whose name begins with the image's name (with the .raw removed), truncated at the first underscore (if there is one). This prefix name generated from the image name must be followed by a ".", "-" or "@" character in the unit name. Or in other words, given the image name offoobar_0.7.23.raw
all unit files matchingfoobar-*.{service|socket|target|timer|path}
,foobar@.{service|socket|target|timer|path}
as well asfoobar.*.{service|socket|target|timer|path}
andfoobar.{service|socket|target|timer|path}
are copied out. These unit files are placed in/etc/systemd/system/
like regular unit files. Within the images the unit files are looked for at the usual locations, i.e. in/usr/lib/systemd/system/
and/etc/systemd/system/
and so on, relative to the image's root. -
For each such unit file a drop-in file is created. Let's say
foobar-waldo.service
was one of the unit files copied to/etc/systemd/system/
, then a drop-in file/etc/systemd/system/foobar-waldo.service.d/20-portable.conf
is created, containing a few lines of additional configuration:[Service] RootImage=/path/to/foobar.raw Environment=PORTABLE=foobar LogExtraFields=PORTABLE=foobar
-
For each such unit a "profile" drop-in is linked in. This "profile" drop-in generally contains security options that lock down the service. By default the
default
profile is used, which provides a medium level of security. There's alsotrusted
which runs the service at the highest privileges, i.e. host's root and everything. Thestrict
profile comes with the toughest security restrictions. Finally,nonetwork
is likedefault
but without network access. Users may define their own profiles too (or modify the existing ones)
And that's already it.
Note that the images need to stay around (and the same location) as long as the
portable service is attached. If an image is moved, the RootImage=
line
written to the unit drop-in would point to an non-existing place, and break the
logic.
The portablectl detach
command executes the reverse operation: it looks for
the drop-ins and the unit files associated with the image, and removes them
again.
Note that portable attach
won't enable or start any of the units it copies
out. This still has to take place in a second, separate step. (That said We
might add options to do this automatically later on.).
Requirements on Images
Note that portable services don't introduce any new image format, but most OS
images should just work the way they are. Specifically, the following
requirements are made for an image that can be attached/detached with
portablectl
.
-
It must contain a binary (and its dependencies) that shall be invoked, including all its dependencies. If binary code, the code needs to be compiled for an architecture compatible with the host.
-
The image must either be a plain sub-directory (or btrfs subvolume) containing the binaries and its dependencies in a classic Linux OS tree, or must be a raw disk image either containing only one, naked file system, or an image with a partition table understood by the Linux kernel with only a single partition defined, or alternatively, a GPT partition table with a set of properly marked partitions following the Discoverable Partitions Specification.
-
The image must at least contain one matching unit file, with the right name prefix and suffix (see above). The unit file is searched in the usual paths, i.e. primarily /etc/systemd/system/ and /usr/lib/systemd/system/ within the image. (The implementation will check a couple of other paths too, but it's recommended to use these two paths.)
-
The image must contain an os-release file, either in /etc/os-release or /usr/lib/os-release. The file should follow the standard format.
Note that generally images created by tools such as debootstrap
, dnf --installroot=
or mkosi
qualify for all of the above in one way or
another. If you wonder what the most minimal image would be that complies with
the requirements above, it could consist of this:
/usr/bin/minimald # a statically compiled binary
/usr/lib/systemd/minimal-test.service # the unit file for the service, with ExecStart=/usr/bin/minimald
/usr/lib/os-release # an os-release file explaining what this is
And that's it.
Note that qualifying images do not have to contain an init system of their own. If they do, it's fine, it will be ignored by the portable service logic, but they generally don't have to, and it might make sense to avoid any, to keep images minimal.
Note that as no new image format or metadata is defined, it's very
straight-forward to define images than can be made use of it a number of
different ways. For example, by using mkosi -b
you can trivially build a
single, unified image that:
-
Can be attached as portable service, to run any container services natively on the host.
-
Can be run as OS container, using
systemd-nspawn
, by booting the image withsystemd-nspawn -i -b
. -
Can be booted directly as VM image, using a generic VM executor such as
virtualbox
/qemu
/kvm
-
Can be booted directly on bare-metal systems.
Of course, to facilitate 2, 3 and 4 you need to include an init system in the
image. To facility 3 and 4 you also need to include a boot loader in the
image. As mentioned mkosi -b
takes care of all of that for you, but any other
image generator should work too.
Execution Environment
Note that the code in portable service images is run exactly like regular services. Hence there's no new execution environment to consider. Oh, unlike Docker would do it, as these are regular system services they aren't run as PID 1 either, but with regular PID values.
Access to host resources
If services shipped with this mechanism shall be able to access host resources
(such as files or AF_UNIX sockets for IPC), use the normal BindPaths=
and
BindReadOnlyPaths=
settings in unit files to mount them in. In fact the
default
profile mentioned above makes use of this to ensure
/etc/resolv.conf
, the D-Bus system bus socket or write access to the logging
subsystem are available to the service.
Instantiation
Sometimes it makes sense to instantiate the same set of services multiple
times. The portable service concept does not introduce a new logic for this. It
is recommended to use the regular unit templating of systemd for this, i.e. to
include template units such as foobar@.service
, so that instantiation is as
simple as:
# /usr/lib/systemd/portablectl attach foobar_0.7.23.raw
# systemctl enable --now foobar@instancea.service
# systemctl enable --now foobar@instanceb.service
…
The benefit of this approach is that templating works exactly the same for units shipped with the OS itself as for attached portable services.
Immutable images with local data
It's a good idea to keep portable service images read-only during normal
operation. In fact all but the trusted
profile will default to this kind of
behaviour, by setting the ProtectSystem=strict
option. In this case writable
service data may be placed on the host file system. Use StateDirectory=
in
the unit files to enable such behaviour and add a local data directory to the
services copied onto the host.