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This file is part of systemd.
Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
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2012-04-12 02:20:58 +04:00
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<refentry id= "systemd.exec" >
<refentryinfo >
<title > systemd.exec</title>
<productname > systemd</productname>
<authorgroup >
<author >
<contrib > Developer</contrib>
<firstname > Lennart</firstname>
<surname > Poettering</surname>
<email > lennart@poettering.net</email>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta >
<refentrytitle > systemd.exec</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum > 5</manvolnum>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv >
<refname > systemd.exec</refname>
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<refpurpose > Execution environment configuration</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv >
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<para > <filename > <replaceable > service</replaceable> .service</filename> ,
<filename > <replaceable > socket</replaceable> .socket</filename> ,
<filename > <replaceable > mount</replaceable> .mount</filename> ,
<filename > <replaceable > swap</replaceable> .swap</filename> </para>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1 >
<title > Description</title>
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<para > Unit configuration files for services, sockets,
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mount points, and swap devices share a subset of
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configuration options which define the execution
environment of spawned processes.</para>
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<para > This man page lists the configuration options
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shared by these four unit types. See
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<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.unit</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
for the common options of all unit configuration
files, and
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<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.service</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.socket</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
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<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.swap</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
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and
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.mount</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
for more information on the specific unit
configuration files. The execution specific
configuration options are configured in the [Service],
Reword sentences that contain psuedo-English "resp."
As you likely know, Arch Linux is in the process of moving to systemd.
So I was reading through the various systemd docs and quickly became
baffled by this new abbreviation "resp.", which I've never seen before
in my English-mother-tongue life.
Some quick Googling turned up a reference:
<http://www.transblawg.eu/index.php?/archives/870-Resp.-and-other-non-existent-English-wordsNicht-existente-englische-Woerter.html>
I guess it's a literal translation of the German "Beziehungsweise", but
English doesn't work the same way. The word "respectively" is used
exclusively to provide an ordering connection between two lists. E.g.
"the prefixes k, M, and G refer to kilo-, mega-, and giga-,
respectively." It is also never abbreviated to "resp." So the sentence
"Sets the default output resp. error output for all services and
sockets" makes no sense to a natural English speaker.
This patch removes all instances of "resp." in the man pages and
replaces them with sentences which are much more clear and, hopefully,
grammatically valid. In almost all instances, it was simply replacing
"resp." with "or," which the original author (Lennart?) could probably
just do in the future.
The only other instances of "resp." are in the src/ subtree, which I
don't feel privileged to correct.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Eikum <aeikum@codeweavers.com>
2012-10-15 22:59:12 +04:00
[Socket], [Mount], or [Swap] sections, depending on the unit
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type.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 >
<title > Options</title>
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<variablelist class= 'unit-directives' >
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<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > WorkingDirectory=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Takes an absolute
directory path. Sets the working
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directory for executed processes. If
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not set, defaults to the root directory
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when systemd is running as a system
instance and the respective user's
home directory if run as
user.</para> </listitem>
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</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > RootDirectory=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Takes an absolute
directory path. Sets the root
directory for executed processes, with
the
man: add a mapping for external manpages
It is annoying when we have dead links on fd.o.
Add project='man-pages|die-net|archlinux' to <citerefentry>-ies.
In generated html, add external links to
http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man, http://linux.die.net/man/,
https://www.archlinux.org/.
By default, pages in sections 2 and 4 go to man7, since Michael
Kerrisk is the autorative source on kernel related stuff.
The rest of links goes to linux.die.net, because they have the
manpages.
Except for the pacman stuff, since it seems to be only available from
archlinux.org.
Poor gummiboot gets no link, because gummitboot(8) ain't to be found
on the net. According to common wisdom, that would mean that it does
not exist. But I have seen Kay using it, so I know it does, and
deserves to be found. Can somebody be nice and put it up somewhere?
2014-07-08 02:25:54 +04:00
<citerefentry project= 'man-pages' > <refentrytitle > chroot</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
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system call. If this is used, it must
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be ensured that the process and all
its auxiliary files are available in
the <function > chroot()</function>
jail.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > User=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > Group=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Sets the Unix user
Reword sentences that contain psuedo-English "resp."
As you likely know, Arch Linux is in the process of moving to systemd.
So I was reading through the various systemd docs and quickly became
baffled by this new abbreviation "resp.", which I've never seen before
in my English-mother-tongue life.
Some quick Googling turned up a reference:
<http://www.transblawg.eu/index.php?/archives/870-Resp.-and-other-non-existent-English-wordsNicht-existente-englische-Woerter.html>
I guess it's a literal translation of the German "Beziehungsweise", but
English doesn't work the same way. The word "respectively" is used
exclusively to provide an ordering connection between two lists. E.g.
"the prefixes k, M, and G refer to kilo-, mega-, and giga-,
respectively." It is also never abbreviated to "resp." So the sentence
"Sets the default output resp. error output for all services and
sockets" makes no sense to a natural English speaker.
This patch removes all instances of "resp." in the man pages and
replaces them with sentences which are much more clear and, hopefully,
grammatically valid. In almost all instances, it was simply replacing
"resp." with "or," which the original author (Lennart?) could probably
just do in the future.
The only other instances of "resp." are in the src/ subtree, which I
don't feel privileged to correct.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Eikum <aeikum@codeweavers.com>
2012-10-15 22:59:12 +04:00
or group that the processes are executed
as, respectively. Takes a single user or group
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name or ID as argument. If no group is
Reword sentences that contain psuedo-English "resp."
As you likely know, Arch Linux is in the process of moving to systemd.
So I was reading through the various systemd docs and quickly became
baffled by this new abbreviation "resp.", which I've never seen before
in my English-mother-tongue life.
Some quick Googling turned up a reference:
<http://www.transblawg.eu/index.php?/archives/870-Resp.-and-other-non-existent-English-wordsNicht-existente-englische-Woerter.html>
I guess it's a literal translation of the German "Beziehungsweise", but
English doesn't work the same way. The word "respectively" is used
exclusively to provide an ordering connection between two lists. E.g.
"the prefixes k, M, and G refer to kilo-, mega-, and giga-,
respectively." It is also never abbreviated to "resp." So the sentence
"Sets the default output resp. error output for all services and
sockets" makes no sense to a natural English speaker.
This patch removes all instances of "resp." in the man pages and
replaces them with sentences which are much more clear and, hopefully,
grammatically valid. In almost all instances, it was simply replacing
"resp." with "or," which the original author (Lennart?) could probably
just do in the future.
The only other instances of "resp." are in the src/ subtree, which I
don't feel privileged to correct.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Eikum <aeikum@codeweavers.com>
2012-10-15 22:59:12 +04:00
set, the default group of the user is
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chosen.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > SupplementaryGroups=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Sets the supplementary
Unix groups the processes are executed
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as. This takes a space-separated list
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of group names or IDs. This option may
be specified more than once in which
case all listed groups are set as
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supplementary groups. When the empty
string is assigned the list of
supplementary groups is reset, and all
assignments prior to this one will
have no effect. In any way, this
option does not override, but extends
the list of supplementary groups
configured in the system group
database for the
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user.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > Nice=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Sets the default nice
level (scheduling priority) for
executed processes. Takes an integer
between -20 (highest priority) and 19
(lowest priority). See
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > setpriority</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
for details.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
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<term > <varname > OOMScoreAdjust=</varname> </term>
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<listitem > <para > Sets the adjustment
level for the Out-Of-Memory killer for
executed processes. Takes an integer
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between -1000 (to disable OOM killing
for this process) and 1000 (to make
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killing of this process under memory
pressure very likely). See <ulink
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url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt">proc.txt</ulink>
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for details.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > IOSchedulingClass=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Sets the IO scheduling
class for executed processes. Takes an
integer between 0 and 3 or one of the
strings <option > none</option> ,
<option > realtime</option> ,
<option > best-effort</option> or
<option > idle</option> . See
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > ioprio_set</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
for details.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > IOSchedulingPriority=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Sets the IO scheduling
priority for executed processes. Takes
an integer between 0 (highest
priority) and 7 (lowest priority). The
available priorities depend on the
selected IO scheduling class (see
above). See
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > ioprio_set</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
for details.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > CPUSchedulingPolicy=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Sets the CPU
scheduling policy for executed
processes. Takes one of
<option > other</option> ,
<option > batch</option> ,
<option > idle</option> ,
<option > fifo</option> or
<option > rr</option> . See
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
for details.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > CPUSchedulingPriority=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Sets the CPU
scheduling priority for executed
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processes. The available priority
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range depends on the selected CPU
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scheduling policy (see above). For
real-time scheduling policies an
integer between 1 (lowest priority)
and 99 (highest priority) can be used.
See <citerefentry > <refentrytitle > sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
for details.
</para> </listitem>
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</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > CPUSchedulingResetOnFork=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Takes a boolean
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argument. If true, elevated CPU
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scheduling priorities and policies
will be reset when the executed
processes fork, and can hence not leak
into child processes. See
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
for details. Defaults to false.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > CPUAffinity=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Controls the CPU
affinity of the executed
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processes. Takes a space-separated
2014-02-17 06:37:18 +04:00
list of CPU indices. This option may
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be specified more than once in which
case the specificed CPU affinity masks
are merged. If the empty string is
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assigned, the mask is reset, all
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assignments prior to this will have no
effect. See
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<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > sched_setaffinity</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
for details.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > UMask=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Controls the file mode
creation mask. Takes an access mode in
octal notation. See
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > umask</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
for details. Defaults to
2011-08-02 00:37:45 +04:00
0022.</para> </listitem>
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</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > Environment=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Sets environment
variables for executed
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processes. Takes a space-separated
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list of variable assignments. This
option may be specified more than once
in which case all listed variables
will be set. If the same variable is
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set twice, the later setting will
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override the earlier setting. If the
empty string is assigned to this
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option, the list of environment
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variables is reset, all prior
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assignments have no effect.
Variable expansion is not performed
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inside the strings, however, specifier
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expansion is possible. The $ character has
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no special meaning.
2013-01-24 21:06:00 +04:00
If you need to assign a value containing spaces
to a variable, use double quotes (")
for the assignment.</para>
<para > Example:
2014-01-10 07:23:32 +04:00
<programlisting > Environment="VAR1=word1 word2" VAR2=word3 "VAR3=$word 5 6"</programlisting>
2013-01-24 21:06:00 +04:00
gives three variables <literal > VAR1</literal> ,
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<literal > VAR2</literal> , <literal > VAR3</literal>
with the values <literal > word1 word2</literal> ,
<literal > word3</literal> , <literal > $word 5 6</literal> .
2013-01-24 21:06:00 +04:00
</para>
<para >
See
man: add a mapping for external manpages
It is annoying when we have dead links on fd.o.
Add project='man-pages|die-net|archlinux' to <citerefentry>-ies.
In generated html, add external links to
http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man, http://linux.die.net/man/,
https://www.archlinux.org/.
By default, pages in sections 2 and 4 go to man7, since Michael
Kerrisk is the autorative source on kernel related stuff.
The rest of links goes to linux.die.net, because they have the
manpages.
Except for the pacman stuff, since it seems to be only available from
archlinux.org.
Poor gummiboot gets no link, because gummitboot(8) ain't to be found
on the net. According to common wisdom, that would mean that it does
not exist. But I have seen Kay using it, so I know it does, and
deserves to be found. Can somebody be nice and put it up somewhere?
2014-07-08 02:25:54 +04:00
<citerefentry project= 'man-pages' > <refentrytitle > environ</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 7</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
2013-01-24 21:06:00 +04:00
for details about environment variables.</para> </listitem>
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</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > EnvironmentFile=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Similar to
<varname > Environment=</varname> but
reads the environment variables from a
text file. The text file should
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contain new-line-separated variable
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assignments. Empty lines and lines
starting with ; or # will be ignored,
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which may be used for commenting. A line
ending with a backslash will be concatenated
with the following one, allowing multiline variable
definitions. The parser strips leading
and trailing whitespace from the values
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of assignments, unless you use
2013-01-17 05:27:06 +04:00
double quotes (").</para>
<para > The argument passed should be an
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absolute filename or wildcard
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expression, optionally prefixed with
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<literal > -</literal> , which indicates
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that if the file does not exist, it
will not be read and no error or warning
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message is logged. This option may be
specified more than once in which case
all specified files are read. If the
empty string is assigned to this
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option, the list of file to read is
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reset, all prior assignments have no
effect.</para>
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<para > The files listed with this
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directive will be read shortly before
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the process is executed (more
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specifically, after all
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processes from a previous unit state
terminated. This means you can
generate these files in one unit
state, and read it with this option in
the next). Settings from these files
override settings made with
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<varname > Environment=</varname> . If
the same variable is set twice from
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these files, the files will be read in
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the order they are specified and the
later setting will override the
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earlier setting.</para> </listitem>
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</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > StandardInput=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Controls where file
descriptor 0 (STDIN) of the executed
processes is connected to. Takes one
of <option > null</option> ,
<option > tty</option> ,
<option > tty-force</option> ,
<option > tty-fail</option> or
2014-08-11 21:28:53 +04:00
<option > socket</option> .</para>
<para > If <option > null</option> is
selected, standard input will be
connected to
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<filename > /dev/null</filename> ,
i.e. all read attempts by the process
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will result in immediate EOF.</para>
<para > If <option > tty</option> is
selected, standard input is connected
to a TTY (as configured by
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<varname > TTYPath=</varname> , see
below) and the executed process
becomes the controlling process of the
terminal. If the terminal is already
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being controlled by another process,
the executed process waits until the
current controlling process releases
the terminal.</para>
<para > <option > tty-force</option> is similar
to <option > tty</option> , but the
executed process is forcefully and
immediately made the controlling
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process of the terminal, potentially
removing previous controlling
processes from the
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terminal.</para>
<para > <option > tty-fail</option> is
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similar to <option > tty</option> but if
the terminal already has a controlling
process start-up of the executed
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process fails.</para>
<para > The <option > socket</option>
option is only valid in
socket-activated services, and only
when the socket configuration file
(see
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.socket</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
for details) specifies a single socket
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only. If this option is set, standard
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input will be connected to the socket
the service was activated from, which
is primarily useful for compatibility
with daemons designed for use with the
traditional
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > inetd</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 8</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
2014-08-11 21:28:53 +04:00
daemon.</para>
<para > This setting defaults to
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<option > null</option> .</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > StandardOutput=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Controls where file
descriptor 1 (STDOUT) of the executed
processes is connected to. Takes one
of <option > inherit</option> ,
<option > null</option> ,
<option > tty</option> ,
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<option > journal</option> ,
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<option > syslog</option> ,
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<option > kmsg</option> ,
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<option > journal+console</option> ,
2012-01-06 02:54:45 +04:00
<option > syslog+console</option> ,
2014-08-11 21:28:53 +04:00
<option > kmsg+console</option> or
<option > socket</option> .</para>
<para > <option > inherit</option>
duplicates the file descriptor of
standard input for standard
output.</para>
<para > <option > null</option> connects
standard output to
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<filename > /dev/null</filename> ,
i.e. everything written to it will be
2014-08-11 21:28:53 +04:00
lost.</para>
<para > <option > tty</option> connects
standard output to a tty (as
configured via
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<varname > TTYPath=</varname> , see
below). If the TTY is used for output
2013-09-12 23:12:49 +04:00
only, the executed process will not
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
become the controlling process of the
terminal, and will not fail or wait
for other processes to release the
2014-08-11 21:28:53 +04:00
terminal.</para>
<para > <option > journal</option>
connects standard output with the
journal which is accessible via
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > journalctl</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 1</manvolnum> </citerefentry> .
Note that everything that is written
to syslog or kmsg (see below) is
implicitly stored in the journal as
well, the specific two options listed
below are hence supersets of this
one.</para>
<para > <option > syslog</option> connects
standard output to the <citerefentry
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle > syslog</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 3</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
system syslog service, in addition to
the journal. Note that the journal
daemon is usually configured to
forward everything it receives to
syslog anyway, in which case this
option is no different from
<option > journal</option> .</para>
<para > <option > kmsg</option> connects
standard output with the kernel log
buffer which is accessible via
<citerefentry
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle > dmesg</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 1</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
in addition to the journal. The
journal daemon might be configured to
send all logs to kmsg anyway, in which
case this option is no different from
<option > journal</option> .</para>
<para > <option > journal+console</option> ,
<option > syslog+console</option> and
<option > kmsg+console</option> work in
a similar way as the three options
above but copy the output to the
system console as well.</para>
<para > <option > socket</option> connects
standard output to a socket acquired
via socket activation. The semantics
are similar to the same option of
<varname > StandardInput=</varname> .</para>
<para > This setting defaults to the
value set with
2011-08-31 00:57:55 +04:00
<option > DefaultStandardOutput=</option>
in
2013-02-11 23:42:24 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
2011-08-31 00:57:55 +04:00
which defaults to
2012-01-06 02:54:45 +04:00
<option > journal</option> .</para> </listitem>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
2010-07-07 05:24:38 +04:00
<term > <varname > StandardError=</varname> </term>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<listitem > <para > Controls where file
2014-02-19 05:54:00 +04:00
descriptor 2 (STDERR) of the
2014-02-15 07:00:06 +04:00
executed processes is connected to.
The available options are identical to
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
those of
2010-07-07 05:24:38 +04:00
<varname > StandardOutput=</varname> ,
2010-12-31 03:50:51 +03:00
with one exception: if set to
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<option > inherit</option> the file
descriptor used for standard output is
duplicated for standard error. This
2011-08-31 00:57:55 +04:00
setting defaults to the value set with
<option > DefaultStandardError=</option>
in
2013-02-11 23:42:24 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
2011-08-31 00:57:55 +04:00
which defaults to
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<option > inherit</option> .</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > TTYPath=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Sets the terminal
2014-02-15 07:00:06 +04:00
device node to use if standard input, output,
or error are connected to a
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
TTY (see above). Defaults to
<filename > /dev/console</filename> .</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2011-05-18 03:07:31 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > TTYReset=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Reset the terminal
device specified with
<varname > TTYPath=</varname> before and
after execution. Defaults to
<literal > no</literal> .</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > TTYVHangup=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Disconnect all clients
which have opened the terminal device
specified with
<varname > TTYPath=</varname>
before and after execution. Defaults
to
<literal > no</literal> .</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > TTYVTDisallocate=</varname> </term>
2012-09-04 21:24:16 +04:00
<listitem > <para > If the terminal
2011-05-18 03:07:31 +04:00
device specified with
<varname > TTYPath=</varname> is a
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virtual console terminal, try to
2011-05-18 03:07:31 +04:00
deallocate the TTY before and after
execution. This ensures that the
screen and scrollback buffer is
cleared. Defaults to
<literal > no</literal> .</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<varlistentry >
2011-02-19 08:10:49 +03:00
<term > <varname > SyslogIdentifier=</varname> </term>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<listitem > <para > Sets the process name
to prefix log lines sent to syslog or
2013-09-12 23:12:49 +04:00
the kernel log buffer with. If not set,
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
defaults to the process name of the
executed process. This option is only
useful when
<varname > StandardOutput=</varname> or
<varname > StandardError=</varname> are
set to <option > syslog</option> or
<option > kmsg</option> .</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > SyslogFacility=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Sets the syslog
facility to use when logging to
syslog. One of <option > kern</option> ,
<option > user</option> ,
<option > mail</option> ,
<option > daemon</option> ,
<option > auth</option> ,
<option > syslog</option> ,
<option > lpr</option> ,
<option > news</option> ,
<option > uucp</option> ,
<option > cron</option> ,
<option > authpriv</option> ,
<option > ftp</option> ,
<option > local0</option> ,
<option > local1</option> ,
<option > local2</option> ,
<option > local3</option> ,
<option > local4</option> ,
<option > local5</option> ,
<option > local6</option> or
<option > local7</option> . See
man: add a mapping for external manpages
It is annoying when we have dead links on fd.o.
Add project='man-pages|die-net|archlinux' to <citerefentry>-ies.
In generated html, add external links to
http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man, http://linux.die.net/man/,
https://www.archlinux.org/.
By default, pages in sections 2 and 4 go to man7, since Michael
Kerrisk is the autorative source on kernel related stuff.
The rest of links goes to linux.die.net, because they have the
manpages.
Except for the pacman stuff, since it seems to be only available from
archlinux.org.
Poor gummiboot gets no link, because gummitboot(8) ain't to be found
on the net. According to common wisdom, that would mean that it does
not exist. But I have seen Kay using it, so I know it does, and
deserves to be found. Can somebody be nice and put it up somewhere?
2014-07-08 02:25:54 +04:00
<citerefentry project= 'man-pages' > <refentrytitle > syslog</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 3</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
for details. This option is only
useful when
<varname > StandardOutput=</varname> or
<varname > StandardError=</varname> are
set to <option > syslog</option> .
Defaults to
<option > daemon</option> .</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > SyslogLevel=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Default syslog level
to use when logging to syslog or the
kernel log buffer. One of
<option > emerg</option> ,
<option > alert</option> ,
<option > crit</option> ,
<option > err</option> ,
<option > warning</option> ,
<option > notice</option> ,
<option > info</option> ,
<option > debug</option> . See
man: add a mapping for external manpages
It is annoying when we have dead links on fd.o.
Add project='man-pages|die-net|archlinux' to <citerefentry>-ies.
In generated html, add external links to
http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man, http://linux.die.net/man/,
https://www.archlinux.org/.
By default, pages in sections 2 and 4 go to man7, since Michael
Kerrisk is the autorative source on kernel related stuff.
The rest of links goes to linux.die.net, because they have the
manpages.
Except for the pacman stuff, since it seems to be only available from
archlinux.org.
Poor gummiboot gets no link, because gummitboot(8) ain't to be found
on the net. According to common wisdom, that would mean that it does
not exist. But I have seen Kay using it, so I know it does, and
deserves to be found. Can somebody be nice and put it up somewhere?
2014-07-08 02:25:54 +04:00
<citerefentry project= 'man-pages' > <refentrytitle > syslog</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 3</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
for details. This option is only
useful when
<varname > StandardOutput=</varname> or
<varname > StandardError=</varname> are
set to <option > syslog</option> or
<option > kmsg</option> . Note that
individual lines output by the daemon
might be prefixed with a different log
level which can be used to override
the default log level specified
here. The interpretation of these
prefixes may be disabled with
2010-07-05 03:08:13 +04:00
<varname > SyslogLevelPrefix=</varname> ,
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
see below. For details see
2012-07-13 03:50:05 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > sd-daemon</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 3</manvolnum> </citerefentry> .
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
Defaults to
<option > info</option> .</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
2010-07-05 03:08:13 +04:00
<term > <varname > SyslogLevelPrefix=</varname> </term>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<listitem > <para > Takes a boolean
2010-07-05 03:08:13 +04:00
argument. If true and
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<varname > StandardOutput=</varname> or
<varname > StandardError=</varname> are
2012-10-26 03:07:07 +04:00
set to <option > syslog</option> ,
<option > kmsg</option> or
<option > journal</option> , log lines
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
written by the executed process that
are prefixed with a log level will be
passed on to syslog with this log
level set but the prefix removed. If
2010-07-05 03:08:13 +04:00
set to false, the interpretation of
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
these prefixes is disabled and the
logged lines are passed on as-is. For
details about this prefixing see
2012-07-13 03:50:05 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > sd-daemon</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 3</manvolnum> </citerefentry> .
2010-07-05 03:08:13 +04:00
Defaults to true.</para> </listitem>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
2010-07-04 23:12:10 +04:00
<term > <varname > TimerSlackNSec=</varname> </term>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<listitem > <para > Sets the timer slack
in nanoseconds for the executed
2012-05-31 06:27:03 +04:00
processes. The timer slack controls
the accuracy of wake-ups triggered by
2010-07-04 23:12:10 +04:00
timers. See
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > prctl</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
2010-07-04 23:12:10 +04:00
for more information. Note that in
contrast to most other time span
2010-11-11 16:24:47 +03:00
definitions this parameter takes an
2012-05-31 06:27:03 +04:00
integer value in nano-seconds if no
unit is specified. The usual time
units are understood
too.</para> </listitem>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > LimitCPU=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitFSIZE=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitDATA=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitSTACK=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitCORE=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitRSS=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitNOFILE=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitAS=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitNPROC=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitMEMLOCK=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitLOCKS=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitSIGPENDING=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitMSGQUEUE=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitNICE=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitRTPRIO=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > LimitRTTIME=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > These settings control
various resource limits for executed
processes. See
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > setrlimit</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
2011-04-04 20:15:13 +04:00
for details. Use the string
<varname > infinity</varname> to
configure no limit on a specific
resource.</para> </listitem>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > PAMName=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Sets the PAM service
2013-09-12 23:12:49 +04:00
name to set up a session as. If set,
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
the executed process will be
registered as a PAM session under the
specified service name. This is only
useful in conjunction with the
<varname > User=</varname> setting. If
2013-09-12 23:12:49 +04:00
not set, no PAM session will be opened
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
for the executed processes. See
man: add a mapping for external manpages
It is annoying when we have dead links on fd.o.
Add project='man-pages|die-net|archlinux' to <citerefentry>-ies.
In generated html, add external links to
http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man, http://linux.die.net/man/,
https://www.archlinux.org/.
By default, pages in sections 2 and 4 go to man7, since Michael
Kerrisk is the autorative source on kernel related stuff.
The rest of links goes to linux.die.net, because they have the
manpages.
Except for the pacman stuff, since it seems to be only available from
archlinux.org.
Poor gummiboot gets no link, because gummitboot(8) ain't to be found
on the net. According to common wisdom, that would mean that it does
not exist. But I have seen Kay using it, so I know it does, and
deserves to be found. Can somebody be nice and put it up somewhere?
2014-07-08 02:25:54 +04:00
<citerefentry project= 'man-pages' > <refentrytitle > pam</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 8</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
for details.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
2011-03-18 05:13:15 +03:00
<term > <varname > CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Controls which
capabilities to include in the
capability bounding set for the
executed process. See
man: add a mapping for external manpages
It is annoying when we have dead links on fd.o.
Add project='man-pages|die-net|archlinux' to <citerefentry>-ies.
In generated html, add external links to
http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man, http://linux.die.net/man/,
https://www.archlinux.org/.
By default, pages in sections 2 and 4 go to man7, since Michael
Kerrisk is the autorative source on kernel related stuff.
The rest of links goes to linux.die.net, because they have the
manpages.
Except for the pacman stuff, since it seems to be only available from
archlinux.org.
Poor gummiboot gets no link, because gummitboot(8) ain't to be found
on the net. According to common wisdom, that would mean that it does
not exist. But I have seen Kay using it, so I know it does, and
deserves to be found. Can somebody be nice and put it up somewhere?
2014-07-08 02:25:54 +04:00
<citerefentry project= 'man-pages' > <refentrytitle > capabilities</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 7</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
2013-06-27 23:51:44 +04:00
for details. Takes a whitespace-separated
list of capability names as read by
2013-03-23 02:25:54 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > cap_from_name</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 3</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
2013-06-27 03:47:34 +04:00
e.g. <constant > CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant> ,
<constant > CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE</constant> ,
<constant > CAP_SYS_PTRACE</constant> .
2011-03-18 05:13:15 +03:00
Capabilities listed will be included
in the bounding set, all others are
removed. If the list of capabilities
2013-09-12 23:12:49 +04:00
is prefixed with <literal > ~</literal> ,
2013-03-23 02:25:54 +04:00
all but the listed capabilities will
be included, the effect of the
assignment inverted. Note that this
option also affects the respective
capabilities in the effective,
permitted and inheritable capability
sets, on top of what
<varname > Capabilities=</varname>
2013-09-12 23:12:49 +04:00
does. If this option is not used, the
2011-03-18 05:13:15 +03:00
capability bounding set is not
modified on process execution, hence
no limits on the capabilities of the
2013-01-17 05:27:06 +04:00
process are enforced. This option may
appear more than once in which case
2013-03-23 02:25:54 +04:00
the bounding sets are merged. If the
empty string is assigned to this
2013-09-12 23:12:49 +04:00
option, the bounding set is reset to
2013-03-23 02:25:54 +04:00
the empty capability set, and all
prior settings have no effect. If set
to <literal > ~</literal> (without any
2013-09-12 23:12:49 +04:00
further argument), the bounding set is
2013-03-23 02:25:54 +04:00
reset to the full set of available
capabilities, also undoing any
previous settings.</para> </listitem>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > SecureBits=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Controls the secure
bits set for the executed process. See
man: add a mapping for external manpages
It is annoying when we have dead links on fd.o.
Add project='man-pages|die-net|archlinux' to <citerefentry>-ies.
In generated html, add external links to
http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man, http://linux.die.net/man/,
https://www.archlinux.org/.
By default, pages in sections 2 and 4 go to man7, since Michael
Kerrisk is the autorative source on kernel related stuff.
The rest of links goes to linux.die.net, because they have the
manpages.
Except for the pacman stuff, since it seems to be only available from
archlinux.org.
Poor gummiboot gets no link, because gummitboot(8) ain't to be found
on the net. According to common wisdom, that would mean that it does
not exist. But I have seen Kay using it, so I know it does, and
deserves to be found. Can somebody be nice and put it up somewhere?
2014-07-08 02:25:54 +04:00
<citerefentry project= 'man-pages' > <refentrytitle > capabilities</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 7</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
for details. Takes a list of strings:
<option > keep-caps</option> ,
<option > keep-caps-locked</option> ,
<option > no-setuid-fixup</option> ,
<option > no-setuid-fixup-locked</option> ,
2011-08-29 15:44:12 +04:00
<option > noroot</option> and/or
2013-01-17 05:27:06 +04:00
<option > noroot-locked</option> . This
option may appear more than once in
which case the secure bits are
ORed. If the empty string is assigned
2013-09-12 23:12:49 +04:00
to this option, the bits are reset to
2013-01-17 05:27:06 +04:00
0.</para> </listitem>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
2011-03-18 05:13:15 +03:00
<term > <varname > Capabilities=</varname> </term>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<listitem > <para > Controls the
man: add a mapping for external manpages
It is annoying when we have dead links on fd.o.
Add project='man-pages|die-net|archlinux' to <citerefentry>-ies.
In generated html, add external links to
http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man, http://linux.die.net/man/,
https://www.archlinux.org/.
By default, pages in sections 2 and 4 go to man7, since Michael
Kerrisk is the autorative source on kernel related stuff.
The rest of links goes to linux.die.net, because they have the
manpages.
Except for the pacman stuff, since it seems to be only available from
archlinux.org.
Poor gummiboot gets no link, because gummitboot(8) ain't to be found
on the net. According to common wisdom, that would mean that it does
not exist. But I have seen Kay using it, so I know it does, and
deserves to be found. Can somebody be nice and put it up somewhere?
2014-07-08 02:25:54 +04:00
<citerefentry project= 'man-pages' > <refentrytitle > capabilities</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 7</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
2011-03-18 05:13:15 +03:00
set for the executed process. Take a
capability string describing the
effective, permitted and inherited
capability sets as documented in
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > cap_from_text</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 3</manvolnum> </citerefentry> .
Note that these capability sets are
2014-06-04 01:41:44 +04:00
usually influenced (and filtered) by the capabilities
2011-03-18 05:13:15 +03:00
attached to the executed file. Due to
that
<varname > CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname>
is probably the much more useful
setting.</para> </listitem>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > ReadWriteDirectories=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > InaccessibleDirectories=</varname> </term>
2014-06-06 13:42:25 +04:00
<listitem > <para > Sets up a new file
system namespace for executed
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
processes. These options may be used
to limit access a process might have
2013-05-18 13:28:25 +04:00
to the main file system
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
hierarchy. Each setting takes a
2010-09-03 18:30:48 +04:00
space-separated list of absolute
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
directory paths. Directories listed in
<varname > ReadWriteDirectories=</varname>
are accessible from within the
namespace with the same access rights
as from outside. Directories listed in
<varname > ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname>
are accessible for reading only,
writing will be refused even if the
usual file access controls would
permit this. Directories listed in
<varname > InaccessibleDirectories=</varname>
2013-01-17 05:27:06 +04:00
will be made inaccessible for
processes inside the namespace. Note
that restricting access with these
options does not extend to submounts
2014-06-06 13:42:25 +04:00
of a directory that are created later
on. These options may be specified
2013-01-17 05:27:06 +04:00
more than once in which case all
directories listed will have limited
access from within the namespace. If
the empty string is assigned to this
2014-06-06 13:42:25 +04:00
option, the specific list is reset,
and all prior assignments have no
2013-08-21 18:43:55 +04:00
effect.</para>
<para > Paths in
<varname > ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname>
and
<varname > InaccessibleDirectories=</varname>
may be prefixed with
<literal > -</literal> , in which case
2013-08-25 11:01:45 +04:00
they will be ignored when they do not
2014-03-20 01:26:08 +04:00
exist. Note that using this
setting will disconnect propagation of
mounts from the service to the host
(propagation in the opposite direction
continues to work). This means that
this setting may not be used for
services which shall be able to
install mount points in the main mount
namespace.</para> </listitem>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > PrivateTmp=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Takes a boolean
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argument. If true, sets up a new file
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system namespace for the executed
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processes and mounts private
<filename > /tmp</filename> and
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<filename > /var/tmp</filename>
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directories inside it that is not
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shared by processes outside of the
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
namespace. This is useful to secure
access to temporary files of the
process, but makes sharing between
processes via
2013-01-25 23:25:43 +04:00
<filename > /tmp</filename> or
<filename > /var/tmp</filename>
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impossible. If this is enabled, all
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temporary files created by a service
in these directories will be removed
after the service is stopped. Defaults
to false. It is possible to run two or
more units within the same private
<filename > /tmp</filename> and
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<filename > /var/tmp</filename>
namespace by using the
<varname > JoinsNamespaceOf=</varname>
directive, see
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.unit</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
2014-03-20 01:26:08 +04:00
for details. Note that using this
setting will disconnect propagation of
mounts from the service to the host
(propagation in the opposite direction
continues to work). This means that
this setting may not be used for
services which shall be able to install
mount points in the main mount
namespace.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > PrivateDevices=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Takes a boolean
argument. If true, sets up a new /dev
namespace for the executed processes
and only adds API pseudo devices such
as <filename > /dev/null</filename> ,
<filename > /dev/zero</filename> or
<filename > /dev/random</filename> (as
well as the pseudo TTY subsystem) to
it, but no physical devices such as
<filename > /dev/sda</filename> . This is
useful to securely turn off physical
device access by the executed
process. Defaults to false. Enabling
this option will also remove
<constant > CAP_MKNOD</constant> from
the capability bounding set for the
unit (see above), and set
<varname > DevicePolicy=closed</varname>
(see
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
for details). Note that using this
setting will disconnect propagation of
mounts from the service to the host
(propagation in the opposite direction
continues to work). This means that
this setting may not be used for
services which shall be able to
install mount points in the main mount
namespace.</para> </listitem>
2011-08-02 07:24:58 +04:00
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > PrivateNetwork=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Takes a boolean
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argument. If true, sets up a new
2011-08-02 07:24:58 +04:00
network namespace for the executed
processes and configures only the
loopback network device
<literal > lo</literal> inside it. No
other network devices will be
available to the executed process.
This is useful to securely turn off
network access by the executed
2014-03-20 01:26:08 +04:00
process. Defaults to false. It is
possible to run two or more units
within the same private network
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namespace by using the
<varname > JoinsNamespaceOf=</varname>
directive, see
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.unit</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
2014-03-20 01:26:08 +04:00
for details. Note that this option
will disconnect all socket families
from the host, this includes
AF_NETLINK and AF_UNIX. The latter has
the effect that AF_UNIX sockets in the
abstract socket namespace will become
unavailable to the processes (however,
those located in the file system will
continue to be
accessible).</para> </listitem>
2014-01-20 22:54:51 +04:00
</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry >
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<term > <varname > ProtectSystem=</varname> </term>
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<listitem > <para > Takes a boolean
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argument or
<literal > full</literal> . If true,
mounts the <filename > /usr</filename>
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directory read-only for processes
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invoked by this unit. If set to
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<literal > full</literal> , the
<filename > /etc</filename> directory is mounted
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read-only, too. This setting ensures
that any modification of the vendor
supplied operating system (and
optionally its configuration) is
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prohibited for the service. It is
recommended to enable this setting for
all long-running services, unless they
are involved with system updates or
need to modify the operating system in
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other ways. Note however that
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processes retaining the CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability can undo the effect of this
setting. This setting is hence
particularly useful for daemons which
have this capability removed, for
example with
<varname > CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname> . Defaults
to off.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
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<term > <varname > ProtectHome=</varname> </term>
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<listitem > <para > Takes a boolean
argument or
<literal > read-only</literal> . If true,
the directories
<filename > /home</filename> and
<filename > /run/user</filename> are
made inaccessible and empty for
processes invoked by this unit. If set
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to <literal > read-only</literal> , the
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two directories are made read-only
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instead. It is recommended to enable
this setting for all long-running
services (in particular network-facing
2014-06-04 20:07:55 +04:00
ones), to ensure they cannot get access
2014-06-04 01:41:44 +04:00
to private user data, unless the
services actually require access to
2014-06-28 02:48:28 +04:00
the user's private data. Note however
2014-06-04 01:41:44 +04:00
that processes retaining the
CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability can undo the
effect of this setting. This setting
is hence particularly useful for
daemons which have this capability
removed, for example with
<varname > CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname> . Defaults
to off.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > MountFlags=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Takes a mount
propagation flag:
<option > shared</option> ,
<option > slave</option> or
<option > private</option> , which
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control whether mounts in the file
system namespace set up for this
unit's processes will receive or
propagate mounts or unmounts. See
2012-11-27 14:40:08 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > mount</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
2014-03-20 07:16:39 +04:00
for details. Defaults to
<option > shared</option> . Use
<option > shared</option> to ensure that
mounts and unmounts are propagated
from the host to the container and
vice versa. Use <option > slave</option>
to run processes so that none of their
mounts and unmounts will propagate to
the host. Use <option > private</option>
to also ensure that no mounts and
unmounts from the host will propagate
into the unit processes'
namespace. Note that
<option > slave</option> means that file
systems mounted on the host might stay
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mounted continuously in the unit's
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namespace, and thus keep the device
busy. Note that the file system
namespace related options
(<varname > PrivateTmp=</varname> ,
<varname > PrivateDevices=</varname> ,
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<varname > ProtectSystem=</varname> ,
<varname > ProtectHome=</varname> ,
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<varname > ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname> ,
<varname > InaccessibleDirectories=</varname>
and
<varname > ReadWriteDirectories=</varname> )
require that mount and unmount
propagation from the unit's file
system namespace is disabled, and
hence downgrade
<option > shared</option> to
<option > slave</option> .
</para> </listitem>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
</varlistentry>
2010-10-08 18:06:23 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > UtmpIdentifier=</varname> </term>
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<listitem > <para > Takes a four
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character identifier string for an
utmp/wtmp entry for this service. This
should only be set for services such
as <command > getty</command>
implementations where utmp/wtmp
entries must be created and cleared
before and after execution. If the
configured string is longer than four
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characters, it is truncated and the
2010-10-08 18:06:23 +04:00
terminal four characters are
used. This setting interprets %I style
string replacements. This setting is
unset by default, i.e. no utmp/wtmp
entries are created or cleaned up for
this service.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2014-02-06 13:05:16 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > SELinuxContext=</varname> </term>
2014-02-10 15:32:03 +04:00
<listitem > <para > Set the SELinux
security context of the executed
process. If set, this will override
the automated domain
transition. However, the policy still
needs to autorize the transition. This
directive is ignored if SELinux is
disabled. If prefixed by
<literal > -</literal> , all errors will
be ignored. See
2014-02-06 13:05:16 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > setexeccon</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 3</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
for details.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2014-02-20 19:19:44 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > AppArmorProfile=</varname> </term>
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<listitem > <para > Takes a profile name as argument.
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The process executed by the unit will switch to
this profile when started. Profiles must already
be loaded in the kernel, or the unit will fail.
This result in a non operation if AppArmor is not
enabled. If prefixed by <literal > -</literal> , all errors
will be ignored.
</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2012-02-09 06:18:04 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > IgnoreSIGPIPE=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Takes a boolean
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argument. If true, causes <constant > SIGPIPE</constant> to be
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ignored in the executed
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process. Defaults to true because
2013-06-29 20:09:14 +04:00
<constant > SIGPIPE</constant> generally is useful only in
2012-02-09 06:18:04 +04:00
shell pipelines.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2012-07-17 06:17:53 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > NoNewPrivileges=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Takes a boolean
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argument. If true, ensures that the
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service process and all its children
can never gain new privileges. This
option is more powerful than the respective
secure bits flags (see above), as it
also prohibits UID changes of any
kind. This is the simplest, most
effective way to ensure that a process
and its children can never elevate
privileges again.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > SystemCallFilter=</varname> </term>
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<listitem > <para > Takes a
space-separated list of system call
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names. If this setting is used, all
2012-07-17 06:17:53 +04:00
system calls executed by the unit
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processes except for the listed ones
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will result in immediate process
2013-06-27 03:47:34 +04:00
termination with the
<constant > SIGSYS</constant> signal
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(whitelisting). If the first character
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of the list is <literal > ~</literal> ,
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the effect is inverted: only the
listed system calls will result in
immediate process termination
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(blacklisting). If running in user
mode and this option is used,
2012-07-17 06:17:53 +04:00
<varname > NoNewPrivileges=yes</varname>
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is implied. This feature makes use of the
Secure Computing Mode 2 interfaces of
the kernel ('seccomp filtering') and
is useful for enforcing a minimal
2012-07-17 06:17:53 +04:00
sandboxing environment. Note that the
<function > execve</function> ,
<function > rt_sigreturn</function> ,
<function > sigreturn</function> ,
<function > exit_group</function> ,
<function > exit</function> system calls
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are implicitly whitelisted and do not
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need to be listed explicitly. This
option may be specified more than once
in which case the filter masks are
merged. If the empty string is
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assigned, the filter is reset, all
2013-01-17 05:27:06 +04:00
prior assignments will have no
2014-02-12 04:29:54 +04:00
effect.</para>
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<para > If you specify both types of
this option (i.e. whitelisting and
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blacklisting), the first encountered
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will take precedence and will dictate
the default action (termination or
approval of a system call). Then the
next occurrences of this option will
add or delete the listed system calls
from the set of the filtered system
calls, depending of its type and the
2014-02-17 06:37:18 +04:00
default action. (For example, if you have started
2014-02-12 21:28:21 +04:00
with a whitelisting of
<function > read</function> and
2014-02-17 06:37:13 +04:00
<function > write</function> , and right
2014-02-12 21:28:21 +04:00
after it add a blacklisting of
<function > write</function> , then
<function > write</function> will be
2014-02-17 06:37:18 +04:00
removed from the set.)
2014-02-12 04:29:54 +04:00
</para> </listitem>
2012-07-17 06:17:53 +04:00
</varlistentry>
2014-02-12 21:28:21 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > SystemCallErrorNumber=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Takes an
<literal > errno</literal> error number
name to return when the system call
filter configured with
<varname > SystemCallFilter=</varname>
is triggered, instead of terminating
the process immediately. Takes an
error name such as
2014-02-19 05:15:24 +04:00
<constant > EPERM</constant> ,
<constant > EACCES</constant> or
<constant > EUCLEAN</constant> . When this
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setting is not used, or when the empty
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string is assigned, the process will be
2014-02-12 21:28:21 +04:00
terminated immediately when the filter
is triggered.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2014-02-13 03:24:00 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > SystemCallArchitectures=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Takes a space
separated list of architecture
identifiers to include in the system
call filter. The known architecture
identifiers are
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<constant > x86</constant> ,
<constant > x86-64</constant> ,
<constant > x32</constant> ,
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<constant > arm</constant> as well as
the special identifier
<constant > native</constant> . Only
system calls of the specified
architectures will be permitted to
processes of this unit. This is an
effective way to disable compatibility
with non-native architectures for
processes, for example to prohibit
execution of 32-bit x86 binaries on
64-bit x86-64 systems. The special
2014-02-19 05:15:24 +04:00
<constant > native</constant> identifier
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implicitly maps to the native
architecture of the system (or more
strictly: to the architecture the
2014-02-26 05:28:52 +04:00
system manager is compiled for). If
running in user mode and this option
is used,
<varname > NoNewPrivileges=yes</varname>
is implied. Note that setting this
option to a non-empty list implies
that <constant > native</constant> is
included too. By default, this option
is set to the empty list, i.e. no
architecture system call filtering is
2014-02-19 01:14:00 +04:00
applied.</para> </listitem>
2014-02-13 03:24:00 +04:00
</varlistentry>
2014-02-25 23:37:03 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > RestrictAddressFamilies=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Restricts the set of
socket address families accessible to
the processes of this unit. Takes a
space-separated list of address family
names to whitelist, such as
<constant > AF_UNIX</constant> ,
<constant > AF_INET</constant> or
<constant > AF_INET6</constant> . When
prefixed with <constant > ~</constant>
the listed address families will be
applied as blacklist, otherwise as
whitelist. Note that this restricts
access to the
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > socket</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
system call only. Sockets passed into
the process by other means (for
example, by using socket activation
with socket units, see
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.socket</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> )
are unaffected. Also, sockets created
with <function > socketpair()</function>
(which creates connected AF_UNIX
sockets only) are unaffected. Note
that this option has no effect on
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32-bit x86 and is ignored (but works
2014-02-26 05:28:52 +04:00
correctly on x86-64). If running in user
mode and this option is used,
<varname > NoNewPrivileges=yes</varname>
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is implied. By default, no
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restriction applies, all address
families are accessible to
processes. If assigned the empty
2014-05-08 03:28:45 +04:00
string, any previous list changes are
2014-02-25 23:37:03 +04:00
undone.</para>
<para > Use this option to limit
exposure of processes to remote
systems, in particular via exotic
network protocols. Note that in most
2014-05-08 03:28:45 +04:00
cases, the local
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<constant > AF_UNIX</constant> address
family should be included in the
configured whitelist as it is
frequently used for local
communication, including for
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > syslog</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
logging.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2014-02-19 05:15:24 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > Personality=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Controls which
kernel architecture
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > uname</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 2</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
shall report, when invoked by unit
processes. Takes one of
<constant > x86</constant> and
<constant > x86-64</constant> . This is
2014-05-03 21:15:24 +04:00
useful when running 32-bit services on
2014-05-08 03:28:45 +04:00
a 64-bit host system. If not specified,
2014-02-19 05:15:24 +04:00
the personality is left unmodified and
thus reflects the personality of the
host system's
kernel.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2014-02-25 23:37:03 +04:00
2014-03-03 20:14:07 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > RuntimeDirectory=</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > RuntimeDirectoryMode=</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Takes a list of
2014-05-08 03:28:45 +04:00
directory names. If set, one or more
2014-03-03 20:14:07 +04:00
directories by the specified names
will be created below
<filename > /run</filename> (for system
services) or below
<varname > $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</varname>
(for user services) when the unit is
2014-05-08 03:28:45 +04:00
started, and removed when the unit is
2014-03-03 20:14:07 +04:00
stopped. The directories will have the
access mode specified in
<varname > RuntimeDirectoryMode=</varname> ,
and will be owned by the user and
group specified in
<varname > User=</varname> and
<varname > Group=</varname> . Use this to
manage one or more runtime directories
of the unit and bind their lifetime to
the daemon runtime. The specified
directory names must be relative, and
may not include a
<literal > /</literal> , i.e. must refer
to simple directories to create or
remove. This is particularly useful
2014-05-18 17:43:18 +04:00
for unprivileged daemons that cannot
2014-03-03 20:14:07 +04:00
create runtime directories in
<filename > /run</filename> due to lack
of privileges, and to make sure the
runtime directory is cleaned up
automatically after use. For runtime
directories that require more complex
or different configuration or lifetime
guarantees, please consider using
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> .</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
2013-09-15 19:56:19 +04:00
<refsect1 >
<title > Environment variables in spawned processes</title>
<para > Processes started by the system are executed in
a clean environment in which select variables
listed below are set. System processes started by systemd
do not inherit variables from PID 1, but processes
started by user systemd instances inherit all
environment variables from the user systemd instance.
</para>
<variablelist class= 'environment-variables' >
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > $PATH</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Colon-separated list
of directiories to use when launching
executables. Systemd uses a fixed
value of
<filename > /usr/local/sbin</filename> :<filename > /usr/local/bin</filename> :<filename > /usr/sbin</filename> :<filename > /usr/bin</filename> :<filename > /sbin</filename> :<filename > /bin</filename> .
</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > $LANG</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Locale. Can be set in
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > locale.conf</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
or on the kernel command line (see
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 1</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
and
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > kernel-command-line</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 7</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ).
</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > $USER</varname> </term>
2013-10-02 15:23:10 +04:00
<term > <varname > $LOGNAME</varname> </term>
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<term > <varname > $HOME</varname> </term>
2013-10-02 15:23:10 +04:00
<term > <varname > $SHELL</varname> </term>
2013-09-15 19:56:19 +04:00
2013-10-02 15:23:10 +04:00
<listitem > <para > User name (twice), home
directory, and the login shell.
2013-10-15 10:58:51 +04:00
The variables are set for the units that
2013-09-15 19:56:19 +04:00
have <varname > User=</varname> set,
which includes user
<command > systemd</command> instances.
See
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > passwd</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> .
</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > The directory for volatile
state. Set for the user <command > systemd</command>
instance, and also in user sessions.
See
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > pam_systemd</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 8</manvolnum> </citerefentry> .
</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > $XDG_SESSION_ID</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > $XDG_SEAT</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > $XDG_VTNR</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > The identifier of the
2013-10-15 10:58:51 +04:00
session, the seat name, and
2013-09-15 19:56:19 +04:00
virtual terminal of the session. Set
by
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > pam_systemd</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 8</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
for login sessions.
<varname > $XDG_SEAT</varname> and
2013-10-15 10:58:51 +04:00
<varname > $XDG_VTNR</varname> will
only be set when attached to a seat and a
2013-09-15 19:56:19 +04:00
tty.</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2014-02-19 05:54:00 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > $MAINPID</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > The PID of the units
main process if it is known. This is
only set for control processes as
invoked by
<varname > ExecReload=</varname> and
similar. </para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2013-09-15 19:56:19 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > $MANAGERPID</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > The PID of the user
<command > systemd</command> instance,
set for processes spawned by it.
</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > $LISTEN_FDS</varname> </term>
<term > <varname > $LISTEN_PID</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Information about file
descriptors passed to a service for
socket activation. See
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > sd_listen_fds</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 3</manvolnum> </citerefentry> .
</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2013-10-02 15:23:10 +04:00
<varlistentry >
<term > <varname > $TERM</varname> </term>
<listitem > <para > Terminal type, set
only for units connected to a terminal
(<varname > StandardInput=tty</varname> ,
<varname > StandardOutput=tty</varname> ,
or
<varname > StandardError=tty</varname> ).
See
man: add a mapping for external manpages
It is annoying when we have dead links on fd.o.
Add project='man-pages|die-net|archlinux' to <citerefentry>-ies.
In generated html, add external links to
http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man, http://linux.die.net/man/,
https://www.archlinux.org/.
By default, pages in sections 2 and 4 go to man7, since Michael
Kerrisk is the autorative source on kernel related stuff.
The rest of links goes to linux.die.net, because they have the
manpages.
Except for the pacman stuff, since it seems to be only available from
archlinux.org.
Poor gummiboot gets no link, because gummitboot(8) ain't to be found
on the net. According to common wisdom, that would mean that it does
not exist. But I have seen Kay using it, so I know it does, and
deserves to be found. Can somebody be nice and put it up somewhere?
2014-07-08 02:25:54 +04:00
<citerefentry project= 'man-pages' > <refentrytitle > termcap</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> .
2013-10-02 15:23:10 +04:00
</para> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
2013-09-15 19:56:19 +04:00
</variablelist>
<para > Additional variables may be configured by the
following means: for processes spawned in specific
units, use the <varname > Environment=</varname> and
<varname > EnvironmentFile=</varname> options above; to
specify variables globally, use
<varname > DefaultEnvironment=</varname> (see
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> )
or the kernel option
<varname > systemd.setenv=</varname> (see
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 1</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ). Additional
variables may also be set through PAM,
man: add a mapping for external manpages
It is annoying when we have dead links on fd.o.
Add project='man-pages|die-net|archlinux' to <citerefentry>-ies.
In generated html, add external links to
http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man, http://linux.die.net/man/,
https://www.archlinux.org/.
By default, pages in sections 2 and 4 go to man7, since Michael
Kerrisk is the autorative source on kernel related stuff.
The rest of links goes to linux.die.net, because they have the
manpages.
Except for the pacman stuff, since it seems to be only available from
archlinux.org.
Poor gummiboot gets no link, because gummitboot(8) ain't to be found
on the net. According to common wisdom, that would mean that it does
not exist. But I have seen Kay using it, so I know it does, and
deserves to be found. Can somebody be nice and put it up somewhere?
2014-07-08 02:25:54 +04:00
cf. <citerefentry project= 'man-pages' > <refentrytitle > pam_env</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 8</manvolnum> </citerefentry> .</para>
2013-09-15 19:56:19 +04:00
</refsect1>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<refsect1 >
<title > See Also</title>
<para >
2010-07-07 03:38:56 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 1</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
2014-09-06 15:43:25 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemctl</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 1</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
2012-03-26 22:58:47 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > journalctl</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 8</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.unit</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.service</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.socket</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
2011-01-18 02:40:10 +03:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.swap</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
2012-07-20 01:47:10 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.mount</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
2013-01-15 07:08:33 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.kill</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
2013-09-27 02:05:07 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
2013-09-15 19:56:19 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > systemd.directives</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 7</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
2014-03-03 20:14:07 +04:00
<citerefentry > <refentrytitle > tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> ,
man: add a mapping for external manpages
It is annoying when we have dead links on fd.o.
Add project='man-pages|die-net|archlinux' to <citerefentry>-ies.
In generated html, add external links to
http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man, http://linux.die.net/man/,
https://www.archlinux.org/.
By default, pages in sections 2 and 4 go to man7, since Michael
Kerrisk is the autorative source on kernel related stuff.
The rest of links goes to linux.die.net, because they have the
manpages.
Except for the pacman stuff, since it seems to be only available from
archlinux.org.
Poor gummiboot gets no link, because gummitboot(8) ain't to be found
on the net. According to common wisdom, that would mean that it does
not exist. But I have seen Kay using it, so I know it does, and
deserves to be found. Can somebody be nice and put it up somewhere?
2014-07-08 02:25:54 +04:00
<citerefentry project= 'man-pages' > <refentrytitle > exec</refentrytitle> <manvolnum > 3</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
2010-07-03 01:24:38 +04:00
</para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>
