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The systemd System and Service Manager
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Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek 04d232d807 core: rework unit printing and implement 'combined' format
The code to print unit status formats had a long history, and became a
hard-to-manage mess of duplicate code parts. We would use sprintf() to
format a string, and then call sprintf() again… The code is reworked
to avoid repeated formattings and to streamline printing to the log
and the console.

The approach used in this patch is a bit more complex then in patches by Colin
Walter and Paweł Marciniak, because an allocation is only done if "combined"
format is used. In other cases we return the existing ->id or ->description
strings. The caller can also control whether a shorter or longer status string
should be used. This way the caller can use a shorter format where it makes
sense, for example in the cylon eye output, where we don't have enough
horizontal space.

Patch is based on Colin Walters' https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/15957,
and Paweł Marciniak's patch posted on fedora-devel.

Note: for some reason, the functions for printing of start and stop messages
were sepearated by some unrelated functions. They are moved to be consecutive,
but this makes the much more verbose than it would be otherwise. I found it
useful to view in gitk's "new" mode.

Co-authored-by: Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org>
Co-authored-by: Paweł Marciniak <sunwire+git@gmail.com>

Output from a Fedora Rawhide container boot (w/ some follow-up patches to
tweak Descriptions):

Welcome to Fedora 35 (Rawhide Prerelease)!

Queued start job for default target graphical.target.
[  OK  ] Created slice system-getty.slice - Slice /system/getty.
[  OK  ] Created slice system-modprobe.slice - Slice /system/modprobe.
[  OK  ] Created slice system-sshd\x2dkeygen.slice - Slice /system/sshd-keygen.
[  OK  ] Created slice user.slice - User and Session Slice.
[  OK  ] Started systemd-ask-password-console.path - Dispatch Password Requests to Console Directory Watch.
[  OK  ] Started systemd-ask-password-wall.path - Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch.
[  OK  ] Reached target cryptsetup.target - Local Encrypted Volumes.
[  OK  ] Reached target paths.target - Path Units.
[  OK  ] Reached target remote-cryptsetup.target - Remote Encrypted Volumes.
[  OK  ] Reached target remote-fs.target - Remote File Systems.
[  OK  ] Reached target slices.target - Slice Units.
[  OK  ] Reached target swap.target - Swaps.
[  OK  ] Reached target veritysetup.target - Local Verity Integrity Protected Volumes.
[  OK  ] Listening on systemd-coredump.socket - Process Core Dump Socket.
[  OK  ] Listening on systemd-initctl.socket - initctl Compatibility Named Pipe.
[  OK  ] Listening on systemd-journald-dev-log.socket - Journal Socket (/dev/log).
[  OK  ] Listening on systemd-journald.socket - Journal Socket.
[  OK  ] Listening on systemd-networkd.socket - Network Service Netlink Socket.
[  OK  ] Listening on systemd-userdbd.socket - User Database Manager Socket.
         Mounting dev-hugepages.mount - Huge Pages File System...
         Starting systemd-journald.service - Journal Service...
         Starting systemd-remount-fs.service - Remount Root and Kernel File Systems...
         Starting systemd-sysctl.service - Apply Kernel Variables...
[  OK  ] Mounted dev-hugepages.mount - Huge Pages File System.
[  OK  ] Finished systemd-remount-fs.service - Remount Root and Kernel File Systems.
         Starting systemd-hwdb-update.service - Rebuild Hardware Database...
         Starting systemd-sysusers.service - Create System Users...
[  OK  ] Finished systemd-sysctl.service - Apply Kernel Variables.
[  OK  ] Started systemd-journald.service - Journal Service.
         Starting systemd-journal-flush.service - Flush Journal to Persistent Storage...
[  OK  ] Finished systemd-sysusers.service - Create System Users.
         Starting systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service - Create Static Device Nodes in /dev...
[  OK  ] Finished systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service - Create Static Device Nodes in /dev.
[  OK  ] Reached target local-fs-pre.target - Preparation for Local File Systems.
[  OK  ] Reached target local-fs.target - Local File Systems.
[  OK  ] Reached target machines.target - Containers.
         Starting dracut-shutdown.service - Restore /run/initramfs on shutdown...
         Starting ldconfig.service - Rebuild Dynamic Linker Cache...
[  OK  ] Finished dracut-shutdown.service - Restore /run/initramfs on shutdown.
[  OK  ] Finished ldconfig.service - Rebuild Dynamic Linker Cache.
[  OK  ] Finished systemd-journal-flush.service - Flush Journal to Persistent Storage.
         Starting systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service - Create Volatile Files and Directories...
[  OK  ] Finished systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service - Create Volatile Files and Directories.
         Starting systemd-journal-catalog-update.service - Rebuild Journal Catalog...
         Starting systemd-oomd.service - Userspace Out-Of-Memory (OOM) Killer...
         Starting systemd-update-utmp.service - Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown...
         Starting systemd-userdbd.service - User Database Manager...
[  OK  ] Finished systemd-update-utmp.service - Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown.
[  OK  ] Finished systemd-journal-catalog-update.service - Rebuild Journal Catalog.
[  OK  ] Started systemd-userdbd.service - User Database Manager.
[  OK  ] Started systemd-oomd.service - Userspace Out-Of-Memory (OOM) Killer.
[  OK  ] Finished systemd-hwdb-update.service - Rebuild Hardware Database.
         Starting systemd-networkd.service - Network Configuration...
         Starting systemd-update-done.service - Update is Completed...
[  OK  ] Finished systemd-update-done.service - Update is Completed.
[  OK  ] Reached target sysinit.target - System Initialization.
[  OK  ] Started dnf-makecache.timer - dnf makecache --timer.
[  OK  ] Started logrotate.timer - Daily rotation of log files.
[  OK  ] Started systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer - Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories.
[  OK  ] Reached target timers.target - Timer Units.
[  OK  ] Listening on dbus.socket - D-Bus System Message Bus Socket.
[  OK  ] Reached target sockets.target - Socket Units.
[  OK  ] Reached target basic.target - Basic System.
[  OK  ] Reached target sshd-keygen.target.
         Starting sysstat.service - Resets System Activity Logs...
         Starting systemd-homed.service - Home Area Manager...
         Starting systemd-logind.service - User Login Management...
         Starting dbus-broker.service - D-Bus System Message Bus...
[FAILED] Failed to start sysstat.service - Resets System Activity Logs.
See 'systemctl status sysstat.service' for details.
[  OK  ] Started dbus-broker.service - D-Bus System Message Bus.
[  OK  ] Started systemd-homed.service - Home Area Manager.
[  OK  ] Finished systemd-homed-activate.service - Home Area Activation.
[  OK  ] Started systemd-logind.service - User Login Management.
[  OK  ] Started systemd-networkd.service - Network Configuration.
         Starting systemd-networkd-wait-online.service - Wait for Network to be Configured...
         Starting systemd-resolved.service - Network Name Resolution...
[  OK  ] Started systemd-resolved.service - Network Name Resolution.
[  OK  ] Reached target network.target - Network.
[  OK  ] Reached target nss-lookup.target - Host and Network Name Lookups.
         Starting sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon...
         Starting systemd-user-sessions.service - Permit User Sessions...
[  OK  ] Finished systemd-user-sessions.service - Permit User Sessions.
[  OK  ] Started console-getty.service - Console Getty.
[  OK  ] Reached target getty.target - Login Prompts.
[  OK  ] Started sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon.
[  OK  ] Reached target multi-user.target - Multi-User System.
[  OK  ] Reached target graphical.target - Graphical Interface.
         Starting systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service - Update UTMP about System Runlevel Changes...
[  OK  ] Finished systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service - Update UTMP about System Runlevel Changes.

Fedora 35 (Rawhide Prerelease)
Kernel 5.12.12-300.fc34.x86_64 on an x86_64 (console)

rawhide login: [  OK  ] Stopped session-24.scope - Session 24 of User zbyszek.
[  OK  ] Removed slice system-getty.slice - Slice /system/getty.
[  OK  ] Removed slice system-modprobe.slice - Slice /system/modprobe.
[  OK  ] Removed slice system-sshd\x2dkeygen.slice - Slice /system/sshd-keygen.
[  OK  ] Stopped target graphical.target - Graphical Interface.
[  OK  ] Stopped target multi-user.target - Multi-User System.
[  OK  ] Stopped target getty.target - Login Prompts.
[  OK  ] Stopped target machines.target - Containers.
[  OK  ] Stopped target nss-lookup.target - Host and Network Name Lookups.
[  OK  ] Stopped target remote-cryptsetup.target - Remote Encrypted Volumes.
[  OK  ] Stopped target timers.target - Timer Units.
[  OK  ] Stopped dnf-makecache.timer - dnf makecache --timer.
[  OK  ] Stopped logrotate.timer - Daily rotation of log files.
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer - Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories.
[  OK  ] Closed systemd-coredump.socket - Process Core Dump Socket.
         Stopping console-getty.service - Console Getty...
         Stopping dracut-shutdown.service - Restore /run/initramfs on shutdown...
         Stopping sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon...
         Stopping systemd-logind.service - User Login Management...
         Stopping systemd-oomd.service - Userspace Out-Of-Memory (OOM) Killer...
         Stopping user@1000.service - User Manager for UID 1000...
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-oomd.service - Userspace Out-Of-Memory (OOM) Killer.
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-networkd-wait-online.service - Wait for Network to be Configured.
[  OK  ] Stopped sshd.service - OpenSSH server daemon.
[  OK  ] Stopped console-getty.service - Console Getty.
[  OK  ] Stopped dracut-shutdown.service - Restore /run/initramfs on shutdown.
[  OK  ] Stopped target sshd-keygen.target.
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-logind.service - User Login Management.
[  OK  ] Stopped user@1000.service - User Manager for UID 1000.
         Stopping user-runtime-dir@1000.service - User Runtime Directory /run/user/1000...
[  OK  ] Unmounted run-user-1000.mount - /run/user/1000.
[  OK  ] Stopped user-runtime-dir@1000.service - User Runtime Directory /run/user/1000.
[  OK  ] Removed slice user-1000.slice - User Slice of UID 1000.
         Stopping systemd-user-sessions.service - Permit User Sessions...
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-user-sessions.service - Permit User Sessions.
[  OK  ] Stopped target network.target - Network.
[  OK  ] Stopped target remote-fs.target - Remote File Systems.
         Stopping systemd-homed-activate.service - Home Area Activation...
         Stopping systemd-resolved.service - Network Name Resolution...
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-resolved.service - Network Name Resolution.
         Stopping systemd-networkd.service - Network Configuration...
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-homed-activate.service - Home Area Activation.
         Stopping systemd-homed.service - Home Area Manager...
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-homed.service - Home Area Manager.
[  OK  ] Stopped target basic.target - Basic System.
[  OK  ] Stopped target paths.target - Path Units.
[  OK  ] Stopped target slices.target - Slice Units.
[  OK  ] Removed slice user.slice - User and Session Slice.
[  OK  ] Stopped target sockets.target - Socket Units.
         Stopping dbus-broker.service - D-Bus System Message Bus...
[  OK  ] Stopped dbus-broker.service - D-Bus System Message Bus.
[  OK  ] Closed dbus.socket - D-Bus System Message Bus Socket.
[  OK  ] Stopped target sysinit.target - System Initialization.
[  OK  ] Stopped target cryptsetup.target - Local Encrypted Volumes.
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-ask-password-console.path - Dispatch Password Requests to Console Directory Watch.
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-ask-password-wall.path - Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch.
[  OK  ] Stopped target veritysetup.target - Local Verity Integrity Protected Volumes.
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-update-done.service - Update is Completed.
[  OK  ] Stopped ldconfig.service - Rebuild Dynamic Linker Cache.
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-hwdb-update.service - Rebuild Hardware Database.
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-journal-catalog-update.service - Rebuild Journal Catalog.
         Stopping systemd-update-utmp.service - Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown...
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-networkd.service - Network Configuration.
[  OK  ] Closed systemd-networkd.socket - Network Service Netlink Socket.
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-sysctl.service - Apply Kernel Variables.
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-update-utmp.service - Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown.
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service - Create Volatile Files and Directories.
[  OK  ] Stopped target local-fs.target - Local File Systems.
         Unmounting home.mount - /home...
         Unmounting run-credentials-systemd\x2dsysusers.se…e.mount - /run/credentials/systemd-sysusers.service...
         Unmounting tmp.mount - Temporary Directory /tmp...
[  OK  ] Unmounted home.mount - /home.
[  OK  ] Unmounted tmp.mount - Temporary Directory /tmp.
[  OK  ] Unmounted run-credentials-systemd\x2dsysusers.service.mount - /run/credentials/systemd-sysusers.service.
[  OK  ] Stopped target local-fs-pre.target - Preparation for Local File Systems.
[  OK  ] Stopped target swap.target - Swaps.
[  OK  ] Reached target umount.target - Unmount All Filesystems.
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service - Create Static Device Nodes in /dev.
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-sysusers.service - Create System Users.
[  OK  ] Stopped systemd-remount-fs.service - Remount Root and Kernel File Systems.
[  OK  ] Reached target shutdown.target - System Shutdown.
[  OK  ] Reached target final.target - Late Boot Services.
[  OK  ] Finished systemd-poweroff.service - System Power Off.
[  OK  ] Reached target poweroff.target - System Power Off.
Sending SIGTERM to remaining processes...
Sending SIGKILL to remaining processes...
All filesystems, swaps, loop devices, MD devices and DM devices detached.
Powering off.
2021-06-30 13:23:55 +02:00
.github Revert "ci: work around #19442 to make CI happy again" 2021-06-18 14:51:33 +01:00
.lgtm/cpp-queries lgtm: complain about accept() [people should use accept4() instead, due to O_CLOEXEC] 2019-04-10 20:03:38 +02:00
.mkosi mkosi: stop pulling in vi 2021-05-19 10:55:03 +02:00
.semaphore ci: drop py2 lxml, pull in jinja2 2021-05-19 10:25:26 +09:00
catalog meson: revert the change to unquote commands in add_install_script 2021-05-14 19:52:25 +02:00
coccinelle coccinelle: filter out a couple of 'false-positive' transformations 2021-03-18 11:59:53 +01:00
docs docs: EFI separator needs to be backslash-escaped in markdown 2021-06-24 20:09:52 +02:00
factory/etc pam: fix typo try_authtok → use_authtok 2021-05-12 12:14:17 +02:00
hwdb.d hwdb: update autosuspend 2021-06-25 14:23:15 +02:00
man core: rework unit printing and implement 'combined' format 2021-06-30 13:23:55 +02:00
mkosi.default.d mkosi: Enable InstallDirectory and SourceFileTransferFinal options 2021-01-06 23:28:34 +00:00
modprobe.d Add READMEs in all .d directories 2021-03-26 09:35:07 +01:00
network meson: revert the change to unquote commands in add_install_script 2021-05-14 19:52:25 +02:00
po po: Translated using Weblate (Korean) 2021-06-22 12:24:35 +02:00
presets license: LGPL-2.1+ -> LGPL-2.1-or-later 2020-11-09 13:23:58 +09:00
rules.d udev: remove unsafe characters from ID_SERIAL for nvme 2021-06-23 17:11:27 +09:00
shell-completion completion: fix 'unbound variables' errors 2021-06-22 14:56:47 +01:00
src core: rework unit printing and implement 'combined' format 2021-06-30 13:23:55 +02:00
sysctl.d meson: use jinja2 in sysctl.d/ 2021-05-19 10:24:43 +09:00
sysusers.d meson: allow "soft-static" allocations for uids and gids in the initrd 2021-06-17 09:48:28 +02:00
test Merge pull request #19883 from ddstreet/activation-policy-down-required-for-online-no 2021-06-25 09:26:25 +02:00
tmpfiles.d meson: add workaround for old meson 2021-05-19 10:25:26 +09:00
tools tools/analyze-dump-sort: a helper to compare two 'systemd-analyze dump' outputs 2021-06-04 12:09:58 +02:00
units unit: use alias name of man page 2021-06-15 12:14:26 +01:00
xorg scripts: use 4 space indentation 2019-04-12 08:30:31 +02:00
.clang-format clang-format: set SpaceBeforeParens to ControlStatementsExceptForEachMacros 2020-11-16 16:57:51 +09:00
.ctags editors: Prevent ctags from following symlinks 2019-02-15 11:01:20 -08:00
.dir-locals.el scripts: use 4 space indentation 2019-04-12 08:30:31 +02:00
.editorconfig editorconfig: add man configuration 2020-05-26 15:37:05 +02:00
.gitattributes udev: Extract RAM properties from DMI information 2020-12-16 18:32:29 +01:00
.gitignore Move shared mkosi settings to a single file in mkosi.default.d/ 2021-01-06 12:10:58 +00:00
.lgtm.yml ci: drop py2 lxml, pull in jinja2 2021-05-19 10:25:26 +09:00
.mailmap mailmap: two more names 2021-03-30 13:17:58 +02:00
.packit.yml packit: drop the 'sources' file after cloning the Fedora repo 2021-04-12 18:10:04 +02:00
.vimrc scripts: use 4 space indentation 2019-04-12 08:30:31 +02:00
.ycm_extra_conf.py ycm: add doc string for all the functions in configuration file 2017-11-29 13:21:49 -07:00
configure tree-wide: add spdx header on all scripts and helpers 2021-01-28 09:55:35 +01:00
LICENSE.GPL2
LICENSE.LGPL2.1
Makefile tree-wide: add spdx header on all scripts and helpers 2021-01-28 09:55:35 +01:00
meson_options.txt core: add combined status unit format 2021-06-28 20:11:52 +02:00
meson.build meson: drop libseccomp and libselinux from libbasic linkage 2021-06-24 10:11:16 +02:00
mkosi.build mkosi: work-around to make systemd build in Fedora images that lack populated /etc 2021-04-07 17:45:28 +02:00
NEWS NEWS: mention MS_NOSUID for namespaced services by default 2021-06-25 14:04:34 +01:00
README docs: update autofs Kconfig name 2021-06-24 20:11:03 +02:00
README.md docs: add ARCHITECTURE.md with code map 2021-06-03 22:14:19 +02:00
TODO TODO: elide initrd-parse-etc.service if possible 2021-06-23 18:11:49 +02:00

Systemd

System and Service Manager

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Details

Most documentation is available on systemd's web site.

Assorted, older, general information about systemd can be found in the systemd Wiki.

Information about build requirements is provided in the README file.

Consult our NEWS file for information about what's new in the most recent systemd versions.

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