virt-manager/virtinst/osdict.py

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#
# List of OS Specific data
#
# Copyright 2006-2008, 2013-2014 Red Hat, Inc.
#
# This work is licensed under the GNU GPLv2 or later.
# See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
import datetime
import os
import re
from gi.repository import Libosinfo
from . import xmlutil
from .logger import log
def _media_create_from_location(location):
if not hasattr(Libosinfo.Media, "create_from_location_with_flags"):
return Libosinfo.Media.create_from_location( # pragma: no cover
location, None)
# We prefer this API, because by default it will not
# reject non-bootable media, like debian s390x
# pylint: disable=no-member
return Libosinfo.Media.create_from_location_with_flags(location, None, 0)
###################
# Sorting helpers #
###################
def _sortby(osobj):
"""
Combines distro+version to make a more sort friendly string. Examples
fedora25 -> fedora-0025000000000000
ubuntu17.04 -> ubuntu-0017000400000000
win2k8r2 -> win-0006000100000000
"""
if osobj.is_generic():
# Sort generic at the end of the list
return "zzzzzz-000000000000"
version = osobj.version
try:
t = version.split(".")
t = t[:min(4, len(t))] + [0] * (4 - min(4, len(t)))
new_version = ""
for n in t:
new_version = new_version + ("%.4i" % int(n))
version = new_version
except Exception:
pass
return "%s-%s" % (osobj.distro, version)
2018-10-01 18:37:28 +03:00
Redesign OS distro selection UI to be faster to use The current OS distro selection UI is fairly cumbersome to use. First you need to decide on a variant, then decide a distro and then look for the version you want. The list is filtered by default so only a subset of OS are displayed. So for less common distros you'll then need to start again and tell it to show all OS to try to find the one you want. The core problem is that we have an incredibly large list and want to make it easy for the user to find a specific entry. The modern UI paradigm for this problem is to provide interactive search with live updated results. The current UI does provide an interactive search facility on the OS version results, but you still have to first select a variant to be able to use the search which is unhelpful. This patch attempts to better apply the search UI design to the OS selection problem. We get rid of the notion of variants, distros and version, and provide a single text entry box in which the user can type a few letters of the OS name. As they type, a popover displays the matching results filtered on OS name. By default end of life OS will be hidden, so in general there will only be a small handful of results left after just typing a few characters. This makes it very quick to find and select the desired OS, without needing to provide a mutli-step navigation hierarchy. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1464306 Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrangé <berrange@redhat.com> (crobinso: fix some pylint)
2018-05-01 14:51:23 +03:00
def _sort(tosort):
sortby_mappings = {}
distro_mappings = {}
retlist = []
for key, osinfo in tosort.items():
2015-04-04 21:13:13 +03:00
# Libosinfo has some duplicate version numbers here, so append .1
# if there's a collision
sortby = _sortby(osinfo)
while sortby_mappings.get(sortby):
sortby = sortby + ".1"
sortby_mappings[sortby] = key
# Group by distro first, so debian is clumped together, fedora, etc.
distro = osinfo.distro
if osinfo.is_generic():
distro = "zzzzzz"
if distro not in distro_mappings:
distro_mappings[distro] = []
distro_mappings[distro].append(sortby)
# We want returned lists to be sorted descending by 'distro', so we get
# debian5, debian4, fedora14, fedora13
# rather than
# debian4, debian5, fedora13, fedora14
for distro_list in list(distro_mappings.values()):
distro_list.sort()
distro_list.reverse()
sorted_distro_list = list(distro_mappings.keys())
sorted_distro_list.sort()
2015-04-04 21:13:13 +03:00
# Build the final list of sorted os objects
for distro in sorted_distro_list:
distro_list = distro_mappings[distro]
for key in distro_list:
orig_key = sortby_mappings[key]
retlist.append(tosort[orig_key])
return retlist
class _OsinfoIter:
"""
Helper to turn osinfo style get_length/get_nth lists into python
iterables
"""
def __init__(self, listobj):
self.current = 0
self.listobj = listobj
self.high = -1
if self.listobj:
self.high = self.listobj.get_length() - 1
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
if self.current > self.high:
raise StopIteration
ret = self.listobj.get_nth(self.current)
self.current += 1
return ret
class _OSDB(object):
"""
Entry point for the public API
"""
def __init__(self):
self.__os_loader = None
self.__all_variants = None
# This is only for back compatibility with pre-libosinfo support.
# This should never change.
_aliases = {
"altlinux": "altlinux1.0",
"debianetch": "debian4",
"debianlenny": "debian5",
"debiansqueeze": "debian6",
"debianwheezy": "debian7",
"freebsd10": "freebsd10.0",
"freebsd6": "freebsd6.0",
"freebsd7": "freebsd7.0",
"freebsd8": "freebsd8.0",
"freebsd9": "freebsd9.0",
"mandriva2009": "mandriva2009.0",
"mandriva2010": "mandriva2010.0",
"mbs1": "mbs1.0",
"msdos": "msdos6.22",
"openbsd4": "openbsd4.2",
"opensolaris": "opensolaris2009.06",
"opensuse11": "opensuse11.4",
"opensuse12": "opensuse12.3",
"rhel4": "rhel4.0",
"rhel5": "rhel5.0",
"rhel6": "rhel6.0",
"rhel7": "rhel7.0",
"ubuntuhardy": "ubuntu8.04",
"ubuntuintrepid": "ubuntu8.10",
"ubuntujaunty": "ubuntu9.04",
"ubuntukarmic": "ubuntu9.10",
"ubuntulucid": "ubuntu10.04",
"ubuntumaverick": "ubuntu10.10",
"ubuntunatty": "ubuntu11.04",
"ubuntuoneiric": "ubuntu11.10",
"ubuntuprecise": "ubuntu12.04",
"ubuntuquantal": "ubuntu12.10",
"ubunturaring": "ubuntu13.04",
"ubuntusaucy": "ubuntu13.10",
"virtio26": "fedora10",
"vista": "winvista",
"winxp64": "winxp",
# Old --os-type values
"linux": "generic",
"windows": "winxp",
"solaris": "solaris10",
"unix": "freebsd9.0",
"other": "generic",
}
#################
# Internal APIs #
#################
def _make_default_variants(self):
ret = {}
# Generic variant
v = _OsVariant(None)
ret[v.name] = v
return ret
@property
def _os_loader(self):
if not self.__os_loader:
loader = Libosinfo.Loader()
loader.process_default_path()
self.__os_loader = loader
return self.__os_loader
@property
def _all_variants(self):
if not self.__all_variants:
loader = self._os_loader
allvariants = self._make_default_variants()
db = loader.get_db()
oslist = db.get_os_list()
for o in _OsinfoIter(oslist):
osi = _OsVariant(o)
for name in osi.get_short_ids():
allvariants[name] = osi
self.__all_variants = allvariants
return self.__all_variants
###############
# Public APIs #
###############
def lookup_os_by_full_id(self, full_id, raise_error=False):
for osobj in self._all_variants.values():
if osobj.full_id == full_id:
return osobj
if raise_error:
raise ValueError(_("Unknown libosinfo ID '%s'") % full_id)
def lookup_os(self, key, raise_error=False):
if key not in self._all_variants and key in self._aliases:
alias = self._aliases[key]
# Added 2018-10-02. Maybe remove aliases in a year
msg = (_("OS name '%(oldname)s' is deprecated, using '%(newname)s' "
"instead. This alias will be removed in the future.") %
{"oldname": key, "newname": alias})
log.warning(msg)
key = alias
ret = self._all_variants.get(key)
if ret is None and raise_error:
raise ValueError(_("Unknown OS name '%s'. "
"See `osinfo-query os` for valid values.") % key)
return ret
def guess_os_by_iso(self, location):
try:
media = _media_create_from_location(location)
except Exception as e:
log.debug("Error creating libosinfo media object: %s", str(e))
return None
if not self._os_loader.get_db().identify_media(media):
return None # pragma: no cover
return media.get_os().get_short_id(), _OsMedia(media)
def guess_os_by_tree(self, location):
if location.startswith("/"):
location = "file://" + location
if xmlutil.in_testsuite() and not location.startswith("file:"):
# We have mock network tests, but we don't want to pass the
# fake URL to libosinfo because it slows down the testcase
return None
try:
tree = Libosinfo.Tree.create_from_location(location, None)
except Exception as e:
log.debug("Error creating libosinfo tree object for "
"location=%s : %s", location, str(e))
return None
db = self._os_loader.get_db()
if hasattr(db, "identify_tree"):
# osinfo_db_identify_tree is part of libosinfo 1.6.0
if not db.identify_tree(tree):
return None # pragma: no cover
return tree.get_os().get_short_id(), _OsTree(tree)
else: # pragma: no cover
osobj, treeobj = self._os_loader.get_db().guess_os_from_tree(tree)
if not osobj:
return None # pragma: no cover
return osobj.get_short_id(), _OsTree(treeobj)
Redesign OS distro selection UI to be faster to use The current OS distro selection UI is fairly cumbersome to use. First you need to decide on a variant, then decide a distro and then look for the version you want. The list is filtered by default so only a subset of OS are displayed. So for less common distros you'll then need to start again and tell it to show all OS to try to find the one you want. The core problem is that we have an incredibly large list and want to make it easy for the user to find a specific entry. The modern UI paradigm for this problem is to provide interactive search with live updated results. The current UI does provide an interactive search facility on the OS version results, but you still have to first select a variant to be able to use the search which is unhelpful. This patch attempts to better apply the search UI design to the OS selection problem. We get rid of the notion of variants, distros and version, and provide a single text entry box in which the user can type a few letters of the OS name. As they type, a popover displays the matching results filtered on OS name. By default end of life OS will be hidden, so in general there will only be a small handful of results left after just typing a few characters. This makes it very quick to find and select the desired OS, without needing to provide a mutli-step navigation hierarchy. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1464306 Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrangé <berrange@redhat.com> (crobinso: fix some pylint)
2018-05-01 14:51:23 +03:00
def list_os(self):
2015-04-04 21:13:13 +03:00
"""
List all OSes in the DB
"""
sortmap = {}
for osobj in self._all_variants.values():
sortmap[osobj.name] = osobj
Redesign OS distro selection UI to be faster to use The current OS distro selection UI is fairly cumbersome to use. First you need to decide on a variant, then decide a distro and then look for the version you want. The list is filtered by default so only a subset of OS are displayed. So for less common distros you'll then need to start again and tell it to show all OS to try to find the one you want. The core problem is that we have an incredibly large list and want to make it easy for the user to find a specific entry. The modern UI paradigm for this problem is to provide interactive search with live updated results. The current UI does provide an interactive search facility on the OS version results, but you still have to first select a variant to be able to use the search which is unhelpful. This patch attempts to better apply the search UI design to the OS selection problem. We get rid of the notion of variants, distros and version, and provide a single text entry box in which the user can type a few letters of the OS name. As they type, a popover displays the matching results filtered on OS name. By default end of life OS will be hidden, so in general there will only be a small handful of results left after just typing a few characters. This makes it very quick to find and select the desired OS, without needing to provide a mutli-step navigation hierarchy. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1464306 Signed-off-by: Daniel P. Berrangé <berrange@redhat.com> (crobinso: fix some pylint)
2018-05-01 14:51:23 +03:00
return _sort(sortmap)
OSDB = _OSDB()
#####################
# OsResources class #
#####################
class _OsResources:
def __init__(self, minimum, recommended):
self._minimum = self._convert_to_dict(minimum)
self._recommended = self._convert_to_dict(recommended)
def _convert_to_dict(self, resources):
"""
Convert an OsResources object to a dictionary for easier
lookups. Layout is: {arch: {strkey: value}}
"""
ret = {}
for r in _OsinfoIter(resources):
vals = {}
vals["ram"] = r.get_ram()
vals["n-cpus"] = r.get_n_cpus()
vals["storage"] = r.get_storage()
ret[r.get_architecture()] = vals
return ret
def _get_key(self, resources, key, arch):
for checkarch in [arch, "all"]:
val = resources.get(checkarch, {}).get(key, -1)
if val != -1:
return val
def _get_minimum_key(self, key, arch):
val = self._get_key(self._minimum, key, arch)
if val and val > 0:
return val
def _get_recommended_key(self, key, arch):
val = self._get_key(self._recommended, key, arch)
if val and val > 0:
return val
# If we are looking for a recommended value, but the OS
# DB only has minimum resources tracked, double the minimum
# value as an approximation at a 'recommended' value
val = self._get_minimum_key(key, arch)
if val:
log.debug("No recommended value found for key='%s', "
"using minimum=%s * 2", key, val)
return val * 2
return None
def get_minimum_ram(self, arch):
return self._get_minimum_key("ram", arch)
def get_recommended_ram(self, arch):
return self._get_recommended_key("ram", arch)
def get_recommended_ncpus(self, arch):
return self._get_recommended_key("n-cpus", arch)
def get_recommended_storage(self, arch):
return self._get_recommended_key("storage", arch)
#####################
# OsVariant classes #
#####################
class _OsVariant(object):
def __init__(self, o):
self._os = o
self._family = self._os and self._os.get_family() or None
self._short_ids = ["generic"]
if self._os:
self._short_ids = [self._os.get_short_id()]
if hasattr(self._os, "get_short_id_list"):
self._short_ids = self._os.get_short_id_list()
self.name = self._short_ids[0]
self.full_id = self._os and self._os.get_id() or None
self.label = self._os and self._os.get_name() or _("Generic OS")
self.codename = self._os and self._os.get_codename() or ""
self.distro = self._os and self._os.get_distro() or ""
self.version = self._os and self._os.get_version() or None
self.eol = self._get_eol()
2018-09-29 23:13:56 +03:00
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s name=%s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
########################
# Internal helper APIs #
########################
def _is_related_to(self, related_os_list, osobj=None,
check_derives=True, check_upgrades=True, check_clones=True):
osobj = osobj or self._os
if not osobj:
return False
if osobj.get_short_id() in related_os_list:
return True
check_list = []
def _extend(newl):
for obj in newl:
if obj not in check_list:
check_list.append(obj)
if check_derives:
_extend(osobj.get_related(
Libosinfo.ProductRelationship.DERIVES_FROM).get_elements())
if check_clones:
_extend(osobj.get_related(
Libosinfo.ProductRelationship.CLONES).get_elements())
if check_upgrades:
_extend(osobj.get_related(
Libosinfo.ProductRelationship.UPGRADES).get_elements())
for checkobj in check_list:
if (checkobj.get_short_id() in related_os_list or
self._is_related_to(related_os_list, osobj=checkobj,
check_upgrades=check_upgrades,
check_derives=check_derives,
check_clones=check_clones)):
return True
return False
def _get_all_devices(self):
if not self._os:
return []
return list(_OsinfoIter(self._os.get_all_devices()))
def _device_filter(self, devids=None, cls=None, extra_devs=None):
ret = []
devids = devids or []
for dev in self._get_all_devices():
if devids and dev.get_id() not in devids:
continue
if cls and not re.match(cls, dev.get_class()):
continue
ret.append(dev.get_name())
extra_devs = extra_devs or []
for dev in extra_devs:
if dev.get_id() not in devids:
continue
ret.append(dev.get_name())
return ret
###############
# Cached APIs #
###############
def _get_eol(self):
eol = self._os and self._os.get_eol_date() or None
rel = self._os and self._os.get_release_date() or None
# We can use os.get_release_status() & osinfo.ReleaseStatus.ROLLING
# if we require libosinfo >= 1.4.0.
release_status = self._os and self._os.get_param_value(
Libosinfo.OS_PROP_RELEASE_STATUS) or None
def _glib_to_datetime(glibdate):
date = "%s-%s" % (glibdate.get_year(), glibdate.get_day_of_year())
return datetime.datetime.strptime(date, "%Y-%j")
now = datetime.datetime.today()
if eol is not None:
return now > _glib_to_datetime(eol)
# Rolling distributions are never EOL.
if release_status == "rolling":
return False
# If no EOL is present, assume EOL if release was > 10 years ago
if rel is not None:
rel5 = _glib_to_datetime(rel) + datetime.timedelta(days=365 * 10)
return now > rel5
return False
###############
# Public APIs #
###############
def get_handle(self):
return self._os
def is_generic(self):
return self._os is None
def is_windows(self):
2018-09-01 14:55:19 +03:00
return self._family in ['win9x', 'winnt', 'win16']
def get_short_ids(self):
return self._short_ids[:]
def broken_uefi_with_hyperv(self):
# Some windows versions are broken with hyperv enlightenments + UEFI
# https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1185253
# https://bugs.launchpad.net/qemu/+bug/1593605
return self.name in ("win2k8r2", "win7")
def get_clock(self):
if self.is_windows() or self._family in ['solaris']:
return "localtime"
return "utc"
def supported_netmodels(self):
return self._device_filter(cls="net")
def supports_usbtablet(self, extra_devs=None):
# If no OS specified, still default to tablet
if not self._os:
return True
devids = ["http://usb.org/usb/80ee/0021"]
return bool(self._device_filter(devids=devids, extra_devs=extra_devs))
def supports_virtiodisk(self, extra_devs=None):
# virtio-block and virtio1.0-block
devids = ["http://pcisig.com/pci/1af4/1001",
"http://pcisig.com/pci/1af4/1042"]
return bool(self._device_filter(devids=devids, extra_devs=extra_devs))
def supports_virtioscsi(self, extra_devs=None):
# virtio-scsi and virtio1.0-scsi
devids = ["http://pcisig.com/pci/1af4/1004",
"http://pcisig.com/pci/1af4/1048"]
return bool(self._device_filter(devids=devids, extra_devs=extra_devs))
def supports_virtionet(self, extra_devs=None):
# virtio-net and virtio1.0-net
devids = ["http://pcisig.com/pci/1af4/1000",
"http://pcisig.com/pci/1af4/1041"]
return bool(self._device_filter(devids=devids, extra_devs=extra_devs))
def supports_virtiorng(self, extra_devs=None):
# virtio-rng and virtio1.0-rng
devids = ["http://pcisig.com/pci/1af4/1005",
"http://pcisig.com/pci/1af4/1044"]
return bool(self._device_filter(devids=devids, extra_devs=extra_devs))
def supports_virtioballoon(self, extra_devs=None):
# virtio-balloon and virtio1.0-balloon
devids = ["http://pcisig.com/pci/1af4/1002",
"http://pcisig.com/pci/1af4/1045"]
return bool(self._device_filter(devids=devids, extra_devs=extra_devs))
def supports_virtioserial(self, extra_devs=None):
devids = ["http://pcisig.com/pci/1af4/1003",
"http://pcisig.com/pci/1af4/1043"]
if self._device_filter(devids=devids, extra_devs=extra_devs):
return True
# osinfo data was wrong for RHEL/centos here until Oct 2018
# Remove this hack after 6 months or so
return self._is_related_to("rhel6.0")
def supports_virtioinput(self, extra_devs=None):
# virtio1.0-input
devids = ["http://pcisig.com/pci/1af4/1052"]
return bool(self._device_filter(devids=devids, extra_devs=extra_devs))
def supports_usb3(self, extra_devs=None):
# qemu-xhci
devids = ["http://pcisig.com/pci/1b36/0004"]
return bool(self._device_filter(devids=devids, extra_devs=extra_devs))
def supports_virtio1(self, extra_devs=None):
# Use virtio1.0-net device as a proxy for virtio1.0 as a whole
devids = ["http://pcisig.com/pci/1af4/1041"]
return bool(self._device_filter(devids=devids, extra_devs=extra_devs))
def supports_chipset_q35(self, extra_devs=None):
# For our purposes, check for the union of q35 + virtio1.0 support
if (self.supports_virtionet(extra_devs=extra_devs) and
not self.supports_virtio1(extra_devs=extra_devs)):
return False
devids = ["http://qemu.org/chipset/x86/q35"]
return bool(self._device_filter(devids=devids, extra_devs=extra_devs))
def get_recommended_resources(self):
minimum = self._os and self._os.get_minimum_resources() or None
recommended = self._os and self._os.get_recommended_resources() or None
return _OsResources(minimum, recommended)
def get_network_install_required_ram(self, guest):
if hasattr(self._os, "get_network_install_resources"):
resources = self._os.get_network_install_resources()
for r in _OsinfoIter(resources):
arch = r.get_architecture()
if arch == guest.os.arch or arch == "all":
return r.get_ram()
def get_kernel_url_arg(self):
"""
Kernel argument name the distro's installer uses to reference
a network source, possibly bypassing some installer prompts
"""
if not self._os:
return None
# SUSE distros
if self.distro in ["caasp", "sle", "sled", "sles", "opensuse"]:
return "install"
if self.distro not in ["centos", "rhel", "fedora"]:
return None
# Red Hat distros
try:
if re.match(r"[0-9]+-unknown", self.version):
version = float(self.version.split("-")[0])
else:
version = float(self.version)
except Exception:
# Can hit this for -rawhide or -unknown
version = 999
if self.distro in ["centos", "rhel"] and version < 7:
return "method"
if self.distro in ["fedora"] and version < 19:
return "method"
return "inst.repo"
def _get_generic_location(self, treelist, arch, profile):
if not hasattr(Libosinfo.Tree, "get_os_variants"): # pragma: no cover
for tree in treelist:
if tree.get_architecture() == arch:
return tree.get_url()
return None
fallback_tree = None
if profile == "jeos":
profile = "Server"
elif profile == "desktop":
profile = "Workstation"
elif not profile:
profile = "Everything"
for tree in treelist:
if tree.get_architecture() != arch:
continue
variant_list = tree.get_os_variants()
fallback_tree = tree
for variant in _OsinfoIter(variant_list):
if profile in variant.get_name():
return tree.get_url()
if fallback_tree:
return fallback_tree.get_url()
return None
def get_location(self, arch, profile=None):
treelist = []
if self._os:
treelist = list(_OsinfoIter(self._os.get_tree_list()))
if not treelist:
raise RuntimeError(
_("OS '%s' does not have a URL location") % self.name)
# Some distros have more than one URL for a specific architecture,
# which is the case for Fedora and different variants (Server,
# Workstation). Later on, we'll have to differentiate that and return
# the right one. However, for now, let's just rely on returning the
# most generic tree possible.
location = self._get_generic_location(treelist, arch, profile)
if location:
return location
raise RuntimeError(
_("OS '%(osname)s' does not have a URL location "
"for the architecture '%(archname)s'") %
{"osname": self.name, "archname": arch})
def get_install_script_list(self):
if not self._os:
return [] # pragma: no cover
return list(_OsinfoIter(self._os.get_install_script_list()))
def _get_installable_drivers(self, arch):
if not self._os:
return []
installable_drivers = []
device_drivers = list(_OsinfoIter(self._os.get_device_drivers()))
for device_driver in device_drivers:
if arch != "all" and device_driver.get_architecture() != arch:
continue
installable_drivers.append(device_driver)
return installable_drivers
def _get_pre_installable_drivers(self, arch):
installable_drivers = self._get_installable_drivers(arch)
pre_inst_drivers = []
for driver in installable_drivers:
if driver.get_pre_installable():
pre_inst_drivers.append(driver)
return pre_inst_drivers
def _get_drivers_location(self, drivers):
locations = []
for driver in drivers:
filenames = driver.get_files()
for filename in filenames:
location = os.path.join(driver.get_location(), filename)
locations.append(location)
return locations
def get_pre_installable_drivers_location(self, arch):
pre_inst_drivers = self._get_pre_installable_drivers(arch)
return self._get_drivers_location(pre_inst_drivers)
def get_pre_installable_devices(self, arch):
drivers = self._get_pre_installable_drivers(arch)
devices = []
for driver in drivers:
devices += list(_OsinfoIter(driver.get_devices()))
return devices
def supports_unattended_drivers(self, arch):
if self._get_pre_installable_drivers(arch):
return True
return False
class _OsMedia(object):
def __init__(self, osinfo_media):
self._media = osinfo_media
def get_kernel_path(self):
return self._media.get_kernel_path()
def get_initrd_path(self):
return self._media.get_initrd_path()
def supports_installer_script(self):
return self._media.supports_installer_script()
def is_netinst(self):
variants = list(_OsinfoIter(self._media.get_os_variants()))
for variant in variants:
if "netinst" in variant.get_id():
return True
return False # pragma: no cover
def get_install_script_list(self):
return list(_OsinfoIter(self._media.get_install_script_list()))
def get_osinfo_media(self):
return self._media
class _OsTree(object):
def __init__(self, osinfo_tree):
self._tree = osinfo_tree
def get_osinfo_tree(self):
return self._tree